Готові списки джерел за темами / Wildfire emergency

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Wildfire emergency"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 15 червня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Wildfire emergency":

Stokes, Sarah C., Kathleen S. Romanowski, Soman Sen, David G. Greenhalgh, and Tina L. Palmieri. "40 Wildfire Burn Victims: A Unique Population." Journal of Burn Care & Research 42, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2021): S30—S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irab032.044.

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Abstract Introduction In the past ten years, wildfires have burned an average of 6.8 million acres annually. The frequency of wildfires is expected to increase with climate change. Wildfire burn victims have not been previously well characterized in the literature. As we prepare for more wildfires it is necessary to target populations at risk for sustaining burns with prevention efforts and to prepare hospital systems to meet these patients’ needs. Methods A retrospective review of patients admitted to a burn center between 2016 and 2019 was performed. Patients who were admitted after sustaining a burn attributable to wildfires were identified from the burn center database. Controls were matched to wildfire burn patients by age, gender and total body surface area of burn. The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes included number of operations, length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) LOS, development of wound infections and pneumonia, wound culture microbiology. Results A total of 16 patients who had sustained burns in wildfires were identified and matched with 32 controls. There was no difference in mortality (19% wildfire vs. 9% non, p=0.386), LOS (18 days wildfire vs. 15 days non-wildfire, p=0.406), ICU LOS (17 days wildfire vs. 11 days non-wildfire, p=0.991) and number of skin grafts (1 wildfire vs. 0.5 non-wildfire, p=0.519). Patients who had sustained burns in a wildfire trended towards higher rates of pneumonia (31% wildfire vs. 13% non-wildfire, p=0.117), and higher rates of wound infection (31% wildfire vs. 19% non-wildfire, p=0.361). On evaluation of wound cultures for the 5 wildfire patients and the 7 non-wildfire patients who developed wound infections, more patients who sustained burns in wildfires had gram positive bacteria cultured from their wounds (100% wildfire vs. 29% non-wildfire, p=0.027). Patients who had sustained burns in wildfires trended towards increased likelihood of readmission (23% wildfire vs. 3% non-wildfire, p=0.080). Conclusions Patients who sustain burns in wildfires are likely at increased risk of readmission, of developing pneumonia and of developing gram-positive wound infections. Interventions for these patients should focus on pneumonia prevention and assistance with wound care after discharge.

Dacre, H. F., B. R. Crawford, A. J. Charlton-Perez, G. Lopez-Saldana, G. H. Griffiths, and J. Vicencio Veloso. "Chilean Wildfires: Probabilistic Prediction, Emergency Response, and Public Communication." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 11 (November 2018): 2259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0111.1.

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AbstractThe 2016/17 wildfire season in Chile was the worst on record, burning more than 600,000 ha. While wildfires are an important natural process in some areas of Chile, supporting its diverse ecosystems, wildfires are also one of the biggest threats to Chile’s unique biodiversity and its timber and wine industries. They also pose a danger to human life and property because of the sharp wildland–urban interface that exists in many Chilean towns and cities. Wildfires are, however, difficult to predict because of the combination of physical (meteorology, vegetation, and fuel condition) and human (population density and awareness level) factors. Most Chilean wildfires are started because of accidental ignition by humans. This accidental ignition could be minimized if an effective wildfire warning system alerted the population to the heightened danger of wildfires in certain locations and meteorological conditions. Here, we demonstrate the design of a novel probabilistic wildfire prediction system. The system uses ensemble forecast meteorological data together with a long time series of fire products derived from Earth observation to predict not only fire occurrence but also how intense wildfires could be. The system provides wildfire risk estimation and associated uncertainty for up to six days in advance and communicates it to a variety of end users. The advantage of this probabilistic wildfire warning system over deterministic systems is that it allows users to assess the confidence of a forecast and thus make more informed decisions regarding resource allocation and forest management. The approach used in this study could easily be adapted to communicate other probabilistic forecasts of natural hazards.

Parker-Graham, Christine A., June Ang, Eva Marie QuijanoCardé, Linda A. Deanovic, Matthew Stone, John E. Madigan, Monica Aleman, and Esteban Soto. "Fish evacuation and emergency sheltering during wildfire disasters." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 260, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.21.05.0258.

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Wildfires are a serious and expanding threat in western North America, and wildfire encroachment on human populations leads to widespread evacuation and emergency housing operations for residents and their companion animals and livestock. Veterinarians are frequently part of wildfire response efforts and are called upon to assist in rescue, evacuation, and emergency housing operations as well as to provide medical care for evacuated animals. Although veterinarians are likely familiar with the principles of transporting and housing terrestrial animals, emergency response for aquatic companion animals presents unique logistic challenges. Veterinarians familiar with aquatic animal evacuation, housing, and care prior to a wildfire response can extend the scope of disaster recovery. This report offers general guidance for rescuing, evacuating, housing, and caring for aquatic animals in the wake of a wildfire.

Huang, Yuefang. "Wildfire Health Risks in Relation to Local Senior Population’s CRD Incidence Rate in the Greater Toronto Area." International Journal of Biology and Life Sciences 4, no. 1 (November 22, 2023): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijbls.v4i1.10.

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Wildfires as one of the most common and frequent environmental disasters in North America, Billions of government spending, public funds, resources, and personnel have been placed to cope with this natural disaster directly. The smoke, debris, particulates, ambient ultrafine particles, and other wildfire emissions have increasingly become a public health concern to which senior populations are particularly vulnerable, due to the populations' general behaviour and their physical health conditions. This essay investigates the implications of wildfires on public health by identifying the relationship between the exposure of wildfire emissions and the incidences of chronic respiratory disease in the senior population in the Greater Toronto Area. This research estimates the effects of wildfire emission exposure by using the cross-examination of the relevant health factors, including the incidence of wildfire; particulate level, ambulance service operation log and reported respiratory emergency disease to the incidences of wildfires. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been placed to estimate the effect range and proximity of CRD incidences to the wildfire location.

Wilgus, May-Lin, and Maryum Merchant. "Clearing the Air: Understanding the Impact of Wildfire Smoke on Asthma and COPD." Healthcare 12, no. 3 (January 25, 2024): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12030307.

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Wildfires are a global natural phenomenon. In North America, wildfires have not only become more frequent, but also more severe and longer in duration, a trend ascribed to climate change combined with large fuel stores left from modern fire suppression. The intensification of wildfire activity has significant implications for planetary health and public health, as exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in wildfire smoke is linked to adverse health effects. This review focuses on respiratory morbidity from wildfire smoke exposure. Inhalation of wildfire PM2.5 causes lung injury via oxidative stress, local and systemic inflammation, airway epithelium compromise, and increased vulnerability to infection. Wildfire PM2.5 exposure results in exacerbations of pre-existing asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with an escalation in healthcare utilization, including emergency department visits and hospitalizations. Wildfire smoke exposure may be associated with asthma onset, long-term impairment of lung function, and increased all-cause mortality. Children, older adults, occupationally-exposed groups, and possibly women are the most at risk from wildfire smoke. Future research is needed to clarify best practices for risk mitigation and wildfire management.

Sun, Jingjing, Wenwen Qi, Yuandong Huang, Chong Xu, and Wentao Yang. "Facing the Wildfire Spread Risk Challenge: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going?" Fire 6, no. 6 (June 7, 2023): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6060228.

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Wildfire is a sudden and highly destructive natural disaster that poses significant challenges in terms of response and rescue efforts. Influenced by factors such as climate, combustible materials, and ignition sources, wildfires have been increasingly occurring worldwide on an annual basis. In recent years, researchers have shown growing interest in studying wildfires, leading to a substantial body of related research. These studies encompass various topics, including wildfire prediction and forecasting, the analysis of spatial and temporal patterns, the assessment of ecological impacts, the simulation of wildfire behavior, the identification of influencing factors, the development of risk assessment models, techniques for managing combustible materials, decision-making technologies for firefighting, and fire-retardant methods. Understanding the factors that affect wildfire spread behavior, employing simulation methods, and conducting risk assessments are vital for effective wildfire prevention, disaster mitigation, and emergency response. Consequently, it is imperative to comprehensively review and explore further research in this field. This article primarily focuses on elucidating and discussing wildfire spread behavior as a key aspect. It summarizes the driving factors of wildfire spread behavior and introduces a wildfire spread behavior simulation software and its main applications based on these factors. Furthermore, it presents the research progress in wildfire risk assessment based on wildfire spread behavior factors and simulation, and provides an overview of various methods used for wildfire risk assessment. Finally, the article proposes several prospects for future research on wildfire spread: strengthening the dynamic monitoring of wildfires and utilizing comprehensive data from multiple sources, further exploring the differential effects of key factors on wildfire spread, investigating differences in driving factors, improving wildfire models in China, developing applicable software, and conducting accurate and scientific assessments of wildfire risks to protect ecological resources.

Depicker, Arthur, Bernard De Baets, and Jan Marcel Baetens. "Wildfire ignition probability in Belgium." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-363-2020.

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Abstract. In recent decades, large wildfires have inflicted considerable damage on valuable Natura 2000 regions in Belgium. Despite these events and the general perception that global change will exacerbate wildfire prevalence, this has not been studied yet in the Belgian context. Therefore, the national government initiated the national action plan on wildfires in order to evaluate the wildfire risk, on the one hand, and the materials, procedures, and training of fire services, on the other hand. This study focuses on the spatial distribution of the ignition probability, a component of the wildfire risk framework. In a first stage, we compile a historical wildfire database using (i) newspaper articles between 1994 and 2016 and (ii) a list of wildfire interventions between 2010 and 2013, provided by the government. In a second stage, we use a straightforward method relying on Bayes' rule and a limited number of covariates to calculate the ignition probability. It appears that most wildfire-prone areas in Belgium are located in heathland where military exercises are held. The provinces that have the largest relative areas with a high or very high wildfire risk are Limburg and Antwerp. Our study also revealed that most wildfire ignitions in Belgium are caused by humans (both arson and negligence) and that natural causes such as lightning are rather scarce. Wildfire prevention can be improved by (i) excluding military activity in fire-prone areas during the fire season, (ii) improving collaboration with foreign emergency services, (iii) concentrating the dedicated resources in the areas that display the highest ignition probabilities, (iv) improving fire detection methods, and (v) raising more awareness among the public.

Hahn, Micah B., Georgia J. Michlig, Amanda Hansen, Liam Manning, and Jura L. Augustinavicius. "Mental health during wildfires in Southcentral Alaska: An assessment of community-derived mental health categories, interventions, and implementation considerations." PLOS Climate 2, no. 10 (October 20, 2023): e0000300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000300.

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Previous studies have linked wildfires to a range of adverse mental health outcomes, but there has been limited research on the mental health impacts of wildfire in Alaska, an area undergoing rapid environmental change. We used a multi-level qualitative approach to identify mental health and psychosocial problems, coping, existing support, and gaps in support among communities who were affected by the Swan Lake and McKinley fires in Alaska in 2019. We recruited 39 community members from Anchorage and the Kenai Peninsula to participate in free list interviews, a community ranking workshop, and in-depth interviews, and we recruited 12 professional key informants including wildland firefighters, mental health providers, community advocates, policy makers, and public health professionals to participate in in-depth interviews and a discussion-based workshop. There were several locally-defined categories of mental health issues identified in relation to wildfires in southcentral Alaska in 2019. Key informants who work in the region identified a package of communications-related interventions as being the most impactful and actionable support for wildfire-related mental health concerns. Additional highly rated mental health supports centered around leadership acknowledging the connection between wildfire and mental health, connecting community members to formal or informal systems of mental health care, enhancing the emergency shelter system, and providing crises debriefing during wildfire evacuations. The results of this study can be utilized to facilitate implementation of prevention and response activities to support mental health resilience during wildfires in Alaska and other wildfire-affected regions.

Palmieri, Tina L., Kathleen S. Romanowski, Soman Sen, and David G. Greenhalgh. "102 Wildfire Burns: Implications for Burn Care." Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, Supplement_1 (March 2020): S67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa024.105.

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Abstract Introduction Climate change, the encroachment of populations into wilderness, and carelessness have combined to increase the incidence of wildfire injuries. With the increased incidence has come an increase in the number of burn injuries. Prolonged extrication, delays in resuscitation, and the extreme fire and toxic air environment in a wildfire has the potential to cause more severe burn injury. The purpose of this study is to examine the demographics and outcomes of wildfire injuries and compare those outcomes to non-wildfire injuries. Methods Charts of patients admitted to a regional burn center during a massive wildfire in 2018 were reviewed for demographic, treatment, and outcome. We then obtained age, gender, and burn size matched controls from within 2 years of the incident, analyzed the same measures, and compared treatment and outcomes between the two groups. Results A total of 20 patients, 10 wildfire (WF) burns and 10 non-wildfire (NWF) burns, were included in the study. Age (59.6±7.8 WF vs. 59.4±7.4 years), total body surface area burn (TBSA) (14.9±4.7 WF vs. 17.2±0.9 NWF) and inhalation injury incidence (2 WF and 2 NWF) were similar between groups. Days on mechanical ventilation (24.3±19.4 WF vs. 9.4±9.8 NWF), length of stay (49.9±21.8 WF vs. 28.2±11.7 days) and ICU length of stay (43.0±25.6 WF vs 24.4±11.2 NWF) were higher in the WF group. WF patients required twice the number of operations. Mortality was similar in both groups (1 death/group). Conclusions Wildfire burn injuries, when compared to age, inhalation injury, and burn size matched controls, require more ventilatory support and have more operations. As a result, they have longer lengths of stay and have a prolonged ICU course. Burn centers should be prepared for the increased resource utilization that accompanies wildfire injuries. Applicability of Research to Practice All burn centers must be prepared for the possibility of wildfires and the increased resource utilzation that accompanies mass casualty events.

Gazzard, Rob, Julia McMorrow, and Jonathan Aylen. "Wildfire policy and management in England: an evolving response from Fire and Rescue Services, forestry and cross-sector groups." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1696 (June 5, 2016): 20150341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0341.

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Severe wildfires are an intermittent problem in England. The paper presents the first analysis of wildfire policy, showing its halting evolution over two decades. First efforts to coordinate wildfire management came from local fire operation groups, where stakeholders such as fire services, land owners and amenity groups shared knowledge and equipment to tackle the problem. A variety of structures and informal management solutions emerged in response to local needs. Knowledge of wildfire accumulated within regional and national wildfire forums and academic networks. Only later did the need for central emergency planning and the response to climate change produce a national policy response. Fire statistics have allowed wildfires to be spatially evidenced on a national scale only since 2009. National awareness of wildfire was spurred by the 2011 fire season, and the high-impact Swinley Forest fire, which threatened critical infrastructure and communities within 50 miles of London. Severe wildfire was included in the National Risk Register for the first time in 2013. Cross-sector approaches to wildfire proved difficult as government responsibility is fragmented along the hazard chain. Stakeholders such as the Forestry Commission pioneered good practice in adaptive land management to build fire resilience into UK forests. The grass-roots evolution of participatory solutions has also been a key enabling process. A coordinated policy is now needed to identify best practice and to promote understanding of the role of fire in the ecosystem. This article is part of a themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.

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Дисертації з теми "Wildfire emergency":

Jones, Christopher, Alix Rogstad, Stephen Campbell, David Peters, Dustie Aylor, Clifford Pearlberg, Judith Wood, Wendell Peacock, and Arthur Elek. "Living with Wildfire: Homeowners' Firewise Guide for Arizona." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146953.

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20 pp.
Arizona Firewise Communities
This publication is an update and adaptation of the widely distributed Living with Fire publication created by the University of Nevada Cooperative Extension and Sierra Front Wildfire Cooperators in 1998. It is an interagency collaboration of the Arizona Firewise subcommittee of the Arizona Interagency Coordinating Group. It involved the combined efforts of the Arizona State Land Department, USDI Bureau of Indian Affairs, USDI Bureau of Land Management, USDI National Park Service, USDA Forest Service, USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, University of Arizona Cooperative Extension and Arizona Fire Chiefs Association. The need to revise the over seven-year old publication emerged from the subcommittees vision of building in concepts such as Firewise Zone Landscaping and Survivable Space, as well as to update the documents appearance and organization. Its purpose to provide a quality outreach tool to increase public aware concerning Firewise concepts and to encourage and facilitate the implementation of Firewise practices by communities, neighborhoods and property owners. Living with Wildfire is a twelve-page color tabloid that addresses the following topic areas important to homeowners: current situation; fire behavior and the human environment, and in various Arizona vegetation types; detailed recommendations for creating survivable space, including a checklist and landscape management zones; frequently asked questions; and emergency and evacuation guidelines. The tabloid is to be printed in bulk by federal partners and made widely available throughout the state over the next several years.

Ambrose, Jennifer Marie. "Geographies of responsibility: the cultural logic of 21st century weather emergencies." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2178.

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Geographies of Responsibility: The Cultural Logic of 21st Century Weather Emergencies analyzes the role of narrative in contemporary severe weather events. The speed and diversity of media through which we now communicate "the weather" significantly impact how U.S. communities experience these events and their possible social, cultural, and political meanings. This project explores four weather emergencies, covering physical geographies of the far northwest, Great Plains, mid-Atlantic, and Caribbean, that were circulated and reframed via a range of media--from newspapers to television, social, and new media--who discussed these events, and to what ends. Chapter 1 examines reporting on the 2004 Alaska wildfires directed at U.S. national and Alaska state communities to explore the importance of the "nation" as a continuing relevant relative spatial scale. Chapter 2 investigates the 2007 Greensburg tornado and subsequent "green" (re)development of the town. Chapter 3 analyzes the 2010 "Snowmageddon" blizzards in Washington, D.C., which initiated "playful" acts that highlighted how urban economic realities and historical social geographies of race are embedded in particular urban sites. Chapter 4 explores the 2010 Haiti earthquake, which evoked economies of responsibility across multiple scales of mobilization that reiterated the cultural and historical "weather map" laid down by Hurricane Katrina. These mass mediated weather events each mobilized attention and response through narratives that evoked an emergency to communities across multiple geographic scales put into relationships with one another through storylines far more complex than an analysis of how "global" and local weather systems co-create each other.

VOLTOLINA, DEBORA. "WILDLAND SURFACE FIRE BEHAVIOUR: A SPATIAL SIMULATION MODEL FOR OPERATIONAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/848088.

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Wildfires affect vegetation dynamics, geomorphological processes, biogeochemical cycles, atmospheric chemistry, and climate, posing a severe threat to human lives and activities interacting with the natural system. As both fire activity and wildland-urban interface exposure are expected to increase under future climate projections, the improvement of our ability to promptly predict wildland fire behaviour, in terms of expected intensity and geographic patterns, has become a tangible need. The general purpose of this research is to investigate on wildland surface fire behaviour simulation models and to support disaster managers in optimising decision making processes in wildfire risk management in a Mediterranean-type climate region, namely Sardinia, Italy. This project is intended to pursue two major objectives: (i) develop and validate a predictive spatially distributed wildland surface fire behaviour simulation model intended for operational use; (ii) design and implement a geospatial decision support system to provide decision makers with appropriate strategies and tools for an integrated wildland fire risk management. Predicting wildland surface fire behaviour requires a deep understanding of the influence of environmental parameters that act as drivers of the fire spread, including geomorphometrical variables, meteorological conditions, and fuel characteristics, on fire descriptors, such as the rate and direction of the maximum fire spread, the eccentricity of the ellipse approximating the fire shape, the intensity of the fire front, and the flame length. The Rothermel’s mathematical model for predicting surface fire spread in wildland fuels is currently the most extensively used method to estimate fire descriptors, especially for operational purposes. The application of the Rothermel’s model for simulating the behaviour of ongoing wildfires calls for the need of a technique for continuous monitoring of the spatiotemporal variability of weather conditions and fuel characteristics, such as fuel height, loading, and moisture content, in the pre-fire environment. Firstly, freely available data sources and remote sensing products and datasets have been investigated to define a pre-processing methodology for the near real-time estimation of the drivers of fire spread. Secondly, the need for flexibility in handling the equations of the Rothermel’s and associated models, together with the necessity of integrating corrections and updates, have led to an original implementation of a computer algorithm that evaluates the fire descriptors as defined by the extended Rothermel’s mathematical model. Then, a proxy model of this implementation has been developed using a machine learning ensemble method in order to analyse the interdependence of the drivers and to understand their relative importance in predicting fire descriptors. Furthermore, the proxy model for predicting fire spread across heterogeneous landscapes has been integrated into an agent-based simulation model developed to predict the surface fire behaviour and growth with the aim of providing fire management authorities with timely information on the expected progress of the fire front. Finally, the developed simulation model has been applied to and validated against historical wildfire events recorded in Sardinia, Italy, to evaluate its performance in terms of predictive capacity. The effects of fire suppression activities have also been simulated according to the availability of accurate information on timing and location of interventions that effectively extinguished the fire’s spread. As a whole, the developed wildland surface fire behaviour simulation model, together with the pre-processing methodology, have resulted in a satisfying accuracy in terms of quantitative agreement between modelled and observed patterns of fire growth. The adoption of the proxy model instead of its original implementation has guaranteed a significative reduction of the computing time in the face of a limited loss in accuracy at the scale of the analysis if compared with the original implementation of the Rothermel’s equations. Results of the validation suggest the model’s suitability for operational uses for predicting wildland surface fire behaviour. The predictive ability of the simulation model could reasonably benefit from the inclusion of some additional mathematical models simulating the potential evolution of the surface fire towards passive or active crown fires or spotting fires. Moreover, major improvements could be granted by implementing in the agent-based simulation model a wider range of fire suppression activities and techniques, ranging from ground to aerial interventions. The proposed predictive model could become a valid tool for the optimization of risk planning, prevention, and management activities. Within the context of this project, three modules of a geospatial decision support system have been designed and implemented with the aim of improving the efficiency of risk management strategies and reducing expected impacts and potential damage. The first module is a dynamic workflow of actions and represents the core of the decision support system. This module aims to guide decision makers in carrying out the procedures of the intervention model compliant with the legislative framework. The workflow is then supported by a second module, a customised version of a geographic information system with dynamic forms designed to support users with limited expertise in geodatabase management. This module will incorporate a structured relational geodatabase storing (i) scenarios of wildfire events, produced by means of the developed predictive wildland surface fire behaviour simulation model, (ii) existing institutional wildfire susceptibility, hazard, and risk maps, (iii) available resources and socioeconomic exposed values, and (iv) real-time data from field surveys. Finally, the decision support system will provide authorities and technicians with a third module composed by web applications for mobile field data collection and sharing. This research strived to investigate principles and accepted theories on the complex dynamics of wildland surface fire behaviour and to shed light on the need for a better understanding of the difference between real and simulated fire behaviour in terms of the importance of the drivers of fire spread in predicting fire spread and growth. The project also tried proposing solutions integrating remote sensing and machine learning techniques with the aim of improving the applicability of near real-time simulation models as well as the effectiveness of decision-making strategies.

MacKinnon, Jessica. "Addressing Social Elements of Wildfire: Risk, Response, and Recovery in Highland Village, TX." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849756/.

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Representatives of the City of Highland Village expressed concern over the risk of wildfires for their community. Anthropology provides many tools for and examples of disaster assessment of preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. These tools combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can provide a holistic, cultural ecological look at how such a disaster may take place in the city. The project's methods included a detailed survey of preparedness steps which was analyzed using SPSS and also imported into ArcGIS for spatial analysis, and semi-formal, in-depth interviews with residents of the community regarding preparedness, response, and recovery. Residents fell into a middle category of preparedness, with the majority of participants considering or implementing a few recommended preparedness steps. Interview participants expressed respect for and trust of the city and first-responders, as well as a willingness to volunteer their help during response and recovery stages. Finally the American Community Survey showed that resident socioeconomic vulnerability was considerably low, and no action needed to be taken to advocate for at-risk individuals. Overall, the City of Highland Village showed a high resiliency to disaster. A wildfire likely will not have a major impact on the community as a whole, though the city may reduce the impact even further by informing the public of their risk, clearing natural areas of dead brush, sharing preparedness and evacuation information via social media and newsletters, and planning relief stations for those who may have been impacted.

Haddad, Marcel Adonis. "Nouveaux modèles robustes et probabilistes pour la localisation d'abris dans un contexte de feux de forêt." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLD021.

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A cause du réchauffement climatique, le nombre et l’intensité des feux de forêts augmentent autour du globe. Dansce contexte, la construction de refuges contre le feu est une solution de plus en plus envisagée. Le problème consisteessentiellement à localiser p refuges de sorte à minimiser la distance maximale qui sépare un usager du plus procherefuge accessible en cas de feux. Le territoire considéré est divisé en zones et est modélisé comme un graphe auxarêtes pondérées. Un départ de feux sur une seule zone (c’est-à-dire sur un sommet). La principale conséquence d’unfeu est que les chemins d’évacuation sont modifiés de deux manières. Premièrement, un chemin d’évacuation ne peutpas traverser le sommet en feu. Deuxièmement, le fait qu’une personne proche de l’incendie puisse avoir un choix limitéde direction d’évacuation, ou être sous stress, est modélisé à l’aide d’une stratégie d’évacuation nouvellement définie.Cette stratégie d’évacuation induit des distances d’évacuation particulières qui rendent notre modèle spécifique. Selon letype de données considéré et l’objectif recherché, nous proposons deux problèmes avec ce modèle: le Robust p-CenterUnder Pressure et le Probabilistic p-Center Under Pressure. Nous prouvons que ces deux problèmes sont NP-difficilessur des classes de graphes pertinentes pour notre contexte. Nous proposons également des résultats d’approximationet d’inapproximation. Finalement, nous développons des algorithmes polynomiaux sur des classes de graphes simples,et nous développons des algorithmes mathématiques basés sur la programmation linéaire
The location of shelters in different areas threatened by wildfires is one of the possible ways to reduce fatalities in acontext of an increasing number of catastrophic and severe forest fires. The problem is basically to locate p sheltersminimizing the maximum distance people will have to cover to reach the closest accessible shelter in case of fire. Thelandscape is divided in zones and is modeled as an edge-weighted graph with vertices corresponding to zones andedges corresponding to direct connections between two adjacent zones. Each scenario corresponds to a fire outbreak ona single zone (i.e., on a vertex) with the main consequence of modifying evacuation paths in two ways. First, an evacuationpath cannot pass through the vertex on fire. Second, the fact that someone close to the fire may have limited choice, ormay not take rational decisions, when selecting a direction to escape is modeled using a new kind of evacuation strategy.This evacuation strategy, called Under Pressure, induces particular evacuation distances which render our model specific.We propose two problems with this model: the Robust p-Center Under Pressure problem and the Probabilistic p-CenterUnder Pressure problem. First we prove hardness results for both problems on relevant classes of graphs for our context.In addition, we propose polynomial exact algorithms on simple classes of graphs and we develop mathematical algorithmsbased on integer linear programming

Santiago, Giselly da Silva. "Comunicação interagencial em resposta de emergência: os incêndios florestais ocorridos em Portugal no período entre 2015-2019." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/9570.

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Os incêndios florestais podem ser considerados processos naturais que ocorrem de maneira espontânea, devido à fenômenos naturais, ou podem estar associados a ações e omissões humanas. Neste segundo caso, os incêndios florestais exigem uma gestão de risco aturada que balanceie as estratégias de prevenção e as estratégias de combate e manejo do fogo. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a eficácia da comunicação interagencial nos incêndios florestais que ocorreram em Portugal no período de 2017 a 2019. Foram analisadas as principais agências envolvidas no processo de gestão de incêndio, tendo por critério de avaliação as suas políticas internas, o processo de resposta aos incêndios e as parcerias com outras agências de combate aos fogos florestais, com ênfase nas suas interações e na capacidade de comunicação e trabalho conjunto. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que os incêndios de grandes dimensões ocorridos em 2017 acarretaram uma preocupação em minimizar a deflagração de incêndios florestais no país. Contudo, apesar de Portugal estar trabalhando para a melhoria de seus modelos de interagencia através da inclusão de todos os seus agentes no planejamento e operacionalização na prevenção e defesa contra os incêndios, ainda há um longo caminho a ser percorrido para haver mudanças no sistema.
Wildfires can be considered natural processes that occur spontaneously, due to natural phenomena, or can be associated with human actions. In the second case, wildfires require an accurate risk management that balances prevention strategies and firefighting and controlling strategies. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of interagency communication regarding wildfires in the 2017-2019 period. The agencies involved in fire management process were analyzed, considering their internal fire response policies’ processes and their partnerships with other agencies. Their interactions and the ability to communicate and work together were also analyzed. The results of this study showed that the large fires that occurred in 2017 encouraged the need to minimize the constant outbreak of wildfires in the country. However, although Portugal is working to improve interagency communication models through the inclusion of all agents in planning and implementation of fire prevention and firefight, there is still a long way to go in order to achieve better results.

Книги з теми "Wildfire emergency":

Security, California Legislature Joint Legislative Committee on Emergency Services and Homeland. Is California prepared for the big one--earthquake, tsunami, wildfire, flood, an act of terrorism?: The summary report from the hearing of Monday, October 24, 2005. [Sacramento, CA: Senate Publications & Flags, 2005.

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Mangan, Richard. Surviving fire entrapments: Comparing conditions inside vehicles and fire shelters. Missoula, Mont: USDA Forest Service, Technology & Development Program, 1997.

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Mangan, Richard. Surviving fire entrapments: Comparing conditions inside vehicles and fire shelters. Missoula, Mont: USDA Forest Service, Technology & Development Program, 1998.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Forest Wildfire Emergency Pay Equity Act of 1988: Report of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 1911 to amend Title 5, United States Code to allow all forest fire fighting employees to be paid overtime without limitation while serving on forest fire emergencies. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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United States. Bureau of Land Management. Emergency fire rehabilitation. Washington D.C.]: [U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management], 1985.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims. Tort liability under the Temporary Emergency Wildfire Suppression Act: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session on H.R. 5017. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.

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United, States Congress House Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration Border Security and Claims. Tort liability under the Temporary Emergency Wildfire Suppression Act: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session, on H.R. 5017, June 28, 2002. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.

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Interagency Burned Area Emergency Response Team (U.S.), ed. Burned area emergency stabilization and rehabilitation plan, Coal Seam Fire. [Glenwood Springs, Colo.?]: The Team, 2002.

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Interagency Burned Area Emergency Response Team (U.S.), ed. Burned area emergency stabilization and rehabilitation plan: Coal seam fire. [Glenwood Springs, Colo.]: U.S. Forest Service, White River National Forest Bureau of Land Management, Glenwood Springs Field Office, 2002.

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United States. President (2001-2009 : Bush). Emergency supplemental appropriations request, FY 2003: Communication from the President of the United States : requests for FY 2003 emergency supplemental appropriations. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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Частини книг з теми "Wildfire emergency":

Erickson, Paul A. "Wildfire." In Effective Environmental Emergency Responses, 35–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05893-6_4.

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Otero, Iago. "Social-Ecological Transformation to Coexist with Wildfire: Reflecting on 18 Years of Participatory Wildfire Governance." In Urban Resilience to the Climate Emergency, 147–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07301-4_7.

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AbstractThe risk of devastating wildfires – exacerbated by climate change – poses a threat to urban areas worldwide. There is a pressing need to strengthen societal efforts to coexist with this perturbation by creating resilient social-ecological systems. To enable this, a significant social-ecological transformation of wildfire-prone regions seems to be required. Here, I reflect on my experience in three projects of participatory wildfire governance conducted in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region (Spain) during the last 18 years. The goal is to learn from the experience and to sketch new transformative options to coexist with wildfire. After a literature review on the links between resilience to wildfire, adaptation and transformation, I analyse these projects with regard to their achievements, challenges and potential new transformative avenues. The analysis shows the crucial role that a locally rooted civil society can have when it is able to network with key agencies and actors over the long term. It also shows the importance of developing integrative wildfire planning networks where different ecosystem services and values are considered in successive phases of public deliberation between actors, citizens and wildfire managers. It is concluded that deepening the transdisciplinary content of participatory wildfire governance can increase its transformative potential.

Kang, Chang, Xue Feng, Yu Chen, Li Wei, Huang Yan, and Liu Shaofeng. "Emergency Disposal Optimization of Power Grid Cascading Failure Risk Under Multiple Wildfire Points." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 73–86. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9251-5_6.

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Aretoulaki, Eleni, Stavros Ponis, George Plakas, Dimitra Tzanetou, and Antonios Kitsantas. "An Integrated Wildfire Detection, Monitoring, Warning and Emergency Response System Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 318–28. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47718-8_22.

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Clark, Jess. "Remote Sensing and Geospatial Support to Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER) Teams in Assessing Wildfire Effects to Hillslopes." In Landslide Science and Practice, 211–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31337-0_27.

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Kuligowski, Erica, and Paula Dootson. "Emergency Notification: Warnings and Alerts." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_48-1.

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Kuligowski, Erica, and Paula Dootson. "Emergency Notification: Warnings and Alerts." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 245–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_48.

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Ostwald, Michael J., and S. Travis Waller. "Rehearsing Emergency Scenarios: Using Space Syntax and Intelligent Mobility Modelling for Scenario Visualisation and Disaster Preparedness." In Arts, Research, Innovation and Society, 151–65. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56114-6_12.

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AbstractExtreme climate events require people to rapidly navigate dynamically changing environments. Wildfires and floods alter the landscape, blocking roads, destroying landmarks and turning the built environment and infrastructure into potential hazards. While various computational methods exist for modelling the ways people move through buildings, urban spaces and transportation networks, there are relatively few examples of these being applied to natural disasters. Moreover, these methods have unexploited potential to support real-time simulation and visualisation of the evolving impacts of climate emergencies. This chapter reviews advanced research using two computational approaches—space syntax and intelligent mobility modelling (IMM)—to visualise the interaction between people, the built environment and infrastructure. These approaches support the simulation of diverse scales of spatial interactions, from individuals to entire populations. Combining examples from the authors of research in these fields with practices and concepts from the arts, this chapter highlights the ways new applications of these methods can support stakeholders’s needs for disaster responsiveness, rehearsal and preparedness.

Rodrigo-Comino, Jesús, Artemi Cerdà, Stefan Doerr, Saskia D. Keesstra, Andrés Caballero-Calvo, Rita Sobczyk, and Luca Salvati. "Introduction: FIRElinks, a Community for Society and Science." In Fire Hazards: Socio-economic and Regional Issues, 1–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50446-4_1.

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AbstractFIRElinks (CA18135) originated from many efforts by a group of researchers after submitting a proposal for a COST Action. During four years, the main aim has been to develop an EU-spanning network of scientists and practitioners involved in forest fire research and land management with backgrounds such as fire dynamics, fire risk management, fire effects on vegetation, fauna, soil and water, and socioeconomic, historical, geographical, political perception, and land management approaches. Communities from different scientific and geographic backgrounds allowing the discussion of different experiences and the emergence of new approaches to fire research were connected. Working group number 5 was developed to power synergistic collaborations between European research groups and stakeholders to synthesize the existing knowledge and expertise and to define a concerted research agenda which promotes an integrated approach to create fire-resilient landscapes from a regional and socioeconomic point of view, taking into account how to teach the population, stakeholders, and policymakers considering the biological, biochemical, and physical, but also socioeconomic, historical, geographical, sociological, perception, and policy constraints. In this edited book, the main conclusion of working group 5 was addressed considering different study cases and methods developed by recognized experts over Europe: there is an urgent societal need to manage wildfires due to the expected further intensification and geographical spreading of its regimes under global change.

Kalogeropoulos, Nikolaos, Harry Mitchell, and Guillermo Rein. "k-PERIL: probabilistic creation of trigger boundaries for rural communities evacuating from a wildfire." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 273–82. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_43.

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Evacuation is a critical part of wildfire emergencies. Emergency managers must be prepared to issue evacuation notices to areas that could be in the path of a wildfire to protect lives. There are methods of establishing when an evacuation should be called for any given urban area. One option is the creation of trigger boundaries around populated areas. This boundary is formed so that, should the wildfire cross it, a triggered evacuation will be complete before the wildfire becomes a threat to the area by threatening the community. Models already exist for calculating the trigger boundary around an area, and each have their strengths and limitations. WUIVAC by Li et. al. (2015) is a robust tool that can calculate the trigger boundary of an urban area, for any one simulated fire. However, it can only model trigger boundaries for one wildfire at a time and thus cannot capture the susceptibility of the area to any possible wildfire. Ramirez et. al. (2019) created a tool to calculate the probabilistic trigger boundary of an area by simulating all possible fires that may threaten the urban area. This tool is effective for management and planning, but is incredibly resource-intensive and limited in terms of letting the user specify which area is most likely to suffer from a wildfire. To address this, the k-PERIL algorithm was developed to calculate the trigger boundary of an urban area, as an upgraded version of the PERIL algorithm (Mitchell et. al, 2019). The user can load a single simulated wildfire, through software like FARSITE, and an evacuation time and get an exact trigger boundary for a specified urban area. The user can also load multiple wildfire simulation results for a given area, and K-PERIL will then generate a probabilistic trigger area. The user can then choose to retrieve a singular boundary of the area based on a probability value; It was made as part of the WUINITY project, by Ronchi et. al (2020), a self-contained wildfire simulation and evacuation planning tool. To introduce k-PERIL as a tool of calculating trigger boundaries, this paper presents the a study on creating trigger boundaries for Roxborough Park, an urban area near Denver, CO, USA. A fire ignition area was specified and a number of wildfires with varying weather inputs were created, and a probabilistic boundary was created. The testing program allowed the user to specify the average weather values and standard deviations of their area of interest, specify an area where ignition is most likely, and specify the number of simulated wildfires. Testing for single-wildfire boundaries will be conducted in the full paper. The results show that the results follow the current understanding of wildfire propagation. The resulting shapes are more accurate when more test cases are loaded, and are wider when the input variables are more varied. K-PERIL can thusly be used to create both specific and probabilistic boundaries around an inhabited area, either for immediate response or long-term planning.

Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Wildfire emergency":

Robinson, Clive G., Zoë E. Wattis, Colin Dooley, and Sladjana Popovic. "Assessment of the Threat From Wildfires on Above Ground Natural Gas Facilities." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78059.

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In the light of recent experience of wildfires in Alberta and British Columbia, Alliance Pipeline has strengthened their emergency preparedness in dealing with external fire events that have the potential to affect above-ground facilities connected with their high pressure natural gas pipeline system. As part of this initiative a quantitative methodology has been developed that enables the effects of a wildfire on an above-ground pipeline facility to be assessed. The methodology consists of three linked calculations which assess: 1. the severity of the wildfire, based on information from the Canadian Wildland Fire Information System, 2. the transmission of thermal radiation from the wildfire to the facility, and, 3. the response of equipment, structures and buildings to the incident thermal radiation. The predictions of the methodology agree well with the actual damage observed at a lateral block valve site following a wildfire in 2016. Application to example facility types (block valve sites, meter stations and compressor stations) has demonstrated that, in general, damage is only predicted for more vulnerable items such as cables. The sensitivity of the predictions of the methodology to the input parameters and key modelling uncertainties has been examined. This demonstrates that the results are sensitive to the distance of the facility from the tree line and the assumed vegetation type. This shows the importance of verifying the location relative to the vegetation and selecting the appropriate vegetation type from the Canadian Wildland Fire Information System for site specific assessments. The predictions of the methodology are particularly sensitive to the assumed flame temperature. However, a value has been chosen that gives good agreement with measured thermal radiation values from wildfires. Of the mitigation options considered, the most effective and practical is to increase the distance to the tree line. This measure has the advantage of reducing radiation levels for all items on the site. Even though the work shows that failure of exposed pipework due to wildfires is unlikely, maintaining the flow within pipes is recommended as this increases the radiative flux at which failure is predicted to occur. However, as failure of cables and hence control systems would occur at a lower flux levels the fail-safe actions of such systems needs to be confirmed. Shielding of cables or items of equipment in general is likely to be impractical but could be considered for particularly vulnerable equipment or locations.

O’Rourke, ANASTASIA, Dean Takahashi, OLIVER LEITNER, JANA VANDERGOOT, SINEAD CROTTY, JUSTIN FREIBERG, HAO WANG, et al. "Slash Storage: Carbon Vaults to Help Mitigate Near Term Wildfire and Climate Change Pressure." In 2022 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference. ACSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.inter.22.27.

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Over the past century, fire suppression and increased human settlement at the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) have led to dramatic increases in the risk and impact of catastrophic wildfires.1 Climate change contributes to the problem by increasing temperatures and aridity, and by reducing precipitation in fire prone regions.2 A 2016 study found that climate change doubled the cumulative forest fire area in the American West since 1984.3 The direct and indirect costs of wildfire include emergency firefighting costs, property losses, impairment to air and water quality, injuries and fatalities, healthcare costs, infrastructure shutdowns, and lost revenues. Architects working near the WUI are required by law to specify construction materials and create site plans with fire suppression and life safety in the context of severe wildfires in mind. Working successfully in the WUI demands that designers have a deeper understanding of the carbon cycling, land management practices, and funding obstacles connected to forest systems. This paper discusses the work of Yale University’s Carbon Containment Lab (CC Lab) to develop a building typology called the Carbon Vault, a low-cost, nature-based structure for storing carbon in woody biomass. Carbon vaults address the need to reduce and contain wood fuel in forests that are prone to severe wildfire. A fire-resistant form of Dowel Laminated Timber (DLT) mass timber, called Residual DLT, is presented in this paper as a construction material for carbon vaults in the WUI. Residual DLT addresses the wood waste of forest land management practices, especially those in forests prone to severe fire, by creating an opportunity to engage carbon offset markets.

Mbaye, Seydou, Garfield Jones, and Misty D. Davies. "Analysis of Input from Wildfire Incident Experts to Identify Key Risks and Hazards in Wildfire Emergency Response." In AIAA SCITECH 2023 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-2710.

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Leonor, Nuno, Carlos A. Fernandes, Carlos Salema, and Rafael F. S. Caldeirinha. "A Framework for the Analysis of Wildfire Effects in Emergency Communication Systems." In 2018 International Workshop on Computing, Electromagnetics, and Machine Intelligence (CEMi). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cemi.2018.8610565.

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Zeng, Wenhui, Quanming Zhang, Bin Zou, Xiaoyu Liu, and Yifei Jiao. "Emergency Resource Scheduling Enabled Restoration Demand for Distribution Grid with Wildfire Risk." In 2024 9th Asia Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering (ACPEE). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acpee60788.2024.10532625.

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Pacheco, Renata, and João Claro. "Post-wildfire Emergency Intervention in Portugal: an Analysis of Public Reports and Policy." In International Conference on Environmental Science and Applications (ICESA'20). Avestia Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icesa20.118.

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YANG, Chuanjie, Jianguo Chen, and Guofeng SU. "Effective situational awareness to wildfire emergency command based on multi-model forecasting system." In SIGSPATIAL'16: 24th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3017611.3017612.

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Sugrue, R., A. V. Nguyen, M. Ye, R. Aguilera Becker, D. Long, T. Benmarhnia, R. De La Rosa, S. M. Holm, and N. Thakur. "Recent Wildfire Smoke and Asthma Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits of Children in California." In American Thoracic Society 2024 International Conference, May 17-22, 2024 - San Diego, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2024.209.1_meetingabstracts.a6182.

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Bielski, C., V. O'Brien, C. Whitmore, K. Ylinen, I. Juga, P. Nurmi, J. Kilpinen, et al. "Coupling early warning services, crowdsourcing, and modelling for improved decision support and wildfire emergency management." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bigdata.2017.8258367.

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Ahlen, Julia. "BURNED AREA PREDICTION USING SMOKE PLUME DETECTION FROM HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION IMAGERY." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/2.1/s08.19.

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The fast-spreading wildfire engulfs the dense parched flora and all obstructions in its way, transforming a woodland into a volatile reservoir of combustible materials. Once ignited, fires can expand at a velocity of up to 23 km/h. As flames spread across vegetation and woodlands, they have the potential to become self-sustaining, propagating sparks and embers that can spawn smaller fires miles away. The proximity of the burning materials to the observer has a direct impact on the density of smoke produced by the fire. This relationship is crucial for fire management teams and emergency responders and helps them assess the severity of a fire, predict its behavior, and make informed decisions regarding evacuation measures, resource allocation, and the protection of affected communities and ecosystems. Drones are valuable tools in the fight against forest fires. They can capture high-resolution imagery, thermal imaging, and video footage, supplying insights into the properties, behavior, and direction of the fire. By employing classical image processing techniques, it is possible to analyze these images and promptly determine the extent of land cover affected. According to the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, more than 25000 ha of forest burned down during the period of 2012-2021, which resulted in severe damage costs. The presence of a reliable and easily accessible smoke detection and assessment tool could significantly reduce the impact of wildfires. This study utilizes low and mid-level image processing techniques to analyze the domain of wildfires, leveraging smoke properties to estimate the extent of land affected by the flames.

Звіти організацій з теми "Wildfire emergency":

C.R.Mynard, G.N.Keating, P.M.Rich, and D.R. Bleakly. Geographic Information System (GIS) Emergency Support for the May 2000 Cerro Grande Wildfire, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/812177.

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Foltz, Randy B., and Peter Robichaud. Effectiveness of post-fire Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER) road treatments: Results from three wildfires. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-313.

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Wang, Chih-Hao, and Na Chen. Investigating the Resilience of Accessibility to Emergency and Lifesaving Facilities under Natural Hazards. Mineta Transportation Institute, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2126.

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Studying accessibility, including the resilience of city transportation networks, is critical to understand how these networks influence individuals’ mobility and lives. This study developed an analytical research framework to examine the resilience of accessibility to emergency and lifesaving facilities under the threats of natural hazards such as earthquakes and wildfires. With a cumulative-opportunity approach, the authors measured accessibility by counting emergency and lifesaving facilities (including parks, schools, hospitals, roads, and fire stations) that can be reached by driving at the census tract level in San Fernando Valley, CA. With the calculated accessibility, the authors run simulations to collect data showing what would happen if an area were affected by a selected disaster. They then used statistical analysis to identify those areas where accessibility is significantly reduced compared to the original status. A normalized difference accessibility index (NDAI) was further created to suggest plans and strategies to help those vulnerable areas through adding facilities/services or improving transportation infrastructure.

Journeay, M., P. LeSueur, W. Chow, and C L Wagner. Physical exposure to natural hazards in Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330012.

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Natural hazard threats occur in areas of the built environment where buildings, people, and related financial assets are exposed to the physical effects of earth system processes that have a potential to cause damage, injuries, losses, and related socioeconomic disruption. As cities, towns, and villages continue to expand and densify in response to the pressures of urban growth and development, so too do the levels of exposure and susceptibility to natural hazard threat. While our understanding of natural hazard processes has increased significantly over the last few decades, the ability to assess both overall levels of physical exposure and the expected impacts and consequences of future disaster events (i.e., risk) is often limited by access to an equally comprehensive understanding of the built environment and detailed descriptions of who and what are situated in harm's way. This study addresses the current gaps in our understanding of physical exposure to natural hazards by presenting results of a national model that documents characteristics of the built environment for all settled areas in Canada. The model (CanEM) includes a characterization of broad land use patterns that describe the form and function of cities, towns, and villages of varying size and complexity, and the corresponding portfolios of people, buildings and related financial assets that make up the internal structure and composition of these communities at the census dissemination area level. Outputs of the CanEM model are used to carry out a preliminary assessment of exposure and susceptibility to significant natural hazard threats in Canada including earthquake ground shaking; inundation of low-lying areas by floods and tsunami; severe winds associated with hurricanes and tornados; wildland urban interface fire (wildfire); and landslides of various types. Results of our assessment provide important new insights on patterns of development and defining characteristics of the built environment for major metropolitan centres, rural and remote communities in different physiographic regions of Canada, and the effects of ongoing urbanization on escalating disaster risk trends at the community level. Profiles of physical exposure and hazard susceptibility described in this report are accompanied by open-source datasets that can be used to inform local and/or regional assessments of disaster risk, community planning and emergency management activities for all areas in Canada. Study outputs contribute to broader policy goals and objectives of the International Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 2015-2030; Un General Assembly, 2015) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR 2015-2030; United Nations Office for Disaster Reduction [UNDRR], 2015), of which Canada is a contributing member. These include a more complete understanding of natural hazard risk at all levels of government, and the translation of this knowledge into actionable strategies that are effective in reducing intrinsic vulnerabilities of the built environment and in strengthening the capacity of communities to withstand and recover from future disaster events.

Lawrence, David, Mike Tercek, Amber Runyon, and Jeneva Wright. Historical and projected climate change for Grand Canyon National Park and surrounding areas. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301726.

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Globally, anthropogenic climate change is one of the greatest threats to resources in protected areas. This report examines historical and projected climate change across the Greater Grand Canyon Landscape (GGCL), including Grand Canyon National Park. Grand Canyon National Park warmed significantly from 1895-2020 (annual mean increase of 1.89? F/century), with temperatures increasing at a faster rate from 1970-2020 (6.31? F/century). Warming occurred at all elevations and seasons across the GGCL, but rates differed spatially. Average annual total precipitation within Grand Canyon National Park did not change significantly over either period examined (1895-2020; 1970-2020). A variety of changes in the region of Grand Canyon National Park have been detected and attributed, at least in part, to anthropogenic climate change, including reduced soil moisture (and associated drought), reduced Colorado River flow, doubling of the area burned by wildfire across the western United States, reduced regeneration of low-elevation ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir as well as pinyon pine and juniper populations, northward shifts in many bird species distributions and declines of bird species occupancy in the Mojave Desert, and reduced bumble bee species richness and abundance (key pollinators). To help managers understand and plan around a range of plausible future climates, we present two plausible but contrasting climate futures for the Greater Grand Canyon Landscape, characterized at mid-century (2040-2069) and late-century (2070-2099). Examining multiple plausible futures avoids over-optimizing management strategies for a single projected future that may not occur. Overarching patterns that emerged from both climate futures include additional warming (average, as well as extreme temperatures), seasonal increases in extreme precipitation events, fewer freezing days and days with snow, and higher moisture deficit (a correlate with landscape dryness, conditions conducive to fire, and vegetation stress). The selected climate futures differed in terms of 1) the degree of warming, 2) whether winter precipitation increases or decreases, 3) whether annual precipitation increases or stays similar, 4) whether drought conditions increase or decrease, and 5) whether runoff increases or decreases. Runoff is projected to occur earlier under both climate futures and is projected to exhibit a more episodic pattern. Based on a literature review, projected changes to the physical, ecological, and cultural resource domains of the region resulting from anthropogenic climate change include: ? Increasing drought risk and aridification ? Reduced Colorado River flow ? Reduced groundwater infiltration ? Decreasing runoff (from snow or rain) in the spring, summer, and fall, and increasing runoff in the winter ? Increasing occurrence of large fires ? Increasing invasive grasses in the Mojave Desert ecosystems west of the park, providing more fuel for wildfire ? Exacerbated post-fire erosion and sediment in Grand Canyon watersheds ? Increased episodes of drought-induced tree mortality ? Upslope shifts of the elevational zones of pinyon-juniper woodland, ponderosa pine forest, and spruce-fir forest, as well as increases in non-forest areas and aboveground biomass declines ? Reduced abundance of riparian vegetation that tolerates water inundation ? Increasing invasive plant distribution and abundance, favoring their establishment and productivity ? Colonization of the GGCL by some bird species and extirpation of others ? Increasing non-native fish populations relative to native fishes ? Declining butterfly populations ? Increasing temperatures will increase visitation, especially during winter and shoulder seasons ? Exacerbation of existing threats to archeological resources, cultural landscapes, and historic structures, as well as emergent vulnerabilities related to climate change One goal of this work is to support the Resource Stewardship Strategy (RSS) process that Grand Canyon National Park plans to undertake. We anticipate that connecting the climate changes described here to the climate sensitivities of resources within the park will play a critical role in setting goals and strategies during development of the RSS, as well as proactively adapting to anticipated changes.