Готові списки джерел за темами / Written law

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Written law"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 19 жовтня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Written law"

1

Bekbaev, Erzat Z. "Origin of written law." RUDN Journal of Law 27, no. 1 (March 26, 2023): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2023-27-1-7-20.

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The relevance of the origin of written law issues stems from the need to address pluralism of concepts concerning law origin. Research investigates the issues of the origin of law as a set of rules of conduct fixed by the state in writing and intended for interaction of people between themselves and public authority represented by the state and other persons. In a primitive society the rules of behavior were fixed mainly in oral speech, which forced people to interact usually within the earshot of a person's voice. Oral speech could not be used for constant and everyday interaction between those groups of people who were far from each other in their camps and settlements. The written form of law and legal norms is an attributive feature of the legal system, consisting of law, legal relations and legal consciousness. The hypothesis suggests that law formation takes place in the process of establishing a written form by the state to a number of social norms of primitive society. Written law creates an additional opportunity for residents of different settlements, cities and countries to interact with each other at a distance; it contributes to centralization of state regulation in a certain territory, unification of social norms, and strengthening and expansion of state power.
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2

Hölkeskamp, Karl-J. "Written law in archaic Greece." Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 38 (1993): 87–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068673500001632.

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In classical tradition as well as in modern classical scholarship, the emergence of written law and the earliest conception of the very idea of legislation are inseparably connected with mythical figures of almost heroic status: the great ‘arbitrators’ (diallaktai, katartisteres or aisymnetai) and ‘lawgivers’ (nomothetai) allegedly appointed in many Greek cities during the seventh and sixth centuries. According to this tradition, they were men truly wise and just, who were chosen, sometimes from outside the city, to deal with political conflict and social strife, to mediate between hostile factions within the citizen body, to restore law and order and to establish eunomia in the polis community.In the handbooks, it has been generally assumed that written law, legislation and ‘codification’ played a major role in this story in two respects. On the one hand, oppression, injustice, the arbitrary interpretation and distortion of traditional law and time-honoured custom by aristocratic judges – Hesiod's ‘gift-devouring kings’, handing down ‘crooked judgments’ – were, it is said, a major cause of social discontent among broad strata of the societies of these early cities.
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3

Engelhardt, Hanns. "Ecclesiastical Law, written by Mark Hill." Archiv für katholisches Kirchenrecht 187, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/2589045x-1870124.

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4

Grottanelli, Cristiano. "Making Room for the Written Law." History of Religions 33, no. 3 (February 1994): 246–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/463368.

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5

Queiroz Barboza, Estefânia Maria de, and Katya Kozicki. "Common Law and Civil Law: Convergences Beyond a Written Constitution." Cuestiones Constitucionales Revista Mexicana de Derecho Constitucional 1, no. 40 (February 22, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iij.24484881e.2019.40.13227.

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Este artículo analiza la convergencia entre los sistemas del common law y civil law en relación con los parámetros de la judicial review, particularmente cuando los principios constitucionales, tanto explícitos como implícitos, funcionan para invalidar leyes ordinarias. También el artículo considera la experiencia canadiense para examinar cómo los no escritos pero implícitos principios constitucionales pueden ser usados para el fin de la judicial review. Y de la misma forma se revisa la teoría de The Invisible Constitution, de Laurence Trible. Finalmente, enfrentamos la cuestión de la Constitución viva, la cual incluye el concepto de Constitución como un instrumento vivo más allá de un texto formal.
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Rovner, Julie. "Family-planning restrictions written into US law." Lancet 354, no. 9193 (November 1999): 1886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)76857-4.

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7

Markovits, Richard S. "U.S. and E.U. Antitrust Law as Written." Antitrust Bulletin 62, no. 3 (August 16, 2017): 514–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x17719763.

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This Article (1) articulates operational definitions of eight possible morally-defensible test of antitrust legality, (2) describes the conduct-coverage of, tests of prima facie illegality promulgated by, and economic-efficiency defenses recognized by U.S. and E.U. antitrust law correctly interpreted as matters of law, (3) delineates the seven most important differences between U.S. and E.U. antitrust law as written and the two most important shared attributes of U.S. and E.U. antitrust law as written, and (4) evaluates the relative and absolute moral desirability of these two antitrust-law regimes as written from the perspectives of both the liberal conception of justice and various nonliberal conceptions of the moral good. Inter alia, the Article explains why (1) conduct that manifest one or more perpetrators’ specific anticompetitive intent or distorts competition (constitutes unfair competition) violates liberal moral-rights, (2) conduct that manifests specific anticompetitive intent, lessens competition or distorts competition is distributively undesirable from utilitarian, various nonliberal-egalitarian and various individual history/conduct-focused normative perspectives, and (3) analyses that take appropriate account of the General Theory of Second Best reveal that (A) although the fact that conduct reduced price competition in some area of product-space does not imply that it generated economic inefficiency by causing too few resources to be devoted to unit-output production in that area of product-space relative to the amount devoted to unit-output product elsewhere, it does imply that the relevant conduct generated economic inefficiency by allocating resources from unit-output production to quantity-or-variety-increasing-investment (QV-investment) creation, (B) price-fixing and predatory pricing generate economic inefficiency not only by generating allocative transaction costs but by leading to undercutting by competitive inferior’s and retaliation that results in suppliers’ that are allocatively as well as privately worse-than-best-placed making sales, (C) conduct that reduces QV-investment competition increases economic efficiency by allocating resources from QV-investment creation t unit-output production and production-process-research execution, and (D) the use of many pricing-techniques (price discrimination, the simultaneous charging of lump-sum fees and per-unit prices, and some functional types of tie-ins and reciprocity) is economically inefficient although it does not manifest the perpetrator’s specific anticompetitive intent or lessen competition.
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8

Bohlander, Michael. "Comparative Criminal Law, written by Albin Eser." International Criminal Law Review 18, no. 4 (November 10, 2018): 735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01804003.

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9

Fuadi, M. Zulvi Romzul Huda, and Ayon Diniyanto. "Written Quotations and Its Legal Protection: How Indonesian Law Reform on Copyrights Law?" Journal of Law and Legal Reform 3, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v3i1.53630.

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Copyright is still on its way to legalizing a lot of homework to be done. One of these jobs is to protect the economic rights of cited sources for commercial use. So far, the copyright law has not specifically regulated this matter. The law does not even protect the economic rights of citation sources quoted for commercial purposes. This study formulates the problem (1) how is the current legal protection regarding copyright for written works? and (2) how the legal protection should be regarding copyrights for excerpts of written works. The aims of this research are (1) to find out the current legal protection regarding copyright for citations of written works; and (2) formulating the legal protection that should be on copyright for excerpts of written works. The method used in this research is using normative juridical research. The conclusion in this study is to answer the formulation of the problem.
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10

Strauss, David A. "Constitutions, Written and Otherwise." Law and Philosophy 19, no. 4 (July 2000): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3505078.

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Дисертації з теми "Written law"

1

Hawke, Jason Gary. ""Spiders' webs" : aristocratic power and written law in early Greece /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10469.

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2

Jenkins, Christopher D. "From unwritten to written : transformation in the British Common-Law constitution." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32807.

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This thesis proposes that the United Kingdom's constitution is changing so as to incorporate written principles that restrain Parliament through judicial review. This model originates in the common law as well as the orthodox theories of Blackstone and Dicey. It is supported by the ultra vires doctrine and provides a basis for judicial review of Parliament itself. As constitutions may accommodate written and unwritten elements, along with various means of enforcement and change, they are defined by how strongly they reflect underlying norms. This expressive function, with a shift in the rule of recognition endorsing judicial review, democratically legitimizes constitutional texts as positivist expressions of popular will binding Parliament. Furthermore, through common-law adjudication, courts may constitutionalize statutes or treaties coming over time to represent shifting norms. This "quasi-written" common-law constitution is already emerging in the United Kingdom, as illustrated through cases based upon the Human Rights Act and the European Communities Act.
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3

Pola, Tommaso. "Statistical analysis of written languages." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6307/.

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La tesi presenta una serie di risultati dell'analisi quantitativa sulla linguistica. Inizialmente sono studiate due fra le leggi empiriche più famose di questo campo, le leggi di Zipf e Heaps, e vengono esposti vari modelli sullo sviluppo del linguaggio. Nella seconda parte si giunge alla discussione di risultati più specifici sulla presenza di fenomeni di burstiness e di correlazioni a lungo raggio nei testi. Tutti questi studi teorici sono affiancati da analisi sperimentali, svolte utilizzando varie traduzioni del libro "Guerra e pace" di Leo Tolstoj e concentrate principalmente sulle eventuali differenze riscontrabili tra le diverse lingue.
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4

LeFebvre, Michael. "Collections, codes, and Torah : the re-characterization of Israel's written law." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430403.

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It has been oft assumed that the law-writings in the Torah were legislation (i.e., prescriptions obliging upon society and enforced by judges). However, comparative evidence from cuneiform-law and closer analysis of the biblical records have undermined this anachronism. Scholars today generally recognize that ancient Israel’s law-collections were not legislation, but served monumental, didactic, and other functions. But accepting this understanding opens up another question: late Second Temple Judaism viewed the Torah as binding-law; how did this re-characterization come about? The question is relatively fresh in circles of biblical-law. Though it has received some attention, more is needed. The purpose of the present dissertation is to contribute toward this question. To date, scholars have primarily focused on the reforms of Josiah (2Kgs 22-23) and those of Ezra and Nehemiah, due to the prominent role of the “law-book” in these periods. In terms of methodology, scholars have tended to use developmental models or comparative evidence to tease out the significance of these accounts. While such approaches are necessary, this project addresses another need: close examination of the law-book’s actual application in these accounts. After laying necessary groundwork (in chs 1-2), the first part of the dissertation (chs 3-4) examines “how is the law-book being used?” in these two reforms. Significant developments are discerned, but nothing is deemed to indicate a fundamental re-characterization of law-writings from traditional functions. In the second part of the dissertation (chs 5-7), evidence from the Hellenistic era is advanced to indicate the introduction of a radical re-characterization of law-writing and to hypothesize two mechanisms for “triggering” it (i.e., Ptolemaic judicial policies and Hellenistic ethnographical standards). The final chapter (ch8) summarizes the “Torah re-characterization model” thus developed and indicates implications and directions for further study.
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5

Coconis, Michel Angela. "Transcripts on trial: a comparative analysis of two Ohio capital murder trials through the use of written documentation of trial level proceedings /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148785690625709.

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6

Myburgh, Franziska Elizabeth. "Statutory formalities in South African law." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80135.

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Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation examines the approach to statutory formalities in South African law. It focuses primarily on formal requirements which result in nullity in the event of non-compliance, and in particular, on those prescribed for alienations of land (section 2(1) of the Alienation of Land Act 68 of 1981) and suretyships (section 6 of the General Law Amendment Act 50 of 1956). To provide context, the study commences with a general historical overview of the development of formal requirements. It also considers the advantages and disadvantages of formalities. The conclusion is reached that an awareness of both is required if a court is to succeed in dealing with the challenges posed by statutory formalities. The dissertation then considers more specific aspects of the topic of formal requirements, including the difference between material and non-material terms. It also reveals that the current interpretation of statutory formalities is quite flexible and tends towards a conclusion of validity if reasonably possible. However, cases involving unnamed or undisclosed principals present particular challenges in this context, and the possibility of greater consistency, without the loss of theoretical soundness, is investigated. A discussion of what should be in writing, and with what exactitude, necessarily involves a consideration of the extent to which extrinsic evidence is admissible. The interaction between formal requirements and the parol evidence rule is therefore investigated. Special attention is paid to incorporation by reference. After an examination of the common-law approach to this topic, the conclusion is reached that room exists for developing this area of South African law, especially where a sufficient reference to another document is concerned. Rectification also enjoys detailed examination, due to the unique approach adopted in South African law. Where formalities are constitutive, a South African court first satisfies itself that a recordal complies with these requirements ex facie the document, before it will consider whether rectification may be appropriate. An analysis of both civilian and common-law judgments suggests that the South African approach is based on a misconception of the purpose of rectification. This leads to the further conclusion that the requirement of ex facie compliance should be abolished as a separate step and that a court should rather consider whether awarding a claim for rectification would defeat the objects of formalities in general. Finally, the remedies available to a party who performs in terms of an agreement void for formal non-compliance and the effect of full performance in terms of such an agreement, receive attention. An investigation of the remedies available in other legal systems reveals that the South African approach of limiting a party to an enrichment claim is unnecessarily restrictive. It is argued that local courts should reconsider their exclusion of estoppel in this context, particularly in cases where one party’s unconscionable conduct has led the other to rely on the formally defective agreement. In cases of full performance, no remedies are available, but it is argued that a distinction should be drawn between reciprocal and unilateral performances.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die benadering tot statutêre formaliteite in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg. Dit fokus hoofsaaklik op die formele vereistes wat lei tot nietigheid in die geval van nie-nakoming, en in die besonder dié wat voorgeskryf word vir die vervreemding van grond (artikel 2 (1) van die Wet op Vervreemding van Grond 68 van 1981) en borgstellings (artikel 6 van die Algemene Regswysigingswet 50 van 1956). Ten einde die nodige konteks te verskaf, begin die studie met ‘n algemene historiese oorsig van die ontwikkeling van formaliteite. Dit oorweeg ook die voor- en nadele van formaliteite. Die gevolgtrekking is dat ‘n bewustheid van beide vereis word indien ‘n hof die uitdagings wat deur statutêre formaliteite gestel word, suksesvol wil hanteer. Die proefskrif oorweeg dan meer spesifieke aspekte van formaliteite, insluitende die verskil tussen wesenlike en nie-wesenlike bedinge. Dit toon ook dat die huidige opvatting van statutêre formaliteite redelik buigsaam is en tot ‘n bevinding van geldigheid lei waar dit redelikerwys moontlik is. Gevalle van onbenoemde of versweë prinsipale bied egter besondere uitdagings in hierdie verband en die moontlikheid word ondersoek om ‘n meer konsekwente, maar tegelyk teoreties-gefundeerde benadering te volg. ‘n Bespreking van wat op skrif moet wees, en met watter mate van sekerheid, behels noodwendig ‘n oorweging van die mate waarin ekstrinsieke getuienis toelaatbaar is. Die interaksie tussen formaliteite en die parol evidence-reël word derhalwe ondersoek. Spesiale aandag word bestee aan inlywing deur verwysing. Na oorweging van die benadering in gemeenregtelike stelsels, word die gevolgtrekking bereik dat ruimte bestaan vir ontwikkeling op hierdie gebied, veral met betrekking tot ‘n voldoende verwysing na ‘n ander dokument. Rektifikasie word ook breedvoerig hanteer, vanweë die eiesoortige benadering in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg. Waar formaliteite konstitutief van aard is, sal ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse hof eers vasstel dat ‘n ooreenkoms ex facie die dokument aan die formaliteite voldoen, voordat dit sal oorweeg of rektifikasie moontlik is. ‘n Ontleding van sivielregtelike en gemeenregtelike beslissings dui daarop dat die Suid-Afrikaanse benadering op ‘n wanbegrip van die doel van rektifikasie gebaseer is. Dit lei tot die verdere gevolgtrekking dat die vereiste van ex facie nakoming as ‘n afsonderlike stap afgeskaf behoort te word en dat ‘n hof eerder moet oorweeg of die toestaan van ‘n eis vir rektifikasie die oogmerke van die formaliteite in die algemeen sou verydel. Laastens word aandag geskenk aan die remedies beskikbaar aan ‘n party wat presteer ingevolge ‘n ooreenkoms wat nietig is weens nie-nakoming van formaliteite, asook die effek van volle prestasie kragtens so ‘n ooreenkoms. In eersgenoemde geval beperk die Suid-Afrikaanse reg daardie party tot ‘n verrykingseis. ‘n Ondersoek van die remedies beskikbaar in ander regstelsels toon dat dit onnodig beperkend is. Dit word aangevoer dat Suid-Afrikaanse howe die uitsluiting van estoppel in hierdie konteks moet heroorweeg, veral in gevalle waar een party se gewetenlose optrede daartoe lei dat die ander party staat maak op die formeel-gebrekkige ooreenkoms. In gevalle van volledige prestasie is daar geen remedies beskikbaar nie, maar dit word aangevoer dat ‘n onderskeid getref moet word tussen wedersydse en eensydige prestasies.
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Blackwood, Hayley L. Rogers Richard. "A comparison of Miranda procedures the effects of oral and written administrations on Miranda comprehension /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-11057.

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8

Beltran-Aponte, MariaTeresa. "Hearing with the Eyes: Voice in Written and Visual Discourses and the Ghost of a Contemporary Warrior." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275423339.

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9

Finkle, Aaron. "Essays in the economics of information, incentives, and the law /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/546804861.pdf.

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Blackwood, Hayley L. "A Comparison of Miranda Procedures: The Effects of Oral and Written Administrations on Miranda Comprehension." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc11057/.

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Анотація:
Millions of custodial suspects waive their rights each year without the benefit of legal counsel. The question posed to psychologists in disputed Miranda waivers is whether this waiver decision was, knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. Mental health professionals must be aware of potential barriers to Miranda comprehension to provide expert opinions regarding a defendant's competency to waive rights. The current study examined how Miranda warning reading level, length, and method of administration affects Miranda comprehension. Recently arrested detainees at Grayson County Jail were administered oral and written Miranda warnings from the Miranda Statements Scale (MSS; Rogers, 2005) to measure their comprehension of the warnings. Surprisingly low levels of Miranda comprehension were found for most warnings. For all warnings at or above 8th grade, a substantial minority (27.1% - 39.6%) of defendants exhibited failed (i.e., < 50% understanding) Miranda comprehension. Regardless of other variables, oral administrations resulted in a substantially larger number of defendants with failed Miranda comprehension. Implications for public policy and clinical practice are discussed.
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Книги з теми "Written law"

1

Israel. Israel's written constitution. [Tel Aviv?]: A. Greenfield-A.G. Publications, 1995.

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Azlan Shah, Sultan of Perak, 1928-, ed. Rule of law, written constitutions & the common law tradition. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: RNS Publications, 2011.

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1964-, Zall Terri A., ed. Mastering written discovery: Procedures & tactics. 3rd ed. Charlottesville, Va: LEXIS Law Pub., 1998.

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Hardin, Young John, and Young John Hardin, eds. Mastering written discovery: Procedures & tactics. 4th ed. Newark, NJ: LexisNexis, 2004.

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J.J. Keller & Associates., ed. Written safety plans. 2nd ed. Neenah, Wis: J.J. Keller, 2003.

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Council, Clydesdale (Scotland) District. Carluke and Law local plan: Written statement. (Lanark) ((District Council Offices, South Vennel, Lanark)): (The Council), 1985.

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7

Rweyemamu, Novatus. The Swazi chief and the written law. Mbabane, Swaziland: Websters, 1990.

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Institute, Pennsylvania Bar, ed. Written discovery: Requirements and techniques. Harrisburg, Pa: Pennsylvania Bar Institute, 1992.

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Wallace, Harvey. Written and interpersonal communication: Methods for law enforcement. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009.

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1937-, Roberson Cliff, and Steckler Craig, eds. Written and interpersonal communication methods for law enforcement. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1997.

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Частини книг з теми "Written law"

1

Askey, Simon, and Ian McLeod. "Written English." In Studying Law, 154–80. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-41269-0_9.

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Andrews, Neil. "Interpretation of Written Contracts." In Arbitration and Contract Law, 229–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27144-6_14.

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Wegner, Harold C. "The Written Description Requirement." In Patent Law in Biotechnology, Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals, 338–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21958-2_33.

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Morgan, Jonathan. "Standard forms and Written Contracts." In Great Debates in Contract Law, 70–92. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-48160-3_3.

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Waluchow, Wil J., and Katharina Stevens. "Common Law Constitutionalism and the Written Constitution." In Democratizing Constitutional Law, 275–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28371-5_13.

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Zammit Borda, Aldo. "The Law-Affirming Lens." In Histories Written by International Criminal Courts and Tribunals, 129–42. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-427-3_5.

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Zammit Borda, Aldo. "The Distinctive Approaches of History and Law." In Histories Written by International Criminal Courts and Tribunals, 143–89. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-427-3_6.

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"Beyond law:." In Written in Stone, 111–29. Duke University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11smk8w.7.

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Thomas, Rosalind. "Writing, Law, and Written Law." In The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law, 41–60. Cambridge University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ccol0521818400.003.

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"Written Law versus Oral Law." In Jewish Thought, 96–102. Routledge, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203088685-15.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Written law"

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Xu, Alec, Camron Nourshargh, Patrick S. Salter, Steve J. Elston, Stephen M. Morris, and Martin J. Booth. "Simple Tunable Laser Written Liquid Crystal Based Aberration Correctors." In Adaptive Optics: Methods, Analysis and Applications, OTh1F.3. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/aopt.2024.oth1f.3.

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Novel devices created using direct laser-written polymerization in liquid crystals correct Zernike or other modes with continuous tunability. We demonstrate several modal devices offering a low cost, simple alternative to traditional adaptive optics correctors.
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G., Berend. "Göttinger Monograph N: A Historic Document is Back." In Vertical Flight Society 72nd Annual Forum & Technology Display, 1–24. The Vertical Flight Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0072-2016-11333.

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The Göttinger Monograph N was written 1945-1946 summarizing the German Development and Research on Rotat-ing Wing Aircraft from 1939 to 1945. It was written in large parts by Gerhard Jakobus Sissingh, who thereafter moved to England working for the Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough before immigrating to the US in 1951. In Braunschweig (location of the "Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luftfahrt", founded in 1935, that was re-named to "Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt Hermann Göring” in 1938) as well as in Göttingen (location of the "Aerody-namische Versuchsanstalt", founded by Ludwig Prandtl in 1907) Monographs were written after the war in volumes A to R in Göttingen and many more in Braunschweig. These Monographs documented the progresses of the German aeronautical research in all aspects (since 1939). The developments were often far ahead of those of the Allies and the Monographs were ordered to make available this knowledge to the US, British and French research establish-ments and industry. The Göttinger Monograph N is the only one about rotating wing aircraft, written in German lan-guage, and the only one not translated immediately into English. Later, some chapters had been translated. Recently, this Göttinger Monograph N was translated into English in its entirety by the author and newly published by AIAA.
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"“Awig-Awig As Traditional Law Written in Traditional Law Perspective in Indonesia”." In 5th International Seminar of Research Month 2020. Galaxy Science, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/nstp.2021.0929.

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Maskun, Maskun. "Legal Protection Of Mangrove Forests: From Community Consensus To Written Law." In ICLES 2018 - International Conference on Law, Environment and Society. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.10.26.

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KIM, J. S., C. Y. LEE, and B. T. ZHANG. "DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE BASED ON ZIPF'S LAW ANALYSIS." In Proceedings of the 13th Neural Computation and Psychology Workshop. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814458849_0005.

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Milošević, Milan. "CRIMINAL LAW PROTECTION OF DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIVES: TRADITION, CRIMINAL AND INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW." In Tradicija, krivično i međunarodno krivično pravo. Srpsko udruženje za međunarodno krivično pravo, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/tkmkp24.201m.

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There are several reasons why it is necessary to return again and again and critically evaluate the problems of criminal legal protection of diplomatic representatives in national and international criminal law. The same applies to the incrimination of endangering an internationally protected person, which has existed in the legislation of the Republic of Serbia since 1990. The essential international legal framework of that incrimination is contained in the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against. Internationally Pro- tected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents from 1973. The criminal offense of endangering an internationally protected person was omitted from our legislation in the period from 2005 to 2012, and in the mean- time its name and legal description have been changed several times. Despite this, the level of criminal protection of diplomatic representa- tives in Serbia has always been high and harmonized with the appro- priate norms of both customary and written international law.
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Тарасова, Анна, and Anna Tarasova. "The crisis of law – the age of legal technologies." In St. Petersburg international Legal forum RD forum video — Rostov-na-Donu. Москва: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/conferencearticle_5a3a6fa72b7dc3.26709204.

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The article deals with the tendency of replacing the right with the written law. This turns the law into a legal technology that can explain any decision made in it, including against the previously adopted laws. This phenomenon deprives the modern legislation of the necessary properties of stability, legal certainty, ensuring a balance of interests, justice. There are proposed ways to overcome this tendency, the need for quality training of lawyers, including the specialization of lawmaking
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Морохова, Ольга Александровна. "DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS WRITING SKILLS AS A STAGE OF PRACTICE-ORIENTED LEARNING AT LAW UNIVERSITY." In Проблемы управления качеством образования: сборник избранных статей Международной научно-методической конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Июль 2020). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/ko186.2020.30.85.006.

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В статье анализируются особенности письменного дискурса в эпоху электронных коммуникаций и задачи развития письменных умений обучающихся в юридическом вузе. Автор статьи показывает, что обучение работе с документами является важным этапом формирования общекультурных и профессиональных компетенций обучающихся. The article analyzes the features of written discourse in the era of electronic communications and the tasks of developing the written skills of students in a law school. The author of the article shows that learning to work with documents is an important stage in the formation of general cultural and professional competencies of students.
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Ose, Daina. "Rakstveida procesa izvēle civillietas izskatīšanā." In The 9th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia., 258–64. University of Latvia Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.9.1.22.

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Review of a civil case in an oral or written process is one of the most discussed issues considering the development of civil procedural regulation in today’s rapidly changing world. The transition to a written process is permissible if the initial will comes from the plaintiff and the defendant, but the decision of the question is the competence of the judge. Such an option should be allowed in appeal cases, but it has to be limited to certain categories of cases related to non-material family disputes and other sensitive issues.
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Trajkovska, Vesna. "AUTHENTIC TEXTS AS A RESOURCE FOR DESIGNING PASSIVE VOICE EXERCISES FOR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.3.6.22.p03.

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The paper deals with the matter of teaching passive voice to students of English for law enforcement based on its use in authentic texts in this field which were originally written in English. It addresses the importance of authentic texts when designing English language classroom activities, and the opportunities they provide for extracting written material used in authentic context, for the purposes of language instruction. The variety of ways in which authentic texts can be used in teaching English for law enforcement are illustrated with practical ideas for specific classroom exercises. These exercises are designed to help learners improve their knowledge on the use of passive voice based on examples derived from contexts relevant to law enforcement. The aim of the paper is to show that authentic materials can serve for a didactic purpose and help learners improve their grammar skills coupled with the acquisition of subject field knowledge. Key words: English for law enforcement, authentic texts, teaching, passive voice, classroom exercises
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Звіти організацій з теми "Written law"

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Hartoto, Annisa Sabrina, and Ken M. P. Setiawan. Membuka Jalan untuk Pembangunan Inklusif Gender di Daerah Perdesaan Indonesia: Bunga Rampai Kajian Aksi Kolektif Perempuan dan Pengaruhnya pada Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Desa [Forging Pathways for Gender-inclusive Development in Rural Indonesia: Case Studies of Women’s Collective Action and Influence on Village Law Implementation]. Edited by Amalinda Savirani and Rachael Diprose. University of Melbourne with Universitas Gadjah Mada and MAMPU, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46580/124328.

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An edited volume (180K) of 12 analysis case studies (what we call stories of change - SOCs but these are village/region stories not individual stories). The case studies draw on multiple sources of data. These were originally written in Bahasa Indonesia, with abstracts in both English and Bahasa Indonesia. The volume also has an introductory analysis article that has its own analysis and illustrates core points from the case studies – separate and citable (see below). Case studies are organised by the five sectoral themes of the work covered by CSOs (e.g. supporting migrant workers, targeting reproductive health and nutrition, targeting social protection, targeting reductions in domestic and other gender-based violence, and support for informal sector workers who work at home).
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Hartoto, Annisa Sabrina, and Ken M. P. Setiawan. Membuka Jalan untuk Pembangunan Inklusif Gender di Daerah Perdesaan Indonesia: Bunga Rampai Kajian Aksi Kolektif Perempuan dan Pengaruhnya pada Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Desa [Forging Pathways for Gender-inclusive Development in Rural Indonesia: Case Studies of Women’s Collective Action and Influence on Village Law Implementation]. Edited by Amalinda Savirani and Rachael Diprose. University of Melbourne with Universitas Gadjah Mada and MAMPU, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46580/124328.

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Анотація:
An edited volume (180K) of 12 analysis case studies (what we call stories of change - SOCs but these are village/region stories not individual stories). The case studies draw on multiple sources of data. These were originally written in Bahasa Indonesia, with abstracts in both English and Bahasa Indonesia. The volume also has an introductory analysis article that has its own analysis and illustrates core points from the case studies – separate and citable (see below). Case studies are organised by the five sectoral themes of the work covered by CSOs (e.g. supporting migrant workers, targeting reproductive health and nutrition, targeting social protection, targeting reductions in domestic and other gender-based violence, and support for informal sector workers who work at home).
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Milican, Juliet. Mapping Best Practice Guidelines in working with Civil Society Organisations. Institute of Development Studies, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.092.

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This report sets out to map the different guidance documents available on how to work most effectively with civil society in the delivery of international aid in ways that deepen democracy and advance the rights of marginalised or excluded groups. It includes a review of guidelines published by other key international development funders and implementors written for their own teams, an overview of guidance provided for DAC members within OECD countries and policy papers on cooperation between the state and CSOs. It looks primarily at documents produced in the last ten years, between 2011 and 2021 and includes those related to cooperation on specific issues (such as drugs policy or human rights, as well as those that deal with specific countries or regions (such as Europe or the MENA region). The majority of documents identified are written by government aid departments (eg USAID, Norad) but there are one or two produced by umbrella civil society organisations (such as Bond) or international legal think tanks (such as ICNL, the International Centre for Not for Profit Law). There was a remarkable consistency between the issues Millican addressed in the different documents although their size and length varied between outline guidance on 2 – 3 pages and a comprehensive (62 page) overview that included definitions of civil society, range of organisations, reasons for collaborating, mechanisms for financing, monitoring and ensuring accountability and challenges in and guidance on the ways in which donors might work with CSOs.
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Plant, Roger, and Soren Hvalkof. Land Titling and Indigenous Peoples. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008860.

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This paper has the following main objectives: to review the actual or potential impact of land titling and cadastre programs on indigenous populations; to recommend actions that would minimize risk and ensure that land projects are tailored to the aspirations and needs of indigenous peoples; to outline a typology of indigenous landholding systems and to identify any areas requiring further research. The research done by the consultants draws from country and site visits, a review of Bank projects as well as those of other international agencies, and meetings with government authorities, representatives of indigenous organizations and other relevant actors. The countries visited were Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Peru. In each visit, the consultants focused on both law and policy concerns and made extensive site visits to highland areas and tropical regions, including the Amazon basin. Though the study reflects this field experience, it is written as a policy paper aiming to have the widest possible relevance for Latin America as a whole.
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Gledhill, Igle, Richard Goldstone, Sanya Samtani, Keyan Tomaselli, and Klaus Beiter. Copyright Amendment Bill Workshop Proceedings Report. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2022/0078.

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The genesis of the Copyright Amendment Bill was in 2009, when the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) initiated various studies and impact assessments. In July 2015, the DTI published a Draft Copyright Amendment Bill for public comment. The final 2017 version of the Bill was approved by Parliament in 2019 and it was sent to President Cyril Ramaphosa for action in terms of Section 79(1) of the Constitution. Section 79(1) states that “The President must either assent to and sign a Bill passed in terms of this Chapter or, if the President has reservations about the constitutionality of the Bill, refer it back to the National Assembly for reconsideration”. The President referred the Bill back to Parliament for review on 16 June 2020, on constitutionality issues. In response to the President’s reservations, Parliament’s Portfolio Committee on Trade and Industry has invited stakeholders and other interested parties to submit written submissions on certain sections of the Bill by no later than 9 July 2021. The current copyright law is outdated and does not address the digital environment. The Academy of Science of South Africa seeks to take into account the status of the copyright legislation and the anticipated effects of the amendment Bill on different issues and thereafter, provide recommendations to the President.
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Castro, Lucio, and Carlos Scartascini. Tax Compliance and Enforcement in the Pampas: Evidence from a Field Experiment. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011524.

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Tax evasion is a pervasive problem in many countries. In particular, some developing countries do not collect even half of what they would if taxpayers complied with the written letter of the law. The academic literature has not been oblivious to the need to explain why people pay (or do not pay) taxes. However, the empirical literature has not yet reached consensus. This paper reports the results of a large field experiment that tried to affect compliance by influencing property tax taxpayers' beliefs regarding the levels of enforcement, equity, and fairness of the tax system in a municipality in Argentina. Results indicate that the most effective message was one that stated the actual fines and potential legal consequences taxpayers may face in the case of noncompliance (tax compliance increased by more than 4 percentage points). No average effects are found for the treatments designed to affect beliefs about the equity and fairness of the system. However, the evidence also points out that not every taxpayer updates his or her beliefs in the same direction, as relevant heterogeneous effects are found across the population. The evidence in this paper advances the state of knowledge and may help to reconcile some of the different results in the literature.
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Kass, Nancy, Ruth Faden, Stephanie Morain, and Kristina Hallez. Are Shorter Informed Consent Discussions, Compared with Longer Written Forms, Acceptable to Patients for Low-Risk Comparative Studies? Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/07.2020.me.131000763.

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HEFNER, Robert. IHSAN ETHICS AND POLITICAL REVITALIZATION Appreciating Muqtedar Khan’s Islam and Good Governance. IIIT, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47816/01.001.20.

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Ours is an age of pervasive political turbulence, and the scale of the challenge requires new thinking on politics as well as public ethics for our world. In Western countries, the specter of Islamophobia, alt-right populism, along with racialized violence has shaken public confidence in long-secure assumptions rooted in democracy, diversity, and citizenship. The tragic denouement of so many of the Arab uprisings together with the ascendance of apocalyptic extremists like Daesh and Boko Haram have caused an even greater sense of alarm in large parts of the Muslim-majority world. It is against this backdrop that M.A. Muqtedar Khan has written a book of breathtaking range and ethical beauty. The author explores the history and sociology of the Muslim world, both classic and contemporary. He does so, however, not merely to chronicle the phases of its development, but to explore just why the message of compassion, mercy, and ethical beauty so prominent in the Quran and Sunna of the Prophet came over time to be displaced by a narrow legalism that emphasized jurisprudence, punishment, and social control. In the modern era, Western Orientalists and Islamists alike have pushed the juridification and interpretive reification of Islamic ethical traditions even further. Each group has asserted that the essence of Islam lies in jurisprudence (fiqh), and both have tended to imagine this legal heritage on the model of Western positive law, according to which law is authorized, codified, and enforced by a leviathan state. “Reification of Shariah and equating of Islam and Shariah has a rather emaciating effect on Islam,” Khan rightly argues. It leads its proponents to overlook “the depth and heights of Islamic faith, mysticism, philosophy or even emotions such as divine love (Muhabba)” (13). As the sociologist of Islamic law, Sami Zubaida, has similarly observed, in all these developments one sees evidence, not of a traditionalist reassertion of Muslim values, but a “triumph of Western models” of religion and state (Zubaida 2003:135). To counteract these impoverishing trends, Khan presents a far-reaching analysis that “seeks to move away from the now failed vision of Islamic states without demanding radical secularization” (2). He does so by positioning himself squarely within the ethical and mystical legacy of the Qur’an and traditions of the Prophet. As the book’s title makes clear, the key to this effort of religious recovery is “the cosmology of Ihsan and the worldview of Al-Tasawwuf, the science of Islamic mysticism” (1-2). For Islamist activists whose models of Islam have more to do with contemporary identity politics than a deep reading of Islamic traditions, Khan’s foregrounding of Ihsan may seem unfamiliar or baffling. But one of the many achievements of this book is the skill with which it plumbs the depth of scripture, classical commentaries, and tasawwuf practices to recover and confirm the ethic that lies at their heart. “The Quran promises that God is with those who do beautiful things,” the author reminds us (Khan 2019:1). The concept of Ihsan appears 191 times in 175 verses in the Quran (110). The concept is given its richest elaboration, Khan explains, in the famous hadith of the Angel Gabriel. This tradition recounts that when Gabriel appeared before the Prophet he asked, “What is Ihsan?” Both Gabriel’s question and the Prophet’s response make clear that Ihsan is an ideal at the center of the Qur’an and Sunna of the Prophet, and that it enjoins “perfection, goodness, to better, to do beautiful things and to do righteous deeds” (3). It is this cosmological ethic that Khan argues must be restored and implemented “to develop a political philosophy … that emphasizes love over law” (2). In its expansive exploration of Islamic ethics and civilization, Khan’s Islam and Good Governance will remind some readers of the late Shahab Ahmed’s remarkable book, What is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic (Ahmed 2016). Both are works of impressive range and spiritual depth. But whereas Ahmed stood in the humanities wing of Islamic studies, Khan is an intellectual polymath who moves easily across the Islamic sciences, social theory, and comparative politics. He brings the full weight of his effort to conclusion with policy recommendations for how “to combine Sufism with political theory” (6), and to do so in a way that recommends specific “Islamic principles that encourage good governance, and politics in pursuit of goodness” (8).
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Afzal, Nimra, Sarah Thang, Jukka Tulivuori, Sangay Thinley, and Haani Mazari. EdTech in Lao People's Democratic Republic: A Rapid Scan. EdTech Hub, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53832/edtechhub.1026.

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EdTech Hub country scans explore factors that enable and hinder the use of technology in education. This includes policies, government leadership, private-sector partnerships, and digital infrastructure for education. The scans are intended to be comprehensive but are by no means exhaustive. Nonetheless, we hope they will serve as a useful starting point for more in-depth discussions about opportunities and barriers in EdTech in specific countries, and in this case, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR). This report was originally written in February 2024. It is based primarily on desk research, with quality assurance provided by a country expert based at the Australian Council for Educational Research. Keywords: Ministry of Education and Sports; digital skills; training programmes; government expenditure; learning outcomes; disparities An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org/
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Kahima, Samuel, Solomon Rukundo, and Victor Phillip Makmot. Tax Certainty? The Private Rulings Regime in Uganda in Comparative Perspective. Institute of Development Studies, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.001.

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Анотація:
Taxpayers sometimes engage in complex transactions with uncertain tax treatment, such as mergers, acquisitions, demergers and spin-offs. With the rise of global value chains and proliferation of multinational corporations, these transactions increasingly involve transnational financial arrangements and cross-border dealings, making tax treatment even more uncertain. If improperly structured, such transactions could have costly tax consequences. One approach to dealing with this uncertainty is to create a private rulings regime, whereby a taxpayer applies for a private ruling by submitting a statement detailing the transaction (proposed or completed) to the tax authority. The tax authority interprets and applies the tax laws to the requesting taxpayer’s specific set of facts in a written private ruling. The private ruling offers taxpayers certainty as to how the tax authority views the transaction, and the tax treatment the taxpayer can expect based on the specific facts presented. Private rulings are a common feature of many tax systems around the world, and their main goal is to promote tax certainty and increase investor confidence in the tax system. This is especially important in a developing country like Uganda, whose tax laws are often amended and may not anticipate emerging transnational tax issues. Private rulings in Uganda may be applied for in writing prior to or after engaging in the transaction. The Tax Procedures Code Act (TPCA), which provides for private rulings, requires applicants to make a full and true disclosure of the transaction before a private ruling may be issued. This paper evaluates the Ugandan private rulings regime, offering a comparative perspective by highlighting similarities and contrasts between the Ugandan regime and that of other jurisdictions, including the United States, Australia, South Africa and Kenya. The Ugandan private rulings regime has a number of strengths. It is not just an administrative measure as in some jurisdictions, but is based on statute. Rulings are issued from a central office – instead of different district offices, which may result in conflicting rulings. Rather than an elaborate appeals process, the private ruling is only binding on the URA and not on the taxpayer, so a dissatisfied taxpayer can simply ignore the ruling. The URA team that handles private rulings has diverse professional backgrounds, which allows for a better understanding of applications. There are, however, a number of limitations of the Ugandan private rulings system. The procedure of revocation of a private ruling is uncertain. Private rulings are not published, which makes them a form of ‘secret law’. There is no fee for private rulings, which contributes to a delay in the process of issuing one. There is understaffing in the unit that handles private rulings. Finally, there remains a very high risk of bias against the taxpayer because the unit is answerable to a Commissioner whose chief mandate is collection of revenue. A reform of the private rulings regime is therefore necessary, and this would include clarifying the circumstances under which revocation may occur, introducing an application fee, increasing the staffing of the unit responsible, and placing the unit under a Commissioner who does not have a collection mandate. While the private rulings regime in Uganda has shortcomings, it remains an essential tool in supporting investor confidence in the tax regime.
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