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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Zero-days"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 13 вересня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Zero-days"

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Collier, Robert J., Ehrin L. Annen, and Allison C. Fitzgerald. "Prospects for zero days dry." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 20, no. 3 (November 2004): 687–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2004.06.009.

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2

Potter, Bruce. "The end of zero days?" Network Security 2005, no. 10 (October 2005): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-4858(05)70290-7.

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Hann, Norm, Bo Ji, and Anna Qureshi. "2.5 Beta Methodology—Impact of “Zero SAIDI” Days." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 28, no. 3 (August 2013): 3517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2013.2244077.

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4

Jeon, Gyong-Ran. "Representation in Virtual Reality Documentaries : Focusing on Visual Expression of 〈Zero Day VR〉." Korean Journal of animation 16, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 278–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.51467/asko.2020.12.16.4.278.

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5

Wei, Melissa Y., Nicholas Tilton, and Kenneth J. Mukamal. "QUANTIFYING THE BURDEN OF HOSPITALIZED DAYS IN MEDICARE BENEFICIARIES WITH MULTIMORBIDITY." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3365.

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Abstract Multimorbidity predicts several health outcomes including physical and cognitive functioning and mortality. Multimorbidity also predicts healthcare burden, but this has not been studied using a patient-centered measure that weights conditions by their impact on physical functioning. Health and Retirement Study participants were continuously enrolled in Medicare Parts A/B 1-year before and after the 2012-2013 HRS interview. Medicare claims were used to compute ICD-coded multimorbidity-weighted index (MWI-ICD) by summing physical functioning-weighted conditions. Given excess observations of zero hospital days (78.1%), we used zero-inflated Poisson regression to examine the association between multimorbidity and hospitalized days. First, logit models predicted membership into the zero-coded “no hospitalizations” group. Second, Poisson models predicted hospital days for participants not in the zero-coded group. We converted adjusted regression coefficients to odds ratios to report odds of zero hospitalized days. To compare model fit between MWI-ICD and simple disease count we used AICs. The final sample N=5201 participants had mean age 77.6+/-11.6 years, MWI-ICD 16.5+/-11.6, and 1.9+/-6.0 (range 0-90) hospitalized days. Each 1-point increase in MWI-ICD was associated with 4.3% decreased odds of zero hospitalized days (OR=0.96, 95%CI: 0.95-0.96) and 2% increased number of expected hospitalized days (IRR=1.02, 95%CI: 1.01-1.03) over one year in adjusted models. MWI-ICD had a lower AIC than simple disease count. Multimorbidity measured with MWI-ICD was associated with a decreased odds of zero hospitalized days and an increased number of expected hospitalized days. Multimorbidity contributes greatly to patient burden through increased hospitalization and is better captured through an index weighting conditions to physical functioning.

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Conradie, Maria, Marco Smit, Rochelle Janse van Rensburg, Sayed Taqvi, Brendan Orsmond, Robin Andrews, Andrea van der Vegte, et al. "Under Pressure–TrolleyGar, a Metric Reflecting a Hospital System at Crisis-Capacity." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 38, S1 (May 2023): s153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x23003990.

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Introduction:Health service capacity has been an issue in Ireland since the 1980s swinging cuts. Government reports from 2003 have consistently identified a requirement for 3,000-5,000 extra beds on top of the current approximately 10,500 capacity. Acute hospital bed capacity issues have escalated, the formal system of recording “over capacity” patients or “patients on trolleys” has developed. A “Trolleygar” reports issues from the Health Service Executive (HSE) three times daily. This count is an underestimate as patients temporarily housed in day care units, surgical, or medical assessment units, discharge lounges and other clinical areas which have a bed space are not counted in this overcapacity measure. This study's aim is to calculate the annual number of days on which no patients were lodged on trolleys in Wexford General Hospital.Method:Descriptive study using anonymized freely available data from the national HSE Trolley GAR reports on trolley patients in Wexford General Hospital from January 2019 until September 2022. A Golden Zero trolley day was stated as a day on which there were no reported trolley-patients at the three time points, Silver Zero trolley day when two of the time periods recorded no trolleys and a Bronze Zero Trolley day when one period recorded a zero trolley count.Results:Data was collected on 1,369 days, with 90 days excluded due to missing data sets. There were 162 Golden days recorded (12.67% of total days). The year 2020 recorded the highest number of Golden days at 28.69% (105 days), followed by 2021 with 11.23% (41 days). During 2019 there were 3.84% (14 days) Golden days and 2022 had the lowest number (January-September) with 0.73% (2 days).Conclusion:Despite a zero-tolerance policy, Golden days are disappearing rapidly, capacity is urgently required with post-pandemic ED attendance surges worldwide. True recording of overcapacity patients is required for appropriate capacity modeling.

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Ding, Xiaotao, Lizhong He, Rongguang Li, Tingting Qian, Hongmei Zhang, Haijun Jin, Jiawei Cui, et al. "Zero Discharge of Nutrient Solution to the Environment in a Soilless Greenhouse Cucumber Production System." Plants 11, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 2252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11172252.

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With the development of the economy and society, more attention is being paid to energy costs and the potential environmental pollution caused by vegetable cultivation. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of zero discharge of nutrient solutions on cucumber growth, leaf photosynthesis, and the yield and quality of cucumber under greenhouse conditions. The results show that zero discharge treatment did not change plant height, stem diameter, internode length, leaf area, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr), and leaf relative chlorophyll content on the most measurement days. Only Pn and relative chlorophyll content were significantly reduced after 16 days of treatment but soon recovered over time. Cucumber plants can adapt to treatment circumstances over the course of days. Leaf mineral element contents showed significant differences on some treatment days compared to the control, and trace elements of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Mo can be appropriately supplied during the treatment days. The cucumber yield and fruit quality in the zero discharge treatment did not change during the whole experimental period. This study confirmed that the irrigation method of a nutrient solution with zero discharge can be applied in cucumber cultivation practices. The strict management of irrigation strategy, plant growth, and greenhouse climate are very important for zero discharge cultivation. The cultivation method with zero discharge of nutrient solution can reduce the energy costs of disinfection, save water and fertilizers, and reduce the environmental pollution in cucumber cultivation.

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Wang, Xuechun, Shaojun Pei, Lianhao Wang, Bin La, Mingchen Zhao, Xiangyu Zhang, and Zhongwei Jia. "Investigation on the possibility of dynamic COVID-Zero strategy in China: a population-based transmission model analysis and economic evaluation." BMJ Open 13, no. 8 (August 2023): e067294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067294.

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ObjectiveTo explore the feasible and cost-effective intervention strategies to achieve the goal of dynamic COVID-Zero in China.DesignA Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious–Recovered model combined economic evaluation was used to generate the number of infections, the time for dynamic COVID-Zero and calculate cost-effectiveness under different intervention strategies. The model simulated the 1 year spread of COVID-19 in mainland China after 100 initial infections were imported.InterventionsAccording to close contact tracing degree from 80% to 100%, close contact tracing time from 2 days to 1 day, isolation time from 14 days to 7 days, scope of nucleic acid testing (NAT) from 10% to 100% and NAT frequency from weekly to every day, 720 scenarios were simulated.Outcome measureCumulative number of infections (CI), social COVID-Zero duration (SCD), total cost (TC) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio.Results205 of 720 scenarios could achieve the total COVID-Zero since the first case was reported. The fastest and most cost-effective strategy was Scenario 680, in which all close contacts were traced within 1 day, the isolation time was 14 days and 10% of the national population was randomly checked for NAT every day. In Scenario 680, the CI was 280 (100 initial infections) and the SCD was 13 days. The TC was ¥4126 hundred million and the cost of reducing one infection was ¥47 470. However, when the close contact tracing time was 2 days and the degree of close contact tracing was 80%–90%, the SCD would double to 24–101 days and the TCs increased by ¥16 505 to 37 134 hundred million compared with Scenario 680.ConclusionsIf all close contact was controlled within 1 day, the rapid social COVID-Zero can be achieved effectively and cost-effectively. Therefore, the future prevention and control of emerging respiratory infectious diseases can focus on enhancing the ability of close contact tracing.

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Hall, Derek. "Varieties of Zombieism: Approaching Comparative Political Economy through 28 Days Later and Wild Zero." International Studies Perspectives 12, no. 1 (February 2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3585.2010.00415.x.

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Karlsson, Erik B. "Scattering by atoms in zero-point states: from Debye and Waller to present days." Trends in Physical Chemistry 22 (December 31, 2022): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31300/tpc.22.2022.1-15.

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Книги з теми "Zero-days"

1

Ashley, Bernard. 10 days to zero. London: Orchard, 2008.

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2

McIntyre, Juliet. 21 days at Ground Zero: A young volunteer's story. New York: Bell Harbour Press, 2002.

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3

McIntyre, Juliet. 21 days at Ground Zero: A young volunteer's story. New York: Bell Harbour Press, 2002.

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4

Egbert, Barbara. Zero days: The real-life adventure of Captain Bligh, Nellie Bly, and 10-year-old Scrambler on the Pacific Crest Trail. Berkeley, CA: Wilderness Press, 2008.

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5

Ware, Ruth. Zero Days. Gallery Books, 2023.

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6

Ware, Ruth. Zero Days. Simon & Schuster, Limited, 2023.

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7

Ware, Ruth. Zero Days. Cengage Gale, 2023.

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8

Ware, Ruth. Zero Days. Gallery Books, 2023.

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9

Nielsen, Kenny Christian Boldrup. Zero Days. Independently Published, 2017.

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10

Ware, Ruth. Zero Days. Simon & Schuster Audio, 2023.

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Частини книг з теми "Zero-days"

1

Jenkinson, Andrew. "Stuxnet to Zero Days." In Stuxnet to Sunburst, 19–25. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003204145-4.

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Aad, Imad. "Zero-Knowledge Proof." In Trends in Data Protection and Encryption Technologies, 25–30. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33386-6_6.

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AbstractZero-knowledge proofs are techniques to verify claims without revealing the information itself. In this process, a “prover” shares proof of their claim with a “verifier,” who then verifies the accuracy of the proof without learning any additional information. It does not prove things with certainty. Instead, the process is repeated as often as needed, eventually reaching near-certainty. Zero-knowledge proofs are still in their early days as open initiatives and standardization efforts involve industry, academia, and technical and non-technical specialist. There are different Zero-knowledge proof systems for different use cases, most of which are either being researched or open-source implementation.

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3

McFarlane, Anna. "Cyberpunk and "Science Fiction Realism" in Kathryn Bigelow's Strange Days and Zero Dark Thirty." In Cyberpunk and Visual Culture, 235–52. New York: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315161372-16.

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Mazzara, Manuel, Giancarlo Succi, and Alexander Tormasov. "Early Days and Further Development." In Innopolis University - From Zero to Hero, 11–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98599-8_2.

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AbstractWe present here the key people supporting the university development, the legacy of the Russian educational system combined with the novelty of the project. The past and the future live in Innopolis in a unique blend. As a private university, there are also challenges.

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Mukhopadhyay, Amalkumar, and Siddheshwar Rameshwar Bhatt. "Contextual Topics on Mathematics (A Looking Back to the Old Days)." In Zero and Pi, 145–60. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3072-2_10.

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Engelbrecht, Francois A., Jessica Steinkopf, Jonathan Padavatan, and Guy F. Midgley. "Projections of Future Climate Change in Southern Africa and the Potential for Regional Tipping Points." In Sustainability of Southern African Ecosystems under Global Change, 169–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10948-5_7.

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AbstractSouthern Africa is a climate change hotspot with projected warming and drying trends amplifying stresses in a naturally warm, dry and water-stressed region. Despite model-projected uncertainty in rainfall change over the eastern escarpment of South Africa, strong model agreement in projections indicates that southern African is likely to become generally drier. Sharply increased regional warming and associated strong reductions in soil-moisture availability and increases in heat-waves and high fire-danger days are virtually certain under low mitigation futures. Changes are detectible in observed climate trends for the last few decades, including regional warming, drying in both the summer and winter rainfall regions, and increases in intense rainfall events. The southern African climate is at risk of tipping into a new regime, with unprecedented impacts, such as day-zero drought in the Gauteng province of South Africa, collapse of the maize and cattle industries, heat-waves of unprecedented intensity and southward shifts in intense tropical cyclone landfalls. Many of these adverse changes could be avoided if the Paris Accord’s global goal were to be achieved, but research is urgently required to quantify the probabilities of such tipping points in relation to future levels of global warming. Adaptation planning is an urgent regional priority.

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Hebenstreit, Hannes, Bernd Hafner, Wolfgang Stumpf, and Harald Mattenberger. "Towards 2020: Zero-Energy Building for Residential and Non-Residential Buildings." In World Sustainable Energy Days Next 2014, 27–34. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04355-1_4.

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Mazzara, Manuel, Giancarlo Succi, and Alexander Tormasov. "Attracting the Best Students." In Innopolis University - From Zero to Hero, 37–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98599-8_5.

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AbstractInnopolis is now featuring the third place in Russia for quality of incoming students, according to the final grades of school state examination. The early days were different; how was this progress achieved? What has been the process?

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Mazzara, Manuel, Giancarlo Succi, and Alexander Tormasov. "Online and Blended Education: After COVID-19." In Innopolis University - From Zero to Hero, 73–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98599-8_10.

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AbstractThe year 2020 changed the panorama and horizon of teaching forever. Innopolis University switched to online and blended education with minor problems only. Why we were “almost” ready for the switch. This chapter presents those days, how we reacted and managed to move on. What is going to be the future of education?

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Mazzara, Manuel, Giancarlo Succi, and Alexander Tormasov. "Internationalization of the University." In Innopolis University - From Zero to Hero, 65–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98599-8_9.

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AbstractThese days, universities acquire a reputation appearing on international rankings such as THE and QS. Innopolis is in the process of entering such rankings. In this chapter, we discuss how this challenge should be attacked and how the related processes should be organized in order to achieve the result. We also present some of the early successes of the university in this area. The chapter also analyzes the role of international conferences in achieving global reputation.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Zero-days"

1

Elayat, Yasmin, Elie Zananiri, Mei-Ling Wong, Alexander Porter, and James George. "Zero Days VR." In SIGGRAPH '17: Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3078280.3105235.

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Blevins, Alan, and Mike Murray. "Zero to USD in 80 days." In SIGGRAPH '18: Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3214745.3214816.

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Andreschefski, S., and T. Geertsen. "Zero is Attainable - HES Plan An Innovative Approach to Achieving Zero Days Away from Work Incidents." In SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/127010-ms.

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Andreschefski, S., and T. Geertsen. "Zero is Attainable – HES Plan An Innovative Approach to Achieving Zero Days Away from Work Incidents." In SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/127010-ms.

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Vetterl, Alexander, and Richard Clayton. "Honware: A Virtual Honeypot Framework for Capturing CPE and IoT Zero Days." In 2019 APWG Symposium on Electronic Crime Research (eCrime). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecrime47957.2019.9037501.

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Pauley, Eric, Paul Barford, and Patrick McDaniel. "The CVE Wayback Machine: Measuring Coordinated Disclosure from Exploits against Two Years of Zero-Days." In IMC '23: ACM Internet Measurement Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3618257.3624810.

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Farber, Jacob A., and Daniel G. Cole. "Nonlinear Zero-Dynamics Attacks Targeting Nuclear Power Plants." In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3151.

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Abstract A zero-dynamics attack allows an attacker to input some control action that results in zero measurable output but nonzero response of the internal states. This paper extends previous works on zero-dynamics attacks to nonlinear system dynamics. This is accomplished using invariant subspace techniques that identify the subspace on which zero dynamics exist. An iterative algorithm is presented to identify both this subspace and the resulting zero dynamics of the system. These methods are implemented on a model of a pressurizer in a nuclear power plant, which is a critical subsystem of pressurized water reactors that monitors and controls the system pressure and coolant inventory. This implementation is done by analyzing all combinations of attackable signals. These attackable signals are the set of all system inputs and outputs. From this analysis, there are eight unique combinations of attacked actuators and sensors that result in zero-dynamics attacks. These combinations are characterized by stability and damage time, where damage time is the time it takes to reach some undesirable state. The damage times range from half a day to sixteen days, depending on the number of signals the attacker has access to. These results demonstrate that the physics of the pressurizer system creates some vulnerabilities to zero-dynamics attacks. This work provides plant designers with tools to identify which subsystems are most susceptible to zero-dynamics attacks and might require additional defenses.

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Liu, Feng, Dongdong Han, Liangwei Xiang, Dawei Li, Guojin Hu, Haijian Zhao, Jiejing Gong, et al. "Explore Beyond Boundary – New Record to Reduce Emission and Drilling Cycle Enabled Through Innovative Technologies and Project Management." In IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209842-ms.

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Abstract Under the background of optimizing project costs and decreasing carbon footprint, CNOOC launched a campaign strategically to explore new offshore records. This paper records how the pilot project of this campaign achieved remarkable success to dramatically decrease operation cycle time and reduce drilling waste discharge with the help of technological innovation and advanced project management. The innovation to improve drilling efficiency starts from well designing phase. Wellbore geometry is optimized and downsized to smaller hole size to improve drilling rate and reduce drilling waste. A series of innovative modifications are made on both the rig operating equipment and the work process to reduce the operation time. Novel technologies are utilized to reduce drilling cycle time including industry's first definitive dynamic survey-while-drilling service, realtime drilling intelligence service, pulse neutron generator (PNG) enabled multi-function logging while drilling (LWD) platform, and so on. Bit and motor are both optimized to increase drilling speed. To reduce the waste discharge during drilling and completion, a fully closed zero discharge system is employed. Flawless project management also played vital role in the project success. Totally 23 wells are drilled for this pioneer project. 269.80 days are saved compared with plan and drilling efficiency is improved by more than 58%. Wellbore geometry optimization saves 111.63 days drilling cycle time and reduces 3189 tons waste. 25.94 days are saved by utilizing advanced measurement while drilling (MWD) tool and LWD technologies. More than 14 days are saved by innovative modification on the rig equipment. At least 7 days are saved through optimizing the work process. With the fully closed zero discharge system, 2414 cubic meters drilling fluid is reused and 7040 tons cutting are processed. This project breaks several drilling records in CNOOC. The novelty of this paper is to provide experiences of utilizing most up-to-date technologies and innovative systematic approach to reduce the drilling cycle and carbon and waste discharge.

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Platell, Peter, and Dennis A. Dudzik. "Zero Energy Houses: Geoexchange, Solar CHP, and Low Energy Building Approach." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36076.

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On March 29, 2006, the World Business Council for Sustainable Development announced in Geneva, Switzerland, that it is forming an alliance of leading global companies to determine how to design and construct buildings to use zero energy from external power grids, be carbon neutral, and be built and operated at fair market values. This paper is a contribution to the many possible Zero Energy House (ZEH) solutions that deserve further attention. The geoexchange, solar thermal combined heat and power (CHP), and low exergy building approach to ZEH is based on select R&D projects that, together, imply several important synergies. Not using “overqualified” energy in the house (i.e., energy quality, or exergy) is a significant step toward realizing a cost-effective ZEH. Most of the energy conversion and energy storage can be obtained through the appropriate use of purely renewable solar energy. However, a fuel reserve is needed to assure all of the building’s energy needs are met 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. The future ZEH implies the production of this fuel, potentially as hydrogen or alcohol, by using CO2 plus water synthesis, powered by solar heat from concentrating solar power (CSP).

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Dabaieh, Marwa. "THE Z FREE HOME – INSPIRED BYVERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15607.

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The Z Free Home is an eco-cycle home that is meant to represent a return to natural design solutions inspired by the passive and low environmental impact principles found in vernacular architecture. Throughout the centuries, vernacular building has exemplified climate resilience, resource efficiency and circular economic principles. The house will thus use these principles as design guidelines. It will be designed to offset all of its carbon emissions and aim to reach a negative carbon footprint. The Z Free Home will be built using bio-based fibres that can be repurposed from agriculture waste, meaning that when it is time to demolish the building, all its main components can be re-used again as building materials, food for animals, or biofuel. Even if an uninhabited Z Free Home is not demolished, most components will eventually rot and return to nature as compost. Building materials from the kitchen and toilet should however be recycled and reused so as to maintain the standard of zero waste. The house will be designed so as to construct in only 7 days with the help of 7 volunteers through a ‘do-it-yourself’ methodology and using only screwdrivers. All of these factors - zero energy, zero waste, zero carbon, zero labour cost (if you build it yourself), zero impact on the environment when the building is demolished – make the Z Free Home a unique challenge to design and build. This paper will discuss the methodological approach and show some preliminary results from the proposed low impact building envelope using natural materials (clay and plant-based materials like straw, reeds, wood, kenaf and jute) together with the passive and eco-cycle systems. As the project is still underway, this paper will describe outcomes to date and ending with a discussion on the next steps.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Zero-days"

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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.

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