Готові списки джерел за темами / Water-supply engineering Developing countries

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Water-supply engineering Developing countries"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Water-supply engineering Developing countries"

Olsson, Eskil. "Water supply and drainage in developing countries." Batiment International, Building Research and Practice 16, no. 5 (September 1988): 296–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01823328808726913.

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Van der Bruggen, Bart, Karolien Borghgraef, and Chris Vinckier. "Causes of Water Supply Problems in Urbanised Regions in Developing Countries." Water Resources Management 24, no. 9 (November 7, 2009): 1885–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9529-8.

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Ramos, Helena M., Jorge G. Morillo, Juan A. Rodríguez Diaz, Armando Carravetta, and Aonghus McNabola. "Sustainable Water-Energy Nexus towards Developing Countries’ Water Sector Efficiency." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 13, 2021): 3525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123525.

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Water management and energy recovery can improve a system’s sustainability and efficiency in a cost-effective solution. This research assesses the renewable energy sources used in the water sector, as well as the related water sector performance indicators within Portuguese water management systems. A deep analysis of 432 water entities in Portugal, based on ERSAR data base, was conducted in order to identify factors to be improved regarding the system efficiency. On the other hand, the potential energy recovery developed in the REDAWN project was also used as a reference for the application of micro hydropower (MHP) solutions in the water sector. A water and energy nexus model was then developed to improve the systems efficiency and sustainability. A real case study in Africa, the Nampula water supply system, located in Mozambique, was selected as a promising potential for energy recovery. The application of a pump-as-turbine (PAT) allows the reduction in system costs and environmental impacts while increasing its efficiency. The proposed MHP has a capacity to generate ~23 MWh/year, providing significant savings. The developed economic analysis indicates the project is profitable, with an IRR ~40% depending on the energy selling price. This project can avoid the emission of more than 12 tCO2 to the atmosphere, and it can help to reduce the system’s real losses by more than 10,000 m3/year. Consequently, it creates a total economic benefit of 7604 EUR/year.

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Omer, A. M. "Water resources and supply policy in developing countries with special reference to Sudan." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 52, no. 3 (May 2003): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2003.0021.

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Gadgil, Ashok. "DRINKING WATER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 23, no. 1 (November 1998): 253–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.23.1.253.

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Casadei, W. S. "Water Resources in Developing Countries." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0080.

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Lee, S., D. Cha, and H. Park. "International standards for services activities relating to drinking water supply systems and wastewater systems: Implications for developing countries." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 6 (March 1, 2006): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.174.

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In developing countries, the PPP (Public–Private–Partnerships) programs have been unsatisfied during the last decade. This study analyzed one of the main causes is low quality of the system. That is, no matter what supports developing countries may get through PPP, reforming water systems can be hardly successful without appropriate system quality. With this background, this study introduces service standards of ISO/TC 224 as an option to improve system quality of developing countries. To analyze its effects, system dynamic modeling was conducted. The results indicated that service standards, working with the PPP programs, can benefit all the stakeholders involved in the water systems in developing countries. Also this indicates further that this approach with service standards deserves more detailed study for improving the ailing water systems in developing countries.

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Luketina, D., and M. Bender. "Incorporating long-term trends in water availability in water supply planning." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0670.

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This paper examines factors affecting water availability and hydrological trends of water supply. The relative impacts of the different factors have been assessed on a planning time frame of around 30 years. It is demonstrated that the non-greenhouse processes of multi-decadal climate change and el Niño-la Niña climate change will almost certainly be more significant than greenhouse induced climate change. Further, in developing countries, increased water consumption, population growth, and urbanization are likely to be the dominant factors when considering water availability. The type of responses that a water supply organization can make are discussed.

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Pandit, Aniruddha B., and Jyoti Kishen Kumar. "Clean Water for Developing Countries." Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 6, no. 1 (July 24, 2015): 217–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061114-123432.

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Fewtrell, L., and J. M. Colford. "Water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries: interventions and diarrhoea—a review." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 8 (October 1, 2005): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0244.

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We conducted a search to identify all English language papers (published between 1 January 1985 and 26 June 2003) with evidence on the effectiveness of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in developing countries, in which diarrhoea morbidity in non-outbreak conditions was reported. A total of 39 studies were identified as relevant after an initial review of over 2000 titles. Data were extracted and, where possible, combined using meta-analysis to provide a summary estimate of the effectiveness of specific interventions, including water supply and water treatment. Most of the interventions (including multiple interventions, hygiene and water quality) were found to significantly reduce the levels of diarrhoeal illness, with the greatest impact being seen for hygiene and household treatment interventions (after removal of studies classed as poor quality). Sanitation interventions could not be assessed as only a single study suitable for meta-analysis was identified.

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Дисертації з теми "Water-supply engineering Developing countries"

Breitbach, Timothy W. "Supply chain financing in Developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112624.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Engineering Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
There is no definitive blueprint for ending poverty and increasing prosperity across the globe, but the World Bank argues that inclusive economic growth is critical to achieving global development goals. This thesis focuses on supply chain financing, and its potential to make a positive and lasting impact on people and businesses in resource-constrained environments. It seeks to develop a better understanding of how supply chain and finance structures impact profits, sales growth and risk. The two-phased research design seeks to address the gap in the supply chain and development literature on supply chain finance in small and medium sized firms in developing countries. The first phase consists of exploratory, semi-structured interviews with stakeholders in international development, financing and supply chain management. The exploratory interviews were used to develop an understanding of how relevant stakeholders think about and make supply chain finance decisions. Additionally, the interviews were used to identify a company and supply chain for a multiple case study upon which the second phase of research is based. The company is a clean energy product distributor that has partnered with one of the largest banks in Kenya to provide consumer financing for clean energy products. The case analysis includes an in-depth examination of the company's financial performance by sales channel, drawing upon sales records and accounting documents. Interviews were conducted with the company's management, suppliers, sales force, retailers and bank lending agents. The mixed methods case study is used to extend hypotheses developed during the exploratory interviews and further develop theory on the role of financing in developing country supply chains. The exploratory interviews and case study are used to develop a framework of how stakeholders in consumer durable goods markets think about scale in developing countries. The World Bank's Logistics Performance Index (LPI) and Doing Business Report (DBR) data sets are used to demonstrate how organizations can base supply chain decisions on infrastructure, logistics and governance structures within a country. This research can be used by for-profit and not-for-profit entities when making resource allocation and supply chain design decisions in developing markets.
by Timothy W. Breitbach.
Ph. D. in Engineering Systems

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Aslam, Muhammad Sagheer. "Sustainability of community-based drinking water systems in developing countries." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121365.

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A basic framework for sustainable community-based drinking water systems (CBDWS) is studied in this research program; it is based on the performance of existing water supply systems and on the responses to a survey by the various stakeholders. A model for overall sustainability was developed and validated through its application to about 70 CBDWS in rural settings of northern areas of Pakistan (as part of a developing country case study). In addition, analyses and scenario projections of environmental component of sustainability were made along with detailed analyses and syntheses of statistical surveys to gauge stakeholder perspectives and priorities and to incorporate the results in overall sustainability. The study concluded that sustainable CBDWS can be developed and operated only with active participation of stakeholders (grouped by experience as technical, environmental, economic, social, and institutional). The system must maintain safe and drinkable water resources (environmental considerations) and also maintain the potential for renewability through technically optimized design, high quality execution and regular infrastructure maintenance in an economically beneficial and self-reliant set-up. Social and institutional involvement must also be an integral part of the system. Failure of any of these components can affect the sustainability of the entire system. A relevant definition for sustainable CBDWS was formulated, along with the development of a new model for CBDWS sustainability. The model showed that properly maintained sources, proper infrastructure, aware society, stable economy, and effective institutions are linked components of a sustainable CBDWS, and failure of any of these components can affect the sustainability of the entire system. Scenarios for population that would be without access to improved drinking water in 2015 were also projected on the basis of the field studies. The field studies concluded that environmental sustainability in terms of capacity, quality, reliability and protection of drinking water sources is critical. Projection of these findings to a broader level shows that unless urgent measures are undertaken, serious "fallbacks" may occur in the established Millennium Development Goals (MDG) of the United Nations. In the context of the relevant MDG, such fallbacks can reverse the situation to a previously unsustainable condition.The stakeholder subjectivities and priorities for the various elements of CBDWS were examined and quantitatively incorporated into the system. The environmental and institutional components appeared as higher priorities among the various group stakeholders. The environmental component is a higher priority among stakeholders with natural sciences and engineering backgrounds, whereas institutional component (related to community institutions) is the foremost priority for stakeholders with social sciences backgrounds. Finally, for monitoring and evaluating CBDWS, a cost-effective and user-friendly applied framework capable of accommodating field data with varying levels of quality was developed.
Un cadre de base pour les systèmes d'eau potable communautaires durables (CBDWS) est étudié dans ce programme de recherche, il est basé sur la performance des systèmes d'approvisionnement en eau existantes et sur les réponses à une enquête menée par les différents intervenants. Un modèle de durabilité globale a été développée et validée par son application à environ 70 CBDWS en milieu rural des régions du nord du Pakistan (dans le cadre d'une étude de cas de pays en développement). En outre, les analyses et les projections du scénario de composante environnementale du développement durable ont été faites ainsi que des analyses et des synthèses détaillées des enquêtes statistiques pour évaluer les perspectives et les priorités parties prenantes et d'intégrer les résultats en matière de durabilité globale. L'étude conclut que CBDWS durables peuvent être développés et exploités uniquement avec la participation active des parties prenantes (défini dans l'étude: techniques, environnementales, économiques, sociales et institutionnelles). Le système doit conserver des ressources en eau salubre et potable (considérations environnementales) et aussi de maintenir le potentiel de renouvellement grâce à une conception techniquement optimisé, l'exécution de haute qualité et un entretien régulier de l'infrastructure d'une manière économiquement avantageuse et autonomes set-up. L'engagement social et institutionnel doit également faire partie intégrante du système. Défaillance d'un de ces composants peut affecter la durabilité de l'ensemble du système. Une définition pertinente pour CBDWS durable a été élaboré, avec le développement d'un nouveau modèle de durabilité CBDWS. Le modèle indique que les sources sont bien entretenus, infrastructures adéquates, la société consciente, une économie stable et des institutions efficaces sont des éléments nécessaires et liés d'une CBDWS durables, et l'échec de l'un de ces composants peut affecter la durabilité de l'ensemble du système. Scénarios pour la population qui seraient sans accès à l'eau potable en 2015 ont également été projetées sur la base d'une étude de terrain. L'étude de terrain a conclu que la durabilité de l'environnement en termes de capacité, la qualité, la fiabilité et la protection des sources d'eau potable est essentielle. Projection des conclusions de l'étude sur le terrain à une plus grande échelle montre que si des mesures urgentes ne sont pas prises, solutions de repli graves peuvent survenir dans les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement établis (OMD) des Nations Unies. Dans le contexte des OMD pertinents, ces solutions de repli peuvent inverser la situation d'un état précédemment insoutenable. Les subjectivités des parties prenantes et des priorités pour les différents éléments de CBDWS ont été examinés et quantifiable incorporés dans le système. Les composantes environnementales et institutionnelles sont apparues comme des priorités plus importantes entre les différentes parties prenantes du groupe. La composante environnementale est une priorité plus élevée chez les intervenants en sciences naturelles et en génie milieux, alors que composante institutionnelle (par rapport aux institutions communautaires) est la priorité pratique pour les parties prenantes avec les sciences sociales milieux. Enfin, pour suivre et évaluer CBDWS, un cadre appliqué rentable et convivial, mais bien définie et systématique capable de recevoir des données de terrain avec différents niveaux de qualité a été développé.

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Shrestha, Manish M. "Feasibility of Satellite Water Tanks for Urban Areas in Developing Countries." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1353342510.

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Kelsey, Robert. "Cost reduction opportunities for low-income community water supplies in developing countries." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316049.

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Low, Chian Siong 1978. "Appropriate microbial indicator tests for drinking water in Developing countries and assessment of ceramic water filters." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84800.

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Helu, Ali Tuama. "Integrated water losses assessment and water balance study over arid and semi-arid basins located in developing countries." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/89385/.

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Climate change, population growth, and water resources crossing political boundaries are the main issues threating water allocation for agricultural, industrial and domestic uses in developing countries. Integrated water resources management developed in a sustainable manner is essential to allow future generations to meet their water needs. A lack of data in developing countries is the biggest problem that can hinder developing necessary understandings. The Tigris river basin is a prime example, not only because it is located in a developing country, but also due to its long history of armed conflicts and breakdown of law and care. Unstable situation makes data collection difficult, available data poor in quality and the measuring tools and methods rudimental. The insufficient data lead to the impact of the climate change on water resources to be not conclusively detrained. This study shows the climate change impacts through investigate the evapotranspiration (ET) changes over the years. Five potential evapotranspiration models have been studied and classified according to the complexity in terms of the number of variables. Choosing the most suitable ET model helped to fill and reconstruct gaps in historical data sets. The statistical downscaling model SDSM was used to predict the evapotranspiration changes for the next 100 years. Google Earth and 3DRoutBuilder helped to produce an entire river profile with a simple, good quality representation of river networks. That aid the run of the hydrodynamic model (ISIS -1D) which has been utilised to produce water levels and water flow information to establish a robust river losses and water balance assessment for a river. Planning of alternative water resources schemes on river basins located in Arid-Semi Arid region needs an assessment of the hydrologic/hydraulic behaviours of that river. In view of this, the thesis further explores the sustainability of water quantities of rivers based on generated climate scenarios and population increases.

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Leopold, Reginald L. K. "Study of a multi-criteria knowledge-based computer oriented systems approach to decision-making in resource allocation and management of rural water supply in developing countries." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386022.

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Ali, Kazmi Syed. "Impact of Natural, Man-made Risks and Stakeholders Relationship on effectiveness of Supply Chain Management in Developing Countries." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad maskinteknik (KTH Södertälje), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-204466.

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Kolsky, Peter Jonathan. "Performance-based evaluation of surface water drainage in developing countries : a case study in Indore, Madhya Pradesh." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299461.

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Bair, Robert Alonso. "Development of a Decentralized and Off-grid Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Urban Sanitation in Developing Countries." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6174.

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Urbanization has led to rapid and uncontrolled growth of informal housing settlements in many developing countries. As most slum growth is unplanned, these areas tend to lack basic infrastructure including sanitation. The high user rates, lack of water and electricity infrastructure, space limitations, and scant financial resources make sanitation provision a major challenge in slums. As most decentralized sanitation technologies fail when applied in these environments, better technologies need to be developed that cater to the specific needs of slum dwellers. One promising technology, the membrane bioreactor (MBR) is routinely used in developed countries when a compact and resilient treatment system is required. However, the energy requirement of existing MBRs is high, as most are aerobic systems which require aeration. Anaerobic MBRs (AnMBR), which do not require aeration, have led to an improvement of the energy profile of MBRs. As research into the technology is still in its infancy, little is known regarding its applicability in high-density urban environments. This body of research is aimed at understanding the AnMBR’s treatment performance and overall reliability in challenging circumstances similar to those encountered in slums. The appropriateness of an AnMBR was investigated with pilot and full-scale systems treating real wastewater in field conditions. The first investigation, discussed in Chapter 3, was used to determine the resilience of AnMBR treatment when subjected to periods of disuse and high fluctuations in incoming feed strengths. Decentralized systems often see much higher variations in feed composition than centralized systems as they lack large collection systems which homogenize the influent wastewater. Depending on the application, periods of low and no flow are also possible. During this long-term study it was observed that the membrane served an important role in controlling the effluent quality, especially when environmental conditions and feed characteristics varied so significantly as to upset biological stability. The system achieved an average COD removal efficiency of 88.2% throughout the study. It was also observed during this study that the system had higher removal efficiencies when treating higher COD concentrations. Higher strength wastewaters can routinely be found in decentralized applications where dilution water is minimal. These locations include water-efficient buildings, direct coupling to public toilets, and fecal sludge treatment plants. It was also found that the AnMBR was capable of rapidly recovering from extended periods of disuse. This ensures that the AnMBR can be applied to areas, such as schools and hotels that experience large seasonal variations and periods of disuse. The second investigation, described in Chapter 4, examined how fluctuations in ambient temperatures affect fouling resistance. In small decentralized applications, operating the reactor at ambient temperatures is the most likely scenario, as controlling the reactor temperature would incur a high energy demand. Operating at ambient temperatures means that variations can be high, and that temperatures can drop below ideal ranges. Temperature is known to affect biological treatment and to a lesser extent membrane filtration, but the interactions between the two are not fully understood. To determine the effect of temperature on operation, a pilot scale AnMBR was used to treat wastewater with fluctuating ambient temperatures. Three trials were conducted during summer and winter conditions, as well an artificially heated period. It was found that membrane permeability can be greatly affected by operating temperature but its effect varied depending on the fouling state of the membrane. Virgin, or recently cleaned membranes were not affected by low temperatures, while the permeability of slightly fouled membranes was negatively correlated to changes in temperature. When slightly fouled, a membrane TMP could increase by 2.4 times with a 10oC drop in temperature. The magnitude of the TMP increase could not be explained by changes in water viscosity alone. The effect of temperature on TMP decreased when fouling became severe and normal operating pressures were high. These results suggest that seasonal adjustments to AnMBR operation would be necessary to prevent sharp and excessive increases in operational TMP during cold spells. Chapter 5 investigated the feasibility of recovering water, nutrients, and energy in an off-grid and decentralized AnMBR. This investigation performed an energy, nutrient, and mass balance for a theoretical AnMBR treating water from a public toilet in a high density setting. What was concluded from this study is that complete water recycling can be accomplished in such an environment. Onsite water recycling would allow the system to be applied in arid urban areas as well as places lacking regular water provision. The study also concluded that the energy content of wastewater in a high density area would be sufficient to power an AnMBR and electronic toilet. For areas where low wastewater strengths would be expected, food waste addition to the wastewater would improve the energy profile of the system. As many urban areas of developing countries struggle with solid waste management, there is the opportunity to link food waste management with wastewater treatment. This study also highlighted the potential problems that ammonia and salinity buildup could have on a system that achieves complete water recycling. Once the system specifically designed for urban areas was deemed theoretically feasible, a full-scale, solar-powered, prototypical system was constructed in Florida and tested in India (Chapter 6). This system, which was applied in Kerala, India, was investigated for its treatment and membrane performance as well as energy consumption. During the first four months of operation, the system was able to produce high quality product water that could be used for toilet flushing. This was achieved despite the low strength of the incoming feed water and higher than anticipated wastewater production rates. The wastewater strength was low due to the system’s application in a school setting and high levels of dilution water. The reliance on multiple anti-fouling mechanisms allowed the system to operate for 4 months without a significant change in TMP. The average energy consumption per unit of produced water depended on the amount of water treated per day. On average the energy consumption was 1.52 kWh/m3, but that value dropped to 0.83 kWh/m3 when volumes greater than 200 liters were treated per day. The lowest value measured during this trial was 0.16 kWh/m3 when 1,394 liters were produced. All of the energy used by the system was produced by onsite photovoltaics, with minimal carbon footprint. While the system was capable of meeting the water demand of the toilet system, further improvements in the energy demand of the system will be necessary to make the system more cost-effective, robust and reliable. These results suggest that AnMBRs can be applied in high density urban areas for the dual objectives of wastewater treatment and resource recovery. Their reliable treatment in the face of large fluctuations in feed concentration, volume, and temperature suggests they are appropriate for decentralized applications. Membrane filtration allows water to be reliably recycled onsite with minimal operator oversight. The low energy requirements of the system allow for onsite renewable energy sourced, such as photovoltaics to be used to power the system. AnMBRs are able to address many of the challenges that traditional sanitation technologies cannot, which makes them a promising technology to address the problems encountered in slum sanitation.

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Книги з теми "Water-supply engineering Developing countries"

Okun, Daniel Alexander. Community piped water supply systems in developing countries: A planning manual. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1987.

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Water supply and environmental management: Developing world applications. Boulder: Westview Press, 1992.

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Field guide to environmental engineering for development workers: Water, sanitation, and indoor air. Reston, Va: ASCE, 2009.

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Agency, Canadian International Development. Water, sanitation and development: Water and sanitation sector development issues paper. Hull, Que: Canadian International Development Agency, 1988.

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D, Jeffery T., ed. Hydraulic ram pumps: A guide to ram pump water supply systems. London: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1992.

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Patricia, McCarney, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Peri-urban Water and Sanitation Services: Policy, Planning and Method. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2010.

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M, Crimmins Eileen, ed. The fertility revolution: A supply-demand analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.

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Office, National Audit. Overseas aid: Water and the environment : report : ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 6 May 1992. London: HMSO, 1992.

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Mejía, Gonzalo. Production Systems and Supply Chain Management in Emerging Countries: Best Practices: Selected papers from the International Conference on Production Research (ICPR). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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1939-, Mitter Swasti, and Bastos Maria Ines, eds. Europe and developing countries in the globalised information economy: Employment and distance education. London: Routledge, 1999.

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Частини книг з теми "Water-supply engineering Developing countries"

Li, Rita Yi Man, Jian Zuo, and Terdoo Fanen. "Supply and Demand of Construction Safety Regulations in Developing Countries." In Risk Engineering, 93–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12430-8_6.

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Li, Rita Yi Man, and Sun Wah Poon. "Supply of Safety Measures in Developing and Developed Countries: A Global Perspective." In Risk Engineering, 25–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35046-7_3.

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Lythgo, N., P. Vee Sin Lee, S. Laing, J. Lavranos, and H. T. Nguyen. "A Water-Based Pressure Casting Method for Transtibial Prosthetic Socket Fit in Developing Countries." In 6th International Conference on the Development of Biomedical Engineering in Vietnam (BME6), 103–8. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4361-1_17.

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Dieterich, B. H. "Water Supply in Developing Countries." In Ciba Foundation Symposium 23 - Human Rights in Health, 19–33. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470715390.ch2.

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Cembrowicz, Ralf G. "Water Supply Systems Optimization for Developing Countries." In Pipeline Systems, 59–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2677-1_7.

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White, Ian, and Tony Falkland. "Integrated Management of Urban Water Supply and Water Quality in Developing Pacific Island Countries." In Understanding and Managing Urban Water in Transition, 489–526. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9801-3_23.

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Nhapi, Innocent. "Challenges for Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing Countries: Case Studies from Zimbabwe." In Understanding and Managing Urban Water in Transition, 91–119. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9801-3_4.

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Cantoni, Beatrice. "A Risk-Based Approach for Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Drinking Water Production and Distribution Chain." In Civil and Environmental Engineering for the Sustainable Development Goals, 1–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99593-5_1.

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AbstractProvision of safe drinking water (DW) is one of the major requisites for human health, related to four Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nation 2030 Agenda: SDGs 3 (Good health), 6 (Clean water and sanitation), 11 (Sustainable cities) and 12 (Responsible production and consumption). However, this is hindered by the presence, especially in highly-anthropized contexts, of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in DW, that may pose a risk for human health. The present study aims at developing a holistic framework to support both (i) decision-makers for CECs prioritization in DW regulation and (ii) water utilities for the selection of appropriate monitoring and treatment interventions for the optimization of DW supply system. In detail, a quantitative chemical risk assessment (QCRA), including uncertainties related to both exposure and hazard assessments, was developed. Then, it was combined with testing and modeling of CECs fate in treatment processes and in distribution network, obtaining a robust tool to achieve the above-mentioned SDGs. Graphical Abstract

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Sridhar, Mynepalli K. C., Akinwale O. Coker, Olalekan I. Shittu, Temitope A. Laniyan, and Chibueze G. Achi. "Phytotechnologies in wastewater treatment: A low-cost option for developing countries." In Sustainable Water Engineering, 137–64. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816120-3.00005-1.

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Senarath, Don Charles Henry. "Applications of Microcomputers in Water Resources Engineering." In Cutting Edge Technologies and Microcomputer Applications for Developing Countries, 339–47. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429042522-29.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Water-supply engineering Developing countries"

Bradley, Danielle, Jennifer Vegh, Chung-Shing Lee, Renzhi Cao, and Leong Chan. "Assessment of Water Purification Technologies in Developing Countries." In 2018 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/picmet.2018.8481981.

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Mahbubah, Nina Aini, and Abdul Muid. "Sustainable supply chain management: Transferring from developed nations to developing countries." In 2016 6th International Annual Engineering Seminar (InAES). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/inaes.2016.7821941.

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Mon, Khin Aye, T. Koike, G. Nishikawa, L. E. Garciano, and J. Kiyono. "A Simplified Seismic Design Method of Water Lifelines in Developing Countries." In Seventh China-Japan-US Trilateral Symposium on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480342.074.

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Lucero-Bernhardt, Briana, and Cameron Turner. "Passive Evaporative Cooler for Malaria Testing in Developing Countries." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87834.

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A top-wicking cooler box was designed for this purpose and included an experimental and theoretical analysis of an evaporative cooling technique utilizing mounted water troughs and a single transfer surface. Construction and insulation material, cooling capabilities, and environmental sustainability were compared between two boxes with different dimensions. The smaller boxes were found to be more effective due to a smaller ratio of volume to surface area, which resulted in higher cooler system effectiveness than the larger boxes. Regardless of the roofing metal, it was found that the square dimensioned boxes were unsuitable to sufficiently cool numerous RDTs irrespective of their scaling. Future testing on rectangular boxes and additional evaporative cooling options warrant further investigation.

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Khalil, Essam E. "Design of Energy Efficient Commercial Buildings in Developing Countries." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70284.

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Energy Performance of Buildings should include a general framework for the calculation of energy performance and building categories together with thermal characteristics of building, air conditioning, ventilation, lighting and appliances aspects considered. These include Active solar systems contribution to domestic water heating based on renewable energy sources, CPH production and District cooling systems. This paper reviews the energy sources available in Egypt, their distribution and utilization in commercial sectors. The paper demonstrates the importance of incorporating an energy performance directive as a Standard in our region such a goal will aid energy savings in large buildings and set regulations to energy efficient designs that are based on Standard calculation methods. The proposed Standard would be largely based on International Standards and appropriately modified to suit local practices. The target is to develop standardized tools for the calculation of the energy performance of buildings, with defined system boundaries for the different building categories and different cooling/heating systems. The present work is to provide transparent information regarding output data (reference values, benchmarks, etc.) and to define comparable energy related key values (kWh/m2, kWh per person, kWh per apartment, kWh per produced unit etc.). Proposals to develop a common procedure for an “energy performance certificate” and CO2 emissions are given.

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Valencia, Adriana S., Hugo Jativa Cervantes, Eduardo Castillo, Oguier A. Garavitto, Guillermo E. Soriano, and Livingston D. Castro. "Analysis of a Vertical-Axis Spherical Turbine for Energy Harvesting in Urban Water Supply Systems." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10643.

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Abstract Fast-growing cities are a challenge for its current energy demand, especially in developing countries. Replacement of micro-turbines instead of dropping pressure valves in urban-water pipelines may assist in supplying energy to the electrical grid. The understanding of turbine design and its operational characteristics can help for efficient energy harvesting in these cities. The aim of this work is to design a cheap and versatile hydrokinetic vertical axis spherical turbine for extracting energy from water pipelines of 800 mm in diameter. The turbine runner is based on a NACA0018 airfoil. Performance prediction is obtained by implementing a double multiple stream tube (DMST) based model. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element analysis are used for performance and design improvements. Based on the analysis, the turbine can generate an output power of approximately 1.71 kW with a dropping pressure head of 0.4 m and an internal flow velocity of 2.07 m/s with an efficiency of approximately 42.7%. The proposed method allows determining the available energy of 390 kW in the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador.

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Zimoch, Pawel J., Eliott Tixier, Abhijit Joshi, A. E. Hosoi, and Amos G. Winter. "Bio-Inspired, Low-Cost, Self-Regulating Valves for Drip Irrigation in Developing Countries." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12495.

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We use nonlinear behavior of thin-walled structures — an approach inspired by biological systems (the human airway, for example) — to address one of the most important problems facing subsistence farmers in developing countries: lack of access to inexpensive, water-efficient irrigation systems. An effective way of delivering water to crops is through a network of emitters, with up to 85% of the water delivered being absorbed by plants. However, of the 140 million hectares of cropped land in India alone, only 61 million are irrigated and just 5 million through drip irrigation. This is, in part, due to the relatively high cost of drip irrigation. The main cost comes from the requirement to pump the water at relatively high pressure (>1bar), to minimize the effect of uneven terrain and viscous losses in the network, and to ensure that each plant receives the same amount of water. Using a prototype, we demonstrate that the pressure required to drive the system can be reduced significantly by using thin-walled structures to design emitters with completely passive self-regulation that activates at approximately 0.1bar. This reduction in driving pressure could help bring the price of drip irrigation systems from several thousand dollars to approximately $300, which is within reach of small-scale farmers. Using order-of-magnitude calculations, we show that due to increased sensitivity of the proposed design to the applied pressure differential, a pressure compensating valve for drip irrigation could be built without using costly silicone membranes.

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Anderson, Peter, James Wonson, and W. John Dartnall. "Rigorous Design Process for a Groundwater Pump for Low-Yield Water Wells: A Case Study." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39557.

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Ground-water pumping in remote areas, such as Australian farms, was for many years traditionally done by wind pumps in order to satisfy the needs of stock. Since the 1980’s solar pumps of varying designs have become popular for pumping water from farm dams and tube wells. Wind pumps, solar pumps, engine or electric motor driven pumps and even animal/human powered pumps have a future in many remote situations in the world for stock watering, irrigation and for village water supply in developing countries. In these markets there is a wide-spread view that local manufacture of the pumps is preferable, as is well documented in the literature on village water supply in developing countries. Submersible pumps that are either of the multi-stage centrifugal class or that use the progressive cavity principle have increased in popularity in the low well yield environment. However, where well yields are extremely low the efficiency of these pumps also becomes low and oversized pumps of these kinds are often inappropriately applied. Quite often in the low yield situation, tube wells are also oversized in that they are drilled to large diameters and depths so as to provide storage in order to accommodate the water demand requirements of the user. This practice leads to unnecessary deterioration of both pump and well. Designing for low production volume manufacture presents unique challenges for the designer in attempting to design a robust, versatile but cost-effective product. The design challenges include, achievement of: - high efficiency, reliability, longevity, simplicity, versatility with a minimum parts count, and all this at a low cost. A case study is presented in this paper in which the design issues are outlined. A rigorous design process has been applied in this case study.

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Anderson, Christianne V. D. R., and Francis A. Kulacki. "A Passive Portable Water Pasteurization System for Developing Countries: Design, Analysis and Proof-of-Concept Experiments." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1397.

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Abstract The design, simulation, and testing of a novel portable pasteurization system suitable for the daily needs of four individuals are presented. This is the first self-powered, large-scale portable system developed to kill waterborne pathogens that contaminate current water supplies worldwide. The major components of the system consist of available technology: two evacuated solar collectors, a heat exchanger, two holding tanks, and a thermostatic valve. Flow of contaminated water through these components is permitted only when the temperature specified by the thermostatic valve is reached. Simulation of system performance is obtained via a lumped capacitance, time-dependent analysis with a limited number of input parameters. A prototype pasteurizer was designed and constructed, and proof-of-concept experiments were conducted in Minnesota in May 1998. The system was able to deliver nearly the predicted quantity of pasteurized water, approximately 70 liter/day.

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Kumagai, Akihiko, Tien I. Liu, Minhaj Khan, Scott Yu, Brian Wargala, Anthony Little, Robert Johnson, and Jeff Bear. "Manufacturing Methods for Producing Water Pasteurization Indicators (WAPI)." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15721.

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Securing safe drinking water in developing countries is a significantly important problem for engineers to be aware of. Out of 6.5 billion people in the world, 1.1 billion people still do not have access to safe drinking water in their daily lives. A team lead by the Department of Biological Science at our institution developed a prototype device called Water Pasteurization Indicator (WAPI). This device is used to check if water temperature heated by a solar ray reflector panel reached above the pasteurization temperature. The WAPI consists of Carnauba wax in a polycarbonate tube with both ends sealed, a washer for adding weight and setting up the orientation of a WAPI when it is submerged in water, and a fishing string for pulling the WAPI out of water. This paper describes development of a mass-production method for WAPIs. It is essential to establish a mass production method for WAPIs so that it can be made available to people in developing countries in large quantities with an affordable price. The manufacturing method was developed considering appropriate technologies which can be adapted by people in developing countries. In addition, the manufacturing method should be simple, economical, productive, and consistent in quality of WAPIs produced. After the prototype WAPI processing device was developed, a full-factorial design of experiment (DOE) was conducted to optimize three critical process parameters for sealing both ends of a polycarbonate tube by a pair of heat-clamping plates. These parameters are claming temperature, claming time, and clamping gap. During the period of Summer 2004 through Spring 2005, approximately 2000 WAPIs were produced by the WAPI processing device and were sent to Kenya and Tanzania, and all were tested to work successfully.

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Mayfield, Colin. Higher Education in the Water Sector: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/guxy9244.

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Higher education related to water is a critical component of capacity development necessary to support countries’ progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) overall, and towards the SDG6 water and sanitation goal in particular. Although the precise number is unknown, there are at least 28,000 higher education institutions in the world. The actual number is likely higher and constantly changing. Water education programmes are very diverse and complex and can include components of engineering, biology, chemistry, physics, hydrology, hydrogeology, ecology, geography, earth sciences, public health, sociology, law, and political sciences, to mention a few areas. In addition, various levels of qualifications are offered, ranging from certificate, diploma, baccalaureate, to the master’s and doctorate (or equivalent) levels. The percentage of universities offering programmes in ‘water’ ranges from 40% in the USA and Europe to 1% in subSaharan Africa. There are no specific data sets available for the extent or quality of teaching ‘water’ in universities. Consequently, insights on this have to be drawn or inferred from data sources on overall research and teaching excellence such as Scopus, the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education, the Ranking Web of Universities, the Our World in Data website and the UN Statistics Division data. Using a combination of measures of research excellence in water resources and related topics, and overall rankings of university teaching excellence, universities with representation in both categories were identified. Very few universities are represented in both categories. Countries that have at least three universities in the list of the top 50 include USA, Australia, China, UK, Netherlands and Canada. There are universities that have excellent reputations for both teaching excellence and for excellent and diverse research activities in water-related topics. They are mainly in the USA, Europe, Australia and China. Other universities scored well on research in water resources but did not in teaching excellence. The approach proposed in this report has potential to guide the development of comprehensive programmes in water. No specific comparative data on the quality of teaching in water-related topics has been identified. This report further shows the variety of pathways which most water education programmes are associated with or built in – through science, technology and engineering post-secondary and professional education systems. The multitude of possible institutions and pathways to acquire a qualification in water means that a better ‘roadmap’ is needed to chart the programmes. A global database with details on programme curricula, qualifications offered, duration, prerequisites, cost, transfer opportunities and other programme parameters would be ideal for this purpose, showing country-level, regional and global search capabilities. Cooperation between institutions in preparing or presenting water programmes is currently rather limited. Regional consortia of institutions may facilitate cooperation. A similar process could be used for technical and vocational education and training, although a more local approach would be better since conditions, regulations and technologies vary between relatively small areas. Finally, this report examines various factors affecting the future availability of water professionals. This includes the availability of suitable education and training programmes, choices that students make to pursue different areas of study, employment prospects, increasing gender equity, costs of education, and students’ and graduates’ mobility, especially between developing and developed countries. This report aims to inform and open a conversation with educators and administrators in higher education especially those engaged in water education or preparing to enter that field. It will also benefit students intending to enter the water resources field, professionals seeking an overview of educational activities for continuing education on water and government officials and politicians responsible for educational activities

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Sandford, Robert, Vladimir Smakhtin, Colin Mayfield, Hamid Mehmood, John Pomeroy, Chris Debeer, Phani Adapa, et al. Canada in the Global Water World: Analysis of Capabilities. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/vsgg2030.

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This report critically examines, for the first time, the capacity of Canada’s water sector with respect to meeting and helping other countries meet the water-related targets of the UN’s global sustainable development agenda. Several components of this capacity are examined, including water education and research, investment in water projects that Canada makes internally and externally, and experiences in water technology and governance. Analysis of the water education system suggests that there is a broad capability in institutions of higher learning in Canada to offer training in the diverse subject areas important in water. In most cases, however, this has not led to the establishment of specific water study programmes. Only a few universities provide integrated water education. There is a need for a comprehensive listing of water-related educational activities in universities and colleges — a useful resource for potential students and employers. A review of recent Canadian water research directions and highlights reveals strong and diverse water research capacity and placed the country among global leaders in this field. Canada appears to be within the top 10 countries in terms of water research productivity (publications) and research impact (citations). Research capacity has been traditionally strong in the restoration and protection of the lakes, prediction of changes in climate, water and cryosphere (areas where water is in solid forms such as ice and snow), prediction and management of floods and droughts. There is also a range of other strong water research directions. Canada is not among the top 10 global water aid donors in absolute dollar numbers; the forerunners are, as a rule, the countries with higher GDP per capita. Canadian investments in Africa water development were consistently higher over the years than investments in other regions of the global South. The contributions dropped significantly in recent years overall, also with a decline in aid flow to Africa. Given government support for the right business model and access to resources, there is significant capacity within the Canadian water sector to deliver water technology projects with effective sustainable outcomes for the developing world. The report recommends several potential avenues to elevate Canada’s role on the global water stage, i.e. innovative, diverse and specific approaches such as developing a national inventory of available water professional capacity, and ranking Universities on the strength of their water programmes coordinating national contributions to global sustainability processes around the largest ever university-led water research programme in the world – the 7-year Global Water Futures program targeting specific developmental or regional challenges through overseas development aid to achieve quick wins that may require only modest investments resolving such chronic internal water challenges as water supply and sanitation of First Nations, and illustrating how this can be achieved within a limited period with good will strengthening and expanding links with UN-Water and other UN organisations involved in global water policy work To improve water management at home, and to promote water Canadian competence abroad, the diverse efforts of the country’s water sector need better coordination. There is a significant role for government at all levels, but especially federally, in this process.

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Mayfield, Colin. Capacity Development in the Water Sector: the case of Massive Open On-line Courses. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/mwud6984.

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The Sustainable Development Goal 6 targets are all dependent on capacity development as outlined in SDG 6a “Expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation related activities and programmes “. Massive Open On-line Courses (MOOCs) and distance learning in general have a significant role to play in this expansion. This report examines the role that MOOCs and similar courses could play in capacity development in the water sector. The appearance of MOOCs in 2010/11 led within 4 years to a huge increase in this type of course and in student enrollment. Some problems with student dropout rates, over-estimating the transformational and disruptive nature of MOOCs and uncertain business models remain, but less “massive” MOOCs with more engaged students are overcoming these problems. There are many existing distance learning courses and programmes in the water sector designed to train and/ or educate professionals, operators, graduate and undergraduate students and, to a lesser extent, members of communities dealing with water issues. There are few existing true MOOCs in the water sector. MOOCs could supply significant numbers of qualified practitioners for the water sector. A suite of programmes on water-related topics would allow anyone to try the courses and determine whether they were appropriate and useful. If they were, the students could officially enroll in the course or programme to gain a meaningful qualification or simply to upgrade their qualifications. To make MOOCs more relevant to education and training in the water sector an analysis of the requirements in the sector and the potential demand for such courses is required. Cooperation between institutions preparing MOOCs would be desirable given the substantial time and funding required to produce excellent quality courses. One attractive model for cooperation would be to produce modules on all aspects of water and sanitation dealing with technical, scientific, social, legal and management topics. These should be produced by recognized experts in each field and should be “stand-alone” or complete in themselves. If all modules were made freely available, users or mentors could assemble different MOOCs by linking relevant modules. Then extracts, simplified or less technical versions of the modules could then be used to produce presentations to encourage public participation and for other training purposes. Adaptive learning, where course materials are more tailored to individual students based on their test results and reactions to the material, can be an integral part of MOOCs. MOOCs efficiently provide access to quality courses at low or no cost to students around the world, they enable students to try courses at their convenience, they can be tailored to both professional and technical aspects, and they are very suitable to provide adaptive learning courses. Cooperation between institutions would provide many course modules for the water sector that collectively could provide excellent programmes to address the challenges of capacity development for SDG 6 and other issues within the water sector.

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