Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Works concession"

Budgetary constraints are forcing transport infrastructure authorities to raise private funds to finance the construction of new projects and the maintenance of existing ones by using concession contracts. One of the key elements in correctly defining a concession scheme is to establish an adequate risk-sharing mechanism among the stakeholders that take part in the process. This paper describes and analyzes the effect of the new Spanish Concession Law on risk sharing, in particular, the effect of the so-called progress clause on the calculation of risk held by the concessionaire. This law was designed both to reinforce private financing of public facilities and to improve the legal framework by defining a new risk-sharing approach, particularly in relation to the risks involved in estimating traffic demand. The paper finishes with an analysis of a specific application of the traffic risk-sharing approach for highway concessions in Spain.

Introduction. The article analyzes the issues of agricultural concession presented in the works of Russian researchers Maxim Matveyevich Zagorulko, Vladimir Viktorovich Bulatov and German historian Marina Schmider. Methods and materials. The monographs are significantly complemented by the already known works on concession policy and practice, as the authors introduce a significant number of new sources and statistics from German and Russian archives and libraries. To provide an objective analysis of the scientific works, the author uses the historical-system and historical-comparative methods. Analysis. The Russian researchers analyze the economic activities of four agricultural concessions: “Druzag”, “Manych”, “Druag”, “Prikumskoye Russo-American Partnership”. They identified factors that influenced the increase or decrease in profitability of the enterprises. M. Schmider focused her attention on changing the attitude of the government and business circles of Germany to the concession policy pursued in the USSR. In addition, it reveals the role of German agricultural concessions in the development of the German economy. The author identified mechanisms of influence on the Soviet leadership, which were used to facilitate the activities of two large agricultural concessions – Manych-Krupp and Druzag. It should be noted that the memoirs of German employees of agricultural concessions helped to recreate the life and activity of Soviet and German workers and employees, compare their working conditions, describe the relationship with the local population and government officials. Results. The authors conclude that the effective management methods and economic activities of these concessions contributed to increasing their competitiveness in comparison with similar Soviet enterprises. However, the activities of the concessions depended not only on the interest of the Soviet leadership in them, but also on the foreign policy relations of Germany and the Soviet state.

This article studies concession in Chinese proverbs from three different points of view: syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. It is based on several previous works that focus on concession and proverbs both in French and in Chinese. To our knowledge, no research has been done on the concession in proverbs. Proverbs possess several peculiar linguistic traits that condition the expression of concession. The objective of this paper is to examine the realization of this notion under proverbial syntactic constraints as well as to highlight their logico-semantic basis and to assess their pragmatic effects. Based on our corpus of Chinese proverbs, the article not only concludes with the most common syntactic structures, universal logical formula, but also points out the argumentative force and the politeness present in concessive Chinese proverbs.

The strength of a good radio broadcast is the weakness of a threatre review. What “works” on radio – that which is remembered by listeners – is, above all, the tone of voice, the rhythm, the accent on certain words, a general sense of charm or wit or anger or delight. General is the key word: nothing must demand pause for thought. The piece must glide on, uninterrupted by reflection, because radio – sound – exists only in time and cannot be retraced or re-examined. What matters is that which the listener feels – the details of the piece that has provoked the feeling are of no consequence because no one, except the technician who can rewind the tape, can go back and analyze them.

The concession period is one of the most important issues to be addressed in private sector provision of public works and services through concession arrangements as it, to some extent, demarcates the rights and responsibilities between public and private sectors in a project's life cycle, and it is also critical to the project's sustainable development. This paper proposes a methodology for the determination of an appropriate length of the concession based on a win–win principle for parties involved and exercises simulation techniques in measuring and evaluating construction and economic uncertainties and risks. A case study of a hypothetical infrastructure project is provided to demonstrate the application of the proposed methodology, mathematical model, and simulation techniques.Key words: build–own–transfer, concession, critical path method, financial management, infrastructure, Monte Carlo simulation, partnerships, procurement, risk analysis.

Abstract.The article considers modern aspects of financial support of investment activities on the basis of public-private partnership. The expediency of using one of the key forms of public-private partnership -concessions in the process of financial support of investment activities of state and communal economic entities is substantiated. The existence of a significant impact of the mechanism of transformation of the movement of financial resources as a result of concession relations, the practical implementationof which allows to obtain a significant economic effect for the national economy and the state budget. Financial support of their investment and innovation development. The extremely important role of the state in the process of financialsupport of investment activities on the basis of public-private partnership is emphasized. Taking into account the existing approaches of scientists and practitioners to the interpretation of the essence of the categories "state regulation", "state regulation of innovation development" the author's interpretation of the definition "state regulation of innovative development of concession activity" is proposed as a component of concession management system. Increasing financial and economic security.The necessity to singleout among the main tasks of the mechanism of state regulation of financial support of investment and innovation development of concession activity such tasks as: development of financial and economic relations of concession subjects is substantiated; providing practical orientation of research works; innovative renewal of production facilities of concession facilities.The existence of a systemic impact of financial support of investment activities on the basis of public-private partnership on the trajectory of future socio-economic development of the country is proved.

This study aims to review the implementation and disclosure of concession rights in the company's financial statements in 4 (four) business sectors. In addition, this study reviews the extent to which service concessions are recognized as intangible or financial assets. This study uses a qualitative method with a content analysis technique. The data used in this content analysis are journals, theses, and internship reports with ten works of literature. This study concluded that the application of service concession accounting had been carried out following the provisions of ISAK 16 (2014), starting from the recognition, measurement, disclosure, and impact of its application. The company can disclose assets using financial and intangible assets according to an agreement between the government as the grantor and the private sector as the operator.

Airport concessions in Brazil began in 2011 due to the need to improve passenger services and adapt airports to international standards. Physical and managerial transformations were adopted and, among the concessioned airports is the Tom Jobim International Airport - AIRJ, located in the metropolitan region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, which is the object of study of this work, which aims to understand the perception of passengers of the AIRJ in relation to the changes through quali-quantitative, bibliographical and explanatory research. Data were collected through interviews and online questionnaire. Respondents were people who used the AIRJ service before and after the concession process, covering the period prior to August 2014, when there was no intervention by the concessionaire, and from 2016, when most of the works were completed for the Rio de Janeiro Olympics. As a result, it was understood that passengers have perceived the AIRJ changes in a positive way, although some negative aspects are still signaled.

Abstract Traditional modality of using public property, the concession has played a significant role in the development of the modern state by capitalizing on those goods that by their legal nature have an inalienable character as well as by entrusting some works or public services to legal entities of private law which can execute them or make them more efficient.The economic development of the last decades of the states of the European Union, the acceleration of the commercial exchanges and the extension of the forms of circulation of the goods and services at community level have determined the reconsideration of the concession contract as a legal instrument for the capitalization of the public property goods, of the works and services that the state owns.The consolidation, at national level, of some legal norms meant to regulate concession and its forms was significantly influenced by the provisions of Directive 2014/23/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the award of concession contracts. Thus, Law no. 100/2016 regarding the concession of works and services as well as the recent Government Emergency Ordinance no. 57/2019 on the Administrative Code implement the new European vision.

La concession, instrument contractuel de coopération économique public-privé, connaît un engouement mondial. La relation tripartite vertueuse qu'elle établit entre l'autorité concédante, l'opérateur économique et les investisseurs a largement contribué à l'adoption de ce mécanisme d'origine française par divers systèmes juridiques sous l'appellation générique de partenariat public-privé (PPP). D'origine jurisprudentielle et longtemps protégé des influences extérieures, le modèle concessif bénéficie, sous l'empire de l'ordonnance du 29 janvier 2016 et du décret du 1er février 2016 relatifs aux contrats de concession, d'une européanisation de ses critères et de son régime juridique. En cristallisant le risque d'exploitation dans sa fonction de critère de discrimination ultime de la summa divisio de la commande publique, le nouveau droit des concessions bouleverse la hiérarchie des critères classiques d'identification du modèle concessif français. Cette évolution substantielle des éléments d'identité de la concession s'est accompagnée du renouvellement de son régime juridique. Cet environnement juridique transformé invite à une relecture globale du modèle français de la concession à travers la novation de ses éléments constitutifs et de son régime juridique
Concession, a contract tool for economic cooperation, generates worldwide enthusiasm. The virtuous tripartite relationship it establishes between conceding authorities, economic operators and investors has widely contributed to the adoption of this originally French mechanism by various legal systems under the generic term of “public-private partnership” (PPP). The French concessive model was originally created through case law and shielded from exterior influences for a long time, though the criteria and legal regime of the French concessive model as set out by the January 29th 2016 ordinance and the February 1st, 2016 decree relating to concession contracts are being Europeanised. By crystallizing operational risk in its function as the ultimate discrimination criteria of public contract's summa divisio, the new law on concessions rattles the French concessive model's classic identification criteria. This substantial evolution of the concession's identity elements came with the renewal of its legal regime. This transformed legal environment begs a global re-read of the French concession model through the renewal of its constitutive elements and its legal regime

The present article seeks to show the aplication of the mutability principle in amendments on concession contracts that are made on the legal frame of public-private partnership, giving a doctrinaire vision and also the Peruvian normative treatment.
El presente artículo busca dar luces de la aplicación del principio de mutabilidad en la modificación de los contratos de concesión que se realizan bajo el marco jurídico de asociaciones público-privadas, dando una reflexión doctrinaria y su contraparte normativa en el sistema peruano.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o sistema de franchise bidding como uma alternativa à regulação tradicional, tomando-se como exemplo as concessões de rodovias, tanto do ponto de vista teórico como empírico. A partir do estudo de caso envolvendo o programa de concessões rodoviárias gaúchas, o presente trabalho realizou uma análise comparativa entre o sistema de franchise bidding, também conhecido na literatura como leilão de Demsetz (1968), e a regulação direta, identificando-se os principais pressupostos teóricos, as características e os problemas enfrentados e, ainda, as similaridades e diferenças existentes entre os dois modelos propostos. Os resultados obtidos confirmam o diagnóstico realizado por Williamson (1976), indicando que regulação e franchise bidding diferem somente na forma e não em espécie.
The aim of this study is to analyze franchise bidding as an alternative to traditional regulatory systems, approaching both empirically and theoretically the highway concessions as an example. Taking the highway concession program from the state of Rio Grande do Sul as a study case, this study compares the franchise bidding system, also known in the literature as Demsetz bidding (1968), with direct regulation and identifies the main theoretical assumptions, characteristics and problems experienced as well as the similarities and differences between both models. The results confirm Williamson’s (1976) diagnosis showing that regulation and franchise bidding differ only in form rather than kind.

En France, 83% du parc d’équipements sportifs appartient aux collectivités qui doivent en financer le renouvellement et l’adaptation à de nouvelles pratiques ludiques et hygiéniques, dans un contexte de contrainte budgétaire croissante. En conséquence, elles ont développé des collaborations avec le secteur privé qui ont récemment pris la forme des concessions de travaux, permettant de déléguer à un groupement d’entreprises privées une mission globale (financement, conception, construction et exploitation-maintenance). Cette forme de contractualisation redéfinit le positionnement et les stratégies des différents acteurs au sein des projets d’équipements sportifs. Dès lors, la problématique de cette thèse consiste à analyser les modalités de collaboration public-privé dans le cadre de projets de concession de travaux d’équipements sportifs. Cette question sera en particulier étudiée dans le cadre des projets de concession de centres aquatiques, à partir du concept de logiques institutionnelles (Thornton et al., 2012). Pour cela, cinq projets de centres aquatiques français ont été investigués à partir de 31 entretiens semi-directifs complétés par un corpus documentaire pour chaque cas (n = 378).Ce travail met en avant le besoin de compétences spécifiques sur les projets, dont la gestion doit s’inscrire dans une démarche plus large de management de projet. Les résultats permettent également de questionner la notion de risque économique ainsi que la place du service public au sein de ces équipements hybrides (Richet et al., 2009), tout en relativisant l’efficience permise par la globalisation des missions au sein d’un même contrat
In France, 83% of sports facilities are owned by local authorities, which must finance their renovation and adaptation to new leisure and health practices, in a context of growing budget constraints. As a result, they have developed collaborations with the private sector, which have recently taken the form of works concessions, whereby a consortium of private companies is delegated a global mission (financing, design, construction and operation-maintenance). This form of contractualisation redefines positions and strategies for the stakeholders involved in sports facilities projects. The aim of this thesis is therefore to analyse public-private collaboration in the context of sports facilities concession projects. This issue will be studied in particular in the context of aquatic centres concession projects, based on the concept of institutional logics (Thornton et al., 2012). Five French aquatic centre projects were investigated based on 31 semi-structured interviews supplemented by a corpus of documents for each case (n = 378).This research highlights the need for specific project skills, which must be managed as part of a broader project management approach. The results also raise questions about the notion of economic risk and the place of public service within these hybrid facilities (Richet et al., 2009), while putting into perspective the efficiency allowed by the globalisation of missions within a single contract

A dissertação ora apresentada tem como referência empírica uma experiência de assistência social realizada em órgão militar da Marinha do Brasil, a Base de Fuzileiros Navais da Ilha das Flores ( BFNIF). Tem como objetivo geral examinar o modo como a política de assistência social daquela instituição vem sendo percebida pelo usuário do serviço social e profissionais da área: um direito, ainda que compensatório, pelo fato de trabalhar na corporação, ou seja, uma prerrogativa que o servidor da Marinha possui par exigir da instituição determinados serviços; ou uma concessão, uma condescendência da instituição em favor daqueles que atravessam por problemas sociais. As informações dos principais agentes envolvidos com a problemática, os assistentes sociais e o público atendido pelo serviço social da BFNIF, foram captados de entrevistas abertas, pautadas em roteiros orientadores, e da aplicação de questionários. Utilizou-se como referência para análise dos discursos dos profissionais a contribuição de Abreu (2002) acerca dos perfis pedagógicos da prática do assistente social. O resultados da pesquisa revelam que é na perspectiva da concessão que vem se firmando a assistência social da corporação.
The dissertation here presented has as a reference an experience of the social work held in a military organism of the Navy of Brazil, the Navy Marine Base of the Ilha das Flores Island (BFNIF). It has as general goal the examining of the way in which the social work policy of that institution has been perceived by the social work program users and professionals of the area: a right that, i. e, a prerogative that the servant of the navy has, in order to demand certain services from the institution; or a concession, a condescendence of the institution in favor of those who go through social problems. The information of the main agents involved in the problematic, the social workers and the public of the BFNIF, were collect in open interviews, listed in guide- books, and the use of questionnaires. The contribution of Abreu (2002) concerning the pedagogic practice profiles of the social worker was used as reference for analysis of the discourses of professionals. The results of the survey reveal that it is in the perspective of concession that the social work of the corporation has been consolidating itself.

In this report, the main Income Tax aspects related to the concessions of public infrastructure and of public services regulated by Supreme Decrete N° 059-96-PCM are analyzed. Hence, the applicable rules for investments made by the concessionaires and the treatment of self- sustained and co-financed concessions will be examined. To conclude this report, legislative changes that, in opinion of the authors would help provide greater security to the current regime on benefit of the Peruvian State and the investors, are suggested.
En este artículo se analiza el tratamiento para fines del Impuesto a la Renta de las concesiones de obras públicas de infraestructura y de servicios públicos regulados por el Decreto Supremo N° 059-96-PCM, que rige la entrega de las referidas concesiones. Así, se examina el régimen aplicable a las inversiones realizadas por los concesionarios, el tratamiento de las concesiones auto-sostenibles y las concesiones cofinanciadas. Para culminar este artículo, se proponen cambios legislativos que, en opinión de los autores, ayudarían a dotar de mayor seguridad al régimen actual en beneficio del Estado peruano y de los inversionistas.

Mining concessions are subject to the fulfillment of liabilities by their owners based on ground for revocation, known as «expiration», as part of mining rights systems. The recent evolution of these liabilities and their focus as part of the conditions offered by the country for investment are analyzed by the author. To do this, the author conduct a review about the changes taken place in 1991 and 2008 mainly, as well as provides the elements to analyze the appropriateness of modifications or its flexibility. The tables used in the explanation constitutes a contribution, which were used by the author in conferences and due diligence for mining projects, as well as the consideration of both elements in the analysis of doctrine and real application of these concepts under the system of Peru.
Las concesiones mineras están sujetas al cumplimiento de obligaciones por sus titulares, bajo causal de revocación, conocida como la «caducidad», enmarcadas en sistemas de amparo minero. La evolución reciente de estas obligaciones, así como enfocarlas como parte de las condiciones que ofrece el país para la inversión, son analizados por el autor. Para ello, realiza una revisión de las modificaciones ocurridas en 1991 y 2008 principalmente, así también proporciona los elementos para reflexionar sobre la conveniencia de nuevas modificaciones o de su flexibilización. Constituyen un aporte los cuadros empleados en la explicación, utilizados por el autor tanto en conferencias, como en due diligence en proyectos mineros; así como considerar en el análisis tanto elementos de doctrina, como de aplicación real deestos conceptos en el régimen del Perú.

La Compagnie des chemins de fer de l’Est est une société anonyme ferroviaire créée en 1854. Elle résulte de fusions entre plusieurs compagnies concessionnaires de lignes dans le Nord-Est de la France. La Compagnie de l’Est perd une partie de son réseau à la suite de la guerre franco-allemande de 1870-1871. Elle poursuit néanmoins son existence, jusqu’à la nationalisation des chemins de fer en 1937. La Compagnie des chemins de fer de l’Est se transforme alors en Société d’Investissement de l’Est, détentrice de 17,9% du capital de la Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français et représentée au conseil d’administration de cette dernière. Cette thèse, axée sur la notion de service public, se propose d’étudier dans un premier temps la Compagnie de l’Est en tant que société commerciale. Ses composantes, son fonctionnement et le statut de son personnel font l’objet d’une attention particulière. Dans un second temps, l’établissement du réseau de l’Est, tout comme son exploitation, sont développés. Les notions de concession, d’expropriation pour cause d’utilité publique, de contrat de transport et de responsabilité sont ici précisées
The French East Railway Company is a railway public limited company which was founded in 1854. Several statutory railway companies in the North East of France merged into one to create it. The East Company lost a part of its network after the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871. However, it continued to exist until the railway nationalization in 1937. The East Railway Company then became the East Investment Trust, with representation on the board of directors of the French National Railway Company, and with shares up to 17,9% of its capital.This thesis, which focuses on the public service, will first examine the East Railway Company as a business firm. Its elements, its working and the status of its workforce will be analyzed. Secondly the creation of the Eastern network and its development will be presented. The concepts of concession, compulsory purchase order, carriage transport contract and liability will be underlined

Orientador: Sergio Roberto de Lucca
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T16:48:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_LuciaHelenaNeves_M.pdf: 1047857 bytes, checksum: b7e66e5a6d52cf2b14c0db2abeefad18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: A Lei 8213/91, artigo 20 define a doença do trabalho como a doença adquirida ou desencadeada em função de condições especiais em que o trabalho é realizado e que com ele se relacione diretamente. Confirmado o nexo causal com o trabalho, o beneficiário (segurado da Previdência Social) recebe o benefício por incapacidade laborativa, denominado auxílio-doença acidentário. Entretanto, o nexo técnico que estabelece a relação de causalidade entre a doença e o trabalho é de competência legal da perícia médica do INSS. Para que o segurado tenha o reconhecimento do nexo causal, garantindo-lhe alguns direitos, é necessário requerer administrativamente a alteração no tipo de benefício (auxílio-doença previdenciário para auxílio-doença acidentário). Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar os entraves institucionais para concessão do auxílio-doença na Previdência Social. O estudo foi realizado na Agência da Previdência Social na cidade de Indaiatuba. É um estudo descritivo, com uma população de 148 casos atendidos para esse fim, no período de 1995 a 2004, em listagem feita em 08/11/2004. A fonte de dados empregada na pesquisa foi extraída das Comunicações de Acidente de Trabalho (CATs) constantes nos processos de transformação de auxílio doença previdenciário para auxílio-doença acidentário e, posteriormente, de entrevistas com os segurados, funcionários e representantes sindicais de cinco entidades com sede na cidade. O estudo concluiu que a maior freqüência nesses processos se deu entre os operadores de máquinas, com idade média de 37 anos e com doenças osteomusculares. A proporção entre os sexos, todavia, mostrou-se homogênea. Em relação às dificuldades para caracterização de nexo causal entre o trabalho e a doença, foram apontadas pelos servidores problemas de ordem técnica e político-administrativo. Os representantes sindicais e os segurados apontaram que a maior dificuldade foi a avaliação e conclusão médico-pericial para estes casos, ocorrendo inclusive pareceres antagônicos entre a assistência médica do SUS ou de convênios e a perícia médica
Abstract: Law nº 8213/91, in article 20, defines occupational disease as the disease acquired or unleashed by the special conditions in which work is done and has a direct relation to it. Once the causal relationship is confirmed, the worker receives compensation from the Brazilian National Social Security System for working disability, which is called accident-compensation. The technical nexus that establishes work-relatedness for compensation lies in the legal sphere of the expert medical board of the National Insurance and Social Security Institute 1(INSS). In order to obtain the recognition of the causal relationship, which assures some rights to the insured worker, it is necessary to file a claim at the INSS to change the type of compensation (from social security illness-compensation to accident-compensation). The aim of this study is to identify the institutional hindrances (medicolegal roadblocks) in the path to obtain the concession of illness compensation from the Social Security System. The investigation was carried out at the Social Security Agency in the town of Indaiatuba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is a descriptive study with 148 cases analyzed for this purpose in the period between 1995 and 2004, in a listing dated November 8th, 2004. The source of data used in this study was derived from CATs2 pertaining to claims filed to change benefits from illness-compensation to accident-compensation and subsequent interviews with the claimants, with employees at the Social Security Agency and union representatives of five entities with headquarters in town. The study reached the conclusion that machine operators, mean age 37, with musculoskeletal disorders, were the most frequent claimants. The proportion between genders, however, was homogeneous. Establishing the relation between work and illnesses was difficult due to technical and policy-administrative problems, as pointed out by the employees at the Agency. Union representatives and claimants referred that the greatest difficulty lied in the evaluations and conclusions of the expert medical board at the INSS for these claims.There were even opposing reports between clinicians working for SUS(the public medical care system)or for private health-insurers and the medical experts at the INSS
Mestrado
Epidemiologia
Mestre em Saude Coletiva

AbstractThis paper exposes how HIDROVIA S.A. (Inland Waterway Concession company) worked in the Middle Paraná River inland waterway “Santa Fe – Confluence” to maintain the navigation channel without dredging works by means of four steps: frequent bathymetric surveys, study of AIS vessels tracks, a special coordination of logistic works in the river with the technical team and buoy tenders crew and effective communication plans with involved stakeholders. This is a stretch of the well-known Paraguay – Paraná Inland Waterway in South America that reaches deep waters in the Río de la Plata. Physical characteristics and depths along this section of Paraná River determine what kind of vessels can sail according to its draught up to 10 ft. With 2 ft. For under keel clearance. From October 2010 to September 2021, dredging works and installation and maintenance of modern aids to navigation system were granted by the concession company. Given the intense morphological dynamics and thalweg migration of the river in this section, the contract stated that it was no suitable to keep a fixed channel design by means of permanent dredging works. It established that dredging works should only be done when and where it is not possible to maintain the channel design by readjustment of its profile with partial changes in the trace and direction of the waterway axis. The Aids to Navigation Department of HIDROVIA S:A. succeeded in doing that by implementing the continuous management of the channel design to optimize sustainable navigation in the Santa Fe – Confluence waterway.

This book collects thirteen short stories by ‘Saki’ (Hector Hugh Munro): ten in their original periodical versions and three that had been forgotten until recently. The first ten were rewritten when they were reprinted as part of the volume The Chronicles of Clovis (1911). Reconstructing the composition/publishing process from Munro’s correspondence with his new publisher (John Lane at The Bodley Head), I argue that the title was imposed on Munro, who acquiesced by writing more stories featuring his Clovis character and by reworking older works so that Clovis appeared in them. The intention in doing so was to give the collection more of a thematic unity, and thereby anticipate the difficulty that publishers felt they had in interesting the reading public in volumes of unconnected stories. Munro also made another concession to his publisher in a significantly rewritten and expanded version of his political fantasy ‘Ministers of Grace’, which unfortunately only obscured the satirical thrust of the original version. Similarly, readers will likely prefer the originals of the other stories before they were distorted to include Clovis. ‘Mrs. Pendercoet’s Lost Identity’ is adduced here, being an example of a contemporaneous story that could be given a differently named protagonist because it was not destined to be part of The Chronicles of Clovis. ‘The Romance of Business’, conversely, is a later example of a Clovis story, unusual because it was written on commission. These two rediscovered stories are accompanied by another, ‘The Optimist’, which showcases Munro’s ability to cater for a wider public by writing in a more naturalistic and serious way.

The "community personalism" matures in the reflection on work, person, economy and politics between capitalism and collectivism. Even with intuitions, the sense of work fluctuates quite a lot. Exploited and oppressed, it acquires dignity as a "law of the embodied spirit" and a "central value"; but it is not the "essential vocation" and primary of the person. In fact, the spiritual magnet drags him into unsolvable conflicts of more and less, before and after, concessions and reservations (the refrains: not all of life, not just work, etc.). To the point of declaring it even more "unessential" than less "essential" than anything else, looking more towards contemplation and a creative otium. Hence the uncertainties about the free and democratic union, but corporate. Hence reliefs by Maritain and Ricoeur.

Abstract In the mid-1900s, park and protected area (PPA) management agencies began to acknowledge the environmental, socioeconomic and cultural connections that existed between PPAs and gateway communities. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to understand the effects of shifts in the perspectives of PPA managers, concessioners and gateway community members who work and live in the vicinity of Grand Teton National Park (GTNP). We conducted interviews with 21 park staff, concessions staff and gateway community leaders. Data revealed 15 themes organized into four categories: (a) types of relationships that exist between the community and park; (b) characteristics that describe these relationships; (c) foundations for collaboration; and (d) barriers to collaboration. This research provides insight into the effects of PPA management approaches that are alternative relative to traditional PPA strategies. Additionally, we provide a broader conversation on the state of PPA policy regarding engagement and collaboration with gateway communities.

The conclusion of contracts was known in ancient times and is still relevant today. Shares that are not distributed in kind can cause certain difficulties that force the interested parties to decide on distribution.Joint ownership of inherited property received from a family member necessitates joint decision-making on its maintenance, ownership, use, and disposal, and it is difficult to achieve such a consensus on all issues. Therefore, quite often a certain period may pass from the acquisition of the right to a share in the joint property to its distribution, but due to conflicts regarding the use of the property or in the case of the need to receive funds or for other reasons, the joint property is divided by the co-owners. That is, the reasons may even be questions of how to use agricultural land, for example, to rent it out, sow it yourself, plant a garden, etc. However, the complexity of the division of land plots is because it is difficult to «divide» agricultural lands at least. After all, their intended use depends on the size, etc. Quite often, disputes also arise regarding the use of residential buildings, since the size and location of the rooms make their use impossible or difficult, as well as the distribution in kind according to the inherited shares. In other words, there is a certain «trading» of assets. If the situation is related to the distribution of a small plot of land where the house is located, then questions also arise regarding the establishment of an easement, as well as mutual concessions for the compensation of a part of the house in exchange for most of the land. In general, there are protracted negotiations, from the point of view of which these parties, who are still in a family relationship, agree on the division of property.Factors that can affect the outcome of property division include unique family circumstances, the specific nature of assets, and traditional legal practices. The parties will use different mechanisms for the division of joint assets: sale, donation, or exchange, under the terms of which they «trade» with the consent of others their rights as co-owners of jointly owned objects. The various evolutionary stages of the agreement on the division of property by the testator’s family culminate in the final stage of agreeing. The agreement on the division of inheritance is a complex legal process. Potentially, in a single transaction, the beneficiaries can choose and implement the division by sale, exchange, or donation. These different legal constructions reflect the uniqueness of the decisions in each agreement and to some extent demonstrate the specific legal practice of the individual Old Babylonian city-state and the particular circumstances of each family.However, in addition to the division of property, there are other agreements regarding the division of inheritance. For example, an agreement on quasi-partition upon adoption (quasi-adoption), an agreement on the division of residential property by the owner between its future beneficiaries.The need to conclude such agreements arises when an agreement on the division of property is required, which differs from such concepts as sale, donation, exchange, etc.Domestic scientists consider the agreement on the distribution of joint property very broadly and include other types of agreements in the list of such agreements, establishing that the agreement on changing the succession of the right to inheritance by law is atypical. It was determined that the contract under investigation belongs to contracts on the distribution of inheritance. Agreements on the distribution of inheritance are concluded in the field of inheritance, which indicates that they belong to inheritance agreements. It is proposed to supplement the existing classifications of civil law contracts by distinguishing a new type of civil law contracts – contracts in the law of inheritance on the level with the selection of a new type of inheritance contracts – contracts on the distribution of inheritance.» This is a bold hypothesis, but it is difficult to agree with it for various reasons, not least because the distribution of inheritance has been known since ancient times.The factor that the term «distribution» of inheritance and giving it a broad legal meaning is analyzed is an interesting author’s hypothesis. At the same time, according to our position, the term «distribution of inheritance» is more balanced, since in Art. 1278 of the Civil Code does not quite successfully use the term «division», when in the content of this norm it is about the equality of shares in the inheritance and the allocation of a share in kind, and not about division. However, in Part 1 of Art. 1280 of the Civil Code, the term «distribution» is used with a direct meaning and «redistribution» as an opportunity to review the results of the distribution under new circumstances – in the case of acceptance of the inheritance by other heirs. In essence, the obvious meaning of the term «distribution» follows from this norm as the initial determination of the ownership of the share of each of the heirs. In this sense, the redistribution of the inheritance should be connected with the possible introduction of changes to the previously made distribution, that is, in this case, we do not limit the number of subsequent redistributions of the inheritance. This hypothesis is related to the fact that the number of heirs who missed the deadline for valid reasons is not limited by legislation and cannot be limited, but is determined by various legal circumstances.Therefore, it is hardly expedient and possible, to apply in Art. 1280 of the Civil Code, the concept of «distribution» should be given a wider meaning than it has in the Civil Code, as this would lead to its ambiguous perception and application both in theory and in legislation and practice. Usually, theoretical terms should be distinguished by being original and should accurately reflect the legal meaning of actions, events, or conditions.But an important element of the procedure for the distribution of common inheritance property or its redistribution are the subjects who must fix the relevant agreement or carry out such distribution according to their conviction.It is indicated that the practice of concluding contracts by the living owner with his future heirs is widespread in foreign countries. At the same time, German experts equate inheritance with what they consider to be contractual inheritance.It should be noted that the practice of concluding contracts on the distribution of inheritance in the practice of the Ukrainian notary is relatively new and does not have clear boundaries in regulation, which complicates the activity of notaries in certifying such contracts. There are several difficulties in the application of relevant legal norms in practice, as there is a lack of understanding of the legal nature and essence of the conclusion of contracts, the term of conclusion, and the procedure for notarization.The opinions of individual authors are studied, about legal relations regarding the division of inheritance characterized by a weak state policy, this obliges the participants of such relations to draw up the content of agreements on the division of inheritance independently. For agreements between heirs on the distribution of inheritance to be valid regulators of the relations of its participants (heirs), conditions (clauses) must be clarified and formulated, which will be disclosed with sufficient completeness and consistency of the content of the relevant agreement and the purpose of its conclusion.We do not agree with this point of view of the scientist regarding «weak state policy», since the Central Committee of Ukraine was not created by politicians or the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, but by leading scientists of Ukraine. It is also difficult to agree with the statement that the lack of clear regulation of the terms of inheritance contracts «obliges the participants of such relationships to independently draw up the content of inheritance distribution contracts.» In Ukraine, some good notaries and lawyers can draw up high-quality contracts for the distribution of inheritance. Moreover, according to Art. 4 of the Law of Ukraine «On Notaries», notaries have the right to draw up relevant draft contracts. In our opinion, it is worth emphasizing here that this is a right, not a duty of a notary public. That is, the notary may not undertake the drafting of the relevant project, but this provision is positive for interested parties since the lack of experience in drafting original contracts will most likely lead to the drafting of a low-quality draft contract. Indeed, in this case, it is worth looking for an experienced notary who will be able to draw up a draft contract, but this will make it possible to prevent errors in its drafting with a high probability.Thus, the agreement on the distribution of inheritance enters into force if the parties reach an agreement in the proper form on all the essential terms of the agreement. The main essential condition for agreeing on the division of inheritance is the subject of the agreement. However, either party may consider this condition insufficient and propose to include additional conditions in the contract. In this case, these conditions become essential. In connection with the instability of the regulation of the content of contracts between heirs on the distribution of inheritance, it can be concluded that the inclusion of normal conditions in the contract is currently impossible. We believe that such a general scheme of perception of contract terms is not entirely rational, since how to perceive ordinary terms or essential terms of a contract quite often in practice depends on the judgments of the parties to the contract unless otherwise regulated by legislation. This issue can be approached more precisely if we take into account the possibility of interpreting transactions and contracts (Article 213 of the Civil Code).So, based on the essence of the process of concluding contracts, it should be taken into account that the notary who drafts the contract can edit it, therefore it is worth recognizing the right of the notary to interpret it, since according to Art. 5 of the Law of Ukraine «On Notaries», he is obliged to clarify the legal consequences that will arise for persons after his certification. It follows from this that the notary must be given the official right to interpret the contract upon its certification, then it will be clear that after its certification, the court can interpret the content of the contract. In this regard, Art. 213 of the Civil Code is proposed to be supplemented with a corresponding provision regarding the powers of the notary, namely: his duty to interpret the content of the deed or contract before and during its certification.The Inheritance Regulation, which envisages wide acceptance of the inheritance contract, is considered. It is noted that it is worth revising Ukrainian inheritance law in advance for compliance with European standards since after Ukraine accedes to the EU it will be necessary to inform all EU countries about what types of contracts in Ukraine will be related to the issuance of the European Certificate of Succession.This is also important for inheritance by law, because, in case of non-fulfillment of the terms of the lifetime maintenance (care) agreement and the inheritance agreement, they will have to be terminated or recognized as invalid or unfulfilled by the acquirer, so the property that was the subject of this agreement will be inherited by law. At the same time, if the terms of these agreements are fulfilled, the part of the property that belonged to the testator will not be inherited but will become the property of the acquirers.The process of accepting the inheritance is quite long, and the inheritance law allows for several agreements between the heirs, which can significantly affect the size of the inheritance shares and the real things in each share in the inheritance. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the possibility of agreements between the heirs at different stages of accepting or not accepting the inheritance. From communication with one of the clients, the author learned that the notary unofficially advised the heirs to agree on the distribution of the inheritance, as well as for certain heirs to waive the right to inheritance, but to receive a proper share of the inheritance in household items. When the author was informed of all the circumstances of the inheritance case, it became clear that the notary could not solve the complex inheritance problem, since the inheritance took place based on a will and some heirs had the right to a mandatory share, as well as part of the property remained. So, in such a situation, it was necessary to solve an arithmetical and at the same time legal problem, the complexity of which was determined by the complex subject composition of numerous heirs. Therefore, the notary tried to simplify its solution by artificially «transforming» the heirs who have the right to a mandatory share into ordinary heirs who claim property that is not subject to recording in the certificate of the right to inheritance.A natural will was considered, when the testator bequeathed the specific property to each of the heirs, namely: a house to a daughter, a factory to one son, and a yacht to another let’s say. In such a case, the will of the testator is formulated in the Shodo of the objects of inheritance, so it is difficult to perceive the consequences of the refusal of one of the heirs to inherit, when the yacht will be divided into equal shares between the son and the daughter, because: firstly, the value of the factory and the house will be different, so someone from the testator gave the children a larger inheritance than the other. Secondly, in the case of the existence of a part of the inheritance not covered by the will, it can be assumed with a high degree of probability that the will of the testator was formulated about a certain property and nothing more. Therefore, in case of refusal of one of the heirs to inherit under the will, the property bequeathed to him should be considered as not covered by the will and should be inherited according to the law. That is, if the will of the testator regarding the entire property is revealed, it can be assumed that he thus intended to deprive one of the heirs of the right to inheritance.At the same time, the will must be interpreted not only by the heirs under the will but also by the heirs under the law, when its content concerns the right to a mandatory share in the inheritance, which belongs to the heirs under the law of the first rank, who due to incapacity have the right to claim it, as well as the recipients of the response. With a high degree of probability, it can be assumed that the inheritance, which consists of household items, will be divided even without a written agreement. However, the interpretation of a will, which concerns a substantial inheritance between a significant number of heirs, requires not only a written form of recording of agreements – a contract, but also, in our opinion, a notarial form that will allow recording the agreement more reliably, to explain to the parties to the contract the consequences of its conclusion. If all interested parties sign the agreement, and the notary recognizes it as legal, then it will be difficult to recognize it as illegal or invalid in the next one. Therefore, the agreement on the interpretation of the will, which will establish the specific rights of the heirs and their obligations regarding the coverage of the testator’s debts, is a rational form of specification of the terms of the inheritance, which will allow establishing the executor of the will, if he was not determined by the testator.We can assume with a high degree of probability that similar «simplified calculations» are made by other notaries, as well as directly by the heirs, and certain agreements are not necessary here.

Faced with the need for improvements in infrastructure and in the realization of the rights guaranteed by the Federal Constitution, governments need to seek agreements with the private sector, aiming to implement contracts with economic, financial, environmental and social benefits in favor of the development of society. In this wake, common and special concession contracts emerge - administrative concession and sponsored concession, instruments used to establish the link with the private entity without the need to privatize the sector, but only to grant the exploitation of service or execution of public works. It is intended to analyze the economic and financial viability, and possible social and environmental impacts of these partnerships, as well as to exemplify current contracts in this sense through the bibliographic review and research and consultations with renowned authors.

The examines the "bad" detective fiction of Dorothy Sayers. Alongside her critical successes, in which she rendered the detective genre more "naturalistic" and complex, she produced these extremely contrived works that were panned for being distorted by popular generic taste. I argue that these distortions signal not a concession to generic conservatism and hero-worship, but a parodic strategy of over-satisfying the readerly desire for genre conventions in order to chasten those desires and queer the generic policing of gender. In how all of these works play with readers' expectations, there emerges a rival kind of gratification to the one conventionally offered by genre.

"After the Industrial Revolution, while the use of railways began to become widespread in Europe, railway construction activities began to be given importance in the Ottoman Empire, but; due to technical and financial inadequacies, it was necessary to get help from foreign states in this regard. The European powers, which competed to obtain concessions from the Ottoman government for railway construction, wanted to have areas of influence in the Ottoman territory in this way. Besides being a profitable investment, railway concession also represented the attempts to dismember the Ottoman Empire. In the issue, the United States, following other states, took action, and the Chester Railway Project was the most critical attempt. The project remained on the agenda from 1908 to 1923, when it was canceled by the Parliament, except for the First World War and the following one or two years, and the scope was enlarged when it was desired to revive after the war. This article examines the construction of Ankara by the U.S. under the Chester Project. Previously published research works, articles, and symposium proceedings were utilized in the study. Documents obtained from the American National Archives and news in the foreign and local press are also used to enrich the article. The idea of establishing a Washington in Anatolia, which came to the fore with verbal statements between the parties and could not go beyond being a promise, could not be realized due to the ending of the project and disappeared along with all the other American dreams expected from the Chester Project."

Abstract Al Dhafra Petroleum Operations Company Limited, (Joint Venture between ADNOC and KADOC, established in late 2013 and assigned with Onshore and Offshore concession areas in Abu Dhabi) had the challenging task to achieve the sustainability of crude production to 40,000 BOPD by end of 2020 from their Haliba field. Current production profile with available wells could not meet that target, for which additional 4 production well Tie-in and construction of 8 km 6″ flow line became necessary within next 3 months. Regular Tie-in program may complete the first Tie-in only by Q2, 2021 and no possibility of enhancing this Tie-in works by 2020. Al Dhafra Management has appointed the Project Management Team (PMT) to take up the challenge by attempting many methods and the timeline was very limited (approximately 90days) to obtain First Oil from those wells.

Abstract Objective/Scope: The purpose of this paper is to study how UEP has implemented Field Production and Maintenance Trainee Programs. It will further evaluate the effectiveness of the program and how it has benefited the local community and the company. Methods, Procedures, Process: UEP's Field Trainee program provides opportunities for young people from the concession in which UEP operates. It creates jobs for local youth to get trained and work in the oil and gas sector. The process to recruit the local and train them is extremely rigorous. The applications are invited via placing an advertisement in the local newspapers. Candidates meeting the criteria, undergo a rigorous test and interview process. Candidates shortlisted on merit are selected. The training of selected local high school graduates is initially performed in the classroom by senior faculty of renowned local Sindh university. After completing classroom training, they embark on an on-the-job training plan under the supervision of seasoned industry professionals. Results, Observations, Conclusion: Over many decades the UEP trainee program has developed skillset of the locals and has given them employment opportunity. It has provided a talent pipeline for the organization and helped UEP give back to the community as part of its commitment. Several senior positions at UEP are occupied by employees inducted through this program. Some of them are working for other multinational organizations in Pakistan and abroad. Apart from developing the talent pool, this program has increased organization's brand value especially amongst the locals and has helped the organization forge meaningful relationship with the local community. Novel/Additive Information: This program has been a great success story for UEP. It shows that benefits are not limited to meeting the workforce requirement. Other organizations in Pakistan and abroad can learn from UEP's success and may introduce similar programs. This program is mainly focused on hiring resources for Operations functions. Going forward, the need for introducing similar program for other functions can be evaluated.

<p>The cable stayed between the islands of Cebu and Mactan is the main work of the road concession Cebu-Cordova Link Expressway. Its 390-m long main span over the Cebu port navigation channel turns it the longest cable-stayed span in the Philippines. This paper provides an overview of its design features emphasizing the distinctive constraints that include high seismicity, geological variability, high wind speeds due to frequent typhoons and large ship impact loads.</p>

The formerly public owned Brazilian Freight Rail System was under pressure in the middle nineties, mainly due to the revenue insufficiency, resulting from the government rate control policy and the inherent lack of investments, as well as the increasing funding requirements from the public budget. In this context, the system has been denationalized in the mid nineties, following a corridor format, with 11 regionalized concessions, with 30 year term contracts, running under a price-cap rate regime. The denationalization model has set contractual production and safety targets, which ultimately have indirectly set the required investments to comply with the contractual targets. The post denationalization scenario has allowed the rehabilitation of the former freight rail installed capacity, as a result of private investments on both rail network and rolling stock. The acknowledged freight rail system installed capacity recovery, followed by a profit guided management, have fostered the improvement of freight rail system’s performance, which ultimately have been translated into system’s production and safety enhancements. Albeit the huge advances observed during the first half of contract terms, there were some hurdles to be addressed, mainly the low interoperability/interchange rates, as well as the lack of greenfield investments, required for the necessary expansion of the Brazilian rail network. In this context, the regulatory authority has issued, in 2011, a rail regulatory package reform, focused on: i) interoperability improvement; ii) a widespread service coverage along the rail network (stretches production targets) and iii) a compilation of rail stakeholders (shippers and carriers) rights and obligations. The so called 2011 rail regulatory package has brought more transparency and equilibrium among shippers and carriers relationship, but has not addressed the lack of greenfield required rail investments, necessary to expand the freight rail share on Brazilian transport matrix. In this context, the Brazilian Government has proposed in 2012 the Freight Rail System Unbundling (Open Access Model), in which infrastructure managers would be in charge of providing rail capacity (with the guarantee of the demand risk covered by the Brazilian government) and granted rail operators allowed to operate on the network under a fee payment. However, the unbundled freight rail proposal has not evolved, mainly due to the lack of funding required to guarantee rail infrastructure managers return on investments, resulted from a strong fiscal crisis. Currently, the Brazilian Rail Regulatoy Authority is working on a proposal to extend the current (bundled) freight rail contracts, conditioned to contractual adjustments, focused on the imposition of mandatory investments for capacity improvement and interoperability enhancement. This work is supposed to present an overview of Brazilian Freight Rail System’s performance evolution since the denationalization process, followed by an assessment of the 2011 Rail Regulatory Reform, the 2012 Rail Unbunbled initiative attempt and the perspectives associated with the current freight rail bundled contract term extension proposal.

Through the state property concessions issued by the patrimonial offices of the Kingdom of Sardinia in the modern age we possess a very interesting picture of the settlement and monumental emergencies of the city of Oristano, capital of the Kingdom of Arborea in the Middle Ages and then simply royal city of the Hispanic Monarchy. The type of document lends itself easily to the reconstruction of the settlement experience through the type of property indicated and its boundaries (streets, squares, monuments, fortifications) and who lives there. In this essay we will examine the policy of patrimonial officials at the beginning of the 17th century regarding the land granted in emphyteusis near the walls, in a strip that normally had to be left free for military needs.State properties in the city and its territory were managed by the royal prosecutor, who had expertise in the patrimonial field. Between the end of the fifteenth century and the beginning of the sixteenth century, with the transformation of Oristano into a royal city, the city's emphyteutic concessions mostly concerned the intramural area surrounding the royal palace, indicating a clear desire to deconstruct the buildings and areas of the secular center of judge them and make them forget.Through the emphyteutic concessions of the early seventeenth century, however, the monarchy and the royal officials themselves were not interested in financing the maintenance work of the fortifications, allowing some private individuals to clutter the internal space close to the curtain wall, provided that they did not leave deteriorate the real estate entrusted to them but highlighting a patronage practice in the management of public affairs. At the same time, it was the citizens of Oristano themselves who, following a very widespread practice, exploited the spaces reserved for walkways without authorization or exploited the moat full of debris for their own gain.

In our study, we will try to bring an overview of the relationship between Western and Eastern societies in terms of power struggle through China's road and belt project and Pakistan's situation in this project in today's world, which is rapidly moving towards bipolarity. In our study, Pakistan and Debt Diplomacy will be examined within the scope of the Belt-Road project. It will be tried to evaluate how the process works in Pakistan and to analyze the results of this process and the possibility of encountering similar results for other countries. As a result of debt diplomacy, the concessions and gains of Pakistan will be interpreted within the scope of cost-benefit analysis, and it will be tried to reach conclusions for other countries.

<p>With main spans of 608m and 856m respectively, Pont de Tancarville and Pont de Normandie are the longest suspension and cable-stayed bridges in France. Both bridges are managed by CCI Seine Estuaire, with a concession granted until 2031. Pont de Tancarville was opened to traffic in 1959 at which time it was the longest suspended bridge in Europe. The composite deck comprises a Robinson slab with stiffening truss girders. The main suspension cables and hangers were replaced in 1999 after the failure of 1 out of 120 strands was discovered. Pont de Normandie was built in the late 1990s, to enhance the connection between the Le Havre, the second largest French harbour, and the western coastal area. Opened in 1995, it was once the world longest cable stayed bridge and drove a technological leap in bridge construction.</p><p>COWI and Setec tpi are currently assisting CCI with investigative and diagnostic activities on the two bridges, focusing on suspension systems, articulation, and the concrete structures. This work makes use of extensive, but targeted, structural health monitoring combined with an understanding of the structural systems to investigate the performance of key structural elements. The present paper describes the main activities being undertaken to enable CCI to plan corrective and preventive measures to extend the design lives of the structures and to ensure a safe passage for the users of both bridges.</p>

Oil and gas exploitation in regions of ultra-deep water has already been started and there is a great expectation of growth in the coming years, mainly in the region known as Pre-Salt, at Brazilian’s coast. Operators, which have the concession to exploit this region, have adopted different solutions with different configurations using rigid and flexible pipes for this initial phase. However, the last structural type mentioned shows to be much more versatile, providing attractive cost/benefit solutions to the operators, in which, only in Brazil, it is forecasted a demand about 4.000 km of flexible pipes in the next years [1]. With new challenges coming, one may ask the following question: What is the structural reliability of each failure mode of these flexible pipes? Motivated by this question, this paper has the objective to do a preliminary analysis, under the structural reliability view, of the critical failure mode for the design of flexible pipes faced in Brazil, represented by the fatigue phenomenon on metallic layers. The work assesses the fatigue reliability of the armour wires, located in the bend stiffener region, for two 6″ flexible risers configurations, free-hanging and lazy-wave. They are considered to be installed in ultra-deep water (2140m depth) and are submitted to the same external environmental loads. The fatigue reliability methodology used is based on that presented in Ref. [2] including new random variables. Sensitivity analyses are also performed for the variables that most contributes to the quantified probability of failure. Calibrated safety factors (SF) are obtained for different target failure probabilities.

Abstract The Diyab Formation is an organic-rich carbonate rock with low permeabilities and is one of the first unconventional targets to emerge in the Middle East. Vertical and horizontal exploration wells were drilled during the past years with proven productivity in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Coupled geomechanical and reservoir characterizations of the Diyab formation are crucial for the successfulness of Stimulated Rock Volume (SRV) Creation and hydraulic fracturing operations which can have a direct impact on production performance. The objective of this study was to perform a full characterization of the Diyab formation based on extensive datasets that include logs and cores. The outcome of this integrated characterization work is used to assess the behavior of the Diyab formation across the concession block. First, we present the geology and general context of the studied area. Next, we detail the current understanding of the structural lineaments and natural fractures across the block. Then, based on full characterization work originating from data acquired on exploration and appraisal wells, we show how the results of geomechanical characterization together with the analysis of reservoirs quality/geological data allow us to suggest a vertical sub-division for Diyab formation. We explain further how the reservoir/geology, geomechanical parameters and natural fractures change laterally between wells. Reservoir characterization work concluded that there are some lateral variabilities in Diyab formation such as the change in the thickness/mineralogy of the carbonate bench and thickness of the porous wackestone. Some lateral variations in geomechanical/SRV parameters are observed within the block, resulted mainly from change in natural fractures density and properties of the carbonate bench and porous wackestone. This work is the first result of the integration of the current available data and the knowledge on Diyab formation, which could potentially evolve with the acquisition of new data and analyses. The combination of a full geomechanical characterization with a reservoir quality and structural geology study allows to propose a detailed reservoir and geomechanical sub-division for the Diyab formation. This approach will aid to better understand the lateral variability of facies, reservoir quality and geomechanical properties within the block which are crucial for successful development of this unconventional play.

South Sumatra is considered a mature exploration area, with over 2500MMbbls of oil and 9.5TCF of gas produced. However a recent large gas discovery in the Kali Berau Dalam-2 well in this basin, highlights that significant new reserve additions can still be made in these areas by the re-evaluation of the regional petroleum systems, both by identification of new plays or extension of plays to unexplored areas. In many mature areas the exploration and concession award history often results in successively more focused exploration programmes in smaller areas. This can lead to an increased emphasis on reservoir and trap delineation without further evaluation of the regional petroleum systems and, in particular, the hydrocarbon charge component. The Tungkal PSC area is a good example of an area that has undergone a long exploration history involving numerous operators with successive focus on block scale petroleum geology at the expense of the more regional controls on hydrocarbon prospectivity. An improved understanding of hydrocarbon accumulation in the Tungkal PSC required both using regional petroleum systems analysis and hydrocarbon charge modelling. While the Tungkal PSC operators had acquired high quality seismic data and drilled a number of wells, these were mainly focused on improving production from the existing field (Mengoepeh). More recent exploration-driven work highlighted the need for a new look at the hydrocarbon charge history but it was clear that little work had been done in the past few year to better understand exploration risk. This paper summarises the methodology employed and the results obtained, from a study, carried out in 2014-15, to better understand hydrocarbon accumulation within the current Tungkal PSC area. It has involved integration of available well and seismic data from the current and historical PSC area with published regional paleogeographic models, regional surface geology and structure maps, together with a regional oil generation model. This approach has allowed a better understanding of the genesis of the discovered hydrocarbons and identification of areas for future exploration interest.

Meeting the climate change challenge requires the climate funds and multilateral development banks like the IDB to work synergistically, building on the comparative advantages of each. The IDB Group and other multilateral development banks are key partners, materially leveraging climate fund financing (5x leverage factor in the case of the IDB) and delivering measurable impact. To speed progress, this note presents a set of recommendations for enhancing access to the concessional finance that these funds can provide. These recommendations are mainly focused on streamlining climate funds approval processes, further developing their product offer, and enhancing their coordination and complementarity.This note was prepared by the IDB as an input to the work of the G20s Sustainable Finance Working Group on enhancing access to concessional climate finance. Stemming from the IDBs own experience working in Latin America and the Caribbean with some of the major global concessional climate funds, it intends to provide its perspectives and lessons learned on aspects affecting access to funding from the Climate Investment Funds, the Global Environment Facility and and the Green Climate Fund.

Total Official Support for Sustainable Development, or TOSSD, is a new statistical metric that has been in the making for almost 10 years. It is meant to capture a broad range of global flows of public money in support of sustainable development. These include aid, loans on non-concessional terms, and public funds aimed at mobilising private finance for development. Metrics matter. It is essential to track the resources that the international community is allocating to turn the ambitions of Agenda 2030 and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into reality. Without such data, it is impossible to determine whether there is progress. ActionAid, AidWatch Canada and Oxfam International are publishing this discussion paper to shed light on how TOSSD works in practice as well as on its ambitions, shortcomings and the contending political perspectives on this new metric. The paper emphasizes that TOSSD could significantly shape the future of development finance.

Trade and regional integration in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have been constant goals of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB, or Bank) since its inception. While the Bank has historically had a very active role in policy discussions with and technical assistance to countries on these issues, it has not had a substantial regional lending program in this area. Indeed, the trade and integration portfolio is divided between the nonlending part, mostly led by the Trade and Integration Sector, and the infrastructure integration part (where the bulk of the lending is concentrated), led by the infrastructure sector. However, this lending portfolio is composed almost exclusively of national projects with typically no proven regional benefits beyond the purely national ones. The main reason for the paucity of projects with regional benefits is that working regionally is associated with higher transaction costs for both the Bank and the countries, and the Bank still lacks a concessional lending instrument. Under the IDB-9 Agreement, the Bank reiterated regional integration as one of the priorities, attaching a specific lending target to it. Management was required to produce a new regional integration strategy and an action plan to guide the actions of the Bank. The new Integration Strategy has a thorough understanding of the nature of the challenges to regional integration and contains a complete and sound diagnosis of trade issues in LAC. Although the diagnosis of infrastructure integration and regional public goods is weaker, the Strategy remains relevant to identify the main challenges and the recent evolution of trade and integration in LAC. The Strategy and Action Plan provide little guidance, however, beyond outlining the main ideas. Although a first draft identified the need for concessional instruments, the final version proposed only a "smart mix" of existing instruments. The Strategy does not clearly define and build on the Bank¿s comparative advantage or record of past experience. The definition and classification of "regional integration projects" are confused; depending on the source chosen, regional integration projects represent between 0.6% and 25% of Bank lending in 2011. The baseline for lending in the IDB-9 Agreement (10%) is unrealistic given the Bank's historic performance, and projects without any connection with either regional integration or the Integration Strategy are being labeled as regional. The Strategy and the Action Plan mostly describe what the Bank currently does rather than provide strategic leadership or direction. The Bank is now at a crossroads. Different options are available depending on the risk appetite of Governors and the willingness of the LAC Region to advance toward regional integration. Instead of pursuing the current low-risk and low-payoff strategy, Governors may wish to tackle the problems that have precluded lending for regional integration, including providing preferential access to resources for regional integration projects with clear eligibility guidelines. In any case Management should revisit its classification system for regional lending and provide a more transparent and more accurate picture of actual Bank work in this area.

The 2008-2012 Country Program Evaluation (CPE) concludes that the Bank's program was programmatically aligned with Government's National Plan for Human Development and addressed five areas essential for growth and poverty reduction. The one significant omission in the Bank's program from a development perspective was the lack of attention to governance an area identified as a priority for future strategies by the previous CPE. The Bank played a central role in financing the country's fiscal gap over the CPE period, reflecting increased country demand in the context of the global financial crisis. Nevertheless, time constraints limited the Bank's analytical efforts to identify important policy reforms in the first series of three programmatic policy-based loans, resulting in relatively weak policy content in those loans. Even with significant increases in the level of concessional resources allocated to Nicaragua and greater complexity in programming, the efficiency of program execution improved. In terms of developmental effectiveness, project-level results have generally been poorly documented. Furthermore, the Bank has at times overlooked the issue of recurrent cost financing for services initiated under investment loans, leading to the untimely suspension of programs and undermining the effectiveness of the initial investment. In light of CPE findings, OVE recommends that the Bank: (i) undertake further diagnostic and analytic work to delineate the Bank¿s potential role and value-added; (ii) continue to support improvements in the efficiency of public expenditure, including in the electricity sector; (iii) strengthen the measurement and reporting of results at the project level; (iv) identify potential sources of financing for the continued provision of services beyond project completion; and (v) consider allowing D-2 countries access to emergency lending facilities to meet fiscal needs in times of crisis.

This background paper assesses the actions of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB, or Bank) related to private sector development (PSD) that were mandated under the Ninth General Capital Increase in Resources (IDB-9). It finds that Management has taken the necessary formal steps to address most of the requirements: preparing a new PSD Strategy; drafting a Non-Sovereign Guarantee (NSG) Business Plan; creating guidelines for specific sectors, beginning with small and medium-sized enterprises; reviewing the NSG guidelines for entities with public participation; gradually expanding NSG prudential limits; supporting the Inter-American Investment Corporation with subordinated lending; adapting the public-private mix to country requirements; adopting measures to improve coordination among PSD and private sector operations windows; and taking steps to enhance NSG development effectiveness. The major area not yet addressed is the integration of NSG operations in Country Strategies and programs. The paper also finds, however, that these steps do not yet provide an appropriate and effective way to achieve the underlying objectives of IDB-9 with regard to the IDB Group's support for development through the private sector. The strategic documents do not lay out an effective and operationally relevant strategy to ensure substantial value added in IDB's support for the private sector. Such a strategy would need to recognize and build on the drivers of productivity gain and economic growth: fostering entry, creating new markets, and supporting competition and innovation. These drivers depend both on public sector initiatives to improve the business environment and on private sector response, and thus an effective strategy has important implications for the sovereign guarantee (SG) and NSG sides of the Bank and for the IDB Group as a whole. One significant challenge relates to coordination between the two sides of the Bank and among the private sector windows of the Bank Group. Despite repeated attempts by Bank Management to strengthen this coordination, it remains a major challenge. Indeed, the analysis finds that operations with coordinated SG and NSG actions and integrated objectives are rare. Limited coordination has resulted in significant lost opportunities¿ and not only in infrastructure, where improved collaboration would bring clear gains (as in operations involving public-private partnerships and concessions). Coordination could enhance the Bank's additionality in financial sector operations as well, with improvements of financial markets regulation concomitant with second-tier support or the set-up of facilities with client financial institutions. OVE also finds that, despite some progress, the accomplishment of the IDB-9 requirements pertaining to development effectiveness is still a work in progress. Going forward, it is critical for the Bank to forge an institution-wide shared vision for the private sector, while leveraging the potential for collaboration of the public and private sides of the Bank. The paper suggests some structural options and incentive-related steps in that direction.

The objective of this report is to assess the full and effective implementation of the Bank's support to Haiti in the wake of the 2010 earthquake, in fulfillment of the mandates of IDB-9, which included full debt forgiveness, delivery of concessional resources in 2010, and expansion of the Bank's Grant Facility to provide Haiti US$200 million per year for a period of 10 years (2011-2020), subject to annual approval by the Governors. The evaluation confirms that the financial mandates included in IDB-9 have been fulfilled. The Bank wrote off Haiti's debt and transferred resources to the Grant Facility to approve grants to the country over the amount previously established, for US$231.6 million in 2010. In 2011 and 2012, the Bank transferred US$200 million per year in Ordinary Capital resources to the Grant Facility. The Bank financed a program for an amount that exceeded the transfers made, totaling US$231.0 million in 2011 and US$228.0 million in 2012. As regards the Bank's role in catalyzing resources from other donors, there were intense efforts, and the Bank leveraged US$136 million in the period 2010-2012. That figure, however, is somewhat lower than for the period preceding the earthquake and the annual amounts received have fallen. Coordination of international donors has proven inadequate, given the challenges facing the country and the management and execution capacity of the Haitian government. In this context, the Bank's sector coordination work in some key sectors is both recognized and valued. The intervention strategy adopted by the Bank emphasized long-term efforts in the sectors where it had been operating, rather than reconstruction, and had very ambitious targets given the limited management capacities of the Government of Haiti. Execution problems, such as poor designs and preinvestment studies, combined with low execution and supervision capacity in executing units, limited the results of these programs. New programs for development in the northern hub, along with institutional support at the sectoral level, involve risks that need to be addressed in a timely manner to ensure results in the long term. Meanwhile, the urgent need for approval and disbursement of US$200 million each year for 10 years does open up new opportunities for establishing a long-term country strategy, but is hindered by the slow, complex process of institution building. The result is pressure on specialists from the Bank and in the country, and this does not necessarily lead to disbursements or to effective efforts to overcome the problems of Haitian society. Haiti remains a major challenge for the IDB, and international coordination is vital if progress is to be made in overcoming the country¿s urgent problems of poverty and low economic growth. In this regard, OVE believes that the effectiveness of the Bank's actions in Haiti will depend on assessing the constraints associated with country's fragile condition, redefining sector targets and outcomes in line with the context, and paying special attention to reconstruction efforts. Lastly, harmonizing approvals and disbursements with the actual implementation conditions in the executing agencies involved, and respecting the time-frames needed to provide assistance in institution building within the country through a segmented allocation strategy, would make it possible to ensure the Bank's sustained, long-term support.