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Статті в журналах з теми "WIND ENERGY PROJECT"

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Maassen, Maria Alexandra. "Project Management in the Wind Energy Field. Case Study: Evaluation of Wind Energy Projects through the Net Present Value." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 17, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2023-0010.

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Abstract Wind energy has become one of the main sources of green energy having reached a peak of 220 GW installed wind capacity in 2020 in the European Union according to the TPA report (2021). With the expansion of wind energy installments, project management in the field also had numerous challenges in terms of estimating wind energy projects worth implementing in terms of capital and operating costs, as well as benefits. The present article presents the main method of evaluating wind energy projects, namely the net present value applied on specific costs and benefits of a wind energy installment in order to determine whether it is worth implementing or not. The paper contributes to the scientific literature by applying this method of analyzing wind energy projects before installment, a characteristic that is compulsory for project management in the field in order to adapt the project if needed in terms of costs or revenue streams.
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Moharrampour, Mahdi, Mohammad Reza Asadi, and Heidar Abdollahian. "Future of Wind Energy in Iran." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 940–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.940.

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The activities in field of renewable energy in Iran are focused on scientific and research aspect. And research part is aimed at reduction of capital required for exploitation of related resources. The second step is to work research results into scientific dimension of this field for practical means, i.e. establishing electricity power plants. Due to recent advancements in wind energy, many inventors in the country have become interested in investing in this type of energy. At the moment, projects assuming 130 MW of wind power plants are underway. Of which, 25 MW is operational. The project of Iran's renewable energy aims to accelerate the sustainable development of wind energy through investment and removal of barriers. This preparatory project is funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and will provide for a number of international and national consultant missions and studies. Once the studies are concluded, a project to develop 25MW of wind energy in the Manjil region of Gilan (N-Iran) will be prepared. It will be consistent with the national development framework and objectives and form part of 100MW of wind-powered energy, Which is expected to be developed under the government's third 5-year national development plan. (started 21 march 2000)
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Shahbazov, E. G. "Pilot project: Offshore Wind Park." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 03 (March 15, 2023): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2023-3-29-31.

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Currently, the term of “green economy” reflects one of the key directions of the mankind development globally. The perspecive of the improvement of power supply in mentioned area in Neft Dashlary, Guneshli, Bank-Absheron oil fields and Jilov island using alternative energy sources (wind generators) within the implementation of the State Program of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the development of the fuel-energy complex is studied in the scientific paper.
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Filip Mužinić and Davor Škrlec. "MODELING PROJECT RISKS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WIND POWER PLANT PROJECT." Journal of Energy - Energija 56, no. 4 (November 21, 2022): 490–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2007564365.

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The construction of a wind power plant is a complex project that requires many years, during which time all the interested parties are exposed to numerous risks, including some with potentially devastating consequences. In this article, a methodology for modeling project risks in the development of a wind power plant project is presented, taking into account the specific circumstances in the Republic of Croatia. The applied method of risk analysis belongs to the group of probability methods that use Monte Carlo simulation analysis. The identified risks and manner of conducting qualitative and quantitative risk analysis are described in detail. Using the example of the risk analysis of a project for a 20x1 MW wind power plant, the economic criteria for decision making are explained and incorporated in a model. This risk analysis model for the wind power plant projects in the Republic of Croatia is constructed in Microsoft Excel and intended for decision makers and project developers. Although the reference case in the model is wind power plant project in Croatia, it can be adapted to any market whatsoever.
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Rolik, Yurii. "Risk Management in Implementing Wind Energy Project." Procedia Engineering 178 (2017): 278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.115.

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Rakovic, Radoslav. "Vlasina wind project: Results and perspectives." Thermal Science 10, no. 4 (2006): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0604143r.

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This paper describes activities and main results of investigation for the Vlasina Wind Project, implemented within National Energy Efficiency Program, segment that deals with alternative and renewable energy sources. The main objective of the project was investigation of possibilities of wind energy generation in mountain areas of the Republic of Serbia. Problems of choice of location, measurement of wind energy potential, choice of type and unit size of wind turbine generators, as well as the interconnection of wind turbine generators and wind power plants to power system are considered. .
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Rosenberg, Stuart. "PSEG and the promise of wind power." CASE Journal 16, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tcj-03-2019-0024.

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Theoretical basis The following theoretical concepts are applicable to the case and its learning objectives: Stakeholder Power-Interest Matrix and Carroll’s Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility. Research methodology Information was obtained in three separate interviews with PSEG. In February 2018, an introductory phone conference was conducted with a number of senior managers within PSEG, including the Director of Development and Strategic Issues, Kate Gerlach. In April 2018, an onsite interview was conducted with Gerlach, who connected the author with Scott Jennings. A phone interview was conducted with Scott Jennings in May 2018 and follow-up communication with him was handled via e-mail. The information obtained from these interviews was supplemented by material obtained from secondary sources. None of the information in the case has been disguised. Case overview/synopsis Scott Jennings, a Vice President at PSEG, the diversified New Jersey-based energy company, was the project leader for a large commercial wind farm that was to be built off the coast. The project, Garden State Offshore Energy, a joint venture between PSEG and Deepwater Wind, an experienced developer of offshore wind projects, had been announced over six years earlier, in late 2008. In the time that had passed, the Garden State Offshore Energy project team had waited for the New Jersey Bureau of Public Utilities, which had been tasked by Governor Chris Christie to evaluate the project costs before it could authorize the actual construction of the wind turbines. Justifying the project on a cost basis proved to be difficult; despite the growing public sentiment in favor of projects that utilized renewable energy sources such as wind power, the Garden State Offshore Energy team was unable to move the project forward. Scott needed to decide whether it made sense to continue to hold regular meetings with the Garden State Offshore Energy team. Scott’s colleagues suggested that Scott speak with senior management at PSEG to find out if the resources that had been dedicated to the Garden State Offshore Energy project could be shifted to other projects that might be more feasible. Complexity academic level This case is suitable for courses in Sustainability. It is appropriate to use the case in undergraduate courses to illustrate decision making in a regulated industry. Sufficient information is presented in the case to debate both sides of the offshore wind authorization issue.
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Li, Wei, Shi Chao Li, and Dan Wang. "Risk Evaluation of the Wind Power Project Investment Based on BP Neural Network." Advanced Materials Research 108-111 (May 2010): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.108-111.256.

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Анотація:
With the rapid development of the society, more and more countries have been increasingly optimistic about wind power projects because of its advantages, such as non-polluting, renewable, energy-saving and emission reduction. While facing the temptation of high profit, it is necessary to assess the risks of wind power project investment scientifically. Therefore, this article combines with the risk characteristics of wind power project under the current social environment to build a evaluation index system of wind power project to evaluate the risk of wind power project based on BP neural network.
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Dierer, Silke, Tim de Paus, Francesco Durante, Erik Gregow, Bernhard Lange, Alfredo Lavagnini, Martin Strack, and Bengt Tammelin. "Predicting Wind Speed for Wind Energy; Progress of the WINDENG Project." Wind Engineering 29, no. 5 (September 2005): 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/030952405775992616.

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The suitability of the computer model MM5 for predicting wind speed, and hence wind energy, is investigated by performing simulations for different geographical regions. The focus is on wind speed in the lowest 200 m of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The dependency of the simulated wind speed on PBL parameterization and atmospheric stability is studied. The smallest deviation between measured and simulated wind speed, averaged over a three-day period, is 1% and occurs for an off-shore simulation with unstable stratification. The largest deviations of 31% and 20% occur with orographically structured terrain, stable stratification and weak synoptic forcing. The results suggest that unstable conditions are simulated with better accuracy by MM5. Changes of the PBL scheme cause wind speed variations between 9% and 40% of the average wind speed. None of the PBL schemes is clearly the best and their performance can strongly vary for different conditions. Nevertheless, the Mellor-Yamada-Janjic (ETA) and the Blackadar PBL parameterization (BLK) schemes seem to be the most suitable schemes for wind energy applications. Additionally, MM5 was successfully adapted for idealised, stationary simulations in order to calculate a wind-climatology for Sardinia using a statistical-dynamical downscaling approach.
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Orfanou, Athanasia, and Stergios Vakalis. "Wind based hybrid systems for increased RES penetration in isolated grids: The case study of Anafi (Greece)." AIMS Energy 10, no. 5 (2022): 1046–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2022048.

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<abstract> <p>The dependence of the Non-Interconnected Islands on diesel power stations increases the cost of producing electricity in comparison to the mainland. This study focuses on the green energy transition of Interconnected Islands, and Anafi was selected as a characteristic case. The average cost of electricity production from thermal units in Anafi was estimated to be 539 €/MWh with a peak load of 0.55 MW. Two different green energy transition scenarios are proposed for Anafi that include the addition of PV panels plus a wind turbine (scenario 1) or PV panels plus a battery (scenario 2) that would operate along the conventional diesel engines and utilized the software RETScreen program for the design and the analysis of these two proposed hybrid systems. In scenario 1, the renewable systems produced 2793 MWh, while in scenario 2 this value was simulated to be 995.51 MWh. In both proposed scenarios there is a significant penetration from Renewable Energy Sources from 68.2% (scenario 2) to 90.3% (scenario 1). In addition, in both cases there is a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from 80%–95% in comparison to the baseline case which produces 2543 tons of CO<sub>2</sub> annually. The cost of the proposed installations has been calculated to be 5.2 m € and 5.6 m € for scenarios 1 and 2, while the net present value (NPV) of the project becomes positive from the sixth year and the eleventh year respectively. The earnings of a green transition project of this nature can be allocated for the maintenance of the island's own project, as well as for the financing of new similar projects. on other islands. The expected result of this work is the proposal of a system that will largely cover the energy needs of the island, reduce the cost of production per kilowatt hour and will contribute to the green energy transition of the other Non-Interconnected Islands.</p> </abstract>
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Дисертації з теми "WIND ENERGY PROJECT"

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Finlay-Jones, Richard. "Putting the spin on wind energy risk management issues associated with wind energy project development in Australia /." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://epubs.scu.edu.au/theses/23/.

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Kimm, Dennis. "Windy Business: Exploring a Local Wind Power Project in Germany." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-330950.

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Анотація:
The need for a sustainable energy supply is widely recognized, as formulated under goal 7 of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Yet, on the local level problems may arise with the implementation of renewable energy systems, such as wind power. Issues around visual intrusion of the landscape, noise and shadow flicker, and concerns over wildlife protections are often in the heart of local resistance to wind power projects. The aim of this thesis is to closely examine the developments for wind power in the city of Euskirchen in Germany, including the planning and decision making processes, with regards to milestones and obstacles encountered over the last two decades. The analysis applies the methodology of a qualitative case study. Furthermore, views and opinions of involved and affected parties are collected through semi-structured interviews, and analysed through the lenses of social acceptance and public participation. Finally, from the examination of the planning and decision making processes and the discovered local attitudes towards wind energy, recommendations will be formulated to guide future wind power developments in the region.
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Rahm, Juhlin Johanna, and Sandra Åkerström. "Project evaluation in the energy sector: The case of wind farm development." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264084.

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Wind is a fast growing energy resource and the demand for clean energy is increasing with growing interests from media, governmental institutions and the public (EWEA, 2004). The increased interest towards the wind energy market has led to a more competitive environment where it is crucial for a project developer to select projects most likely to succeed, in terms of profitability, among alternatives on the market. To enable such selection, an evaluation process is often applied. Furthermore, traditional evaluation processes are often performed at completion of a project where an early indication of a project’s potential profitability is often missing (Samset & Christensen, 2015). At the early phase of a wind energy project the multiple factors influencing the project’s outcome are often conflicting and contain high level of uncertainty and the evaluation process becomes complex (Kumar et al., 2017). In addition, these factors are difficult to quantify and to determine their relative weight of importance (Çolak & Kaya, 2017). This thesis aims to problematise the early project phase by contributing with a practical tool for evaluating wind energy projects at this phase. In addition, the thesis aims to contribute with an identification and monetarily quantification of the important factors to assess when doing so. The thesis is conducted as a case study at a company developing wind energy projects in Sweden. Due to the multiple factors that influencing a project’s outcome, MCDM (multi-criteria decisionmaking) analysis is used as the research process to create the tool. Findings from this study show that key factors that are possible to quantify at an early phase are conditions for civil works, grid conditions, wind resource and electricity price area. In general, their relative importance, measured in relative increase of IRR, is wind resource, electricity price area, grid conditions and civil works in the descending order. This study has four contributions, three theoretical and one practical. Firstly, the study confirms MCDM as a suitable analysis to use, when creating an evaluation model for wind energy projects. Secondly, the study confirms most of the important factors mentioned in the literature to assess when evaluating a wind energy project. However, this study contributes with insights that only conditions for civil works, grid conditions, wind resource and electricity price area can be quantified for the purpose of creating an evaluation tool at an early phase. Thirdly, previous studies have focused less on determining the relative weight of importance of the relevant key factors and this study contributes by quantifying and determining which of these key factors that are of relevance in an evaluation. Lastly, this study contributes practically by creating an evaluation tool suggested to be used by the case company to compare different projects on the market and form investment decisions based on financial data. Furthermore, the tool facilitates an equal evaluation process for all projects, thus leading to a more standardised decision-making process where the case company can focus their resources on the projects most likely to succeed.
Vind är en snabbväxande energiresurs där efterfrågan efter grön energi ökar från media, statliga myndigheter och allmänheten. Det ständigt ökande intresset av vindenergi har lett till en allt mer konkurrenskraftig marknad där det är viktigt för en projektutvecklare att välja de projekt som är mest troliga att bli lönsamma bland de tillgängliga projekten på marknaden. Dessa urval sker oftast genom en projektutvärderingsprocess. Dock sker merparten av de traditionella projektutvärderingarna i slutet av ett projekt där en tidig indikation rörande ett projektet lönsamhet oftast saknas (Samset & Christensen, 2015). Anledningen till detta är att vindkraftsprojekt består av flera motsägande faktorer med en hög osäkerhet som påverkar ett projekts resultat, vilket leder till en komplex utvärderingsprocess i ett tidigt skede (Kumar et al., 2017). Dessutom är dessa faktorer svåra att kvantifiera vilket gör det svårt att vidare bestämma deras relation i förhållande till varandra (Çolak & Kaya, 2017). Detta examensarbete ämnar därför till att problematisera den komplexa utvärderingsprocessen i ett tidigt skedde genom att skapa ett praktiskt verktyg för en simplifierad utvärderingsprocess av vindkraftsprojekt. Detta examensarbete är utformat som en fallstudie på ett företag i Sverige som utvecklar vindkraftsprojekt. På grund av antalet faktorer som påverkar projektens lönsamhet används MCDM-analys som forskningsprocess för att skapa verktyget. Resultat från denna studie visar att de nyckelfaktorer som är möjliga att kvantifiera i det tidiga skede är: infrastruktur, nätanslutning, vindresurs och elprisområde. Resultaten visar även att faktorernas påverkan, mätt i relativ ökning av IRR, är i fallande ordning: vindresurs, elprisområde, nätanslutning och infrastruktur och att dessa, i fallande ordning, är relevanta att utvärdera. Denna studie har totalt fyra bidrag, varav tre teoretiska och ett praktiskt bidrag. Det första bidraget är en konfirmation av att MCDM är en lämplig analysmetod vid skapandet av utvärderingsverktyget. Det andra bidraget är en konfirmation av de faktorer som nämns i litteraturen som viktiga vid en utvärderingsprocess i ett tidigt skede. Dock är endast faktorerna infrastruktur, nätanslutning, vindresurs och elprisområde möjliga att kvantifiera i detta skede. Det tredje bidraget är kunskap gällande faktorernas förhållande till varandra och vilka som är relevanta att utvärdera. Det praktiska bidraget är utvärderingsverktyget där företaget rekommenderas att använda det för att jämföra olika projekt på marknaden och fatta välinformerade beslut baserat på finansiell data. Dessutom bidrar verktyget med en likvärdig utvärderingsprocess för alla projekt vilket leder till en mer standardiserad beslutsprocess där företaget kan fokusera sina resurser på de projekt som är mest troliga att bli lönsamma.
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ABDOUSSI, Sarah. "Project Finance in the Energy FieldCase Study: A wind Power Project in a Moroccan-like environment." Thesis, KTH, Energisystemanalys, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-142824.

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Анотація:
Companies, governments and NGOs are involved in designing and planning the future energy landscape of countries. Engineers and scientists contribute highly to this planning through bringing innovative, efficient and reliable technical solutions. Their know-how is used during the project development, the EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) phase as well as during the Operation and Maintenance stage. However, a successful energy plan depends on many other parameters such as the legal side, the political background of the country, the financing methods, the funding, the environmental aspects and the social acceptance. This Master Thesis Project focuses on the financing side of energy projects, which is a key point to properly manage competitive and viable projects. The strong link between the financing and the political background will be shortly commented throughout the report. In the first part of the report, the focus is put on the Project Finance. All along the report, the theoretical concepts will be illustrated with examples taken from the EDF EN projects, mainly in the Middle East and North African area. The second part deals with the risks associated to power projects. Commercial and political risks are listed and the main mitigation tools are explained. The third part of the report is dedicated to basic business models for energy projects. A simplified economical and financial model is described in detail and run for a wind farm project in a Moroccan-like environment. A sensitivity analysis (fourth part) concludes the report through analyzing: - the impact of technological choices on the internal return on investment will be studied - the impact of the financial parameters on the project structure.
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da, Silva Soares José Pedro. "WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN ARCTIC CLIMATE – RACMO 2.3 GREENLAND CLIMATE RUNS PROJECT." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-307437.

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The potential for wind power development in Greenland is evaluated based on the analysis of 58 years of data (1957-2015) from RACMO 2.3 (Regional Atmospheric Climate Model). In order to create a wind power development tool, mesoscale maps based on RACMO 2.3 model were created containing the following characteristics: mean wind speeds (at 10 m), averaged maximum wind speed (with and without gusts at 10 m), temperature, humidity, geopotential, ice sheet mask and land sheet mask. A relevant aspect for this thesis is the mean wind speed. Over Greenland, the lower mean wind speeds range from 2-3 m/s on the tundra areas near the coast. This is influenced by high temperature inversion over the arctic tundra which disintegrates the predominant katabatic flow leading to lower wind speeds. On the other hand, the highest mean wind speeds range from 6 to 10 m/s and are observed in the northeastern region, due to cyclonic activity over the Greenland Sea. Maps of both the mean wind speed and averaged maximum wind speed are combined in order to achieve the highest mean wind speed value while at the same time avoiding maximum wind speeds higher than the cut-off value of the selected turbine model. This map combination is synchronized with pre-determined construction constraints, resulting in the suggestion of three different sites (sites 4, 5 and 6) as potential targets for wind power development. Multi-level data is sorted for different heights (10, 35, 70, 100 and 120 m) to perform a micro-scale analysis exercise for the three different site suggestions. A Vestas V90 3MW with an 80 meter hub height is selected as the standard turbine model to be deployed at the three recommended positions and for use in further simulations using WindSim. Annual Energy Production (AEP) for these three turbines in the recommended locations is calculated based on the interpolation from the climatology data at 70 m which is closest to the turbines’ hub heights. The AEP results are compared and show that site suggestion 4 presents the best potential for wind power development, surpassing by 79% and 23% the production results from sites 5 and 6, respectively. Based on the study developed, it is concluded that the in terms of wind resource assessment the potential for wind power development in Greenland exists. However the selection of possible deployment sites should be carefully done and real measurements must be performed.
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PRIYADARSHINI, MONICA. "STATUS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA AND A CASE OF FINANCING VIABILITY OF WIND ENERGY PROJECT." Thesis, DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18343.

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Анотація:
Indian Power sector is in a period of transition, spurred by the governments’ mega target of installing 175 Giga Watt (GW) of renewables by 2022, the world's largest renewable energy capacity expansion plan, out of which 100 Giga Watt from solar and 60 Giga Watt will be from wind energy. India ranks fourth in wind energy, fifth in terms of renewable energy. India is the only country which have an exclusive ministry for renewable energy i.e. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). Renewable Energy Sources Installed capacity has grown substantially from 34 GW in 2014 to 87 GW in 2020. In recent years, the percentage of renewables has increased in total installed capacity. In 2013-2014, the contribution was 12.92%, rising to 23.5% by March 2020. Wind and solar energy are the major contributors in the enhanced capacity of renewables. Wind is one of the largest RE source in India, based on mean annual wind power density. States with high wind power potential are Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Madhya Pradesh. With an installed capacity of 37.69 GW (Mar 20) of wind energy, Wind Energy holds the major portion of 43% of 87.03 GW (Mar-20) total RE capacity among renewable and continued as the largest supplier of clean energy. India as a tropical country is blessed with good sunshine in most of its parts and the number of clear days of sunshine a year is also quite high. According to MNRE, India receives annually solar energy equivalent to more than 5,000 trillion units. Hot and dry climate of the country with about 300 days of sunshine; making this area a great place to harness solar energy. “Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)” was launched in 2010 to support the growth of solar energy installations in India. Government came up with many schemes time to time to make renewable energy sector attractive to investors. Few such schemes/ incentives are Viability Gap Funding for solar projects, Generation based incentives for wind projects, MAT credit for RE projects, Accelerated depreciation for wind projects, Must run for Renewable energy projects etc. Approx. Rs 2,14,800 Crores investments has been made in Renewable energy sector since 2014 till Jul-2019. Private, PSU banks, NBFCs, Development banks etc are lending debt to renewable energy projects. Many Private Equity players are participating in the equity financing of these projects. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA), a government enterprise, was set up in 1987 under MNRE to support financial assistance to renewable energy projects. As per MNRE, country needs approx. Rs 4 Lakh Crores investment to achieve target of 175 Giga Watt of Renewable Energy Installations. Investments to this tune can only be made if it is a viable investment. In order to understand different viability parameters involved in the financing of renewable energy projects, a 100 MW wind energy project has been considered in this study. The project has a long term PPA at a tariff of 2.90 per unit for a period of 25 years. The estimated project cost (excluding Interest During Construction) is Rs 600 Cr to be funded in Debt : Equity ratio of 75:25. Financials have been worked out using excel tool. Financial modelling has been done to assess the viability parameters based on different assumptions. Further, to understand the risk factors involved in renewable energy projects, phase wise risk analysis has been done along with mitigation measures. Challenges have been explored to identify the gap in installation of renewable energy sources. Various recommendations have been suggested to overcome these challenges.
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BIGORRE, Célie. "Wind flows impact on pedestrian comfort study in a Joint Development Zone project." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173802.

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Passive gains are becoming essentials with the introduction of new buildings thermal regulations. To optimize such gains, districts ground plan have to be based not only on urban consideration, but on bioclimatic considerations as well. Bioclimatism first purpose is to take advantage of the local climate and modify it if needed to obtain as much passive gains as possible for the building performance and interior comfort to be improved. The second one is to create a good exterior climate and pedestrian comfort. In fact, the first total factor of energy savings is the density of buildings. It is then of the greatest importance to attract population downtown by offering comfortable exterior spaces that can compete with more rural areas. This thesis will then focus on the wind flows impact on the outdoor and pedestrian comfort. To conduct this research, some points need to be clarified. First, what is the optimum scale to study and adapt the climate to our needs? The scale of the district had several advantages compared to a city or a dwelling scale: it is a representative city sample, its scale is reduced enough for limited data quantity to allow the evaluation of the development decisions impact on the building performance, it has a reduced number of decision makers diminishing the decision complexity and a certain amount of freedom remains allowing to adapt at best the local climate to the project needs. Second, who will be the actors of the bioclimatic conception during the project? The planner and the conception team are ubiquitous during a district conception phase and have a central position in the decision making. Hence, it is with them that the integration of the bioclimatic approach will be the more effective. Third, the success of the thesis is based on the capacity to make the heat engineers and the conception team exchange on the subject of bioclimatism. As a result, it had to be realized in a company possessing at least heat engineers and one of the conception team professions. The French company SCE, part of the Keran group, offered such environment with urban planning and energy and building activities. The process of the study was the following. A benchmark was made on the existing software that could be use by the company to realize pedestrian and outdoor comfort analysis. Then, an outdoor comfort study was made on a district construction project in the French town of Cancale. The project buildings impact on one another was analyzed. For each high frequency wind incidences, simulations were run first in 2D dimension and second in 3D dimensions. Based on the wind speed values inside the district zone calculated by the software, discomfort zone had be highlight. According to the level of discomfort, the installation of different wind breakers type was recommended.
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Sherry-Brennan, Fionnguala. "Social representations of hydrogen in the context of a community-owned, wind energy generation project." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508502.

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Lamy, Julian V. "Optimal Locations for Siting Wind Energy Projects: Technical Challenges, Economics, and Public Preferences." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2016. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/703.

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Increasing the percentage of wind power in the United States electricity generation mix would facilitate the transition towards a more sustainable, low-pollution, and environmentally-conscious electricity grid. However, this effort is not without cost. Wind power generation is time-variable and typically not synchronized with electricity demand (i.e., load). In addition, the highest-output wind resources are often located in remote locations, necessitating transmission investment between generation sites and load. Furthermore, negative public perceptions of wind projects could prevent widespread wind development, especially for projects close to densely-populated communities. The work presented in my dissertation seeks to understand where it’s best to locate wind energy projects while considering these various factors. First, in Chapter 2, I examine whether energy storage technologies, such as grid-scale batteries, could help reduce the transmission upgrade costs incurred when siting wind projects in distant locations. For a case study of a hypothetical 200 MW wind project in North Dakota that delivers power to Illinois, I present an optimization model that estimates the optimal size of transmission and energy storage capacity that yields the lowest average cost of generation and transmission ($/MWh). I find that for this application of storage to be economical, energy storage costs would have to be $100/kWh or lower, which is well below current costs for available technologies. I conclude that there are likely better ways to use energy storage than for accessing distant wind projects. Following from this work, in Chapter 3, I present an optimization model to estimate the economics of accessing high quality wind resources in remote areas to comply with renewable energy policy targets. I include temporal aspects of wind power (variability costs and correlation to market prices) as well as total wind power produced from different farms. I assess the goal of providing 40 TWh of new wind generation in the Midwestern transmission system (MISO) while minimizing system costs. Results show that building wind farms in North/South Dakota (windiest states) compared to Illinois (less windy, but close to population centers) would only be economical if the incremental transmission costs to access them were below $360/kW of wind capacity (break-even value). Historically, the incremental transmission costs for wind development in North/South Dakota compared to in Illinois are about twice this value. However, the break-even incremental transmission cost for wind farms in Minnesota/Iowa (also windy states) is $250/kW, which is consistent with historical costs. I conclude that for the case in MISO, building wind projects in more distant locations (i.e., Minnesota/Iowa) is most economical. My two final chapters use semi-structured interviews (Chapter 4) and conjoint-based surveys (Chapter 5) to understand public perceptions and preferences for different wind project siting characteristics such as the distance between the project and a person’s home (i.e., “not-in-my-backyard” or NIMBY) and offshore vs. onshore locations. The semi-structured interviews, conducted with members of a community in Massachusetts, revealed that economic benefit to the community is the most important factor driving perceptions about projects, along with aesthetics, noise impacts, environmental benefits, hazard to wildlife, and safety concerns. In Chapter 5, I show the results from the conjoint survey. The study’s sample included participants from a coastal community in Massachusetts and a U.S.-wide sample from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Results show that participants in the U.S.-wide sample perceived a small reduction in utility, equivalent to $1 per month, for living within 1 mile of a project. Surprisingly, I find no evidence of this effect for participants in the coastal community. The most important characteristic to both samples was the economic benefits from the project – both to their community through increased tax revenue, and to individuals through reduced monthly energy bills. Further, participants in both samples preferred onshore to offshore projects, but that preference was much stronger in the coastal community. I also find that participants from the coastal community preferred expanding an existing wind projects rather than building an entirely new one, whereas those in the U.S.-wide sample were indifferent, and equally supportive of the two options. These differences are likely driven by the prior positive experience the coastal community has had with an existing onshore wind project as well as their strong cultural identity that favors ocean views. I conclude that preference for increased distance from a wind project (NIMBY) is likely small or non-existent and that offshore wind projects within 5 miles from shore could cause large welfare losses to coastal communities. Finally, in Chapter 6, I provide a discussion and policy recommendations from my work. Importantly, I recommend that future research should combine the various topics throughout my chapters (i.e., transmission requirements, hourly power production, variability impacts to the grid, and public preferences) into a comprehensive model that identifies optimal locations for wind projects across the United States.
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Furulind, Johan, and Johan Berg. "Feasibility Study for a Wind Power Project in Sri Lanka : a Minor Field Study." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-2338.

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This report covers a feasibility study for a wind power project in Sri Lanka. Three potential sites for a wind farm are presented, out of which the Ambewela Cattle Farm is chosen as the most suitable. Limitations of a wind farm at the site, due to properties of the electrical grid and logistical issues, are examined and costs related to installing the wind farm are estimated. The maximum capacity of a wind farm is calculated to 45 MW. The payback period of the wind farm is calculated to 4.4 years. Environmental benefits of the wind farm are estimated in terms of avoided CO2-emissions, which are calculated to 76 000 metric tonnes per year. The study concludes that a wind power project at the chosen site should be technically and financially feasible, if a wind turbine that matches certain logistical criteria can be found.

 

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Книги з теми "WIND ENERGY PROJECT"

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Hoffman, Steve, Robert B. Schainker, and William Steeley. Wind storage-enhanced transmission research and development project: Final project report. [Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2012.

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J, Smith S., California Energy Commission. Public Interest Energy Research., and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (U.S.). Joint Global Change Research Institute., eds. California in context: Long-term scenarios of energy efficiency and renewable energy : PIER project report. [Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2007.

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American Bar Association. Section of Real Property, Trust, and Estate Law, ed. A practitioner's guide to real estate and wind energy project development. Chicago, Illinois: American Bar Association, Real Property, Trust, & Estate Law, 2015.

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4

), Sweetwater County (Wyo, ed. Environmental assessment for the White Mountain energy project, Sweetwater County, Wyoming. Rock Springs, Wyo: Bureau of Land Management, Rock Springs Field Office, 2010.

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Inc, RLA Consulting. Central and South West wind power project development: U.S. Department of Energy-EPRI Wind Turbine Verification Program. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute, 1996.

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San Bernardino County (Calif.), ed. Draft environmental impact statement/environmental impact report (EIS/EIR) for the Granite Mountain Wind Energy Project. Barstow, Calif: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 2008.

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Masiello, Ralph. Research evaluation of wind generation, solar generation, and storage impact on the California grid: PIER final project report. Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2010.

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Inc, Global Energy Concepts. Central and South West Wind Power Project first year operating experience, 1996-1997: U.S. Department of Energy-EPRI Wind Turbine Verification Program. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute, 1997.

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LLC, Alta Windpower Development. Draft plan amendment & draft environmental impact statement, environmental impact report for the Alta East Wind Project. Bakersfield, Calif: Kern County, Planning and Community Development Department, 2008.

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10

Curriculum, Project for Energy-Enriched, and National Science Teachers Association, eds. Wind, water, fire, and earth: Energy lessons for the physical sciences : a selection of units from the Project for Energy Enriched Curriculum. Washington, DC: National Science Teachers Association, 1986.

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Частини книг з теми "WIND ENERGY PROJECT"

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Neumann, T., Stefan Emeis, and C. Illig. "Report on the Research Project OWID – Offshore Wind Design Parameter." In Wind Energy, 81–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33866-6_14.

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Kaiser, Mark J., and Brian F. Snyder. "Offshore Project Characteristics and Cost Factors." In Offshore Wind Energy Cost Modeling, 47–68. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2488-7_4.

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3

Broughel, Anna, and Rolf Wüstenhagen. "The Influence of Policy Risk on Swiss Wind Power Investment." In Swiss Energy Governance, 345–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80787-0_14.

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AbstractWind energy is one of the most affordable and fastest-growing sources of electricity worldwide. As a large share of wind power generation occurs in the winter season, it could make an important contribution to seasonal diversification of domestic electricity supply. However, the development of wind energy projects in Switzerland has been characterized by long and complex administrative processes, with the planning phase taking up to a decade, more than twice as long as the European average. The objective of this chapter is to quantify the risk premium that lengthy permitting processes imply for wind energy investors in Switzerland and to suggest ways to reduce policy risk. The data have been gathered through 22 confidential interviews with project developers and several cantonal permitting agencies as well as a review of federal and cantonal regulatory documents. Furthermore, a discounted cash flow model was built to compare the profitability indicators (IRR, NPV) and the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of a reference case to scenarios with various risks—for example, delays in the permitting process, downsizing the project, or changes in the regulatory environment such as phasing out feed-in tariffs. The model shows that the highest profitability risks are related to the availability of a feed-in tariff, but other changes in the permitting process can also have a critical impact on the project’s bottom line. The findings illustrate a significant policy risk premium in the pre-construction stage faced by wind energy project developers in Switzerland.
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Sunderasan, Srinivasan. "San Cristobal Wind Power Project: Addressing Petrel and Diesel Conservation." In Cleaner-Energy Investments, 53–61. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2062-6_5.

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Van Der Burg, Tsjalle. "The macroeconomic effects of wind energy in the Netherlands." In Project Appraisal and Macroeconomic Policy, 117–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0033-2_6.

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Muñoz, José I., Javier Contreras, Javier Caamaño, and Pedro F. Correia. "Real Options Approach as a Decision-Making Tool for Project Investments: The Case of Wind Power Generation." In Energy Systems, 323–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23193-3_13.

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Hafner, Manfred, Pier Paolo Raimondi, and Benedetta Bonometti. "Low-Carbon Energy Strategies in MENA Countries." In The Energy Sector and Energy Geopolitics in the MENA Region at a Crossroad, 175–261. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30705-8_4.

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AbstractThe chapter provides an analysis of the different strategies envisaged by each MENA country regarding the low-carbon energy transformation, mainly in the field of renewable energy sources. By examining the different national strategies, the chapter outlines how they depend on different level of commitments, ambitions and preferences regarding renewable energy sources and project size. Given their high potential, all MENA countries are considering solar projects, and to some extent wind projects (for example in Morocco and Egypt). The transformation of the global energy system and the internal challenges in MENA countries are the driving engines in the energy sector of these countries, though at varying speed depending also on their hydrocarbon endowment (or lack thereof).
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Kellermann, Adolf, Kai Eskildsen, and Barbara Frank. "The MINOS project: ecological assessments of possible impacts of offshore wind energy projects." In Progress in Marine Conservation in Europe, 239–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33291-x_15.

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Benhamou, Khalid. "Renewable Energies to Provide Sustainable Development Perspectives for North Africa: The Sahara Wind Project." In Energy Options Impact on Regional Security, 291–307. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9565-7_16.

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Fang, Fang, and Yu Aimin. "Sustainability Assess of Wind Energy Project Based on Improved BSC-Hierarchy Model." In Advanced Technology in Teaching, 435–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29458-7_64.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "WIND ENERGY PROJECT"

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Malcolm, David, and Timothy McCoy. "Results from the Advanced Research Turbine project." In 2000 ASME Wind Energy Symposium. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2000-25.

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Achard, Jean-Luc, Guillaume Maurice, Guillaume Balarac, and Stephane Barre. "Floating vertical axis wind turbine — OWLWIND project." In 2017 International Conference on Energy and Environment (CIEM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciem.2017.8120794.

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Hobbs, William B. "Simulation of Major Aspects of Wind Energy Generation." In ASME 2008 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2008-60093.

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The objective of this project was to perform an analysis of all of the major aspects of implementing electrical power generation using wind energy in a specific location. The project consisted of three main sections: location selection, turbine modeling and selection, and an economic analysis of the potential project as a whole. A limiting factor for a location was the availability of adequate wind speed data for analysis of the area’s potential. With these criteria, several locations were considered, and the Dominican Republic was selected because of high wind energy potential as well as high demand for electricity. There were several regions of the country with class 4 winds [1], and the average cost of electricity was very high at $0.15/kWh [2]. For the modeling and design of a wind turbine, a program named PROPID was used, which is a tool that takes design and wind parameters and returns simulated data such as power curves. The software was first validated for known configurations, to show the accuracy of the program, and it was then used to iteratively design new turbine configurations. The design of a popular 1300 kW commercial turbine, the Nordex N60, was scaled down to produce 1000 kW, and then gradually redesigned to increase the ratio of the power output to the surface area of the turbine, which was termed the design-factor, which would help to increase profitability of the turbine. The design-factor was increased from 320.9 for the original design to 466.2 for the final design. The final portion of the project was an economic analysis of a proposed wind farm. A software tool called HOMER was used, as well as Microsoft Excel’s internal rate of return function to calculate the long-term return of the project. Initial and annual costs were estimated based on available data for existing projects, and a 10 MW, 20 year life-span project was simulated using the newly designed turbine. Total levelized cost of energy was found to be between $0.042 and $0.057/kWh, depending on actual costs, and the overall annual return on investment in the project was calculated to be between a very conservatively determined value of 9.1% and a more general value of 12.9%. These values are limited in accuracy, and a more detailed study would be required prior to further project consideration, however they do indicate that this area is highly likely to have profitable wind energy resources.
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El-Shahat, Adel, Samuel Fakorede, Debora Cipleu, and Antoine Kabre. "Hybrid Wind-PV DC Microgrid – Experimental Project." In 2021 9th International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irsec53969.2021.9741180.

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Joosse, P. A., D. R. V. van Delft, Chr Kensche, D. Soendergaard, R. M. van den Berg, and F. Hagg. "Cost Effective Large Blade Components by Using Carbon Fibres." In ASME 2002 Wind Energy Symposium. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wind2002-27.

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Due to the increasing size of wind turbine rotors, especially for offshore wind turbines, the power output and the blade mass are becoming more important. A new type of cheaper carbon fibres is expected to result in a lower blade mass and marginally cheaper blades. In a Joule-funded project, the possibilities for economic use of carbon fibres is determined by establishing material design data, analysing production methods, developing cost-effective blade root joints and assessing blade and turbine costs. The R&D project will be finalised by the end of 2001. Up to now, production processes and promising material combinations have been reviewed, tested and ranked. Basic material design data have been established for the two most-promising material combinations. Due to disappointing fatigue results on Panex/VE, additional testing on four large-tow laminates was performed. The fatigue properties of these showed to be consistent. Later testing on a similar Panex/epoxy laminate, however, revealed much better fatigue behaviour. Joint development and cost assessment are underway and show promising results.
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Nix, Andrew C., Seth A. Lawson, and Robert G. Murphy. "Wind Energy Resource Assessment and Power Production Estimates as an Undergraduate Project." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68438.

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It is common practice to install wind-monitoring stations in geographical locations having high winds to estimate power production prior to installing large-scale wind farms. For the current study, a wind-monitoring program was developed as an educational tool for undergraduate engineering students at West Virginia University. The focus of this paper is not on the results of the assessment, but rather on how this program was used as a hands-on approach for educating students about wind energy and availability. The objective of the student/industry collaborative project was to determine the feasibility of constructing a wind farm to power a federal prison facility located in an area with an abundant wind resource in North Central West Virginia, while educating students on wind energy. This paper presents a description and assessment of this program as an undergraduate senior design project. As part of the program, students played a key role from the developmental stages of the project, to the assessment of the results. During the first semester of the senior design project, students procured a wind monitoring station based on down-select criteria, selected the site for construction, installed the wind monitoring station, commissioned the sensor suite, and performed quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) of and evaluated the initial data sets. Students logged data through the second semester of the program, performed data quality monitoring, processed average wind speed and direction data into frequency distributions and wind roses, analyzed monthly and diurnal averages in wind resources and performed power production calculations. Several different methodologies were employed, including application of fluid control volume energy analysis to derive Betz’ limit, turbine efficiency curves with operational limits and Weibull statistics to employ online power production estimators. The program successfully introduced students to the applicability of their engineering education to the area of renewable energy.
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Wan, Yih-Huei, and Demy Bucaneg. "Short-Term Power Fluctuations of Large Wind Power Plants." In ASME 2002 Wind Energy Symposium. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wind2002-58.

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With electric utilities and other power providers showing increased interest in wind power and with growing penetration of wind capacity into the market, questions about how wind power fluctuations affect power system operations and about wind power’s ancillary services requirements are receiving lots of attention. To evaluate short-term wind power fluctuations and the range of ancillary service of wind power plants, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), in cooperation with Enron Wind, has started a project to record output power from several large commercial wind power plants at the 1-Hertz rate. The project’s purpose is to acquire actual, long-term wind power output data for analyzing wind power fluctuations, frequency distribution of the changes, the effects of spatial diversity, and wind power ancillary services. This paper presents statistical properties of the data collected so far and discusses the results of data analysis. Although the efforts to monitor wind power plants are ongoing, we can already conclude from the available data that despite the stochastic nature of wind power fluctuations, the magnitudes and rates of wind power changes caused by wind speed variations are seldom extreme, nor are they totally random. Their values are bounded in narrow ranges. Power output data also show significant spatial variations within a large wind power plant.
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Icaza, Daniel, Francisco Jurado, Santiago Pulla Galindo, Federico Cordova, and Juan Portoviejo. "Minas of Huascachaca wind project in Ecuador." In 2020 9th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Application (ICRERA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icrera49962.2020.9242895.

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Zeng, Ming, Jianhua Zhao, Baiting Xu, and Kuo Tian. "Project Finance Risk Analysis on Offshore Wind Farm." In 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2010.5448733.

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Tadich, Josef Kryger, and Tove Feld. "Getting Your Feet Wet: New Risks and Rewards in Offshore Wind Energy." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29198.

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The move of wind energy offshore involves unique technical considerations during the project’s development. With multiple key stakeholders such as: designers, manufacturers, developers, investors and regulatory bodies, each inevitably focusing on their own areas of interest during project development. This paper will focus on some of the differences between onshore and offshore wind energy technology, the new risk environment in which they operate, and how project certification can provide a useful tool for boosting stakeholder confidence during development while insuring cross-disciplinary integrity for the project as a whole. The European offshore wind energy market will be outlined, highlighting the major project developments in Northern Europe, and the associated market forces that have driven this development. Focusing on the technology itself, some of the driving technical issues for offshore wind energy today and for the foreseeable future will be discussed. An overview of recent developments in the large wind turbines used in offshore projects themselves, such as increases in rotor diameters and rated powers is presented, leading to a discussion on some of the key component developments facilitating this. An introduction to energy production will be given that focuses on offshore wind farms, and this will be tied in with a discussion on various foundation concepts for offshore wind turbine support structures. Encompassing it all, the role of project certification is discussed in its key phases being: design basis, design, and manufacturing, installation, commissioning, in-service, and decommissioning. This overview will be provided with reference to practical industry experience and the various existing DNV rules currently in publication.
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Звіти організацій з теми "WIND ENERGY PROJECT"

1

Stromberg, Richard. Alaska Wind Energy Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1347390.

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Worachek, Alden, and Forest Button. Bethel Wind Energy Construction Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1607624.

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Tony Rogers. Rosebud Sioux Wind Energy Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/951198.

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Rebenitsch, Ron, Randall Bush, Allen Boushee, Brad G. Stevens, Kirk D. Williams, Jeremy Woeste, Ronda Peters, and Keith Bennett. Wind-To-Hydrogen Energy Pilot Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/951588.

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Loomis, David G. Wind Energy Education and Outreach Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1054504.

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Stromberg, Rich. Alaska Wind Energy Project Final Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1302382.

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Brad G. Stevens, P. E., Troy K. Simonsen, and Kerryanne M. Leroux. Great Plains Wind Energy Transmission Development Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1043440.

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Grace, Robert C., Kathryn A. Craddock, and Daniel R. von Allmen. New England Wind Energy Education Project (NEWEEP). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1038910.

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Worachek, Alden, and Forest Button. Pitka's Point/St. Mary's Wind Energy Construction Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1607457.

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Gorsevski, Peter, Abdollah Afjeh, Mohsin Jamali, and Michael Carroll. Coastal Ohio Wind Project for Reduced Barriers to Deployment of Offshore Wind Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1127167.

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