Готові списки джерел за темами / Whey Recycling

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Whey Recycling"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Whey Recycling"

1

Lustrato, Giuseppe, Elisabetta Salimei, Gabriele Alfano, Claudia Belli, Francesco Fantuz, Luigi Grazia, and Giancarlo Ranalli. "Cheese whey recycling in traditional dairy food chain: effects of vinegar from whey in dairy cow nutrition." Acetic Acid Bacteria 2, no. 1s (February 26, 2013): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aab.2013.s1.e8.

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Selected yeast (<em>Kluyveromyces marxianus</em> Y102 strain) and an acetic acid bacterium (<em>Acetobacter aceti</em>, DSM-G3508 strain) were used as inocula respectively in cheese whey for alcoholic and acetic fermentations. The experimental tests were carried out at both laboratory and pilot plant (20 L and 2000 L) levels. The data from the trials (working period 28 days) show increased ethanol production, increased acetic acid yield, and greater fermentation stability with biomass recycling (18.6 g L<sup>&ndash;1</sup>). Batch and fed-batch fermentation tests resulted in increased and standardized alcoholic fermentation, and allowed acetic acid recovery (average lactose consumption 56%, ethanol 6.7 g L<sup>&ndash;1</sup> d<sup>&ndash;1</sup> and acetic acid production 4.35 g L<sup>&ndash;1</sup> d<sup>&ndash;1</sup>). The effects administration were then investigated on milk yield and composition, nutritional status of dairy cows and physical characteristics of total mixed ration (TMR). Twenty Holstein cows were divided into two groups; group C, receiving the traditional TMR, and group W, receiving the TMR plus 10 L wheynegar. The dietary treatment, lasted 35 days, did not affect milk yield and composition except for the urea content, significantly lowered in group W. The selection of coarse (&lt;19 mm), medium (8-19 mm) and fine (&lt;8 mm) dietary particles was not influenced by the wheynegar administration however a tendential lower selection against coarse particles was noted in W. The results highlight that microbial biotechnologies may significantly contribute to both the valorization of whey and the development of a stable nutrient recycling system as a ingredient in dairy cattle diet.
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2

Maullu, Carlo, Giorgio Lampis, Alessandra Desogus, Angela Ingianni, Gian Maria Rossolini, and Raffaello Pompei. "High-Level Production of Heterologous Protein by Engineered Yeasts Grown in Cottage Cheese Whey." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 2745–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.6.2745-2747.1999.

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ABSTRACT Cottage cheese whey is a cheese industry by-product still rich in proteins and lactose. Its recycling is seldom cost-effective. In this work we show that the lactose-utilizing yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, engineered for production of recombinant human lysozyme, can be grown in cottage cheese whey, resulting in high-level production of the heterologous protein (125 μg/ml).
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3

Koller, Martin. "Recycling of Waste Streams of the Biotechnological Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Production byHaloferax mediterraneion Whey." International Journal of Polymer Science 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/370164.

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For manufacturing “bioplastics” such as poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA), the combination of utilization of inexpensive carbon sources with the application of robust microbial production strains is considered a decisive step to make this process more cost-efficient and sustainable. PHA production based on surplus whey from dairy industry was accomplished by the extremely halophile archaeonHaloferax mediterranei. After fermentative production of PHA-rich biomass and the subsequent cell harvest and downstream processing for PHA recovery, environmentally hazardous, highly saline residues, namely spent fermentation broth and cell debris, remain as residues. These waste streams were used for recycling experiments to assess their recyclability in subsequent production processes. It was demonstrated that spent fermentation broth can be used to replace a considerable part of fresh saline fermentation medium in subsequent production processes. In addition, 29% of the expensive yeast extract, needed as nitrogen and phosphate source for efficient cultivation of the microorganism, can be replaced by cell debris from prior cultivations. The presented study provides strategies to combine the reduction of costs for biomediated PHA production with minimizing ecological risks by recycling precarious waste streams. Overall, the presented work shall contribute to the quick economic success of these promising biomaterials.
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4

Chabanova, Oksana, Sergii Bondar, Yevhenii Kotliar, Tatiana Nedobiychuk, and Yakiv Verkhivker. "Analysis of the pectin extraction process at recycling of secondary material resources." Technology audit and production reserves 3, no. 3(59) (July 2, 2021): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.235270.

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The object of research is the secondary material resources of processing plant and animal raw materials, namely fruit pomace and milk whey. One of the most problematic areas is that the waste of these industries has high rates of biological and chemical oxygen consumption of wastewater, which significantly impairs the operation of local and city treatment facilities. In addition, the parameters of extraction and determination of the quality indicators of the obtained product are not well defined. The processing of whey and pomace of fruit crops can reduce the environmental burden on the environment and increase the efficiency of technological processes through resource conservation and obtaining a surplus product. The problem is solved, in particular, by using the process of extracting plant waste using milk whey and the process of energy-saving membrane concentration. In the course of the study, let’s use pectin-containing plant waste from juice production, namely watermelon, pumpkin, quince, beetroot, apple and a mixture of orange and tangerine pomace. The results obtained indicate that the process of extracting apple pomace with milk whey is promising, since the highest pectin content in the extract is established for apple pomace. The main amount of pectin substances passes into the extract starting from 75 minutes to 90 minutes. Extraction-hydrolysis for 2 hours at a temperature of 85 °C, pH=2–2.5 units determines the best results. Ultrafiltration of the obtained extract makes it possible to increase the pectin content up to 3.0 % with a protein content of more than 6.0 %. The membranes used in the experiment are characterized by high selectivity for protein and pectin. The fact is established that diafiltration makes it possible to effectively purify whey-pectin concentrates from ballast impurities with simultaneous enrichment of the concentrate with high-molecular components of whey. A technological scheme for the production of pectin-whey concentrate with high organoleptic and detoxification characteristics is proposed. The proposed technological process has a number of positive features, in particular, a high content of pectin substances, high value indicators, a significant reduction in the burden on the environment, economic benefits through energy conservation and obtaining a surplus product.
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Bugnicourt, E., M. Schmid, O. Mc Nerney, J. Wildner, L. Smykala, A. Lazzeri, and P. Cinelli. "Processing and Validation of Whey-Protein-Coated Films and Laminates at Semi-Industrial Scale as Novel Recyclable Food Packaging Materials with Excellent Barrier Properties." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/496207.

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A biopolymer coating for plastic films was formulated based on whey protein, and its potential to replace current synthetic oxygen barrier layers used in food packaging such as ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOH) was tested. The whey-coating application was performed at semi-industrial scale. High barrier to oxygen with transmission rate down to ranges of 1 cm3(STP) m−2d−1bar−1at and 50% relative humidity (r.h.) but interesting humidity barrier down to ranges of 3 g m−2d−1(both normalized to 100 μm thickness) were reached, outperforming most existing biopolymers. Coated films were validated for storing various food products showing that the shelf life and sensory attributes were maintained similar to reference packaging films while complying with food safety regulations. The developed whey coating could be enzymatically removed within 2 hours and is therefore compatible with plastic recycling operations to allow multilayer films to become recyclable by separating the other combined layers. A life cycle assessment was performed showing a significant reduction in the environmental impact of the packaging thanks in particular to the possibility of recycling materials as opposed to incinerating those containing EVOH or polyamide (PA), but due to the use of biosourced raw materials.
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Colomban, Agn�s, Lo�c Roger, and Patrick Boyaval. "Production of propionic acid from whey permeate by sequential fermentation, ultrafiltration, and cell recycling." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 42, no. 9 (November 5, 1993): 1091–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260420911.

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Zhang, Yihao, Yinxiao Zhang, Zhiwei Ying, Wenhui Li, He Li, and Xinqi Liu. "Trypsin Inhibitor from Soybean Whey Wastewater: Isolation, Purification and Stability." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (October 7, 2022): 10084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app121910084.

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Soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) was obtained from simulated soybean whey wastewater through a sustainable method consisting of isoelectric precipitation, ammonium sulfate salting out, and gel filtration chromatography, and the effect of temperature, pH, and pepsin on the stability of STI was also discussed. The results showed that the recovery rate of the trypsin inhibitory activity was 89.47%, the purity and the specific activity of STI were 71.11%, and 1442.5 TIU/mg in the conditions of pH 4.0 and 40% ammonium sulfate saturation. The soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) and soybean Bowman–Brik trypsin inhibitor (BBI) were obtained via gel filtration chromatography, and their specific activity levels were 1733.5 TIU/mg and 2588.3 TIU/mg, respectively. The STI displayed good stability over a wide temperature and pH range. The STI, KTI, and BBI were all resistant to pepsin hydrolysis, and their ability was ranked as BBI > STI > KTI. These findings will provide a theoretical basis for recycling STI from soybean whey wastewater and promoting better active compound utilization.
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Buyanova, Irina, Marina Kurbanova, Lev Ostroumov, and Olesya Kalugina. "Ecological problems related to the safe processing of dairy raw materials and whey." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128402016.

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Анотація:
A significant number of milk processing companies all over the world confront the challenge of whey recycling. To date, the processing of milk results in a considerable amount of waste products, which can be used in core production processes, for the output of additional products and can help neutralize harmful effects of milk processing waste waters on the environment. This factor emphasizes the relationship between food and environment. The extraction of water from cheese and curd whey in the manufacture of concentrates gives a solution to one of the challenges facing the dairy industry – the processing of secondary dairy raw resources. Whey concentrates have certain advantages because they are long-shelf-life and easy-to-transport products of high nutritional and biological value. Several studies have assessed process flow factors of whey dehydrating in the manufacture of whey concentrates. The research was carried out using an experimental unit of a vacuum dryer with the thermal radiation power supply. The concentrates with a percentage of dry substances ranging from 11 to 30 % were produced. The important outcomes to emerge from the study are data on the dynamics of vacuum-induced water extraction from cheese and curd whey, its appropriate modes, as well as regularities and specifics of water removal. The quality of concentrates was assessed according to key parameters. The organoleptic properties of sample concentrates met all criteria quite sufficiently, being similar to input parameters. Whey concentrates with a mass fraction of dry substances from 11 to 30.0 % are recommended to use in recipe compositions of fresh and fermented whey-containing drinks. IR-rays represent a good alternative to conventional thickening and drying processes of raw materials at high processing temperatures. The properties of input raw materials remain unaffected owing to non-destructive temperature modes of the vacuum dryer.
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Donzella, Silvia, Andrea Fumagalli, Stefania Arioli, Luisa Pellegrino, Paolo D’Incecco, Francesco Molinari, Giovanna Speranza, Daniela Ubiali, Marina S. Robescu, and Concetta Compagno. "Recycling Food Waste and Saving Water: Optimization of the Fermentation Processes from Cheese Whey Permeate to Yeast Oil." Fermentation 8, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8070341.

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With the aim of developing bioprocesses for waste valorization and a reduced water footprint, we optimized a two-step fermentation process that employs the oleaginous yeast Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus for the production of oil from liquid cheese whey permeate. For the first step, the addition of urea as a cost-effective nitrogen source allowed an increase in yeast biomass production. In the second step, a syrup from candied fruit processing, another food waste supplied as carbon feeding, triggered lipid accumulation. Consequently, yeast lipids were produced at a final concentration and productivity of 38 g/L and 0.57 g/L/h respectively, which are among the highest reported values. Through this strategy, based on the valorization of liquid food wastes (WP and mango syrup) and by recovering not only nutritional compounds but also the water necessary for yeast growth and lipid production, we addressed one of the main goals of the circular economy. In addition, we set up an accurate and fast-flow cytometer method to quantify the lipid content, avoiding the extraction step and the use of solvents. This can represent an analytical improvement to screening lipids in different yeast strains and to monitoring the process at the single-cell level.
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Uvarova, Inga, Dzintra Atstaja, Ugis Grinbergs, Janis Petersons, Astrida Gegere-Zetterstroma, and Sandra Kraze. "Transition to the circular economy and new circular business models – an in-depth study of the whey recycling." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 578 (November 4, 2020): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/578/1/012019.

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Дисертації з теми "Whey Recycling"

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Vaca, Mier Mabel. "Biconversion of cheese whey into fuels and solvents." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64481.

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2

Muller, Monique. "When necessity begets ingenuity: A study of informal waste recycling at Stellenbosch and Bellville, Cape Town." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4945.

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Magister Artium - MA
The local economy of the City of Cape Town supported by formal economic activities that are carried out through modern production processes whose existence is officially recognized and benefits from the protection of the authorities, and the informal activities that exist outside official control and protection systems. There is a dynamic connection between actors in the formal sector and those in the informal sector, which is seen at the levels of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. This research investigates the linkages between informal and formal resource recovery activities in Devon Valley Landfill Site in Stellenbosch and Bellville South Landfill Site in Bellville. The two landfill sites are at the margins on the city economy where the formal and informal sectors interact and at times collide. Notwithstanding the negative health effects associated with the informal waste collections and the fact that informal waste collectors are neglected by policy makers in many developing countries in general and in South Africa in particular, evidence from Southern Africa has shown that the informal sector fosters considerable social, environmental and economic benefits that should be preserved. Informal recyclers constitute the essential workforce of the recycling business. These recyclers have undertaken various commercial and environmental tasks as a survival strategy long before the state and private entities became interested in participating in this profitable business. Waste recycling in most developing countries is a response to the inability of the formal economy to absorb a growing urban population, and the value placed on recyclable materials in the globalized economy. The study explores the various linkages between the informal sector and formal sector in the recycling industry and it examines the activities of these people involved in informal sector activities at the bottom end of the commonly neglected waste recycling chain. It also examines how waste pickers have developed livelihoods based on resource recovery activities at Devon Valley Landfill Site and Bellville South Landfill Site. This thesis is the result of an extensive literature review and primary data collection using a mixed methods approach. Primary sources of information consulted include, waste pickers, dealers, buy-back centres and manufacturing companies. This thesis attempts to establish the respective correlation between urban poverty, informal waste collection, and the recycling industries. The findings reveal that informal recycling is intricately linked to the formal recycling sector with waste pickers selling their waste to merchants and recyclers.
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Tolsma, Shaun, and Ingrid Torfgård. "Recycling of concrete for sustainable road construction : Why are proven methods not currently used?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Byggteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355724.

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This report aims to investigate why proven methods for recycling concrete waste as road construction material are not practiced in Sweden. An additional objective is to investigate how concrete is handled as a waste product and whether it would be environmentally friendly and financially beneficial to clients and contractors. Information has been extracted via interviews conducted with experts from various positions within the civil engineering industry. Additional information was obtained through literature studies and questionnaires sent and received via email. Results which were frequently mentioned by engineering professionals included the extra expense of transporting and processing crushed concrete, parties involved in the design and construction processtend to follow traditional methods of using tried and tested virgin materials, the assumption of responsibility for structural failure due to alternative materials and general lack of knowledge surrounding crushed concrete as a construction material. Conclusions are that crushed concrete is suitable for construction of subbases in roads and base courses of cycle/pedestrian paths. Traditionally used virgin materials are generally less expensive than crushed concrete. Existing legislation makes the use of recycled construction material difficult. Awareness and education regarding recycled concrete, as a construction material, should be increased.
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Wakolbinger, Tina, Fuminori Toyasaki, Thomas Nowak, and Anna Nagurney. "When and for whom would e-waste be a treasure trove? Insights from a network equilibrium model of e-waste flows." Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.04.025.

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Electrical and electronic equipment waste (e-waste) is growing fast. Due to its potential economic value as well as its possible negative impacts on the environment, tracing e-waste flow is a major concern for stakeholders of e-waste management. Especially, whether or not adequate amounts of electrical and electronic equipment waste (WEEE) flow into the designed recycling systems is a fundamental issue for sustainable operations. In this paper, we analyze how technical, market, and legislative factors influence the total amount of e-waste that is collected, recycled, exported and (legally and illegally) disposed off. We formulate the e-waste network flow model as a variational inequality problem. The results of the numerical examples highlight the importance of considering the interaction between the supply and the demand side for precious materials in policy-decisions. Low collection rates of e-waste lead to low profits for stakeholders and make it difficult to establish sustainable recycling operations. Increasing WEEE collection rates increases recyclers' profits; however, it only increases smelters' profits up to a certain limit, after which smelters cannot benefit further due to limited demand for precious materials. Furthermore, the results emphasize the importance of establishing international control regimes for WEEE flows and reveal possible negative consequences of the recent trend of dematerialization. More precisely, product dematerialization tends to decrease recyles' and smelters' profits as well as to increase the outflow of e-waste from the designated recycling system. (authors' abstract)
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Smith, Matthew J. "The function of a green wall system when integrated with greywater treatment, recycling, and irrigation : exploration of water quality, water resources and planting media." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/77639/.

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Greywater of both treated (TGW) and untreated (GW) types are significant alternatives to mains water (MW) for sustaining the growth and expansion of green infrastructure. The aims of this thesis were first to evaluate GW and TGW as alternatives to MW for the purpose of irrigation of green walls and green roofs. Second, to determine whether irrigation water that has percolated through a green walls soil matrix can be further recycled and reused. GW was treated by a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and produced a high quality TGW, which met British Standards GW reuse requirements. A number of significant water quality improvements were achieved including the complete removal of bacterial species. Notably, GW turbidity was reduced from S.B±4.7 NTU to 0.6±0.2 NTU. Reduction in sodium (Na) concentrations were negligible or below limits of detection with inflow GW having 19.74±S.33 mg/l and outflow TGW 19.67±4.93 mg/1. Sodium was a constituent of particular interest since it is a key constituent of bathroom products as well as causing detrimental effects on soil and plant health in significant concentrations. Green wall irrigation trials showed that when comparing soils irrigated with synthetic GW and MW that no elevation ofsodium concentrations in the filtrate and soil samples was observed. The nutrient content and microbiological quality of green wall filtrate were influenced to a greater extent by its interaction with the soil matrix than the irrigation water type (synthetic GW, MW and TGW). Literary research has shown that GW irrigation ofsoils significantly reduced the SWHC (soil water holding capacity). The green walls irrigation trial results showed that the SWHC decreased by 24%, 23% and 20% when irrigated with synthetic GW, MWand TGW respectively. This demonstrates that the MW irrigation caused a SWHC decrease and that the additional decrease due to GW irrigation was only 1 %. Lightly loaded GW irrigation would not only allow for the replacement of MW but also provide filtered water, which can be collected and utilised. This project highlights a sustainable irrigation alternative to further integrated green walls into the urban environment. Results show that there was minimal effect of GW irrigation on soil, filtrate and leaf tissue in comparison to MW and TGW irrigation.
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"Recycling Water and Nutrients When Producing the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.29824.

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abstract: Large-scale cultivation of photosynthetic microorganisms for the production of biodiesel and other valuable commodities must be made more efficient. Recycling the water and nutrients acquired from biomass harvesting promotes a more sustainable and economically viable enterprise. This study reports on growing the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 using permeate obtained from concentrating the biomass by cross-flow membrane filtration. I used a kinetic model based on the available light intensity (LI) to predict biomass productivity and evaluate overall performance. During the initial phase of the study, I integrated a membrane filter with a bench-top photobioreactor (PBR) and created a continuously operating system. Recycling permeate reduced the amount of fresh medium delivered to the PBR by 45%. Biomass production rates as high as 400 mg-DW/L/d (9.2 g-DW/m2/d) were sustained under constant lighting over a 12-day period. In the next phase, I operated the system as a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), which improved control over nutrient delivery and increased the concentration factor of filtered biomass (from 1.8 to 6.8). I developed unique system parameters to compute the amount of recycled permeate in the reactor and the actual hydraulic retention time during SBR operation. The amount of medium delivered to the system was reduced by up to 80%, and growth rates were consistent at variable amounts of repeatedly recycled permeate. The light-based model accurately predicted growth when biofilm was not present. Coupled with mass ratios for PCC 6803, these predictions facilitated efficient delivery of nitrogen and phosphorus. Daily biomass production rates and specific growth rates equal to 360 mg-DW/L/d (8.3 g/m2/d) and 1.0 d-1, respectively, were consistently achieved at a relatively low incident LI (180 µE/m2/s). Higher productivities (up to 550 mg-DW/L/d) occurred under increased LI (725 µE/m2/s), although the onset of biofilm impeded modeled performance. Permeate did not cause any gradual growth inhibition. Repeated results showed cultures rapidly entered a stressed state, which was followed by widespread cell lysis. This phenomenon occurred independently of permeate recycling and was not caused by nutrient starvation. It may best be explained by negative allelopathic effects or viral infection as a result of mixed culture conditions.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Civil and Environmental Engineering 2015
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Hsu, Peng-Chao, and 徐鵬超. "Waste Electric Appliance Recycling Information System Based on Cloud Computing Technology and Assurance of Continuous Service When a Single Point of Failure Occurs." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09405437724873383967.

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碩士
國立宜蘭大學
多媒體網路通訊數位學習碩士在職專班
102
How to ensure business continuity is an important issue for each organization's core information system. Once the core information system suffered a serious disaster, it leads to difficulties in the business operations of the organization. In an attempt to ensure that the organization's core information systems would continue operating in the face of disaster, organizations are always required to enhance software and hardware to build a high-availability system which is considered effective to prevent the loss of critical data caused by single point of failure. However, the corresponding software and hardware investment to create a high-availability system is considerable. Cloud Computing is the most popular issue in the technology industry and has been widely researched and applied in recent years due to its characteristics including high computing ability, high fault tolerance, high load and high scalability. Through these characteristics of cloud computing, limited hardware resources can be fully utilized thereby creating high-availability information system. In this paper, it aims to establish waste electric appliance recycling information system which is based on Apache open-source Hadoop and HBase cluster distributed cloud computing architecture technology, combined with Apache open-source Tomcat web server. In this study, it is conducted to examine whether the operation of the system remains persistent by installing the virtual machine software and simulating a single point of failure occurred in our Hadoop distributed computing clusters environment. The data processing performance tests confirm that up to 100,000 records can be processed before a single point of failure occurs. The experimental study of this thesis proves that organizations can take advantage of low-cost equipment to run the cluster system that ensures the system would still continue providing services when a single point of failure occurs.
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Книги з теми "Whey Recycling"

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Knight, M. J. Why should I recycle garbage? Collingwood, ON: Saunders Book Co., 2009.

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2

What happens when we recycle metal? London: Franklin Watts, 2008.

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3

Knight, M. J. Why should I recycle garbage? Mankato, Minn: Black Rabbit Books, 2009.

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4

Illinois. Bureau of Energy and Recycling. Why buy recycled? Springfield, Ill.]: Illinois Dept. of Commerce and Community Affairs, Bureau of Energy and Recycling, 1998.

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5

Powell, Jillian. What happens when we recycle glass? London: Franklin Watts, 2014.

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6

What happens when we recycle plastic? London: Franklin Watts, 2014.

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7

Why should I recycle rubbish? London: Franklin Watts, 2008.

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8

Brown, Hamilton. Why waste a second chance?: A small town guide to recycling. Washington, D.C: The Center, 1989.

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9

Illinois. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Public Information. Guide to household recycling: An introduction to why, what and how to recycle in the home. Springfield, Ill: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Public Information, 1993.

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10

Illinois. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Public Information. Guide to household recycling: An introduction to why, what and how to recycle in the home. Springfield, Ill: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Public Information, 1990.

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Частини книг з теми "Whey Recycling"

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Mazumdar, Britika, Gargi Biswas, Rajnarayan Saha, and Susmita Dutta. "Treatment of Whey Water from Food Processing Units Using Hybrid Methods." In Re-Use and Recycling of Materials, 153–71. New York: River Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003339304-10.

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Schönmayr, David. "Why Automotive Recycling is an Opportunity – An Executive Summary." In Automotive Recycling, Plastics, and Sustainability, 167–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57400-4_8.

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Gregson, Nicky, and Mike Crang. "Waste, Resource Recovery and Labour: Recycling Economies in the EU." In Why the Social Sciences Matter, 60–76. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137269928_5.

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Ernst, W. Gary, Jed L. Mosenfelder, Mary L. Leech, and Jun Liu. "H2O Recycling During Continental Collision: Phase-Equilibrium and Kinetic Considerations." In When Continents Collide: Geodynamics and Geochemistry of Ultrahigh-Pressure Rocks, 275–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9050-1_11.

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Nikishin, G. D., V. P. Sharikov, O. G. Sokolov, and V. V. Yurchenko. "Ensuring of Radiation Safety when Decommissioning, Dismantling and Recycling Nuclear Submarines." In Nuclear Submarine Decommissioning and Related Problems, 273–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1758-3_34.

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Oliver, Jason, Stefanie Benjamin, and Hillary Leonard. "Recycling on vacation: Does pro-environmental behavior change when consumers travel?" In Consumer Behaviour in Hospitality and Tourism, 114–28. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003181071-8.

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Lee, Dong Yeong, and Jee Yeon Ha. "Cross-Cultural Recycling and Design Methodology; to Prove the Effectiveness of the Three-Stage Design Method of Cross-Cultural Recycling “Why-What-How”." In Cross-Cultural Design. Culture and Society, 173–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22580-3_14.

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Maruthupandian, Surya, Napoleana Anna Chaliasou, and Antonios Kanellopoulos. "Recycling Mine Tailings for a Sustainable Future Built Environment." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 163–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_21.

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AbstractThe future sustainable built environment focuses mainly on environmental conservation and technological innovation and development. However, with infrastructure development, the consumption of raw materials such as cement, gypsum, sand, and stones increases. Therefore, use of industrial waste as raw material in construction shall be proposed as a sustainable and environment friendly alternative. Also, the higher demand for mineral commodities have led to increased mining and hence increased mining waste. The mine tailings being the wastes from rocks and minerals processing, are generally rich in Si, Ca, Al, Mg, and Fe, and also have considerable amounts of heavy metals and metalloids such as Pb, As, Co, Cu, Zn, V, and Cr. When tailings contain sulphide minerals, it may also lead to acid mine drainage. This makes the effective and efficient recycling and reuse of mine waste a major environmental concern. However, the physical, mineralogical and chemical composition of the mine tailings renders it a suitable material for use in civil engineering applications. This paper discusses the use of mine tailings of different origins for different civil engineering applications such as bricks, ceramics, fine aggregates, coarse aggregate and cementitious binders. This approach has a potential to reduce the demand on existing natural resources to face the demands of the exponentially developing infrastructure.
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Poudelet, Louison, Anna Castellví, and Laura Calvo. "An Innovative (DIW-Based) Additive Manufacturing Process." In New Business Models for the Reuse of Secondary Resources from WEEEs, 65–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74886-9_6.

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AbstractThis chapter will describe the activity of Fenix project that consisted in developing the hardware, infrastructure and processes to make possible the re-use of the recycled metals through an Additive Manufacturing (AM) method called Direct Ink Writing (DIW). It will first explain what is DIW and why it is an interesting way to give added value to recycled materials specially metals. It will then focus on the working principles and the parts of a DIW machine and end with a conclusion of the adequacy of this technology to new circular business models for the recycling of Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE).
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Ahlers, Reinhard. "The Life Cycle Performance Assessment (LCPA) Methodology." In New Business Models for the Reuse of Secondary Resources from WEEEs, 81–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74886-9_7.

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AbstractThe FENIX project has started to develop future business models for the efficient recovery of secondary resources. It would not be enough just to improve business models based on traditional linear approaches. Rather, new approaches must be developed with a particular focus on environmental and climate changes. Electronic scrap is no longer scrap, but must be seen as valuable material. Using the mobile phone as an example, FENIX has developed technologies to get recyclable materials out of scrapped mobile phones and to process them into new materials and final products. The developed technological approaches are not limited to mobile phones, but can be used for all types of electronic waste. FENIX has only focused on the logistic chain from the dismantling of the cell phones to the manufacturing of new materials and products (recycling chain). This, of course, involves a lot of effort in dismantling the e-waste, as the recycling process was not yet considered when developing the products currently on the market. Such eco-design approaches would certainly reduce the disassembly effort in the future. FENIX business models should not only be based on economic success but also consider ecological effects at the same time. Therefore, an accompanying Life Cycle Performance Assessment (LCPA) has been carried out to prove the advantages of the developed business models. From the interim assessment, recommendations for further technical development directions were repeatedly given to achieve the best possible economic and ecological solutions.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Whey Recycling"

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Kaskel, Richard W. "Why Recycle? Demand Driven Recycling of Engineered Thermoplastics." In SAE 2000 World Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-0738.

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Dodd, Kevin, Joe Robinson, and Maria Lindberg. "BPEO/BPM in Recycling of Low Level Waste Metal in the UK." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16210.

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Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) and Best Practicable Means (BPM) are concepts well established in the nuclear industry to help guide and inform waste management decision making. The recycling of contaminated metal waste in the UK is not well established, with the majority of waste disposed of at the Low Level Waste Repository (LLWR) at Drigg. This paper presents an overview of the Strategic BPEO study completed by Studsvik examining the options for low level metal waste management and a subsequent BPM study completed in support of a proposed metals recycling service. The environmental benefits of recycling metals overseas is further examined through the application of lifecycle analysis to the metals recycling process. The methodologies used for both studies are discussed and the findings of these studies presented. These indicate that recycling contaminated metal is the preferred option, using overseas facilities until UK facilities are available. The BPM for metals recycling is discussed in detail and indicates that a tool box for processing metal waste is required to ensure BPM is applied on a case by case basis. This is supported by effective management of waste transport and waste acceptance criteria. Whilst the transport of contaminated metal overseas for treatment adds to the environmental burden of metals recycling, this when compared with the production of virgin metal, is shown to remain beneficial. The results of the Studsvik studies demonstrate the benefits of recycling metals, the options available for such a service and challenges that remain.
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Wai Sang Siu, Betty, and Bing Xiao. "Visual attention, memory and persuasion of recycling advertisements among Chinese university students." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001434.

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This research aims to use an eye-tracking methodology to explore the visual attention of recycling advertisements. The data obtained from the eye-tracking, unaided memory recall, and self-report on perceived persuasiveness can help advertisers and designers understand viewers' visual attention patterns and determine the best persuasion method when designing recycling-related advertisements. Findings showed the Pathos posters would result in long-term memory recall and high persuasiveness. However, more research is needed to see effects of using recycling relevant celebrities on the persuasiveness of Ethos posters. Central Slogans and Images were by far the most important aspect of the posters and what people spend the most time viewing. Keywords: Eye-tracking, recycling, public service advertisement, memory recall, persuasion
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Cox, Ben C., and Isaac L. Howard. "Merits of Asphalt Concrete Durability and Performance Tests When Applied to Cold In-Place Recycling." In IFCEE 2015. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479087.037.

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Morquillas, Jose M., and Pericles Pilidis. "‘Recycling’ of Gas Turbines From Obsolete Aircraft." In ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-309.

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This paper examines the utilisation of aero gas turbines fitted to aircraft which are close to the end of their useful lives. When the aircraft are scrapped the engines can be removed, modified and employed for land or sea applications. The engine chosen as a possible candidate for ‘recycling’ is a two spool bypass engine. A performance analysis has been carried out, which indicates that this scheme can yield good levels of output and efficiency. Preliminary examinations indicate that there are economic advantages in converting these engines for other uses. Two possible conversions are examined: one for a pure industrial engine, and one as the gas side of a combined cycle power plant. The results obtained from this feasibility analysis appear attractive; the anticipated cost of purchasing and conversion is predicted to be significantly lower than purchasing new equipment.
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Yang, Mingyang, Ricardo Martinez-Botas, Yangjun Zhang, Xinqian Zheng, Takahiro Bamba, Hideaki Tamaki, and Zhigang Li. "Investigation of Self-Recycling-Casing-Treatment (SRCT) Influence on Stability of High Pressure Ratio Centrifugal Compressor With a Volute." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45065.

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Large feasible operation range is a challenge for high pressure ratio centrifugal compressor of turbocharger in vehicle engine. Self-Recycling-Casing-Treatment (SRCT) is a widely used flow control method to enlarge the range for this kind of compressor. This paper investigates the influence of symmetrical/asymmetrical SRCT (ASRCT) on the stability of a high pressure ratio centrifugal compressor by experimental testing and numerical simulation. Firstly, the performance of the compressor with/without SRCT is tested is measured investigate the influence of flow distortion on the stability of compressor as well as the numerical method validation. Then detailed flow field investigation is conducted by experimental measurement and the numerical method to unveil the reasons for stability enhancement by symmetrical/asymmetrical SRCT. Results show that static pressure distortion at impeller outlet caused by the volute can make passages be confronted with flow distortion less stable than others because of their larger positive slope of T-S pressure ratio performance at small flow rate. SRCT can depress the flow distortion and reduce the slope by non-uniform recycling flow rate at impeller inlet. Moreover, ASRCT can redistribute the recycling flow in circumferential direction according to the asymmetric geometries. When the largest recycling flow rate is imposed on the passage near the distorted static pressure, the slope will be the most effectively reduced. Therefore, the stability is effectively enhanced by the optimized recycling flow device.
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Chen, Jiajing, Burak Kakillioglu, Huantao Ren, and Senem Velipasalar. "Why Discard if You can Recycle?: A Recycling Max Pooling Module for 3D Point Cloud Analysis." In 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr52688.2022.00064.

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Iyama, Hirofumi, Toshiaki Watanabe, and Shigeru Itoh. "Glass Crushing for Recycling Using Underwater Shock Wave." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71561.

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Much construction scrap is discharged when a dwelling or a building are disassembled. Wood is tipped. Concrete is recycled to new object for concretes, the aggregate for pavement, etc. Glass is classified and crushed, and is recycled by the materials of the glass called cullet. However, in fact, only rough classifying was performed, a little construction scrap is recycled and many materials have been disposed by reclamation. In order to raise the rate of recycling of glass, it not only raises the rate of classify at the disassembling, but it is necessity of also processing to a cullet. On a glass plate with adhesion sheet for crime prevention, because the resin ingredient mixes, it is difficult to make it to the cullet. For this reason, it is necessary to develop an effectively technique for crushing and making to cullet of the glass with resin. Then, we are have examined that only glass is crushed using an underwater shock wave, and it easily separated in to the glass and resin.
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McManus, Kent, Dan Ertel, and Jerel Bogdan. "A Sustainable Choice for Water Treatment/Recycling When Injection is Not an Option or Water Supply is Limited." In SPE Produced Water Handling & Management Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/174534-ms.

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Kiser, Jonathan V. L. "Recycling and Waste-to-Energy: On-Going Compatibility Success." In 11th North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec11-1685.

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This paper will discuss findings from the 2002 nationwide survey that was aimed at determining how well recycling and waste-to-energy are working together. It represents a ten-year update to the original research completed for the Integrated Waste Services Association in Washington. The 2002 survey confirmed not only that recycling and waste-to-energy are compatible, but also provided solid reasons why the two technologies perform better together than separately. This paper highlights these reasons and also features select compatibility case studies from communities around the United States.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Whey Recycling"

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Palmborg, Cecilia. Fertilization with digestate and digestate products – availability and demonstration experiments within the project Botnia nutrient recycling. Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.25rctaeopn.

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To increase our food security in Västerbotten we will need to become more self-sufficient of both energy, feed and nutrients that are now imported to the region. Biogas production from different waste streams is one solution to this. Biogas is produced using biowaste or sewage sludge as substrate in the major cities Umeå and Skellefteå. Biogas systems offer a range of benefits to society. Biogas production is currently prized for its climate benefits when replacing fossil fuels for the production of heat, electricity and vehicle gas, but at Bothnia Nutrient Recycling we have studied how to use the digestate, i.e. the residual product of production, as fertilizer in agriculture. We have been working to improve profitability for biogas producers and develop sustainable products from recycled nutrients, like phosphorus and nitrogen. Improving the uses for digestate increases self-sufficiency in agriculture and contributes to a circular economy. We conducted three agricultural demonstration experiments in collaboration with agricultural high schools in Finland and Sweden to introduce digestate and digestate products to the future farmers in the regions. We found that it may be possible to replace cattle slurry with compost when growing maize despite the low levels of nitrogen, N, available to plants in the compost. In barley, NPK fertilizers gave the highest yield. Digestate from HEMAB and sludge biochar supplemented with recycled ammonium sulphate gave a smaller yield but higher than unfertilized crop. Digestate from a dry digestion biogas plant in Härnösand was better suited to barley than to grass because in an experiment on grass ley the viscous fertilizer did not penetrate the grass and did not increase the growth of the grass. Fertilizer effects on crop quality were small. There was no increased uptake of heavy metals in barley after fertilization with digestate or digestate products compared to NPK fertilization. These demonstration experiments show that more thorough scientific experimentation is needed as a foundation for recommendations to farmers. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous in digestate from Västerbotten that could become used as fertilizer were modelled. It showed that if sewage sludge digestate is used to make sludge biochar and ammonium sulphate and the other available digestates are used directly in agriculture, the entire phosphorous demand but only a small part of the nitrogen demand in the county, could be covered. Thus, to achieve a true circular food production, development and increase of both the waste handling sector and agriculture is needed.
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Melanie, Haupt, and Hellweg Stefanie. Synthesis of the NRP 70 joint project “Waste management to support the energy turnaround (wastEturn)”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.2.en.

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A great deal of energy can be sourced both directly and indirectly from waste. For example, municipal waste with an energy content of around 60 petajoules is incinerated in Switzerland every year. The energy recovered directly from this waste covers around 4 % of the Swiss energy demand. However, the greatest potential offered by waste management lies in the recovery of secondary raw materials during the recycling process, thus indirectly avoiding the energy-intensive production of primary raw materials. In order to optimise the contribution to the energy turnaround made by waste management, as a first step, improvements need to be made with respect to the transparent documentation of material and cash flows, in particular. On the basis of this, prioritisation according to the energy efficiency of various recycling and disposal channels is required. Paper and cardboard as well as plastic have been identified as the waste fractions with the greatest potential for improvement. In the case of paper and cardboard, the large quantities involved result in considerable impact. With the exception of PET drinks bottles, plastic waste is often not separately collected and therefore offers substantial improvement potential. Significant optimisation potential has also been identified with regard to the energy efficiency of incineration plants. To allow municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants to use the heat they generate more effectively, however, consumers of the recovered steam and heat need to be located close by. A decisive success factor when transitioning towards an energy-efficient waste management system will be the cooperation between the many stakeholders of the federally organised sector. On the one hand, the sector needs to be increasingly organised along the value chains. On the other hand, however, there is also a need to utilise the freedom that comes with federal diversity in order to test different solutions.
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Aked, Jody. Supply Chains, the Informal Economy, and the Worst Forms of Child Labour. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.006.

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As a cohort of people, ‘children in work’ have become critical to the everyday functioning of diverse supply chain systems. This Working Paper considers diverse commodity chains (leather, waste, recycling and sex) to explore the business realities that generate child labour in its worst forms. A review of the literature finds that occurrence of the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) in supply chain systems is contingent on the organising logics and strategies adopted by actors in both the formal and informal economies. Piecing together the available evidence, the paper hypothesises that a supply chain system is sensitive to the use of WFCL when downward pressure to take on business risk cannot be matched by the economic resilience to absorb that risk. Emergencies and persistent stressors may increase risk and reduce resilience, shifting norms and behaviour. There is a need for further work to learn from business owners and workers in the informal economy.
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Reichmuth, David, Jessica Dunn, and Don Anair. Driving Cleaner: Electric Cars and Pickups Beat Gasoline on Lifetime Global Warming Emissions. Union of Concerned Scientists, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47923/2022.14657.

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Passenger cars and trucks are one of the largest sources of global warming emissions in the US. Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to dramatically reduce these emissions, especially when charged by low-carbon renewable electricity. New UCS analysis finds that over its lifetime—from manufacturing to operation to disposal—the average new battery electric vehicle produces more than 50 percent less global warming pollution than a comparable gasoline or diesel vehicle. Based on the most recently available data on power plant emissions and EV sales, driving the average EV in the US produces global warming emissions equal to a gasoline vehicle that gets 91 miles per gallon. To speed climate benefits and to encourage more drivers to choose electric vehicles, the report recommends policy changes and investments to bring even more renewable energy onto the grid, develop robust battery recycling programs to help reduce manufacturing impacts, and make EVs more accessible and affordable.
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Rao, Nitya, Sheetal Patil, Maitreyi Koduganti, Chandni Singh, Ashwin Mahalingam, Prathijna Poonacha, and Nishant Singh. Sowing Sustainable Cities: Lessons for Urban Agriculture Practices in India. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/ssc12.2022.

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Despite growing interest and recognition of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) as a nature- based solution, there is limited empirical evidence in countries like India on its role in reconfiguring goals on environmental functions (such as biodiversity, waste management, water recycling, micro-climate regulation, etc.) and social wellbeing (such as food and nutrition security, gender relations, work burdens, land tenure and community ties). A need to address this gap led to the ideation of the project ‘Urban and peri-urban agriculture as green infrastructures’ ( UPAGrI ). When UPAGrI started in 2019, the research on UPA in India was thin but growing. However, the practical experience of urban farming across Indian cities is thriving and diverse, built on decades of bottom-up experimentation. Within the landscape of our ever-changing cities, we found vibrant communities-of-practice sharing seeds and knowledge, engaged online influencers discussing composting and water reuse, and stories of farming becoming sites of multi-generational bonding and nutritional security. This compendium is a collection of 29 such innovative UPA practices from across the different cities in the country. These diverse case studies are loosely categorized into four themes: environment and sustainability; food, nutrition and livelihood; gender and subjective well-being; and urban policy and planning. Written mostly by practitioners themselves, the case studies collectively recognise and celebrate UPA innovations and practices, serving as a repository of lessons for peer-to-peer learning, and demonstrating how UPA can be one of the many solutions towards sustainable, liveable Indian cities.
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Rao, Nitya. Sowing Sustainable Cities: Lessons for Urban Agriculture Practices in India. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/ssc12.2023.

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Анотація:
Despite growing interest and recognition of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) as a nature- based solution, there is limited empirical evidence in countries like India on its role in reconfiguring goals on environmental functions (such as biodiversity, waste management, water recycling, micro-climate regulation, etc.) and social wellbeing (such as food and nutrition security, gender relations, work burdens, land tenure and community ties). A need to address this gap led to the ideation of the project ‘Urban and peri-urban agriculture as green infrastructures’ ( UPAGrI ). When UPAGrI started in 2019, the research on UPA in India was thin but growing. However, the practical experience of urban farming across Indian cities is thriving and diverse, built on decades of bottom-up experimentation. Within the landscape of our ever-changing cities, we found vibrant communities-of-practice sharing seeds and knowledge, engaged online influencers discussing composting and water reuse, and stories of farming becoming sites of multi-generational bonding and nutritional security. This compendium is a collection of 29 such innovative UPA practices from across the different cities in the country. These diverse case studies are loosely categorized into four themes: environment and sustainability; food, nutrition and livelihood; gender and subjective well-being; and urban policy and planning. Written mostly by practitioners themselves, the case studies collectively recognise and celebrate UPA innovations and practices, serving as a repository of lessons for peer-to-peer learning, and demonstrating how UPA can be one of the many solutions towards sustainable, liveable Indian cities.
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Saadeh, Shadi, and Pritam Katawał. Performance Testing of Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Recycled Waste Plastic. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2045.

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Plastic pollution has become one of the major concerns in the world. Plastic waste is not biodegradable, which makes it difficult to manage waste plastic pollution. Recycling and reusing waste plastic is an effective way to manage plastic pollution. Because of the huge quantity of waste plastic released into the world, industries requiring a large amount of material, like the pavement industry, can reuse some of this mammoth volume of waste plastics. Similarly, the use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) has also become common practice to ensure sustainability. The use of recycled waste plastics and RAP in HMA mix can save material costs and conserve many pavement industries’ resources. To successfully modify HMA with RAP and waste plastic, the modified HMA should exhibit similar or better performance compared to conventional HMA. In this study, recycled waste plastic, linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), and RAP were added to conventional HMA, separately and together. The mechanical properties of conventional and modified HMA were examined and compared. The fatigue cracking resistance was measured with the IDEAL Cracking (IDEAL CT) test, and the Hamburg Wheel Tracking (HWT) test was conducted to investigate the rutting resistance of compacted HMA samples. The IDEAL CT test results showed that the cracking resistance was similar across plastic modified HMA and conventional HMA containing virgin aggregates. However, when 20% RAP aggregates were used in the HMA mix, the fatigue cracking resistance was found to be significantly lower in plastic modified HMA compared to conventional HMA. The rutting resistance from the HWT test at 20,000 passes was found to be similar in all conventional and modified HMA.
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Just, Richard E., Eithan Hochman, and Sinaia Netanyahu. Problems and Prospects in the Political Economy of Trans-Boundary Water Issues. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573997.bard.

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The objective of this research was to develop and apply a conceptual framework for evaluating the potential of trans-boundary bargaining with respect to water resource sharing. The research accomplished this objective by developing a framework for trans-boundary bargaining, identifying opportunities for application, and illustrating the potential benefits that can be gained thereby. Specifically, we have accomplished the following: - Developed a framework to measure the potential for improving economic efficiency considering issues of political feasibility and sustainability that are crucial in trans-boundary cooperation. - Used both cooperative and non-cooperative game theory to assess feasible coalitions among the parties involved and to model potential bargaining procedures. - Identified empirically alternative schemes of cooperation that both improve upon the economic efficiency of present water usage and appease all of the cooperating parties. - Estimated the potential short-run and long-run affects of water reallocation on the agricultural sector and used this information to understand potential strategies taken by the countries in bargaining processes. - Performed case studies in Israeli-Jordanian relations, the relationship of Israel to the Palestinian Authority, and cooperation on the Chesapeake Bay. - Published or have in process publication of a series of refereed journal articles. - Published a book which first develops the theoretical framework, then presents research results relating to the case studies, and finally draws implications for water cooperation issues generally. Background to the Topic The increase in water scarcity and decline in water quality that has resulted from increased agricultural, industrial, and urban demands raises questions regarding profitability of the agricultural sector under its present structure. The lack of efficient management has been underscored recently by consecutive years of drought in Israel and increased needs to clean up the Chesapeake Bay. Since agriculture in the Middle East (Chesapeake Bay) is both the main water user (polluter) and the low-value user (polluter), a reallocation of water use (pollution rights) away from agriculture is likely with further industrial and urban growth. Furthermore, the trans-boundary nature of water resources in the case of the Middle East and the Chesapeake Bay contributes to increased conflicts over the use of the resources and therefore requires a political economic approach. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements and Implications Using game theory tools, we critically identify obstacles to cooperation. We identify potential gains from coordination on trans-boundary water policies and projects. We identify the conditions under which partial (versus grand) coalitions dominate in solving water quality disputes among riparian countries. We identify conditions under which linking water issues to unrelated disputes achieves gains in trans-boundary negotiations. We show that gains are likely only when unrelated issues satisfy certain characteristics. We find conditions for efficient water markets under price-determined and quantity-determined markets. We find water recycling and adoption of new technologies such as desalination can be part of the solution for alleviating water shortages locally and regionally but that timing is likely to be different than anticipated. These results have been disseminated through a wide variety of publications and oral presentations as well as through interaction with policymakers in both countries.
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Recycling plant worker killed when caught in a closing overhead bay door. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, February 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface97nj078.

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Janitor dies when he falls into a baling machine that bales cardboard for recycling. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface09ca009.

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