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Статті в журналах з теми "Wound bed parameters"
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Papadia, F., V. Dini, A. Paolicchi, F. Di Francesco, and M. Romanelli. "576 Correlation beetwen wound bed score and biochemical and histochemical parameters in chronic wounds." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 136, no. 9 (September 2016): S259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.600.
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Rikard, S. Michaela, Paul J. Myers, Joachim Almquist, Peter Gennemark, Anthony C. Bruce, Maria Wågberg, Regina Fritsche-Danielson, Kenny M. Hansson, Matthew J. Lazzara, and Shayn M. Peirce. "Mathematical Model Predicts that Acceleration of Diabetic Wound Healing is Dependent on Spatial Distribution of VEGF-A mRNA (AZD8601)." Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering 14, no. 4 (June 15, 2021): 321–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12195-021-00678-9.
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Abstract Introduction Pharmacologic approaches for promoting angiogenesis have been utilized to accelerate healing of chronic wounds in diabetic patients with varying degrees of success. We hypothesize that the distribution of proangiogenic drugs in the wound area critically impacts the rate of closure of diabetic wounds. To evaluate this hypothesis, we developed a mathematical model that predicts how spatial distribution of VEGF-A produced by delivery of a modified mRNA (AZD8601) accelerates diabetic wound healing. Methods We modified a previously published model of cutaneous wound healing based on coupled partial differential equations that describe the density of sprouting capillary tips, chemoattractant concentration, and density of blood vessels in a circular wound. Key model parameters identified by a sensitivity analysis were fit to data obtained from an in vivo wound healing study performed in the dorsum of diabetic mice, and a pharmacokinetic model was used to simulate mRNA and VEGF-A distribution following injections with AZD8601. Due to the limited availability of data regarding the spatial distribution of AZD8601 in the wound bed, we performed simulations with perturbations to the location of injections and diffusion coefficient of mRNA to understand the impact of these spatial parameters on wound healing. Results When simulating injections delivered at the wound border, the model predicted that injections delivered on day 0 were more effective in accelerating wound healing than injections delivered at later time points. When the location of the injection was varied throughout the wound space, the model predicted that healing could be accelerated by delivering injections a distance of 1–2 mm inside the wound bed when compared to injections delivered on the same day at the wound border. Perturbations to the diffusivity of mRNA predicted that restricting diffusion of mRNA delayed wound healing by creating an accumulation of VEGF-A at the wound border. Alternatively, a high mRNA diffusivity had no effect on wound healing compared to a simulation with vehicle injection due to the rapid loss of mRNA at the wound border to surrounding tissue. Conclusions These findings highlight the critical need to consider the location of drug delivery and diffusivity of the drug, parameters not typically explored in pre-clinical experiments, when designing and testing drugs for treating diabetic wounds.
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Holmer, Amadeus, Jörg Marotz, Philip Wahl, Michael Dau, and Peer W. Kämmerer. "Hyperspectral imaging in perfusion and wound diagnostics – methods and algorithms for the determination of tissue parameters." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 63, no. 5 (October 25, 2018): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2017-0155.
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Abstract Blood perfusion is the supply of tissue with blood, and oxygen is a key factor in the field of minor and major wound healing. Reduced perfusion of a wound bed or transplant often causes various complications. Reliable methods for an objective evaluation of perfusion status are still lacking, and insufficient perfusion may remain undiscovered, resulting in chronic processes and failing transplants. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) represents a novel method with increasing importance for clinical practice. Therefore, methods, software and algorithms for a new HSI system are presented which can be used to observe tissue oxygenation and other parameters that are of importance in supervising healing processes. This could offer an improved insight into wound perfusion allowing timely intervention.
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Van Gauwbergen, D., and J. Baeyens. "Macroscopic fluid flow conditions in spiral wound membrane elements: packed bed approach." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 10-11 (May 1, 2000): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0615.
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The modelling of the reverse osmosis process is needed to fully evaluate its potential and facilitate scale up. The definition of the flow regime in the concentrate channel is of paramount importance. The present paper describes our experimental investigations on RTD and relates the RTD response curves to the regime of flow in the concentrate channel. Results demonstrate (i) that dead zones are present; (ii) that both a Plug Flow with Dispersion (PFD) and Probabilistic Time Delay (PTD) model can be used to characterise the flow; and (iii) that PFD- and PTD-model parameters assume nearly constant values for a given geometry which simplifies the prediction of the RTD for any desired flow rate.
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Aliahmad, Behzad, Aye Nyein Tint, Sridhar Poosapadi Arjunan, Priya Rani, Dinesh Kant Kumar, Julie Miller, Jeffrey D. Zajac, Gayathiri Wang, and Elif Ilhan Ekinci. "Is Thermal Imaging a Useful Predictor of the Healing Status of Diabetes-Related Foot Ulcers? A Pilot Study." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 13, no. 3 (September 26, 2018): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296818803115.
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Introduction: In clinical practice, both area and temperature of the ulcer have been shown to be effective in tracking the healing status of diabetes-related foot ulcer (DRFU). However, traditionally, the area of the DRFU is measured regardless of the temperature distribution. The current prospective, observational study used thermal imaging, as a more accurate tool, to measure both the area and the temperature of DRFU. We aimed to predict healing of DRFU using thermal imaging within the first 4 weeks of ulceration. Method: A pilot study was conducted where thermal and color images of 26 neuropathic DRFUs (11 healing vs 15 nonhealing) from individuals with type 1 or 2 diabetes were taken at the initial clinic visit (baseline), at week 2, and at week 4. The thermal images were segmented into isothermal patches to identify the wound boundary and area corresponding to temperature distribution. Five parameters were obtained: temperature of the wound bed, area of the isothermal patch of the wound bed, area of isothermal patch of periwound, number of isolated isothermal patches of the wound region, and physical wound bed area from color image. The ulcers were also measured by experienced podiatrists over 4 consecutive weeks and used as the healing reference. Results: For healing cases, the ratio of the area of the wound bed to its baseline measured using thermal images was found to be significantly lower at 2 weeks compared to nonhealing cases and this corresponded with a 50% reduction in area of DRFU at 4 weeks (group rank-based nonparametric analysis of variance P = .036). In comparison, neither the planimetric area measured using color images nor the temperature of the wound bed was associated with the healing. Conclusion: This study of 26 patients demonstrates that change in the isothermal area of DRFU can predict the healing status at week 4. Thermal imaging of DRFUs has the advantage of incorporating both area and temperature allowing for early prediction of the healing of these ulcers. Further studies with greater sample sizes are required to test the significance of these results.
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Shao, Pei-Lin, Jiunn-Der Liao, Shun-Cheng Wu, Yu-Hsing Chen, and Tak-Wah Wong. "Microplasma Treatment versus Negative Pressure Therapy for Promoting Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 10266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910266.
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The delayed healing response of diabetic wounds is a major challenge for treatment. Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has been widely used to treat chronic wounds. However, it usually requires a long treatment time and results in directional growth of wound healing skin tissue. We investigated whether nonthermal microplasma (MP) treatment can promote the healing of skin wounds in diabetic mice. Splint excision wounds were created on diabetic mice, and various wound healing parameters were compared among MP treatment, NPWT, and control groups. Quantitative analysis of the re-epithelialization percentage by detecting Ki67 and DSG1 expression in the extending epidermal tongue (EET) of the wound area and the epidermal proliferation index (EPI) was subsequently performed. Both treatments promoted wound healing by enhancing wound closure kinetics and wound bed blood flow; this was confirmed through histological analysis and optical coherence tomography. Both treatments also increased Ki67 and DSG1 expression in the EET of the wound area and the EPI to enhance re-epithelialization. Increased Smad2/3/4 mRNA expression was observed in the epidermis layer of wounds, particularly after MP treatment. The results suggest that the Smad-dependent transforming growth factor β signaling contributes to the enhancement of re-epithelialization after MP treatment with an appropriate exposure time. Overall, a short-term MP treatment (applied for 30 s twice a day) demonstrated comparable or better efficacy to conventional NPWT (applied for 4 h once a day) in promoting wound healing in diabetic mice. Thus, MP treatment exhibits promise for treating diabetic wounds clinically.
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Ricci, Elia, and Monica Pittarello. "Wound bed preparation with hypochlorous acid oxidising solution and standard of care: a prospective case series." Journal of Wound Care 30, no. 10 (October 2, 2021): 830–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2021.30.10.830.
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Objective: This prospective case series aims to evaluate the clinical impact of a hypochlorous acid oxidising solution (AOS) in association with usual standard of care (SoC) on wound bed preparation (WBP) in patients with hard-to-heal ulcers of various aetiologies. The AOS (Nexodyn, APR Applied Pharma Research S.A., Switzerland) comprises three main features: highly pure and stabilised hypochlorous acid, acidic pH and high reduction–oxidation potential. Method: Between February 2015 and February 2017, patients who met the inclusion criteria were treated with AOS and usual SoC. Data collection ran for 70 days: T0–T70. A baseline assessment was undertaken at T0; parameters assessed at fortnightly visits included: WBP score, area and depth of ulcer, duration, pain, Bates–Jensen score and infection status. Results: A total of 60 patients took part in the study. By T70, 68.3% of wounds had healed or improved and a significant wound size reduction of 21% was observed (p<0.001), despite a mean wound duration of 20.6 months. All wounds were free of local infection and cellulitis; 10% were colonised. WBP scores improved, while Bates–Jensen and pain scores fell significantly over time. Conclusion: This evaluation suggests that AOS might represent a valuable therapeutic addition for an optimal WBP in the routine management of hard-to-heal ulcers of different aetiologies. Declaration of interest: ER worked as a consultant for APR Applied Pharma Research S.A. The authors have no other conflicts of interest.
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Kumar, Birbal, R. S. Mohil, Sajith K. Mohan, Navnik Singh Bhardwaj, Arush Pasricha, Kashinath Singh, Raghav Garg, and Ratnakar Namdeo. "Comparison of vacuum assisted closure therapy with conventional dressing in the management of necrotizing fasciitis wound." International Surgery Journal 8, no. 12 (November 26, 2021): 3587. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20214750.
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Background: The purpose of our study was to compare the effect of vacuum assisted closure (VAC) therapy and conventional dressings in patients with open wounds due to necrotizing fasciitis (NF) on the basis of healing rate, infection control, frequency of dressing and pain score.Methods: The study evaluated 50 patients admitted with NF requiring surgery over a period of 18 months. The patients were randomized to two groups. In group A patients, the wounds were managed with conventional dressings and in group B patients, negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) was applied. Serial assessment of both groups was done for four weeks. The parameters including size of wound, wound bed, granulation tissue formation, color, amount and odor of exudate, edema, frequency of dressing, re-debridement and pain were monitored and analysed.Results: In our study, patients with NF wounds who underwent VAC therapy had earlier granulation tissue formation, resolution of infection and readiness for skin grafting. The frequency of dressing, requirement of re-debridement, resolution of edema, odor, skin maceration, inflammation around wound and pain significantly reduced in group B (VAC) when compared to conventional dressing group.Conclusions: When compared to the conventional dressing on NF wound, application of VAC helped in early appearance of granulation tissue, significant reduction of inflammation, wound odor, exudate, need for re-debridement, frequency of dressing and pain. Thus, VAC dressing can be considered as a better option in the management of NF wounds.
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Raizman, Rose, Danielle Dunham, Liis Lindvere-Teene, Laura M. Jones, Kim Tapang, Ron Linden, and Monique Y. Rennie. "Use of a bacterial fluorescence imaging device: wound measurement, bacterial detection and targeted debridement." Journal of Wound Care 28, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 824–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2019.28.12.824.
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Objective: Diagnostics which provide objective information to facilitate evidence-based treatment decisions could improve the chance of wound healing. Accurate wound measurements, objective bacterial assessment, and the regular, consistent tracking of these parameters are important aspects of wound care. This study aimed to assess the accuracy, clinical incorporation and documentation capabilities of a handheld bacterial fluorescence imaging device (MolecuLight i:X). Method: Benchtop wound models with known dimensions and clinical wound images were repeatedly measured by trained clinicians to quantify accuracy and intra/inter-user coefficients of variation (COV) of the imaging device measurement software. In a clinical trial of 50 wounds, wound dimensions were digitally measured and fluorescence images were acquired to assess for the presence of bacteria at moderate-to-heavy loads. Finally, fluorescence imaging was implemented into the routine assessment of 22 routine diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) to determine appropriate debridement level and location based on bacterial fluorescence signals. Results: Wound measurement accuracy was >95% (COV <3%). In the clinical trial of 50 wounds, 72% of study wounds demonstrated positive bacterial fluorescence signals. Levine sampling of wounds was found to under-report bacterial loads relative to fluorescence-guided curettage samples. Furthermore, fluorescence documentation of bacterial presence and location(s) resulted in more aggressive, fluorescence-targeted debridement in 17/20 DFUs after standard of care debridement failed to eliminate bacterial fluorescence in 100% of DFU debridements. Conclusion: The bacterial fluorescence imaging device can be readily implemented for objective, evidenced-based wound assessment and documentation at the bedside. Bedside localisation of regions with moderate-to-heavy bacterial loads facilitated improved sampling, debridement targeting and improved wound bed preparation.
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Yari, Abazar, Fatemeh Heidari, Sanaz Joulai Veijouye та Maliheh Nobakht. "Hair follicle stem cells promote cutaneous wound healing through the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis: an animal model". Journal of Wound Care 29, № 9 (2 вересня 2020): 526–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2020.29.9.526.
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Objective: An appropriate source of adult stem cells for therapeutic use is stem cells deriving from the hair follicle bulge. Following injury, ischaemic tissues produce a variety of cytokines and growth factors that are essential for tissue repair. This study sought to investigate the temporal effects of hair follicle bulge stem cells (HFSCs) on cutaneous wound healing in rats using the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis. Method: HFSCs obtained from rat vibrissa, labeled with DiI and then special markers, were detected using flow cytometry. The animals were divided into five groups: control (non-treated, n=18), sham (PBS, n=18), AMD (treated with AMD3100, n=18), HFSC + AMD (treated with HFSCs + AMD3100, n=18) and HFSC (treated with HFSCs, n=18). A full-thickness excisional wound model was created and DiI-labeled HFSCs were injected around the wound bed. Wound healing was recorded with digital photographs. The animals were sacrificed 3, 7 and 14 days after the surgery and were used for histological (H&E, Masson's trichrome staining) and molecular (ELISA and q-PCR) assays. Results: The flow cytometry results demonstrated that HFSCs were CD34-positive, nestin-positive, but Kr15-negative. The morphological analysis of the HFSC-treated wounds showed accelerated wound closure. The histological analysis of the photomicrographs exhibited more re-epithelialisation and dermal structural regeneration in the HFSC-treated wounds compared with the control group. In the HFSC + AMD group, the histological parameters improved on the same days, but showed a significant decrease compared with the HFSC group in all the days assayed. In the AMD group, there was a significant reduction in the noted parameters. qRT-PCR and ELISA showed a high expression level of SDF-1α, CXCR4 and VEGFR-2 in the HFSC-treated wounded skin tissue, but the expression of CXCR4 and VEGFR-2 showed a significant reduction in the HFSC + AMD group compared with the HFSC group. Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, HFSC transplantation affects wound closure parameters and the expression of SDF-1α and CXCR4. As the SDF-1α expression level increases in the injured area, the HFSCs contribute to wound repair through the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis. This result is extremely valuable because it raises the possibility of wounds healed by isolating autologous HFSCs from the patient.
Дисертації з теми "Wound bed parameters"
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Page, Tamara Elaine. "The impact of exposure time on biophysical parameters of the wound environment and patient comfort during dressing changes: a descriptive study." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/93923.
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Wound healing is a complex milieu that affects millions of people around the world every day. Practice based concerns have been described anecdotally by nurses in acute care facilities where wounds requiring an assessment by health care professionals have been left without their primary dressings for a considerable length of time. A number of studies have demonstrated that the temperature, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and pH of a wound's microenvironment influence wound healing; however, there is limited research on the effect of the dressing changes on these parameters as well as the risk of contamination of the wound through prolonged exposure. The impact of prolonged exposure throughout delays in a dressing change on these biophysical wound bed parameters and the possible contamination of the wound during the wound dressing procedure; and the affect delays have on patient pain, comfort and activities of daily living, were investigated through a descriptive correlational study. Demographics and participant questionnaire data were analysed using descriptive statistics and frequency distributions. Patterns of distribution of the wound temperature, TEWL and pH data were reviewed before being further analysed along with the bacterial and patient questionnaire data using Generalised Estimating Equations regression models. A GEE linear regression model was used for normally distributed data; and GEE logistic regression models for data which were not normally distributed, using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) 9.3. The results identified that the participants’ wounds were hypothermic as well as alkaline at dressing removal and throughout the period of exposure. The mean wound temperature increased throughout the total duration of the down time which was contrary to expectation, although despite this all wounds remained hypothermic. The pH became more alkaline with the chance of having a pH of >8.5, 12% higher than having a pH of <8.5. There was no relationship between the size of the wound and any of the wound bed parameters; however, there was a relationship between the type of wound, the temperature and pH. No associations could be made in regards to the participant’s body temperature and wound temperature. In addition to the investigation into the wound bed parameters, agar plates placed in proximity to the exposed wounds grew pathogens which could potentially contaminate the wound. The third issue investigated was the affect wound dressing changes on the participant's pain, comfort and activities of daily living, an important aspect of the holistic approach to patient care. Participants were noted to be unable to perform some activities of daily living; including hygiene, toileting, nutrition and positioning during the wound down time. Analgesia was offered haphazardly despite the majority of patients having a pain score pre dressing removal that would indicate analgesia was required and an associated increase in their pain score during the dressing procedure. The impact of delayed wound dressing changes on the patient’s activities of daily living and pain are important in the delivery of patient centred care; however the major findings of the study relate to the poor state of the wounds immediately following removal of the dressing. Hypothermic, alkaline wound beds are not conducive to healing and warrant further investigation.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Nursing, 2015
Книги з теми "Wound bed parameters"
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Pickel, Bryan, Brian Rabern, and Josh Dever. Reviving the Parameter Revolution in Semantics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739548.003.0005.
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Montague and Kaplan began a revolution in semantics, which promised to explain how a univocal expression could make distinct truth-conditional contributions in its various occurrences. The idea was to treat context as a parameter at which a sentence is semantically evaluated. But the revolution has stalled. One salient problem comes from recurring demonstratives: “He is tall and he is not tall”. For the sentence to be true at a context, each occurrence of the demonstrative must make a different truth-conditional contribution. But this difference cannot be accounted for by standard parameter sensitivity. Semanticists, consoled by the thought that this ambiguity would ultimately be needed anyhow to explain anaphora, have been too content to posit massive ambiguities in demonstrative pronouns. This chapter aims to revived the parameter revolution by showing how to treat demonstrative pronouns as univocal while providing an account of anaphora that doesn’t end up re-introducing the ambiguity.
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Biggar, Patrick, Hansjörg Rothe, and Markus Ketteler. Epidemiology of calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone disturbances in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0109_update_001.
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Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD), calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone are biomarkers of mortality and cardiovascular risk. Hyperphosphataemia is a prominent and pathophysiologically most plausible risk indicator. Calcium balance and load appear to be more important than serum concentrations. Parathyroid hormone is a less reliable marker with a relatively wide range extending above that applicable for a normal population especially when used as a singular laboratory parameter without additional assessment of bone metabolism, for example, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and bone biopsy. There is not a single prospective controlled hard-outcome study that provides us with unequivocal evidence that such an isolated laboratory parameter-based treatment approach will lead to significant clinical improvements. As CKD-MBD is complex, clinical decisions would be made easier by informative prospective trials.
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Talbot, Christine. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038082.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Mormon question. In the 1830s, a young American named Joseph Smith founded a new religion that would come to be called The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints—commonly known as the Mormons. As the Church developed, the practice of plural marriage became central to Mormon theology. Polygamy generated decades of cultural conflict that contemporaries broadly referred to as “the Mormon question.” The conflict was more than a simple condemnation of sexual and marital practices unacceptable to Victorian norms. Rather, it was a contest over the very meaning of Americanness. The Mormon question then generated national discussions about gender, family, and the nature of citizenship that would define the parameters of membership in the late-nineteenth-century American body politic.
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St John, Taylor. Supranational Agenda-Setting. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789918.003.0005.
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Chapter four sets out the context in which the World Bank proposed ICSID and analyzes the Bank’s motivation, resources, and strategy in doing so. World Bank officials had extensive access to privileged information about how governments perceived the proposals for multilateral insurance or a code. World Bank officials chose to set the agenda away from a code or insurance agency and toward arbitration. As they drafted the ICSID Convention, World Bank officials acted within parameters they believed national officials (who could stop their plans) would find acceptable and tailored their Draft Convention to be amenable to the widest possible swath of member states. Bank officials were concerned that distributional disagreements would derail the proposal, so they designed an entirely new, consultative procedure in order to make it nearly impossible for states to derail the drafting process.
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Anderson, Greg. Ontological History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.003.0010.
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Part Two duly concludes by spelling out in more detail what this paradigm shift to a non-dualist historicism would involve in actual practice. Essentially, it requires a distinctly recursive mode of analysis, whereby our historical subjects themselves determine the particular terms upon which their world is to be studied. This mode of analysis would begin by trying to establish the local model of social being upon which a given people’ s way of life was premised. This effectively means recovering their particular prevailing metaphysical and ontological certainties, their dominant shared account of what was and could be always already there in their world. The various practices and mechanisms of their way of life can then be analysed according to this same local model of social being. The chapter ends by answering a range of possible questions that readers may have about the proposed paradigm shift, clarifying further its nature, its theoretical parameters, and its analytical purposes.
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Saint-Amour, Paul K. Copyright and Intellectual Property. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
After offering a brief overview of interdisciplinary scholarship on literature and intellectual property law, this chapter argues that future research in the field should focus less on the figure of the individual author and more on how copyright regulates populations. This would be to put down Michel Foucault’s classic essay “What Is an Author?” and pick up some of his later work, in particular his writings on biopolitics. Taking this new direction, we could begin to uncover the demographic logic that has attended copyright since its origins. We could trace how cultural works mediate copyright’s grounding in biology and power. And in quantitative methods we might find powerful tools for both measuring and curbing the extent to which intellectual property laws set the parameters of life.
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Elledge, C. D. Diversity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199640416.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the conceptual diversity of expressions of resurrection in a variety of early Jewish writings (Daniel, 1 Enoch, 2 Maccabees, 4 Ezra, 2 Baruch, Messianic Apocalypse, Pseudo-Ezekiel). Two categories, in particular, appear to have offered broad fluctuation. First, differing modes of embodiment may be identified within the evidence, including beliefs about the fate of the deceased body, as well as varied assumptions about what the newly embodied eschatological life would be like. Second, representations of resurrection also differ in how they locate human destiny within the larger spatial parameters of the cosmos. This diversity has sometimes been interpreted as a deficiency within early Jewish theologies, yet the present chapter explains this as the result of the adaptability of resurrection to a variety of intellectual contexts, a factor that accelerated the reception of resurrection as a widespread eschatological belief, even among competing groups.
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Moore, Geoff. Implications for Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793441.003.0007.
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This chapter builds on the understanding of organizations as practice-institution combinations which has been developed in earlier chapters to consider what the characteristics of a virtuous organization might be. It identifies seven such characteristics including that it will, through the excellence of its products or services and the ‘perfection’ of organizational members, contribute to the common good. Another key characteristic is that it will support the practice at its core, and in doing so it will seek to secure sufficient external goods to enable the institution to survive, and the core practice to flourish. Having established these characteristics, it explores a taxonomy of organizational-level virtues which might be required for an organization to be considered virtuous, and then explores the idea of organizational character, contrasting it with organizational culture. In order to ground this discussion, it then considers eight parameters which would enable the crowding in of virtue in organizations.
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Fortescue, Michael. What are the Limits of Polysynthesis? Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.14.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Of the various labels for morphological types currently in use by typologists ‘polysynthesis’ has proved to be the most difficult to pin down. For some it just represents an extreme on the dimension of synthesis (one of Sapir’s two major typological axes), while for others it is an independent category or parameter involving incorporation and bound pronominals with far-reaching morphosyntactic ramifications. If the nub of polysynthesis is the packing of a lot of material into single verb forms that would be expressed as independent words in less synthetic languages, what exactly is the nature of and limitations on this ‘material’? This chapter investigates the limits—both upwards and downwards—of what the term is generally understood to cover and suggests a rule-of-thumb definition. Cognitive constraints on its maximal extent are also considered.
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Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.4 Interpretation, Art.4.4. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0079.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This commentary focuses on Article 4.4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning reference to contract or statement as a whole. Art 4.4 refers to the internal context of the contract or statement. This is a factor that is relevant in contractual interpretation, and it would have been possible to include it amongst the circumstances listed in Art 4.3. The drafters chose to follow the more traditional approach of the Romanistic systems, which devote a separate provision to this factor. The holistic approach advocated for the reading of contracts and statements in Art 4.4 corresponds to the basic hermeneutic principle that words cannot be understood in isolation. Art 4.4 is concerned with the internal context that is confined to the parameters of the contract or statement itself. This commentary discusses inconsistencies in the contract or statement and the weight of arguments from the internal context.
Частини книг з теми "Wound bed parameters"
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Rao, R. Venkata. "Modeling and Optimization of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) Process." In Computational Methods for Optimizing Manufacturing Technology, 339–67. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0128-4.ch014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Weld quality is greatly affected by the operating process parameters in the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. The quality of the welded material can be evaluated by many characteristics, such as bead geometric parameters, deposition efficiency, weld strength, weld distortion, et cetera. These characteristics are controlled by a number of welding process parameters, and it is important to set up proper process parameters to attain good quality. Various optimization methods can be applied to define the desired process output parameters through developing mathematical models to specify the relationship between the input parameters and output parameters. The method capable of accurate prediction of welding process output parameters would be valuable for rapid development of welding procedures and for developing control algorithms in automated welding applications. This chapter presents the details of various techniques used for modeling and optimization of GMAW process parameters. The optimization methods covered in this chapter are appropriate for modeling and optimizing the GMAW process. It is found that there is high level of interest in the adaptation of RSM and ANN techniques to predict responses and to optimize the GMAW process. Combining two optimization techniques, such as GA and RSM, would reveal good results for finding out the optimal welding conditions. Furthermore, efforts are required to apply advanced optimization techniques to find out the optimal parameters for GMAW process at which the process could be considered safe and more economical.
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Plathner, Frida Vermina, Johan Sjöström, and Anders Granström. "Influence of tree species on surface fuel structure in Swedish forests." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 1157–66. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_176.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The highly managed forests of Fennoscandia are dominated by coniferous (Scots pine and Norway spruce) stands with occasional inclusion of deciduous trees (Betula spp, Populus tremula, Quercus robur). Without active pre-commercial thinning, broadleaved deciduous trees would be more common and it is often assumed this would reduce flammability. Generally there is little information on surface fuel structure in Fennoscandia and its relation to the dominant tree species. We therefore evaluated fuel characteristics in a sample of Swedish mature, closed-canopy forest stands dominated by Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Quercus robur, Betula pendula, Populus tremula, as well as some mixed-species stands. Stand properties (tree species and basal area of the stand) were measured on site and fuel bed composition was determined by destructive sampling of two 0.25 m2 plots per stand (species, fuel bed depth, live weight, % coverage). Dry weight was evaluated in a laboratory environment. The measured parameters were used as input to the BEHAVE wildfire model, to assess relative fire behaviour for these different fuel assemblies. The results show that the moss/lichen layer was thicker and had a larger dry weight under pure pine stands compared to that under spruce stands, most likely due to better sunlight penetration to the forest floor in pine stands and structural differences of the needle litter. BEHAVE modelling suggested both fireline intensity and rate-of-spread to be substantially higher for pine stands. As for the broadleaved deciduous tree species, even a small inclusion in the coniferous stands severely affected the moss/litter layer. Leaf litter formed horizontal, multi-layered packs that replaced the porous structure and high surface-to-volume ratio of the moss/litter with a more compacted pure litter layer, resulting in reduced flammability. The BEHAVE models presented here are available at https://www.ri.se/sites/default/files/2021-12/SwedishForestFuels_0.zip.
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Rosenblum, Nancy L. "Disasters." In Good Neighbors. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691169439.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter examines neighbors in emergency situations. Neighbors are always the “first responders” who do what no group of organized volunteers or government provider can. The chapter takes on Hurricane Katrina as a set piece, wherein survivor narratives show that the significance of neighbors emerges in three temporal steps: recognition and witnessing, awakening, and improvised cooperation. In disasters too, rescuers often make explicit reference to being good neighbors and “what anyone would do, here.” The chapter shows how they bring to bear as resources the elements of the democracy of everyday life; and that this ghastly examination of personal and political betrayal and killing reminds one of the comparatively benign parameters of neighbors good and bad in America today.
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Knott, P., and XC Liu. "Eliminating 2D spinal assessments and embracing 3D and 4D: clinical application of surface topography." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti210439.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Adams Forward Bend Test recognizes the rotational aspect of the curve with the spine in flexion, and the AP X-ray measures the coronal plane deviation by using the Cobb Angle. However, modern techniques including CT-scan, biplanar radiograph, ultrasound, and surface topography allow the clinician to better evaluate and visualize the true 3-D nature of the spine. Surface Topography imaging uses the surface of the trunk to estimate the spine position using a mathematical algorithm that has been found to be accurate when compared to the radiologic Cobb Angle. The sagittal balance of the spine measured by surface topography is compared in three different situations, namely, “standing up straight,” “standing relaxed,” and “walking,” which will help to best assess posture and risk of proximal junctional kyphosis before and after the treatment. Coronal imbalance (lateral deviation) and a range of maximal vertebral surface rotation (amplitude in either direction) are considered as the parameters with an excellent to good reproducibility. COP displacement or symmetry from the midline is used to measure the stability of the trunk. Therefore, those selected spine shape parameters and COP deviation would be considered as the best descriptors in the assessment of postural sway and outcome of PSSE in children with AIS.
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Dongre, Aman, Monika Sogani, Kumar Sonu, Zainab Syed, and Gopesh Sharma. "Treatment of Dairy Wastewaters: Evaluating Microbial Fuel Cell Tools and Mechanism." In Environmental Change and Sustainability [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93911.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pollution caused by chemical and dairy effluent is a major concern worldwide. Dairy wastewaters are the most challenging to treat because of the presence of various pollutants in them. The characteristics of effluent like temperature, color, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), dissolved solids, suspended solids, chloride, sulfate, oil, and grease depend solely on the volume of milk processed and the form of finished produce. It is difficult to select an efficient wastewater treatment method for the dairy wastewaters because of their selective nature in terms of pH, flow rate, volume, and suspended solids. Thus there exists a clear need for a technology or a combination of technologies that would efficiently treat the dairy wastewaters. This chapter explains the energy-generating microbial fuel cell or MFC technologies for dairy wastewaters treatment having different designs of MFCs, mechanism of action, different electrode materials, their surface modification, operational parameters, applications and outcomes delivered through the technology in reducing the COD, BOD, suspended solids and other residues present in the wastewaters. The chapter also elaborates on the availability of various natural low-cost anode materials which can be derived from agricultural wastes. The current chapter elaborates on MFC technology and its tools used for dairy wastewater treatment, providing useful insight for integrating it with existing conventional wastewater treatment methods to achieve the degradation of various dairy pollutants including emerging micropollutants.
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Sun, Mingguang, Haiping Zhang, and Zhongwei Suo. "Application Research on Impact Tool Combining PDC Bit." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220454.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the development of oil drilling in depth, the strata are more ancient and abrasive. The Rate of Penetration (ROP) is low in conventional drilling methods, and Positive Displacement Motor (PDM) matching PDC bits is often used to improve it. However, the application of excessive Weight on Bit (WOB) would easily lead to PDM brake, over-standard well inclination, bit wearing aggravation and other bad phenomena. Moreover, the ROP improving effect is limited. As a result, a hydraulic jet impact tool was designed to use in conjunction with the PDC bit to integrate the advantages of vibration shock and rotary cutting in rock breaking process. The impact tool exerts dynamic load on the bit, which improves the rock breaking state at the well bottom and optimize the bit’s rock breaking efficiency as a result. Rock breaking mechanism of the PDC bit assisted by impact tool was analyzed, structure and working principle of the impact tool was introduced, and influence of tool structural parameters was analyzed based on indoor tests. Finally, field applications were carried out using the impact tool and PDC bits in the HY-4 wells of Saudi Aramco block and PX-3 wells in China. The ROP improving effects were 61.8% and 95% higher than that of the adjacent wells respectively. Application and analysis result proves the ROP improving effect of the impact tool combining the PDC bit in hard and abrasive strata.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Wound bed parameters"
1
Wang, Y. Z., Q. Liao, X. Zhu, and X. Tian. "Effect of Operation Conditions on Hydrogen Production by PSB in Immobilized-Cells Packed Bed." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54085.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Effect of multiple operation conditions on behaviors of H2 production from organic substrate by photo-fermentation in immobilized-cells packed bed using Rhodoseudomonas palustris CQK 01 were investigated in a continuous culture. It revealed that in limited light intensity or below 590 nm of light wavelength the H2 production rate of the immobilized-cells bioreactor increased with increase of value of the experimental parameters. And the optimal operation factor of inlet concentration of substrate and inlet temperature of liquid for H2 production was 50 mmol/L and 30 °C, respectively. However, when these parameters value in the experiment became suppressive conditions the H2 production rate would went down with parameter ascending.
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Kosikowski, D., J. Stanisic, T. Ostrom, and P. S. Mohanty. "Design and Characterization of a Simulated Environment Erosion Test Bed." In ITSC2006, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, R. S. Lima, and J. Voyer. ASM International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2006p1113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A simulated environment erosion test platform consisting of a control chamber, a modified HVOF gun, and a programmable logic control module is presented. This robust equipment can vary angles of impingement from 0-90 degrees, erodent velocities up to 300 m/s, and temperatures exceeding 2000°C. The erodent velocity, flow rates and temperatures are directly measured employing a high speed camera, and a DPV/CPS 2000 particle flight diagnostic sensor in contrast to estimates typically reported in the literature. It is demonstrated that, although the gas jet type erosion test apparatuses are frequently used in laboratories, quantitative parameter characterization is essential for setting up a test protocol. Both room and high temperature tests have been performed on this test bed. It is believed that the quantitative characterization of test parameters would greatly assist the designer in choosing and developing the appropriate erosion resistant coatings for their application.
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Chen, Tao, Jie Wang, Wei Peng, and Xiaokai Sun. "Numerical Simulation of Graphite Dust Deposition in Pebble Bed Reactor Core of HTGR." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67052.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The deposition of graphite dust produced by the collision between graphite components would cause the security issue in HTGR and need to be analyzed. In this paper, a numerical calculation about the graphite dust’s deposition in the pebble bed reactor core of high-temperature gas cooled reactor was conducted. The three-dimensional steady-state solver was employed for the calculation of flow field and temperature field during simulation. The discrete phase model (DPM) and Lagrange method were applied for the simulation of graphite dust. Effects of parameters such as particle diameter, pebble bed layer numbers, inlet velocity and surface temperature of fuel elements on deposition of graphite dust are analyzed. The results indicated that a majority of particles deposit on the first layer pebble because of first layer’s shielding effect on nether layers. Moreover, deposition efficiency of graphite dust increases with increasing particles diameter and increasing inlet velocity due to greater motion inertia of particles. Compared with fewer layers, more layers structure would lead to larger deposition efficiency because of more opportunities for collision between graphite dust and pebbles, but the difference is not obvious. In addition, the higher surface temperature of fuel elements would cause lower deposition efficiency due to larger thermophoretic force which would drive particles to deviate from pebbles.
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Cao, Tong, Kaian Yu, Xuyue Chen, Hongwu Zhu, Yunqing Luo, and Rui Zhang. "Numerical Investigations on the Effect of a Cuttings Bed Remover on the Cuttings Carrying Capacity in Horizontal Drilling." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93809.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract With the increasing development of the exploration of unconventional oil-gas resources, people pay more and more attention to horizontal drilling technology. During the process of horizontal drilling, when the deviation angle exceeds the critical value, the falling velocity of the cuttings in annulus will increase with the deviation angle and they are more inclined to slip to the bottom edge. If the drilling parameters are chosen improperly at the same time, the cuttings would be deposited to form a cuttings bed at the bottom edge of the annulus. The high friction and high torque caused by the cuttings bed could greatly reduce the efficiency and the safety of drilling. This paper comes up with a cuttings bed remover with helical grooves to break the cuttings bed and carry cuttings based on the normal drill pipe design, builds 3D models of the cuttings bed removers with different structure parameters to analyze the cuttings carrying capacity with CFD. In addition, an investigation about the effects of the grooves design and drill pipe rotational speed have on the cuttings carrying capacity is accomplished, the grooves design parameters include the number, the length and the helical angle of the groove, and the effects are evaluated by the flow characteristics of fluid field and transportation of cuttings. The remover structure is optimized according to the simulation results, and the good performance of cuttings bed remover is verified by a field test. The whole research about the promotion of cuttings bed remover and its application shall be of great importance to the improvement of horizontal drilling efficiency and safety.
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Freiría López, María, Michael Buck, and Jörg Starflinger. "A Criticality Evaluation of Fukushima Daiichi Unit 1 Fuel Debris." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81148.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
After the Fukushima accident, the interest of the scientific community in severe accident research has been renewed. One of the severe accident research issues that needs to be further investigated is the potential for recriticality of the fuel debris, which is formed after the core meltdown. In this study, a conservative criticality evaluation of the Fukushima Daiichi Unit 1 debris bed has been carried out. Parameters, such as debris size, porosity, particle size, fuel burnup and the coolant conditions, including the water density and the content of boron, were considered. The effect of these parameters on the neutron multiplication factor was analysed and safety parameter ranges, i.e. zones where the recriticality can be totally excluded, have been identified. The content of boron in water required to secure the subcriticality was calculated for those zones with recriticality potential. It was found that recriticality is achievable for a wide range of fuel debris conditions. 1600 ppm B would ensure subcriticality under any conditions.
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Wu, Bin, Jinhua Wang, Yue Li, and Jiguo Liu. "Electromagnetic Self-Locking Device for Air Cylinders in Spent Fuel Storage System of Pebble-Bed High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16342.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the spent fuel storage system of pebble-bed high temperature gas-cooled reactor, several air cylinders would be employed in complex machines, such as the spent fuel charging apparatus and the spent fuel canister crane. The cylinders were designed to actuate movements smoothly in radioactive environment. In order to lock them in safe position when the compressed air source is offline by accident, an electromagnetic self-locking device was designed. When power-off, the compressive spring would push out the lock plunger to enable self-lock. When power-on, the lock plunger would be withdrawn by the magnetic force of the coil to unlock the cylinder. In order to optimize the design more efficiently, numerical simulation was performed to optimize geometry parameters of the structure surrounding the working air gap so as to improve the performance of the device. A prototype was then fabricated. Combining the simulation results with experimental test, the actuating force characteristics of the device in locking and unlocking process was analyzed. The temperature rise when the device stays unlocked with power supply was also calculated and validated. The results showed that this electromagnetic self-locking device could realize the locking and unlocking functions effectively, and the maximum temperature rise also conforms the required limit. The as-fabricated device would help guarantee the fail-safe feature of the air cylinders of complex machines in compressed air outage.
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Bohn, D., G. H. Dibelius, R. U. Pitt, R. Faatz, G. Cerri, and C. Salvini. "Optimizing a Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Combined Cycle With Gas Turbine Topping Cycle." In ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-390.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Combined Cycles for the generation of electricity or co-generation of heat and power with Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) of coal and a gas turbine topping cycle fired with a fuel suitable for gas turbines have been studied to set up optimum process parameters with respect to net efficiency, emissions including CO2, and keeping in mind the feasibility of the plant components. As a basic approach, natural gas has been considered as a fuel for the topping gas turbine. Net efficiencies up to 50% (LHV) are acheived. For the calculations, a Recursive Equality Constraint Quadratic Programming Method (RECQPM) is applied. The method is semi-implicit, i. e. the equations describing the process are solved using a non-linear equations system solver; the modular structure of the cycle is, however, made up for by programme modules set up for the relevant components/units. With the process layouts studied, the PFBC should be operated at a pressure level to allow for a compact design of the PFBC steam generator and the Hot Gas Clean-Up Unit (HGCU), and to take advantage of the pressure with respect to combustion efficiency, in-bed sulfur retention and NOx-reduction. The overall pressure ratio of the topping gas turbine, e. g. consisting of an LP-compressor plus a free running HP spool, and exhausting to the PFB combustor, should be in the range of 30. Further developments of gas turbine technology with respect to pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature can be incorporated into the process and will be associated with an increase of overall efficiency. The heat to be extracted from the coal fired PFBC at the typical combustion temperature of 850°C allows for steam generation at conventional live steam and reheat temperatures (and pressures). The incorporation of advanced steam cycle parameters, as actually considered for pulverized coal fired boilers, would again increase the overall net efficiency of the cycle by some 5% with an increase of both the live steam and the reheat temperature from 540°C to 600°C. In contrast to conventional combined cycles with an unfired waste heat boiler for steam generation, the overall efficiency of the PFBC combined cycle with gas turbine topping cycle is only marginally affected by dual pressure steam cycle arrangements, except for very sophisticated and costly designs. To use gas from an integrated coal gasification unit rather than natural gas as a fuel for the topping gas turbine would result in an entirely coal based process. Due to the capability of the PFBC to burn residues of coal gasification and gas purification, this process, compared to pure Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles (IGCC), is less sensitive to the carbon conversion acheived. Even more, the raw gas purification might be simplified, and the process efficiency might be increased as a result of the sulphur removal to be acheived in the PFBC rather than in a raw gas sweetening process. Some preliminary findings for a process with an integrated partial gasification unit are discussed.
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Cheng, Bo, and Kevin Chou. "Deformation Evaluation of Part Overhang Configurations in Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing." In ASME 2015 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2015-9477.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Powder-bed electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) has emerged as a cost-effective process for many industrial applications. Intuitively, EBAM would not require support structures for overhang geometry because the powder bed would self-support the overhang weight. However, without a proper support structure, overhang warping actually occurs in practices. In this study, a two dimensional (2D) finite element (FE) model was developed to study the thermomechanical process of EBAM. The model was applied to evaluate (1) the process parameter effect, (2) the overhang and support configuration effect, and (3) the powder porosity effect on overhang deformations. The major results are summarized as follows. (1) Increasing the beam speed and diameter will result in less deformation in an overhang area, while increasing the beam current will worsen the deformation condition. (2) A smaller tilt angle will cause a larger overhang deformation. (3) A support column, even placed away from the solid substrate side, will minimize overhang deformations. (4) An anchor-free solid piece beneath the overhang can reduce the deformation with an appropriate gap. (5) A lower powder porosity level may alleviate overhang deformations.
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Zhao, Gang, Ping Ye, Xiaoyong Yang, and Jie Wang. "Parametric Investigation of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle for High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR)." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7276.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
High-temperature Gas-cooled Reactor Pebble-bed Module (HTR-PM) is under construction in Shidao Bay, Shandong of China. It is supposed to be the world’s first pebble-bed modular commercial demonstration plant for High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR). In HTR-PM project, water-Rankine cycles have been used in the power conversion system. Meanwhile, supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) Brayton cycle has shown great potentials for future HTGR technology. Comparing with typical helium Brayton cycle, in S-CO2 cycle where critical properties of carbon dioxide are utilized, compressor work may reduce significantly and thermal efficiency may improve greatly. Furthermore, the general sizes of S-CO2 cycle equipment, such as heat exchanger and turbine, would be orders of magnitude smaller than water-Rankine system at similar power output. Therefore, parameters study of S-CO2 were conducted in this paper for future HTGR. Firstly, a physical model of S-CO2 Brayton cycles was built and the performance of cycles were analyzed. Secondly, compression ratio, temperature ratio, the inlet temperature of turbine, inlet parameters of compressor, and recuperated effectiveness were discussed as key cycle parameters. For heat capacities of CO2 are significantly different as a function of temperature and pressure, flow recompression was considered. Calculation was based on a split-flow cycle configuration. The split flow ratio was also analyzed. Finally, the parameters of S-CO2 cycle were optimized for HTGR. In conclusion, S-CO2 Brayton cycle will be a good option for future HTGR.
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Bachrata, A., F. Fichot, G. Repetto, M. Quintard, and J. Fleurot. "Code Simulation of Quenching of a High Temperature Debris Bed: Model Improvement and Validation With Experimental Results." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54221.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The loss of coolant accidents with core degradation e.g. TMI-2 and Fukushima demonstrated that the nuclear safety analysis has to cover accident sequences involving a late reflood activation in order to develop appropriate and reliable mitigation strategies for both, existing and advanced reactors. The reflood (injection of water) is possible if one or several water sources become available during the accident. In a late phase of accident, no well-defined coolant paths would exist and a large part of the core would resemble to a debris bed e.g. particles with characteristic length-scale: 1 to 5 mm, as observed in TMI-2. The French “Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire” (IRSN) is developing experimental programs (PEARL and PRELUDE) and simulation tools (ICARE-CATHARE and ASTEC) to study and optimize the severe accident management strategy and to assess the probabilities to stop the progress of in-vessel core degradation at a late stage of an accident. The purpose of this paper is to propose a consistent thermo-hydraulic model of reflood of severely damaged reactor core for ICARE-CATHARE code. The comparison of the calculations with PRELUDE experimental results is presented. It is shown that the quench front exhibits either a 1D behavior or a 2D one, depending on injection rate or bed characteristics. The PRELUDE data cover a rather large range of variation of parameters for which the developed model appears to be quite predictive.
Звіти організацій з теми "Wound bed parameters"
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Dubois, Diego, Amirali Eskandariyun, Suprabha Das, Andriy Durygin, and Zhe Cheng. Flash Sintering of Commercial Zirconium Nitride Powders. Florida International University, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25148/mmeurs.009777.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Flash sintering is an electrical field-assisted densification technique that requires passing a current through a ceramic powder compact. Pressure-assisted flash sintering of commercially available Zirconium Nitride (ZrN) powders has been demonstrated. Near fully dense samples can be obtained within a short period of time. The influences of parameters such as electrical field strength, voltage ramping rate, current limit, external pressure, pre-heating, and holding time on the onset of the flash event were investigated. Some post-flash sintered samples were subjected to the same condition to observe if the material would experience repeated flash. In addition, material properties such as density and hardness were measured and correlated with SEM and XRD. Implications of the observations on underlying flash sintering mechanism will also be discussed.
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Al-Qadi, Imad, Egemen Okte, Aravind Ramakrishnan, Qingwen Zhou, and Watheq Sayeh. Truck-Platoonable Pavement Sections in Illinois’ Network. Illinois Center for Transportation, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Truck platooning has many benefits over traditional truck mobility. Literature shows that platooning improves safety and reduces fuel consumption between 5% and 15% based on platoon configuration. In Illinois, trucks carry more than 50% of freight tonnage and constitute 25% of the traffic on interstates. Deployment of truck platooning within interstate highways would result in significant fuel savings, but may have a direct impact on flexible pavement performance. The channelization of the platoon and reduced rest time between consecutive loads would accelerate the damage accumulation at the channelized position. Ultimately, this would lead to pavement service life reduction and a subsequent increase in maintenance and rehabilitation costs. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to quantify the effects of platooning on flexible pavements and provide guidelines for the state of Illinois by considering the aforementioned factors. Although the benefits of platooning are quantifiable, not every truck route is platoonable. For efficient platooning, trucks need to travel at a constant high speed for extended distances. The integrity of the platoon should be preserved because interfering vehicles would compromise the platooning benefits and road safety. An introduced high-level approach considers the volume/capacity of a roadway and the expected number of highway exit and entry conflicts. Using these parameters, each roadway section is assigned a level of platoonability, ranging from one to five—with five being the highest. A framework was developed to analyze the Illinois highway network. It was found that 89% of the network highway is platoonable under average capacity conditions.
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Yermiyahu, Uri, Thomas Kinraide, and Uri Mingelgrin. Role of Binding to the Root Surface and Electrostatic Attraction in the Uptake of Heavy Metal by Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7586482.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The principal accomplishment of the research supported by BARD was progress toward a comprehensive view of cell-surface electrical effects (both in cell walls [CWs] and at plasma membrane [PM] surfaces) upon ion uptake, intoxication, and amelioration. The research confirmed that electrostatic models (e.g., Gouy-Chapman-Stern [G-C-S]), with parameter values contributed by us, successfully predict ion behavior at cell surfaces. Specific research objectives 1. To characterize the sorption of selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) to the root PM in the presence of other cations and organic ligands (citric and humic acids). 2. To compute the parameters of a G-C-S model for heavy-metal sorption to the root PM. 3. To characterize the accumulation of selected heavy metals in various plant parts. 4. To determine whether model-computed ion binding or ion activities at root PM surfaces predict heavy-metal accumulation in whole roots, root tips, or plant shoots. 5. To determine whether measured ion binding by protoplast-free roots (i.e., root CWs) predicts heavy-metal accumulation in whole roots, root tips, or plant shoots. 6. To correlate growth inhibition, and other toxic responses, with the measured and computed factors mentioned above. 7. To determine whether genotypic differences in heavy-metal accumulation and toxic responses correlate with genotypic differences in parameters of the G-C-S model. Of the original objectives, all except for objective 7 were met. Work performed to meet the other objectives, and necessitated on the basis of experimental findings, took the time that would have been required to meet objective 7. In addition, work with Pb was unsuccessful due to experimental complications and work on Cd is still in progress. On the other hand, the uptake and toxicity of the anion, selenate was characterized with respect to electrostatic effects and the influences of metal cations. In addition, the project included more theoretical work, supported by experimentation, than was originally planned. This included transmembrane ion fluxes considered in terms of PM-surface electrical potentials and the influence of CWs upon ion concentrations at PM surfaces. A important feature of the biogeochemistry of trace elements in the rhizosphere is the interaction between plant-root surfaces and the ions present in the soil solution. The ions, especially the cations, of the soil solution may be accumulated in the aqueous phases of cell surfaces external to the PMs, sometimes referred to as the "water free space" and the "Donnan free space". In addition, ions may bind to the CW components or to the PM surface with variable binding strength. Accumulation at the cell surface often leads to accumulation in other plant parts with implications for the safety and quality of foods. A G-C-S model for PMs and a Donnan-plus-binding model for CWs were used successfully to compute electrical potentials, ion binding, and ion concentration at root-cell surfaces. With these electrical potentials, corresponding values for ion activities may be computed that are at least proportional to actual values also. The computed cell-surface ion activities predict and explain ion uptake, intoxication, and amelioration of intoxication much more accurately than ion activities in the bulk-phase rooting medium.
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Starkey, Eric, Daniel McCay, Chrisopher Cooper, and Mark Hynds. Assessment of estuarine water and sediment quality at Cape Hatteras National Seashore and Cape Lookout National Seashore: 2021 data summary. National Park Service, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294854.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In July 2021 the Southeast Coast Network conducted an assessment of water quality in the vicinity of Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout National Seashores as part of the National Park Service Vital Signs Monitoring Program. Monitoring was conducted following methods developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as part of the National Coastal Assessment Program (EPA 2010). Laboratory analysis measured chlorophyll a and total and dissolved concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous. Field measurements included water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and salinity. Water clarity, which requires a Secchi depth measurement, was obtained when possible. All measured parameters were rated as good, fair, or poor based on thresholds set by the EPA (2012). All measured parameters were rated as good, fair, or poor based on thresholds set by the EPA (2012). Water clarity was not calculated at all sites due to the shallow depth of the water in the sound. Of the sites where water clarity could be assessed (5 sites), four measured good and one fair. Sites that were too shallow to measure water clarity had water column conditions that did not preclude light from penetrating to the bottom of the water body so no ecological effects would be expected.Turbidity measurements ranged from 1.0 to 8.0 FNU (Formazin Nephelometric Units) and are good (i.e. < 25 NTU [Nephelometric Turbidity Units]) according to North Carolina Standards (NC Administrative Code 2019). Note that turbidity units of FNU and NTU are roughly equivalent. Chlorophyll a concentration was rated good at 29 sites (97%), and fair at one site (3%). Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration was good at all 30 sites (100%). Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentration was good at all 30 sites (100%). Dissolved oxygen concentration (bottom) was rated good at all 30 sites (100%). A water-quality condition summary index was calculated for each site sampled at Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout National Seashores based on the categorical assessments of chlorophyll a, DIN and DIP concentrations, dissolved oxygen, and water clarity. This summary index indicated good water-quality conditions at all thirty sites (100%). Based on the summary water-quality index rating, overall water-quality conditions at Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout National Seashores during sampling in 2021 were good. For sediment, ecological condition was ranked as good at 30 sites (100%). As a result, no adverse impacts to benthic organisms due to sediment contamination are anticipated at any of the sampled sites. This ranking was assigned according to the 2010 Environmental Protection Agency, National Coastal Condition Assessment (NCCA) thresholds for sediment chemistry.
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Weissinger, Rebecca. Trends in water quality at Bryce Canyon National Park, water years 2006–2021. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294946.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The National Park Service collects water-quality samples on a rotating basis at three fixed water-quality stations in Bryce Canyon National Park (NP): Sheep Creek, Yellow Creek, and Mossy Cave Spring. Data collection began at Sheep Creek and Yellow Creek in November 2005 and at Mossy Cave in July 2008. Data on in-situ parameters, fecal-coliform samples, major ions, and nutrients are collected monthly, while trace elements are sampled quarterly. This report analyzes data from the beginning of the period of record for each station through water year 2021 to test for trends over time. Concentrations are also compared to relevant water-quality standards for the State of Utah. Overall, water quality at the park’s monitoring stations continues to be excellent, and park managers have been successful in their goal of maintaining these systems in unimpaired condition. Infrequent but continued Escherichia coli exceedances from trespass livestock at Sheep and Yellow creeks support the need for regular fence maintenance along the park boundary. High-quality conditions may qualify all three sites as Category 1 waters, the highest level of anti-degradation protection provided by the State of Utah. Minimum and maximum air temperatures at the park have increased, while precipitation remains highly variable. Increasing air temperatures have led to increasing water temperatures in Sheep and Yellow creeks. Sheep Creek also had a decrease in flow across several quantiles from 2006 to 2021, while higher flows decreased at Yellow Creek in the same period. Surface flows in these two creeks are likely to be increasingly affected by higher evapotranspiration due to warming air temperatures and possibly decreasing snowmelt runoff as the climate changes. The influx of ancient groundwater in both creek drainages helps sustain base flows at the sites. Mossy Cave Spring, which is sampled close to the spring emergence point, showed less of a climate signal than Sheep and Yellow creeks. In our record, the spring shows a modest increase in discharge, including higher flows at higher air temperatures. An uptick in visitation to Water Canyon and the Mossy Cave Trail has so far not been reflected by changes in water quality. There are additional statistical trends in water-quality parameters at all three sites. However, most of these trends are quite small and are likely ecologically negligible. Some statistical trends may be the result of instrument changes and improvements in quality assurance and quality control over time in both the field sampling effort and the laboratory analyses. Long-term monitoring of water-quality stations at Bryce Canyon NP suggests relatively stable aquatic systems that benefit from protection within the park. To maintain these unimpaired conditions into the future, park managers could consider: Regular fence checks and maintenance along active grazing allotments at the park boundary to protect riparian areas and aquatic systems from trespass livestock. Developing a springs-monitoring program to track changes in springflow at spring emergences to better understand bedrock-aquifer water supplies. These data would also help quantify springflow for use in water-rights hearings. Supporting hydrogeologic investigations to map the extent and flow paths of groundwater aquifers. Working with the State of Utah to develop groundwater-protection zones to protect groundwater aquifers from developments that would affect springs in the park. Prioritizing watershed management with proactive fire risk-reduction practices. Explicitly including watershed protection as a goal in plans for fire management and suppression. Using additional data and analyses to better understand the drivers of trends in water quality and their ecological significance. These could include higher-frequency data to better understand relationships between groundwater, precipitation, and surface flows at the sites. These could also include watershed metrics...
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Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs, and Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,
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Kwesiga, Victoria, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Compliance to GMP guidelines for Herbal Manufacturers in East Africa: A Position Paper. Purdue University, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317428.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the global increase in the use of traditional and complementary remedies for the prevention and treatment of illness, the quality and safety of these medicines have become a significant concern for all regulatory authorities. Herbal medicines are the most commonly used form of traditional and complementary medicines in the world and the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines, like conventional medicines, largely depends on their quality from planting to harvesting, preprocessing and final processing. Due to the inherent complexity of herbal medicines, often containing an array of active compounds, the primary processing of herbal medicines has a direct influence on their quality. Quality concerns are the reason why the medicines regulatory agencies insist that manufacturers of medicines strictly follow Good Manufacturing Practices since it is an essential tool to prevent instances of contamination, mix-ups, deviations, failures and errors. However, a strict application of GMP requirements is expensive and would drive the prices of the manufactured products up. As a result, a maturity level grading of facilities is proposed as a way of justifying the costs incurred for manufacturers desiring to reach a broader market and investing in continuous improvement. 36 Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) inspection reports of local herbal manufacturers conducted by National Drug Authority were analyzed to establish the type and extent of deficiencies to GMP requirements for local herbal manufacturers in Uganda. The different GMP chapters and related sub-parameters constituted the variables used for the analysis of conformity to requirements. The primary outcome variable was the conclusion regarding compliance or noncompliance of the inspected local herbal manufacturing facility. GMP parameters that were frequently defaulted by local herbal manufacturers and the corresponding frequencies were identified. The Pearson Chi-square test was applied independently on each category to find the association that existed between conformity and the questions in each category. Only 22% (8) of the 30 inspected facilities were found to comply with GMP requirements, as per National Drug Authority (NDA) guidelines; while the majority of the facilities, 28 (78%), were found not to comply. Of the facilities inspected, 25 were undergoing GMP inspection for the first time. A total of 1,236 deficiency observations were made in the 36 inspection reports reviewed for the study. The mean for all deficiencies was 34.3, and the standard deviation was 15.829. 91.5% of the facilities did not have mechanisms for a record of market complaints; 80.9% did not meet documentation requirements; 78.9% did not have quality control measures in place, and 65.7% did not meet stores requirements. By encouraging a culture of self/voluntary improvement through the introduction of listing of manufacturers based on a maturity level grading, the National Drug Authority will improve the Herbal Medicines sector as per the mandate of improving the herbal medicine industry. Also, increased sensitization of all relevant stakeholders regarding the requirements for GMP should be intensified.
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Lahav, Ori, Albert Heber, and David Broday. Elimination of emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from confined animal and feeding operations (CAFO) using an adsorption/liquid-redox process with biological regeneration. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695589.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The project was originally aimed at investigating and developing new efficient methods for cost effective removal of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO), in particular broiler and laying houses (NH₃) and hog houses (H₂S). In both cases, the principal idea was to design and operate a dedicated air collection system that would be used for the treatment of the gases, and that would work independently from the general ventilation system. The advantages envisaged: (1) if collected at a point close to the source of generation, pollutants would arrive at the treatment system at higher concentrations; (2) the air in the vicinity of the animals would be cleaner, a fact that would promote animal growth rates; and (3) collection efficiency would be improved and adverse environmental impact reduced. For practical reasons, the project was divided in two: one effort concentrated on NH₃₍g₎ removal from chicken houses and another on H₂S₍g₎ removal from hog houses. NH₃₍g₎ removal: a novel approach was developed to reduce ammonia emissions from CAFOs in general, and poultry houses in particular. Air sucked by the dedicated air capturing system from close to the litter was shown to have NH₃₍g₎ concentrations an order of magnitude higher than at the vents of the ventilation system. The NH₃₍g₎ rich waste air was conveyed to an acidic (0<pH<~5) bubble column reactor where NH₃ was converted to NH₄⁺. The reactor operated in batch mode, starting at pH 0 and was switched to a new acidic absorption solution just before NH₃₍g₎ breakthrough occurred, at pH ~5. Experiments with a wide range of NH₃₍g₎ concentrations showed that the absorption efficiency was practically 100% throughout the process as long as the face velocity was below 4 cm/s. The potential advantages of the method include high absorption efficiency, lower NH₃₍g₎ concentrations in the vicinity of the birds, generation of a valuable product and the separation between the ventilation and ammonia treatment systems. A small scale pilot operation conducted for 5 weeks in a broiler house showed the approach to be technically feasible. H₂S₍g₎ removal: The main goal of this part was to develop a specific treatment process for minimizing H₂S₍g₎ emissions from hog houses. The proposed process consists of three units: In the 1ˢᵗ H₂S₍g₎ is absorbed into an acidic (pH<2) ferric iron solution and oxidized by Fe(III) to S⁰ in a bubble column reactor. In parallel, Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II). In the 2ⁿᵈ unit Fe(II) is bio-oxidized back to Fe(III) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (AF).In the 3ʳᵈ unit S⁰ is separated from solution in a gravity settler. The work focused on three sub-processes: the kinetics of H₂S absorption into a ferric solution at low pH, the kinetics of Fe²⁺ oxidation by AF and the factors that affect ferric iron precipitation (a main obstacle for a continuous operation of the process) under the operational conditions. H₂S removal efficiency was found higher at a higher Fe(III) concentration and also higher for higher H₂S₍g₎ concentrations and lower flow rates of the treated air. The rate limiting step of the H₂S reactive absorption was found to be the chemical reaction rather than the transition from gas to liquid phase. H₂S₍g₎ removal efficiency of >95% was recorded with Fe(III) concentration of 9 g/L using typical AFO air compositions. The 2ⁿᵈ part of the work focused on kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation by AF. A new lab technique was developed for determining the kinetic equation and kinetic parameters (KS, Kₚ and mₘₐₓ) for the bacteria. The 3ʳᵈ part focused on iron oxide precipitation under the operational conditions. It was found that at lower pH (1.5) jarosite accumulation is slower and that the performance of the AF at this pH was sufficient for successive operation of the proposed process at the H₂S fluxes predicted from AFOs. A laboratory-scale test was carried out at Purdue University on the use of the integrated system for simultaneous hydrogen sulfide removal from a H₂S bubble column filled with ferric sulfate solution and biological regeneration of ferric ions in a packed column immobilized with enriched AFbacteria. Results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the integrated system for H₂S removal and simultaneous biological regeneration of Fe(III) for potential continuous treatment of H₂S released from CAFO. NH₃ and H₂S gradient measurements at egg layer and swine barns were conducted in winter and summer at Purdue. Results showed high potential to concentrate NH₃ and H₂S in hog buildings, and NH₃ in layer houses. H₂S emissions from layer houses were too low for a significant gradient. An NH₃ capturing system was designed and tested in a 100-chicken broiler room. Five bell-type collecting devices were installed over the litter to collect NH₃ emissions. While the air extraction system moved only 10% of the total room ventilation airflow rate, the fraction of total ammonia removed was 18%, because of the higher concentration air taken from near the litter. The system demonstrated the potential to reduce emissions from broiler facilities and to concentrate the NH₃ effluent for use in an emission control system. In summary, the project laid a solid foundation for the implementation of both processes, and also resulted in a significant scientific contribution related to AF kinetic studies and ferrous analytical measurements.
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Lers, Amnon, Majid R. Foolad, and Haya Friedman. genetic basis for postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600014.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Postharvest losses of fresh produce are estimated globally to be around 30%. Reducing these losses is considered a major solution to ensure global food security. Storage at low temperatures is an efficient practice to prolong postharvest performance of crops with minimal negative impact on produce quality or human health and the environment. However, many fresh produce commodities are susceptible to chilling temperatures, and the application of cold storage is limited as it would cause physiological chilling injury (CI) leading to reduced produce quality. Further, the primary CI becomes a preferred site for pathogens leading to decay and massive produce losses. Thus, chilling sensitive crops should be stored at higher minimal temperatures, which curtails their marketing life and in some cases necessitates the use of other storage strategies. Development of new knowledge about the biological basis for chilling tolerance in fruits and vegetables should allow development of both new varieties more tolerant to cold, and more efficient postharvest storage treatments and storage conditions. In order to improve the agricultural performance of modern crop varieties, including tomato, there is great potential in introgression of marker-defined genomic regions from wild species onto the background of elite breeding lines. To exploit this potential for improving tomato fruit chilling tolerance during postharvest storage, we have used in this research a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between the red-fruited tomato wild species SolanumpimpinellifoliumL. accession LA2093 and an advanced Solanum lycopersicumL. tomato breeding line NCEBR-1, developed in the laboratory of the US co-PI. The original specific objectives were: 1) Screening of RIL population resulting from the cross NCEBR1 X LA2093 for fruit chilling response during postharvest storage and estimation of its heritability; 2) Perform a transcriptopmic and bioinformatics analysis for the two parental lines following exposure to chilling storage. During the course of the project, we learned that we could measure greater differences in chilling responses among specific RILs compared to that observed between the two parental lines, and thus we decided not to perform transcriptomic analysis and instead invest our efforts more on characterization of the RILs. Performing the transcriptomic analysis for several RILs, which significantly differ in their chilling tolerance/sensitivity, at a later stage could result with more significant insights. The RIL population, (172 lines), was used in field experiment in which fruits were examined for chilling sensitivity by determining CI severity. Following the field experiments, including 4 harvest days and CI measurements, two extreme tails of the response distribution, each consisting of 11 RILs exhibiting either high sensitivity or tolerance to chilling stress, were identified and were further examined for chilling response in greenhouse experiments. Across the RILs, we found significant (P < 0.01) correlation between field and greenhouse grown plants in fruit CI. Two groups of 5 RILs, whose fruits exhibited reproducible chilling tolerant/sensitive phenotypes in both field and greenhouse experiments, were selected for further analyses. Numerous genetic, physiological, biochemical and molecular variations were investigated in response to postharvest chilling stress in the selected RILs. We confirmed the differential response of the parental lines of the RIL population to chilling stress, and examined the extent of variation in the RIL population in response to chilling treatment. We determined parameters which would be useful for further characterization of chilling response in the RIL population. These included chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm, water loss, total non-enzymatic potential of antioxidant activity, ascorbate and proline content, and expression of LeCBF1 gene, known to be associated with cold acclimation. These parameters could be used in continuation studies for the identification and genetic mapping of loci contributing to chilling tolerance in this population, and identifying genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance in tomato. Once genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance are identified, the trait could be transferred to different genetic background via marker-assisted selection (MAS) and breeding. The collaborative research established in this program has resulted in new information and insights in this area of research and the collaboration will be continued to obtain further insights into the genetic, molecular biology and physiology of postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. The US Co-PI, developed the RIL population that was used for screening and measurement of the relevant chilling stress responses and conducted statistical analyses of the data. Because we were not able to grow the RIL population under field conditions in two successive generations, we could not estimate heritability of response to chilling temperatures. However, we plan to continue the research, grow the RIL progeny in the field again, and determine heritability of chilling tolerance in a near future. The IS and US investigators interacted regularly and plan to continue and expand on this study, since combing the expertise of the Co-PI in genetics and breeding with that of the PI in postharvest physiology and molecular biology will have great impact on this line of research, given the significant findings of this one-year feasibility project.
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Hall, Mark, and Neil Price. Medieval Scotland: A Future for its Past. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.165.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings. Underpinning all five areas is the recognition that human narratives remain crucial for ensuring the widest access to our shared past. There is no wish to see political and economic narratives abandoned but the need is recognised for there to be an expansion to more social narratives to fully explore the potential of the diverse evidence base. The questions that can be asked are here framed in a national context but they need to be supported and improved a) by the development of regional research frameworks, and b) by an enhanced study of Scotland’s international context through time. 1. From North Britain to the Idea of Scotland: Understanding why, where and how ‘Scotland’ emerges provides a focal point of research. Investigating state formation requires work from Medieval Scotland: a future for its past ii a variety of sources, exploring the relationships between centres of consumption - royal, ecclesiastical and urban - and their hinterlands. Working from site-specific work to regional analysis, researchers can explore how what would become ‘Scotland’ came to be, and whence sprang its inspiration. 2. Lifestyles and Living Spaces: Holistic approaches to exploring medieval settlement should be promoted, combining landscape studies with artefactual, environmental, and documentary work. Understanding the role of individual sites within wider local, regional and national settlement systems should be promoted, and chronological frameworks developed to chart the changing nature of Medieval settlement. 3. Mentalities: The holistic understanding of medieval belief (particularly, but not exclusively, in its early medieval or early historic phase) needs to broaden its contextual understanding with reference to prehistoric or inherited belief systems and frames of reference. Collaborative approaches should draw on international parallels and analogues in pursuit of defining and contrasting local or regional belief systems through integrated studies of portable material culture, monumentality and landscape. 4. Empowerment: Revisiting museum collections and renewing the study of newly retrieved artefacts is vital to a broader understanding of the dynamics of writing within society. Text needs to be seen less as a metaphor and more as a technological and social innovation in material culture which will help the understanding of it as an experienced, imaginatively rich reality of life. In archaeological terms, the study of the relatively neglected cultural areas of sensory perception, memory, learning and play needs to be promoted to enrich the understanding of past social behaviours. 5. Parameters: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches should be encouraged in order to release the research potential of all sectors of archaeology. Creative solutions should be sought to the challenges of transmitting the importance of archaeological work and conserving the resource for current and future research.