Готові списки джерел за темами / Water - Purification - Filtration

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Water - Purification - Filtration"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021
Оновлено: 10 лютого 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Water - Purification - Filtration"

1

Şimşek, Barış, İnci Sevgili, Özge Bildi Ceran, Haluk Korucu, and Osman Nuri Şara. "Nanomaterials Based Drinking Water Purification: Comparative Study with a Conventional Water Purification Process." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 63, no. 1 (July 17, 2018): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.12458.

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One of the ways of fully securing the presence of fresh water is water treatment process. Nanomaterials and nanotechnology offers an innovative solution for water treatment. In this study, physical, chemical and microbiological improvement rates of raw water were analyzed after filtration with graphene oxide. Graphene oxide's water treatment performance; silver nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles & graphene oxide composites that are commonly used in water treatment were compared with a traditional treatment method. When compared to the traditional method, there were improvements of 50 %, 40.7 %, 86.8 % and 45.5 % for color, TIC, TOC and hardness properties, respectively in water treatment by GO-based filtration with solid liquid ratio of 0.7 % (v/v). In water treatment with GO-Ag based filtration, 39.8 %, 69.8 %, 10.3 % and 28.6 % of improvements were obtained for TIC, TOC, hardness and LSI value compared to the conventional method. Both GO at 0.7 % (v/v) solid-liquid ratio and GO-Ag nanocomposites were successful in the number of total viable microorganisms and inhibiting microorganisms such as Escherichia coli fecal (gaita-infected), Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomona aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Among the studied parameters GO-Ag nanocomposites found to be the most suitable for drinking water treatment.
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2

Fu, Wan Jun. "The Technology of High Efficiency Water Purification." Advanced Materials Research 1052 (October 2014): 574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1052.574.

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A new promising water purification technology, soft fiber wadding filter, was introduced in this article. The technology has the advantages of energy saving and emission reduction efficiency greatly, is currently the most advanced water purification. This paper explains the structure of the technical equipment, tell the filtration principle, provides the filter parameters of practical efficiency, comparison. The technology is mainly used in power plants, metallurgy, chemical industry, oil field water treatment engineering, and achieved satisfactory results. Significance of the research on the model of water filtration equipment development and filtration theory is grearly.
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3

ANRAKU, Koichi, Masayuki YAMADA, and Tetsuji INOUE. "Membrane filtration technology in water works. Membrane filtration equipment in water purification treatment." Journal of Environmental Conservation Engineering 25, no. 4 (1996): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5956/jriet.25.234.

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4

Serag Eldin, K., M. Abdelrazik, and E. Wahb. "Water Purification using Multiple Stage Filtration Technology." Scientific Journal of October 6 University 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/sjou.2014.32874.

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5

Fu, Wan Jun, and Wei Liang. "A New Technology of High Efficiency Filter Water Purification." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1394.

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Анотація:
A new promising water purification technology, soft fiber wadding filter, was introduced in this article. The technology has the advantages of energy saving and emission reduction efficiency greatly, is currently the most advanced water purification. This paper explains the structure of the technical equipment, tell the filtration principle, provides the filter parameters of practical efficiency, comparison. The technology is mainly used in power plants, metallurgy, chemical industry, oil field water treatment engineering, and achieved satisfactory results. Significance of the research on the model of water filtration equipment development and filtration theory is grearly.
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6

Kosaka, K., Y. Koike, Y. Miyabayashi, K. Saito, M. Asami, M. Sasaki, S. Sato, and M. Akiba. "National survey of utilization of continuous water quality monitors in water supply systems in Japan." Water Supply 19, no. 5 (January 11, 2019): 1347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.006.

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Abstract An investigation of the utilization of water quality monitors at water purification plants throughout Japan was conducted via questionnaire from August to October 2015. The number of types of monitors installed at more than one water purification plant was 34. Chlorine, high sensitivity turbidity, pH, and turbidity monitors were (highly) recommended for installation in four water purification processes (rapid sand filtration, chlorination only, slow sand filtration and membrane treatment), except for high sensitivity turbidity of chlorination only. The number of installations of the monitors recommended and their installation points were dependent upon the processes. Highly recommended points of turbidity were raw water and sedimentation points, which were set for (critical) control points in water safety plans. That of high sensitivity turbidity was the rapid sand filtration point for confirmation of Cryptosporidium control. Chlorine monitors were applied for automatic control, regardless of the water purification processes. Some interesting monitors, such as those for musty odor compounds and trihalomethane, were newly developed and utilized. The results of this study showed that water quality monitors were important for water quality management systems based on water safety plans in Japan.
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Watanebe, Yoshimasa, and Rulin Bian. "Application of Membrane Filtration to Water Purification Process." membrane 24, no. 6 (1999): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.24.310.

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8

Ullah, Asmat, Khan Shahzada, Sajjad Wali Khan, and Victor Starov. "Purification of produced water using oscillatory membrane filtration." Desalination 491 (October 2020): 114428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2020.114428.

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9

Yang, You Ping, and Hui Hui Weng. "An Underground Pollution of Water Purification Processing Equipment Develop." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1372.

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The development of a kind of subsurface sewage disposal device is to develop a subsurface sewage disposal device which uses physical filtration to improve water quality of some specific area. This device mainly consists of a pressure dissolved air vessel, purification filtrating equipment and a system controller. This device also uses modern control technology to make the water quality meet the requirement of the standard of domestic water and satisfy peoples demand for water by controlling the pressure and flow of water strictly and separate impurities and harmful substances from the sewage.
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10

KAWANISHI, Toshio. "Membrane filtration technology in water works. Advanced water purification treatment by ceramic -film filtration system." Journal of Environmental Conservation Engineering 25, no. 4 (1996): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5956/jriet.25.214.

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Дисертації з теми "Water - Purification - Filtration"

1

Jeffcoat, Stuart Blakely. "The importance of hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity on particle removal in deep bed filtration and macroscopic filtration modeling." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20149.

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2

Djembarmanah, Rachmawati Sugihhartati. "Activated unsaturated sand filter as an alternative technology to remove copper, manganese, zinc and nickel from waters." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42435.

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An activated unsaturated sand filter (AUSF) is one of only a few of the filtration technologies utilized to treat waters and wastewaters that use unsaturated filter media. AUSF employs sand coated with potassium permanganate and operates with an open chamber allowing free air flow into the column of sand. The AUSF also benefits from operation without the need for a sedimentation unit. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficient removal of iron and manganese using an AUSF, however, to date there are still very limited studies available that use AUSF technology for the removal of metals from waters and wastewaters. Thus, there is an urgent need and opportunity to exploit this technology further. This research was conducted in order to develop and study the characteristics and subsequent operational performance of a novel AUSF media. The study focuses on the removal of copper, manganese, zinc and nickel from a synthetic wastewater and extends current knowledge to a passive aeration process rather than the active aeration used in the previous study by Lee et. al. (2004). The characterisation involved the use of sieving, Brunauer- Fmmett-Teller (BET) analysis, water evaporation studies and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for structural analysis such as particle size, surface area, porosity and topography. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), acid/alkali resistance, isoelectric point determination and acid digestion analysis were used to determine the chemical constituency, chemical stability, electrical charge properties and the binding efficiency of the media. Finally, tracer studies were employed to determine the flow characteristics through the particle media. The manganese coated sand was proven effective for the removal of copper in both agitated tank batch studies and continuous column studies. The batch studies showed that the equilibrium sorption of copper followed a Langmuir isotherm and the sorption rate was best modelled using the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. This suggests that adsorption is taking place as a single homogeneous layer on the surface of the sand particle via the chemisorption method. The Weber-Morris and Bangham models were used to determine the rate-controlling mechanism and this was found to be predominantly intra-particle diffusion. This was confirmed for column studies using the Bohart-Adams model that demonstrated that liquid-film mass transfer was not significant. Several mechanisms of metal removal are proposed and these include precipitation, electrostatic attraction, adsorption, ion exchange and complex ion formation. The column studies demonstrated that dispersion was low under the operating conditions and plug flow performance could be inferred, thus justifying the use of the AUSF model employed. Copper was best removed when operating as an unsaturated particle bed and the removal capacity was increased by approximately 100% when compared to a saturated particle bed. Moreover, the pH increase that occurs on exposure of the process water to the unsaturated column further improves removal capacity. Thus, there is no requirement for an expensive pH adjustment as a pre-treatment process prior to this unit operation. In addition, the removal capacity of the AUSF was demonstrated to increase with lower metal concentrations, lower water flow rates, smaller sand particles, an increase in manganese to sand ratio and an increase in particle bed height. The AUSF performance in removing metals followed the order Cu > Mn > Zn > Ni for individual and mixed component solutions and Cu > Ni > Zn > Mn for a synthetic wastewater typical of the electroplating industries. In conclusion, the novel manganese coated AUSF developed is effective in the removal of metals from solution and offers the potential of a sustainable low cost treatment method for the purification of waters and wastewaters.
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3

Ahmad, Rasheed. "Filtration and backwashing performance of biologically-active filters." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21659.

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4

Pardon, Ojeda Mauricio. "Treatment of turbid surface water for small community supplies." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1989. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2191/.

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5

Richman, Marjorie Timmerly. "Particle and biomass detachment during biological filter backwashing : impact of water chemistry and backwash method." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19519.

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6

Augustine, Robyn. "Forward osmosis membranes for direct fertigation within the South African wine industry." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2664.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
Water scarcity in South Africa (SA) and more specifically Cape Town, Western Cape, has escalated to disaster levels in 2018. Agriculture and irrigation account for 62% of SA’s accessible potable water (Thopil & Pouris, 2016), and although the agriculture sector plays a pivotal role in SA’s socio-economic development, the future of the sector is dependent on critical issues such as climate variability and population growth (Besada & Werner, 2015). Wine production in SA is an important agricultural activity, contributing great economic value to the agri-food sector. However, despite this, the wine industry is responsible for vast water consumption and the unsafe disposal of winery wastewater, which are critical issues from an environmental and economic standpoint. The ever-imminent crisis pertaining to the limited supply of fresh water from conventional water resources has necessitated the need to develop alternative water resources to supplement an increased water supply, which include the reuse of wastewater, ground water, brackish water (BW) and seawater (SW) desalination. When fresh water supplies are limited, agricultural irrigation is penalised. The reuse of agricultural wastewater as a substitution for potable water irrigation may prove beneficial in areas where water shortages are severe. Forward osmosis (FO) is a developing desalination technology that has received increased attention as a promising lower-energy desalination technology. FO technology relies on the natural osmotic process, driven by a concentration gradient as opposed to significant hydraulic pressures like reverse osmosis (RO). Water is extracted from a lower concentrated feed solution (FS) to a highly concentrated draw solution (DS). The term “lower energy” is only applicable for applications where the recovery of the DS is not required. FO technology offers several advantages. However, the lack of suitable membrane modules and DSs hinder its practical application. FO offers novelty applications in which specialised DSs are selected to serve as the final product water, most notably concentrated fertilisers for direct fertigation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and compatibility of commercially available cellulose triacetate (CTA) and aquaporin biomimetic FO membranes with commonly used fertilisers for direct fertigation within the SA wine industry, using a fertiliser drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) system.
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7

Johnson, Sissy Daniel. "Concentrations [sic] levels of fluoride in bottled drinking water and filtered water using home filtration systems." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1439.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 47 p. : ill. (some col.) Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-46).
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8

Amburgey, James E. "Improving filtration for removal of cryptosporidium oocysts and particles from drinking water." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20723.

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9

Raveendran, Palanivel. "Mechanisms of particle detachment during filter backwashing." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18989.

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Isaeva, Margarita, and Castro Natasha Montes. "Water Treatment for the Removal of Iron and Manganese." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för teknik och samhälle, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-5357.

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The purpose of the study is to find a suitable method for removal of iron and manganese considering local economic and environmental aspects. El Salvador is situated in Central America with a coast line towards the Pacific Ocean. The country borders Guatemala and Honduras. Aguilares is a town situated in the department of San Salvador, with a population of approximately 33,000 people. Currently, the population is provided with water for about two hours per day, since it is the highest capacity of the existing wells. During these two hours many households fill a small tank with water to use for the remainder of the day. The water is not safe to use for oral consumption because of the levels of bacteria and other contamination. One of the wells, situated in the community of Florída is not in use at this date because of the high levels of Iron and Manganese in the ground water which cannot be removed with the present technique.Ground water is naturally pure from bacteria at a depth of 30 m or more, however solved metals may occur and if the levels are too high the water is unsuitable to drink. The recommended maximum levels by WHO (2008) [1] for Iron and Manganese are 2 mg/l and 0.5 mg/l respectively.Literature and field studies led to the following results; Iron and manganese can be removed by precipitation followed by separation. Precipitation is achieved by aeration, oxygenation or chemical oxidation and separation is achieved by filtration or sedimentation.The different methods all have advantages and disadvantages. However the conclusion reached in this report is that aeration and filtration should be used in the case of Florída. What equipment and construction that should be used depends on economic and resource factors as well as water requirements, which is up to the council of Aguilares to deliberate.
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Книги з теми "Water - Purification - Filtration"

1

Logsdon, Gary. Water filtration: Operation and design. [S.l: s.n., 1992.

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2

Water filtration practices: Including slow sand filters and precoat filtration. Denver: American Water Works Association, 2008.

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3

Huben, Harry Von. Surface water treatment: The new rules. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 1991.

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4

Letterman, Raymond D. Filtration strategies to meet the surface water treatment rule. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 1991.

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5

Litvinova, T. A. Membrannoe oborudovanie dli͡a︡ poluchenii͡a︡ chistoĭ i sverkhchistoĭ vody. Moskva: T͡S︡INTIkhimneftemash, 1991.

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6

Land, Brenda. Iron and manganese in drinking water. [San Dimas, Calif: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology & Development Program, 1999.

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7

Operational control of coagulation and filtration processes. 3rd ed. Denver: American Water Works Association, 2010.

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8

Gregory, Dean. The impact of chemical sequencing on filtration performance. Denver, CO: Awwa Research Foundation, 2003.

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9

Tallman, Daniel N. MgO filtration research. Pittsburgh, Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1987.

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10

Jacangelo, Joseph G. Membrane filtration for microbial removal. Denver, CO: AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association, 1997.

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Частини книг з теми "Water - Purification - Filtration"

1

Matter, Christoph Georg. "Membrane Filtration (Micro and Ultrafiltration) in Water Purification." In Handbook of Water and Used Water Purification, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66382-1_3-1.

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Matter, Christoph Georg. "Membrane Filtration (Micro and Ultrafiltration) in Water Purification." In Handbook of Water and Used Water Purification, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66382-1_3-2.

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3

Mittelman, Marc W. "Bacterial Biofilms in Pharmaceutical Water Systems." In Filtration and Purification in the Biopharmaceutical Industry, 587–607. Third edition. | Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press, 2019. | Series: Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315164953-23.

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4

Liang, Robert, Anming Hu, Mélisa Hatat-Fraile, and Norman Zhou. "Development of TiO2 Nanowires for Membrane Filtration Applications." In Nanotechnology for Water Treatment and Purification, 47–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06578-6_2.

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Giwa, Adewale, Menatalla Ahmed, and Shadi Wajih Hasan. "Polymers for Membrane Filtration in Water Purification." In Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials, 167–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00743-0_8.

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Liang, Robert, Anming Hu, Mélisa Hatat-Fraile, and Norman Zhou. "Fundamentals on Adsorption, Membrane Filtration, and Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment." In Nanotechnology for Water Treatment and Purification, 1–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06578-6_1.

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Palm, Harry W., Ulrich Knaus, Samuel Appelbaum, Sebastian M. Strauch, and Benz Kotzen. "Coupled Aquaponics Systems." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems, 163–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_7.

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AbstractCoupled aquaponics is the archetype form of aquaponics. The technical complexity increases with the scale of production and required water treatment, e.g. filtration, UV light for microbial control, automatic controlled feeding, computerization and biosecurity. Upscaling is realized through multiunit systems that allow staggered fish production, parallel cultivation of different plants and application of several hydroponic subsystems. The main task of coupled aquaponics is the purification of aquaculture process water through integration of plants which add economic benefits when selecting suitable species like herbs, medicinal plants or ornamentals. Thus, coupled aquaponics with closed water recirculation systems has a particular role to fulfil.Under fully closed recirculation of nutrient enriched water, the symbiotic community of fish, plants and bacteria can result in higher yields compared with stand-alone fish production and/or plant cultivation. Fish and plant choices are highly diverse and only limited by water quality parameters, strongly influenced by fish feed, the plant cultivation area and component ratios that are often not ideal. Carps, tilapia and catfish are most commonly used, though more sensitive fish species and crayfish have been applied. Polyponics and additional fertilizers are methods to improve plant quality in the case of growth deficiencies, boosting plant production and increasing total yield.The main advantages of coupled aquaponics are in the most efficient use of resources such as feed for nutrient input, phosphorous, water and energy as well as in an increase of fish welfare. The multivariate system design approach allows coupled aquaponics to be installed in all geographic regions, from the high latitudes to arid and desert regions, with specific adaptation to the local environmental conditions. This chapter provides an overview of the historical development, general system design, upscaling, saline and brackish water systems, fish and plant choices as well as management issues of coupled aquaponics especially in Europe.
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Anadão, Priscila. "Nanocomposite filtration membranes for drinking water purification." In Water Purification, 517–49. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804300-4.00015-0.

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Bagbi, Yana, Arvind Pandey, and Pratima R. Solanki. "Electrospun Nanofibrous Filtration Membranes for Heavy Metals and Dye Removal." In Nanoscale Materials in Water Purification, 275–88. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813926-4.00015-x.

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Rastogi, Rupali. "Water Purification Using Different Chemical Treatment." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 338–67. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6111-8.ch019.

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Water from surface sources is often contaminated by microbes, whereas groundwater is normally safer, but even groundwater can be contaminated by harmful chemicals from human activities or from the natural environment. The purification process of water may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, and a range of dissolved and particulate material derived from the surfaces. Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated water. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water), but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, such as medical, pharmacology, chemical, and industrial applications. In general, the methods used include physical processes such as filtration and sedimentation, biological processes such as slow sand filters or activated sludge, chemical processes such as flocculation and chlorination, and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Water - Purification - Filtration"

1

Boyle, Paul M., and Brent C. Houchens. "Hands-On Water Purification Experiments Using the Adaptive WaTER Laboratory for Undergraduate Education and K-12 Outreach." In ASME 2008 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the Heat Transfer, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2008-55108.

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A bench-top educational system, the Adaptive Water Treatment for Education and Research (WaTER) Laboratory, has been developed as part of a year-long capstone design project. The Adaptive WaTER Lab teaches students about the effectiveness of various water purification techniques. Stackable housings employ six different filtration and purification methods including: sediment filtration, carbon filtration, chemical disinfection, reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, and ultraviolet light disinfection. Filtration pressure is supplied by a hand or foot pump, and two rechargeable batteries are required for the UV sterilization unit. The advantages and limitations of each technique are investigated, with learning performance criteria measured by knowledge of: material costs, contaminant removal or neutralization capabilities (from large sediment to bacteria and viruses to chemicals), robustness and longevity, and power requirements and efficiencies. Finally, suitable combinations of treatment techniques are studied for specific contamination issues, with the ultimate goal of producing potable water. The importance of sustainable water use is also discussed. Background information and suggested experiments are introduced through accompanying educational packets. This system has had a successful impact on undergraduate education. The metrics of success include a published journal article, an awarded EPA P3 educational grant and a pending patent for the undergraduates involved in the development of the Lab. Other undergraduates are currently involved in a design for manufacturability study. Finally, the Lab has served as a demonstration tool in a new interdisciplinary engineering course “Integrated Approaches to Sustainable Development.” The Adaptive WaTER Lab has also been used in hands-on outreach to over 300 underrepresented K-12 students in the Houston area. Two high school students borrowed the original prototype of the Lab to use in an Earth Day demonstration, and one student recently worked on an individual project using the Lab. Because the Lab is portable and requires only human and solar power (to recharge the batteries via a solar backpack), it is also ideal for educational efforts in developing nations. Labs are currently being produced for outreach and donation via three international projects to install water purification systems and/or educational Labs in schools and clinics in Mexico, Lesotho and Swaziland, in collaboration with the Beyond Traditional Borders and Rice 360 health initiatives.
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Rihong Liao, Yingjie Shen, Nan Zhan, Cao Liu, and Yunfang Huang. "Research on the water purification for reclaimed water resource supply-type lakes by the method of recirculation filtration." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5965502.

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Schmaltz, Kevin. "ASME Open Source Project: Prototype Re-Design and Conclusion of a Human Powered Water Purification Device." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11293.

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The Western Kentucky University Mechanical Engineering program partnered with ASME to host an Open Source student design project to develop a prototype water purification device in 2008. The project was funded by an ASME grant and is part of a continuing initiative by ASME to extend the relevance of their annual Student Design Competitions (SDC) and link student projects to societal concerns. The Open Source Project extended the 2007 SDC which required students to design and construct human-powered devices to purify water. The design challenge was inspired by Hurricane Katrina-like temporary disasters, but also addresses one of the National Academy of Engineering’s Grand Challenges for Engineering: provide access to clean water. Affordable and practical solutions are needed to provide drinkable water to people who do not have the equipment, power or other resources necessary to assure safe water supplies. During the spring and early summer of 2008, five students from various SDC teams qualifying for the 2007 SDC finals used their competition experience to develop a new design for a human powered water purification system. Team members were distributed at universities from Sweden to Venezuela to New Mexico, and therefore interacted via internet and teleconferences to refine the design. Ongoing work was posted to the ASME website, allowing people external to the team a chance to critique or contribute to the design. The team met at WKU in May to construct and test a prototype of the design. The initial prototype was able to purify water at 10 times the rate of any SDC devices, using a combination of passive sand filtration, solar heat collection and mechanical friction heating. While this was a marked improvement, the reality is that the human effort to purify this water is still excessive. The second generation prototype was completed by faculty, staff and students at WKU during the 2009 summer with the information learned and experiences gained from the initial prototype of the distributed team. This paper will discuss the evolution of the project design from the SDC to through the second prototype and the impact of the open source approach to the design process. The project represents ASME’s first attempt at executing an “Open Source” project, providing a forum for mechanical engineers around the world to contribute to solutions of critical social, economic and environmental problems. If the final design proves technically feasible, the Open Source team will seek support from the ASME Center for Engineering Entrepreneurship and Innovation to commercialize the design.
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Nnanna, A. G. Agwu, Chenguang Sheng, Kimberly Conrad, and Greg Crowley. "Performance Assessment of Pre-Filtration Strainer of an Ultrafiltration Membrane System by Particle Size Analysis." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53447.

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One of the industrial applications of ultrafiltration membrane system is water purification and wastewater treatment. Membranes act as physical barriers by eliminating particles such as pollen, yeast, bacteria, colloids, viruses, and macromolecules from feed water. The effectiveness of the membrane to separate particles is determined by its molecular weight cut-off and feed water characteristics. Typically, pre-filtration strainers are installed upstream of an ultrafiltration membrane system to separate large particles from the flow stream. The criteria for selection of the strainer pore size is unclear and is often determined by the feed water average particle size distribution. This paper is motivated by the hydraulic loading failure of a 125 μm strainer by average feed water particle size of 1.6 μm when the volumetric flow is at or greater than 40% of the rated design flow capacity. The objective of this paper are to: a) determine if the feed particle size distribution is a sufficient parameter for selection of pre-filtration strainer, b) evaluate the effect of feed flow velocity on strainer performance, and c) enhance strainer performance using vortex generator. In this experimental study, a Single Particle Optical Sensing, Accusizer, was used to analyze particle size distribution of five water samples collected at strainer feed, strainer filtrate, and strainer backwash. All samples were analyzed using a lower detection limit of 0.5 μm. In order to capture more counts of the larger particles present in the sample, a second analysis was done for each sample at a higher detection limit, 5.09 μm for feed sample, and 2.15 μm for the rest of the samples. Particle size data based on individual detection limits were statistically combined to generate comprehensive blended results of total number and total volume. The volume was determined based on assumption that each particle is spherically shaped. The Particle Size Distribution Measurement Accuracy is ±0.035 μm. Results showed that the feed particle size diameter and volume was insufficient to determine strainer size. Particle size distribution is needed at the feed, filtrate, and backwash to evaluate the strainer particle separation efficiency. It was observed that the total particle count in the filtrate (4.4 × 106) was an order of magnitude higher than the feed (3.2 × 105). Specifically, the total count for particles with diameter less than 7.22 μm were higher in the filtrate while larger particle size ≥ 7.22 μm were more in the feed stream. It appears that the large particles in the feed breaks down into smaller particles at the strainer interface and the small particles (≤ 7.22μm) passed through the pore into the filtrate. The particle breakdown, detachment of particles in the strainer pore into the filtrate, and particle to particle interactions are enhanced by increase in flow velocity hence increasing the hydrodynamic shear that acts on attached particles. A vortex generator inserted in to the strainer reduced pore clogging and pressure drop.
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McQuillen, John, John Sankovic, and Nancy Rabel Hall. "Multiphase Flow Separators in Reduced Gravity." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80764.

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Gas phase and liquid phase separation is necessary for one of two reasons. First, system-critical components are designed to specifically operate in a single phase mode only. Pumps, especially centrifugal pumps, lose their prime when gas bubbles accumulate in the impellor housing. Turbines and compressors suffer from erosion problems when exposed to vapor laden with liquid droplets. The second reason is that system performance can be significantly enhanced by operating in a single phase mode. The condensation heat transfer coefficient can be enhanced when the liquid of an entering two-phase stream is stripped thus permitting initial direct contact of the vapor with the cold walls of the condenser. High efficiency and low mass Environmental Control and Life Support Systems invariably require multiphase processes. These systems consist of water filtration and purification via bioreactors that encounter two phase flow at the inlets from drainage streams associated with the humidity condensate, urine, food processing, and with ullage bubble effluent from storage tanks. Entrained gases in the liquid feed, could have deleterious effects on the performance of many of these systems by cavitating pumps and poisoning catalytic packed bed bioreactors. Phase separation is required in thermal management and power systems whereby it is necessary to have all vapor entering the turbine and all liquid exiting the condenser and entering the pump in order to obtain the highest reliability and performance of these systems. Power systems which utilize Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells generate a humidified oxygen exit stream whereby the water vapor needs to be condensed and removed to insure reliable and efficient system operation. Gas-liquid separation can be achieved by a variety of means in low gravity. Several active and passive techniques are examined and evaluated. Ideally, a system that functions well in all gravity environments that the system experiences is a requirement
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Ilin, V., Yu Karlin, A. Laurson, Eu Volkov, and S. Dmitriev. "Possible Approach to Cleaning “Problematic” LRW With Large Contents of Suspended Particles, Oils and Other Organic Substances." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7146.

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A general structural scheme for cleaning “problematic” liquid radioactive wastes (LRW) containing a large amount of suspended particles, oils and other organic substances has been proposed. The technological scheme includes two main stages: 1) separation of suspended particles, oil product emulsions and the larger part of colloidal particles from LRW by filtration, 2) purification of radioactive waters from radionuclides by membrane-sorption to the levels of radiation safety norms applied. The filtration stage is considered as a three-step process of “problematic” LRW treatment including: 1) “problematic” LRW extraction from storage tanks with a robot type device intended for washing out the bottom sediment (slurry), 2) separation of suspended particles, oil product emulsions and larger part of colloidal particles from LRW by filtration through porous or gauze diaphragms of 0.1 to 10 μm pores (cells) in size, 3) concentration of separated slurry up to 100–200 g/l. Two main options of the membrane-sorption technologies, AQUA-EXPRESS and Reverse Osmosis, for LRW purification have been considered. Two possible options of porous or gauze diaphragms productivity and lifetime increase between their surface regenerations have been shown: 1) possibility of an oxidizer introduction into initial LRW, 2) possibility to rotate a filtering element (disk or cylinder type).
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1

Lundquist, Arthur, Steven Clarke, and William Bettin. Filtration in the Use of Individual Water Purification Devices. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada453953.

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