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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Waste chemical production"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Waste chemical production"

1

Pilip, Larisa V., and Maria E. Kazakova. "Chemical method of eliminating odors in commercial pig production." Butlerov Communications 62, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-62-4-88.

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According to the Federal Waste Classification Catalogue swine manure and slurry are classified as hazardous wastes of class 3. When stored these wastes emit various gases into the atmosphere including greenhouse gases. It is possible to solve this problem by using a chemical approach. For binding pollutants of acidic nature it is proposed to use sodium hypochlorite showing the properties of bases, while for the substances having basic properties it is possible to use sulfuric acid. The distinctive feature of this method is the technology of using the wastes of chemical industry. This paper proposes and justifies the technological scheme of the chemical method for cleaning the air polluted by emissions from industrial pig enterprises. The research was performed under laboratory conditions, taking into account the technological specifics of pig industry. In the course of the study, gravimetric and potentiometric methods were used. The object of the study was native manure obtained from 4-month-old pigs. In the experiment, we used waste sulfuric acid and alkaline solution of sodium hypochlorite produced By "HaloPolymer Kirovo-Chepetsk". The handbook of best available methods in pig industry recommends using low-waste technologies, while it is possible to use waste products from local chemical enterprises for recycling agricultural waste. The technological solution will make it possible to reduce the concentration of odorigenic substances in the air of livestock premises, to eliminate odors from ventilation emissions, to reduce the toxicity of manure effluent and to process toxic fresh pig manure into granular organic fertilizer. The introduction of this scheme into industrial pig farming will dramatically reduce the amount of malodorous animal waste, significantly reduce odor pollution and improve the environmental situation in the areas adjacent to pig farms.
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2

Kušnierová, Maria, Vladimír Šepelák, and Ol'ga Šestinová. "Bio-chemical methods in wasteprocessing." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-009-0007-0.

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Bio-chemical methods in wasteprocessing The mineral biotechnologies, the domain of which is primary raw material processing, are increasingly diversifying into some metallurgical areas. The presented results of the research carried out with metallurgical wastes from aluminium production, lead waste remaking and desulphurization zinc-ferrite-based sorbents regeneration prove the possibility of the use of bio-chemical methods. The results obtained and the proposed technologies applying bio-chemical processes enable a complex processing and use of waste sludge from aluminium production and the use of wastes from matte-based copper production for the production of hematite pigments. The use of microorganisms in the desulphurization sorbent regeneration processes allows to increase sorbent's efficiency and its repeated recycling.
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3

Malinowski, Przemysław, Mirosław Olech, Józef Sas, Wiesław Wantuch, Andrzej Biskupski, Leszek Urbańczyk, Mieczysław Borowik, and Jerzy Kotowicz. "Production of compound mineral fertilizers as a method of utilization of waste products in chemical company Alwernia S.A." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 12, no. 3 (January 1, 2010): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-010-0024-z.

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Анотація:
Production of compound mineral fertilizers as a method of utilization of waste products in chemical company Alwernia S.A. The results of investigations on a possible utilization of waste products formed during the production of commercial and food inorganic salts are presented. Application of wastes in the production of compound fertilizers was suggested. The work covered a full research cycle starting from laboratory tests and ending on the production implementation. Fertilizer formulas were developed on the basis of laboratory tests. A possible production of fertilizers of suggested compositions was tested on a pilot plant scale. The compound fertilizer production with the use of waste raw materials was implemented in Chemical Company Alwernia S.A. It reduced the amount of wastes directed to industrial waste site.
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4

Lane, Alan M. "Designing chemical reactors to minimize waste production." Waste Management 13, no. 5-7 (January 1993): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-053x(93)90110-i.

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5

Kascheev, Ivan D., Vladimir I. Zhuchkov, and Oleg V. Zayakin. "Forming and Utilizing Ferrochromium Production Waste." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.492.

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Анотація:
Analysis of forming chromium-bearing ferroalloys production waste in Russian Federation was performed. Chemical, phase, fractional compositions and physico-chemical, technological properties of high-carbon ferrochromium slag were defined. Physico-chemical, thermo-mechanical and thermo-physical properties of fire-resistant materials, obtained from ferrochromium production slag and dust, were researched. It was shown that researched waste may be utilized as raw for fire-resistant materials production. Because of their chemical and phase composition, researched materials may be utilized for production of forsterite-spinel-based and forsterite-spinel-periclase-based fire-resistant materials. Technological properties of researched materials allow obtaining dense strength fire-resistant materials. Such fire-resistant materials are promising in the field of ferrous metallurgy (lining up furnaces, ladles and overflow launders in ferroalloys production).
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6

Prajapati, Ravindra, Kirtika Kohli, Samir K. Maity, and Brajendra K. Sharma. "Potential Chemicals from Plastic Wastes." Molecules 26, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 3175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113175.

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Анотація:
Plastic is referred to as a “material of every application”. From the packaging and automotive industries to the medical apparatus and computer electronics sectors, plastic materials are fulfilling demands efficiently. These plastics usually end up in landfills and incinerators, creating plastic waste pollution. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 2015, 9.1% of the plastic materials generated in the U.S. municipal solid waste stream was recycled, 15.5% was combusted for energy, and 75.4% was sent to landfills. If we can produce high-value chemicals from plastic wastes, a range of various product portfolios can be created. This will help to transform chemical industries, especially the petrochemical and plastic sectors. In turn, we can manage plastic waste pollution, reduce the consumption of virgin petroleum, and protect human health and the environment. This review provides a description of chemicals that can be produced from different plastic wastes and the research challenges involved in plastic waste to chemical production. This review also provides a brief overview of the state-of-the-art processes to help future system designers in the plastic waste to chemicals area.
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7

Abdrakhimov, V. Z., and A. V. Kolpakov. "Aspects of Use Of Waste Fuel and Energy Complex and Chemical Industry in the Production of Ceramic Bricks." Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-1-11-14.

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Анотація:
One of the most promising areas for the use of waste production is ─ involving them recycled as raw materials for the production of ceramic bricks. The use of waste fuel and energy complex (inter-shale clay) and chemical wastes (alumosilicate sludge) in the production of ceramic bricks promotes recycling of industrial waste, environment, expansion of raw materials base for production of ceramic building materials. Developed innovative proposals for reducing negative impacts of toxic waste processing on environmental objects, which novelty is confirmed by Patents of the Russian Federation.
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M M, Kosukhin, Starostina I V, and Kosukhin A M. "Reclamation of chemical wastes for the production of efficient concrete modifiers." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.23 (April 20, 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.23.11879.

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Анотація:
The research concerning the obtaining of highly-efficient polyfunctional superplasticizers for concretes on the basis of chemical production waste with the purpose of their reclamation and improving the environmental situation in the populated areas has been carried out. The highly-efficient concrete admixtures on the basis of various wastes have been synthesized and patented. A new efficient modifier based on pyrocatechin production waste has been suggested. The colloid and chemical properties of the obtained modifier and its influence on physical, mechanical and maintenance-engineering characteristics of concrete have been researched. Its comparative evaluation with the known plasticizing admixtures has been presented. It has been demonstrated that the superplasticizer under study is the most efficient in terms of plasticizing activity and improving the physical and mechanical properties of concretes and concrete mixes and has a polyfunctional effect. Its application allows increasing the concrete mixes flowability and concrete strength, reducing the concrete consumption, providing the concrete with fungicidal properties, cutting the production costs and solving ecological problems of the chemical production waste recycling.
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Díaz, R., and G. Díaz-Godínez. "Substrates for mushroom, enzyme and metabolites production: A review." Journal of Environmental Biology 43, no. 03 (May 2, 2022): 350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/43/3/mrn-3017.

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Анотація:
The agri-food industry produces a large quantity and variety of foods that are the basis of diet for humans in the world, generating waste with a high content of compounds such as lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose that are difficult to degrade. There are chemical methodologies for the partial degradation of agro-industrial waste, but it carries a possibly greater risk of environmental contamination by the chemicals used for such purposes, so natural alternatives are sought for its degradation and obtain an economic and sustainable benefit for its use through mushroom cultivation. Mushroom production can be carried out using macrofungi that are edible, have medicine value also enzyme or metabolite-producing. Waste such as sunflower seed husk, peanut husk, corn husks, potato husk, coffee husk, cocoa husk, bean shell, pea shell, sawdust from different woods, cob and stubble of corn, oat stubble, tomato stubble, sorghum stubble, straw from various cereals, wheat bran, rice bran, cotton stalks, sugarcane bagasse, tequila agave waste, quinoa waste, coconut and banana wastes, dehydrated jicama, almond leaves, among others, are used as a substrate for the cultivation of mushrooms, which have been used alone or in mixtures, seeking to increase the production of carpophores or their metabolites and enzymes.
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Zhang, Ye Shui, Hua Lun Zhu, Dingding Yao, Paul T. Williams, Chunfei Wu, Dan Xu, Qiang Hu, et al. "Thermo-chemical conversion of carbonaceous wastes for CNT and hydrogen production: a review." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 17 (2021): 4173–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1se00619c.

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Анотація:
Thermo-chemical conversion of carbonaceous wastes such as tyres, plastics, biomass and crude glycerol is a promising technology compared to traditional waste treatment options (e.g. incineration and landfill).
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Waste chemical production"

1

Lin, Zhongye. "Microalgal Growth and Lipid Production from Organic Waste." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1385429109.

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2

Lucas, Carlos Krus Galvão. "Biogas production from potato peel waste." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/12337.

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3

Stamouli, Konstantina. "Fuel production and optimisation from mixed plastic waste." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8268/.

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Анотація:
Increasing plastic consumption has created an alerting problem with waste disposal of the mixed waste plastics once the recyclable fractions have been recovered. The percentage sent to landfill of the generated mixed plastic waste amounts to one third of the total. Liquid fuel recovery from mixed plastic waste is possible using pyrolysis as a tertiary recycling process. The focus of this study was to obtain useful liquid product recovered from the pyrolysis of a variety of commercial mixed plastic waste utilising a pilot scale fluidised bed reactor of 1kg/hr processing capacity. The influence of residence time (1.78 to 2.74s), feedstock variation and reaction temperature (500 – 550oC) were investigated to optimise the quality of the wax products. Characterisation of the mixed plastic feedstocks through TGA, DSC and FTIR analysis was carried out to lay the foundation of the pyrolysis conditions. Understanding the fuel quality and product distribution was essential in assessing the key properties such as melting point and viscosity in the optimisation process. Key findings of the research concluded that increasing residence time has the strongest effect on reducing the melting point (up to 14oC) of the liquid product across all studied feedstocks although the magnitude of the effect greatly depends upon the initial feedstock composition. Changes is the average melting point correspond to a shift in the average carbon number distribution of the product. Feedstock and process parameters variability were also found to greatly affect the final product quality resulting in a versatile product composition as well as the product yields that varied between 27 and 60% w.t.
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Bolaji, Efeoluwa Omotola. "Anaerobic fermentation of organic wastes for chemical production by undefined mixed microbial cultures." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=236961.

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Zheng, Sheng. "Biodiesel production from waste frying oil: Conversion monitoring and modeling." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26416.

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Анотація:
Biodiesel is a clean-burning substitute for petroleum-based diesel produced from virgin or waste vegetable oils and animal fats. One obstacle to the development of biodiesel is its high cost compared to petroleum diesel. Using waste frying oil instead of virgin oil can significantly reduce the high production cost. In our lab, promising preliminary results have indicated that transesterification of waste frying oil catalyzed by sulphuric acid has sufficient commercial feasibility to warrant further investigation. In order to better understand the acid-catalyzed transesterification process and to optimize the process yield, an empirical study of the reaction kinetics was carried out. A mixture design for feed compositions at various temperatures was used to determine their effects on conversion rates and yields. Empirical models were built to describe the relationships of interest. Rate of mixing, feed composition and temperature were chosen as independent factors in this study. Intensity of mixing was found to have no significant effect on the yield over 100 rpm. The methanol to oil ratio and temperature were the most significant factors affecting the yield. Finally, a region of optimum operating conditions was determined from the models. Analytical methods played an important role in our study. The extent of the reaction was followed off-line by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and compared to results using an off-line infrared sensor based on attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The development, use and evaluation of the off-line method were discussed. The reproducibility of both methods was found to be excellent (≤1%); data obtained from both methods were found to be reliable. Finally, a comparison of the two methods showed good agreement (within 2%) in the monitoring of the transesterification reaction.
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Jitrwung, Rujira. "Optimized continuous hydrogen production by «Enterobacter aerogens» from glycerol-containing waste." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95168.

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Анотація:
ABSTRACT Glycerol is the main by-product of biodiesel production. Enterobacter aerogenes has a known ability to convert glycerol (GL) in a fermentative process to yield hydrogen and ethanol. To demonstrate the potential of a continuous fermentative process to valorize crude-glycerol, hydrogen yield was optimized by determining the optimal cultivation conditions in serum bottles, which were then applied to the optimization of the operation of a 3.6-L continuous bioreactor for maximum hydrogen yield. Conditions optimized in bottles were grouped and tested using a Box-Behnken response surface methodology to determine the optimal concentration of inoculum volume (18%), O2 in transfer step (7.5% O2), Na2HPO4 (12 g/L), NH4NO3 (1.5 g/L) and FeSO4.7H2O (6.25 mg/L). Two levels of full factorial design with a middle point were used to optimize the concentration of trace salts including Na2EDTA (3.5 mg/L), CaCl2.2H2O (0 mg/L) and MgSO4.7H2O (200 mg/L) while a parametric study was used to determine the optimal amounts of two phosphate salts (Na2HPO4, KH2PO4). After a scale-up of 30x in batch mode, the optimal operating conditions of the 3.6-L bioreactor (50% working volume) were determined to be: fresh feed rate (0.44 mL/min), liquid recycle ratio (33%), pH (6.4), glycerol concentration (15 g/L), mixing speed (500 rpm), and waste reuse (0%). Using the optimized conditions we demonstrated the stability of the system over time and obtained the highest yields ever reported in CSTR, 0.86 mole hydrogen/mole GL and 0.74 mole ethanol/mole GL, and this at a significantly reduced media cost of $ 0.91 CAD/L (77% lower than previous studies).
ABRÉGÉ Le glycérol est le principal sous-produit de la production de biodiesel. Enterobacter aerogenes a une capacité connue à convertir le (glycérol) en hydrogène et en éthanol au cours d'une fermentation. Afin de démontrer le potentiel d'un procédé en continu de valorisation du glycérol, les conditions optimales de culture ont été déterminées dans des bouteilles afin d'optimiser le rendement en hydrogène et puis appliquées à un bioréacteur de 3.6 L. Les conditions de culture optimales, déterminées à l'aide de la méthodologie de réponse de surface de Box-Behnken, sont un volume d'inoculation de 18%, une concentration d'oxygène de 7.5% lors du transfert, et les concentrations suivantes de Na2HPO4 (12 g/L), NH4NO3 (1.5 g/L) et FeSO4.7H2O (6.25 mg/L). Un plan factoriel complet à deux niveaux avec point central a aussi été utilisé afin de déterminer les concentrations optimales de Na2EDTA (3.5 mg/L), CaCl2.2H2O (0 mg/L) et MgSO4.7H2O (200 mg/L) alors qu'une étude paramétrique a permis de déterminer la quantité optimale de deux sels de phosphate (Na2HPO4, KH2PO4). Suite à la mise à l'échelle 30x dans le bioréacteur opéré en mode batch, les conditions optimales du CSTR ont été identifiées comme étant un débit d'alimentation de 0.44 mL/min, un ratio de recyclage de liquide de 33%, un pH de 6.4, une concentration de glycérol de 15 g/L, une vitesse de mélange de 500 rpm ainsi qu'une réutilisation nulle du résidu liquide. En utilisant ces conditions optimales de culture et d'opération du bioréacteur opéré en continu, la stabilité du procédé sur une période prolongée d'opération a été confirmée. Dans ces conditions, les plus hauts rendements en hydrogène et en éthanol jamais rapportés dans un tel système, ont été obtenus, 0.86 mole hydrogène/mole GL and 0.74 mole éthanol/mole GL, et ce, à un coût en média de 75% inférieur aux études antérieures.
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Zhang, Yi. "Design and economic assessment of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6138.

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Анотація:
Biodiesel is a recommended petroleum-based diesel substitute mainly because it is environmentally friendly and is a renewable, domestic resource. However, compared to petroleum-based diesel, biodiesel has a higher cost, which is the major obstacle to its commercialization. In this thesis, four different continuous alkali- and acid-catalyzed processes to produce biodiesel from virgin vegetable oil and waste cooking oil were designed and simulated. Process flowsheets, along with detailed operating conditions and equipment designs for each process were created. Technical assessment of these processes showed that the alkali-catalyzed process using virgin oil required the least amount of process equipment and no significant requirement for special materials of construction but had the highest raw material cost. The acid-catalyzed process using waste cooking oil proved to be technically feasible with a significantly lower raw material cost but required forty percent of the process equipment to be constructed from stainless steel. An economic assessment was also performed based on the results of process simulations. The alkali-catalyzed process using virgin vegetable oil was found to have the lowest fixed capital cost. However, in terms of total manufacturing cost, aftertax rate of return and break-even price of biodiesel, the acid-catalyzed process using waste cooking oil had the lowest operating cost, the best aftertax rate of return (i.e., 10%) and the lowest break-even price (i.e., $590/tonne). In summary, the acid-catalyzed process to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil is technically feasible and economically attractive. Results from the sensitivity analyses of the various processes indicated that plant capacity, the price of feedstock oil and biodiesel price were the factors that most significantly affected the economic feasibility of biodiesel production.
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Van, Dyk Lizelle Doreen. "The production of granular activated carbon from agricultural waste products." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52003.

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Анотація:
Thesis (MEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Peach and apricot shells are agricultural waste products. These waste products accumulate around canneries and food-processing plants in South Africa. No effort is being made to utilise these waste products. This study is the first part of the product development from these products i.e. peach shell activated carbon and apricot shell activated carbon. By producing activated carbon from peach and apricot shells the solid waste problem is addressed, but most of all a profit can be made. But why activated carbon? Activated carbons are unique and versatile adsorbent with a vast amount of adsorption applications. It can be produced via a simple oxidation reaction with steam and the nature of peach and apricot shells are such that it is expected that activated carbons with good adsorption properties can be produced from it. The single largest consumer of activated carbon in South Africa is the gold mining industry that uses imported coconut shell activated carbon for gold adsorption in the gold recovery process. Activated carbon is also used as water purification adsorbents. During this study activated carbons were produced in a fluidized bed reactor at various activation conditions: 700 - 900°C, 0.0425 - 0.0629 g steamlg char.min and 30 - 60 min. This was done in order to find the optimum activation conditions within the activation parameter range. The optimal activated carbons were defined as peach and apricot shell activated carbons that showed good microporous as well as mesoporous character. The optimal activated carbons produced are: peach shell activated at 875°C, 0.0533 g stearnlg char. min, 60 min and apricot shell activated carbon at 850°C, 0.0533 g steamlg char.min, 60min. The possible use of these optimal activated carbons and two other activated carbons produced (Peach shell activated carbon 900°C, 0.0425 g steamlg char. min, 60 min and apricot shell activated carbon 900°C, 0.0425 g steamlg char.min, 60min) were tested in gold recovery and water purification. The gold adsorption properties of peach and apricot shell activated carbons were found to be better than two commercial coconut shell activated carbons (Chemquest 650 and GRC 22). No definite conclusions could, however, be drawn about the replacement of coconut shell activated carbon with peach or apricot shell activated carbon, because abrasion test work and thermal regeneration of the experimental carbons still have to be performed. The experimental activated carbons displayed good phenol adsorption characteristic, although further test work is required.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Perske- en appelkoospitte is landbouafvalprodukte. Hierdie afvalprodukte versamel rondom inmaakfabrieke en voedselververkingsaanlegte. Tans word daar geen poging in Suid-Afrika aangewend om hierdie afvalprodukte te benut nie. Hierdie studie is die eerste deel van die ontwikkeling van die produkte: Perskepitdop-geaktiveerde koolstof en appelkoospitdop-geaktiveerde koolstof. Deur geaktiveerde koolstof van die perske- en appelkoospitdoppe te maak, word nie net 'n antwoord op die vastestofafvalsprobleem gevind nie, maar daar kan ook geld gemaak word. Hoekom geaktiveerde koolstof? Aktiveerde koolstowwe is veelsydige en unieke adsorbente met 'n groot verskeidenheid adsorpsie toepassings. Dit kan vervaardig word via 'n eenvoudige oksidasie reaksie met stoom en die aard van die perske- en appelkoospitdoppe is sodanig, dat verwag kan word om geaktiveerde koolstowwe met goeie adsorpsie eienskappe daarvan te kry. Die grootste enkelverbruiker van geaktiveerde koolstof in Suid-Afrika is die goudmynbedryf, wat kokosneutdop geaktiveerde koolstof invoer om goud te herwin. Geaktiveerde koolstof word ook gebruik vir watersuiwering. Tydens hierdie studie IS geaktiveerde koolstowwe by verskillende aktiveeringskondisies in 'n gevloeïdiseerde bed vervaardig: 700 - 900oe, 0.0425 - 0.0629g stoornlg gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min en 30 - 60 mm. Die aktiveringskondisies is gevarieer om sodoende die optimale aktiveringskondisies binne die aktiveringsparameterreeks te kry. 'n Geaktiveerde koolstof is as optimaal geklassifiseer as dit 'n goeie mikro- sowel as mesostruktuur getoon het. Die optimaal geaktiveerde koolstowwe is: geaktiveerde koolstof vervaardig van perskepitdoppe by 875°e, 0.0533 g stoornlg gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min, 60 mm en geaktiveerde koolstof vervaardig van appelkoospitdoppe by 850oe, 0.0533 g stoornlg gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min, 60min. Die gebruik van die twee optimale geaktiveerde koolstowwe sowel as twee ander geaktiveerde koolstowwe (perskepitdop-geaktiveerde koolstof, 900oe, 0.0425 g stoornlg gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min, 60 min en appelkoospitdop-geaktiveerde koolstof, 850°C, 0.0533 g stoom/g gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min, 60min) is VIr goudadsorpsie en watersuiwering ondersoek. Die goudadsorpsie eienskappe van die perske-en appelkoospitdop-geaktiveerde koolstowwe was beter as die van twee kommersiële kokosneutdop-geaktiveerde koolstowwe (Chemquest 650 and GRC 22). Daar kan egter geen definitiewe gevolgtrekkings gemaak word oor die vervanging van kokosneutdop geaktiveerde koolstowwe met dié van perske of appelkoospitdoppe nie, aangesien daar nog toetsresultate oor die slytweerstand en reaktiverings eienskappe van die eksperimentele geaktiveerde koolstowwe uitstaande is. Die eksperimentele geaktiveerde koolstowwe toon goeie adsorpie ten opsigte van fenol, maar verdere toetswerk is egter nodig.
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Jourabchi, Seyed Amirmostafa. "Production and physicochemical characterisation of bio-oil from the pyrolysis of Jatropha curcus waste." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28825/.

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The increasing use of fossil fuels and the impending depletion of their reserves worldwide are driving alternative energy sources as one of the foremost consideration for research in energy, fuel, and power technology. Additionally, the increasing rate of harmful emissions especially carbon dioxide from the increased usage of fossil fuels have led to the need for more environmentally friendly replacement fuels. Presently, bio-oil originating from biomass has been proposed as an alternative fuel to fossil diesel. The aim of this research project is to optimally produce bio-oil in terms of quantity and quality from Jatropha curcas waste by using conventional and fast pyrolysis methods. Jatropha curcas shrub, which can be planted economically in tropical regions like Malaysia, is typically planted as a source of inedible oil for biodiesel production. The leftover pressed cake after oil extraction is an agricultural waste, which can be upgraded into fuel via pyrolysis. In this project, the pyrolysis parameters to achieve optimum quantity and quality of bio-oil from Jatropha curcas waste were determined. To achieve this, two fixed-bed pyrolysis rigs for conventional and fast pyrolysis processes were designed and fabricated, and a corresponding Design of Experiment was performed. By considering yield, calorific value, water content and acidity, the results from both methods were mathematically modelled after comparison and the optimum parameters for both methods were determined. The validated models of conventional and fast pyrolysis showed that optimum combined quantity and quality of bio-oil occur at reaction temperatures of 800 K and 747 K respectively but at the same nitrogen linear velocity of 0.0078 cm/s. At these optimum conditions, conventional and fast pyrolysis yield 50.08 wt% and 40.08 wt% of bio-oil with gross calorific values of 15.12 MJ/kg and 16.92 MJ/kg, water contents of 28.34 wt% and 28.02 wt%, and pH values of 6.77 and 7.01, respectively. The produced bio-oils from both rigs at their optimum points were dehydrated, and the physicochemical characteristics of the dehydrated bio-oils from both rigs were compared to standard specifications for burner biofuels. Based on ASTM D7554-10 standard for burner biofuel specifications, by reducing the sulphur contents, both dehydrated bio-oils can be used as burner fuel without any further processes. Finally, both 10% of optimised and dehydrated bio-oils emulsified in 90% diesel were tested and compared to EN590, the European standards for diesel used in commercial diesel engines and ASTM D6751-01, the standard biodiesel specifications. In addition to sulphur content, if the water content of both of these emulsified dehydrated bio-oils are removed, they can be commercially used as diesel fuel in diesel engines because their solid content, kinematic viscosity, ash content, flash point, cetane number and copper corrosion strip test results are within the range of EN590 standard.
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Rojas-Cuellar, Tania Raquel. "Utilisation of cellulose waste for the production of a chemical intermediate of economic interest." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/utilisation-of-cellulose-waste-for-the-production-a-chemical-intermediate-of-economic-interest(81b2984b-adf0-48a9-8e06-f3e9da548c19).html.

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Currently biomass is considered to be one of the main options to substitute the fossil fuels. Nevertheless, bioenergy is not the only alternative use for organic waste materials. In recent years, the utilisation of cellulolytic waste from industries, such as the paper industry and agriculture (in fields and in processing plants), is considered to be a good source of renewable carbon to produce chemical intermediates, such as glucose, lactic acid, ethanol and acetic acid, which can be returned to the productive chain. However, the principal obstacle in the use of this material for enzymatic degradation lies in the nature of the cellulose polymer. There are still many engineering, technological and chemistry related issues which remain to be resolved. The main objective of this study is to enable the production of glucose from the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose waste, arising from the waste of a recycle paper plant (paper crumb) by using Trichoderma reesei strain directly, instead of the commonly used mixture enzymes. This procedure, known as the single-step glucose production process, aims to reduce the costs associated in the use of pure enzymes and pre-treatments that are usually necessary to carry out the enzymatic degradation. The paper crumb is high in cellulose fibres (32%) with an alkaline characteristic, which carries a wide variety of impurities. This study recommends using existing knowledge with regards the enzymatic activity of the fungus and demonstrates its ability to degrade this substrate; regardless of the complex matrix linked to the cellulose polymer. Due to the nature of paper crumb a number of issues had to be solved during the development of the single-step production process. Firstly, the identification of an analytical method to monitor the enzymatic degradation of the paper crumb without interference of the inorganic compounds present in the substrate. The glucose analyser GL6 proved to be most suitable in this study. Secondly; the verification of the fungus’ ability to grow in this substrate by using PDA/Paper crumb plate, which allowed its adaptation gradually and reduced the time to produce enzymes. Finally, the evaluation of the enzymatic activity under acid and alkaline conditions was undertaken. It is demonstrated that the single-step process is feasible under acid conditions. The study also found that the fermentation time was the key parameter (up to 9 h.) to avoid the consumption of the glucose. The results show that the single-step process produces the same amount of glucose as the multi-step process (0.4 g/l), however the lower glucose production making it less economically attractive and less feasible to be expanded into an industrial scale. Nevertheless, the findings of this research contribute to establishing the basics for the optimisation of the glucose production process as an alternative for cellulose waste management. This adds economic value to the organic waste minimisation, which will lead to reduce cost in production processes.
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Книги з теми "Waste chemical production"

1

Mulholland, Kenneth L. Identification of Cleaner Production Improvement Opportunities. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2006.

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Mulholland, Kenneth L. Identification of cleaner production improvement opportunities. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience, 2006.

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Bahadori, Alireza. Essentials of Water Systems Design in the Oil, Gas, and Chemical Processing Industries. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013.

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Integrated pollution control licensing: BATNEEC guidance note for the production of cement. Ardcavan: Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.

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Krichphiphat, A. Waste minimization in speciality chemicals production plant THESIS. Manchester: UMIST, 1992.

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6

Office, General Accounting. Chemical weapons disposal: Plans for nonstockpile chemical warfare materiel can be improved : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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Office, General Accounting. Chemical weapons disposal: Plans for nonstockpile chemical warfare materiel can be improved : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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Office, General Accounting. Chemical weapons disposal: Improvements needed in program accountability and financial management : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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Office, General Accounting. Chemical weapons disposal: Improvements needed in program accountability and financial management : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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10

Office, General Accounting. Chemical weapons disposal: Improvements needed in program accountability and financial management : report to Congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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Частини книг з теми "Waste chemical production"

1

Trzcinski, Antoine P. "Platform Chemical Production from Food Wastes." In Biofuels from Food Waste, 25–48. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315104690-3.

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Trzcinski, Antoine P. "Platform Chemical Production from Food Wastes." In Biofuels from Food Waste, 25–48. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22318-2.

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Arun, Jayaseelan, and Kannappan Panchamoorthy Gopinath. "Chemical Recycling of Electronic-Waste for Clean Fuel Production." In E-waste Recycling and Management, 111–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14184-4_6.

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Said, Farhan M., Nor Farhana Hamid, Mohamad Al-Aamin Razali, Nur Fathin Shamirah Daud, and Siti Mahira Ahmad. "Transformation Process of Agricultural Waste to Chemical Production via Solid-State Fermentation." In Bio-valorization of Waste, 187–201. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9696-4_8.

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Shams Yazdani, Syed, Anu Jose Mattam, and Ramon Gonzalez. "Fuel and Chemical Production from Glycerol, a Biodiesel Waste Product." In Biofuels from Agricultural Wastes and Byproducts, 97–116. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780813822716.ch6.

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Norhazimah, A. H., and C. K. M. Faizal. "Optimization Study on Bioethanol Production from the Fermentation of Oil Palm Trunk Sap as Agricultural Waste." In Developments in Sustainable Chemical and Bioprocess Technology, 19–25. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6208-8_3.

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Aida, Taku Michael. "Fundamentals of Hydrothermal Processing of Biomass-Related Molecules for Converting Organic Solid Wastes into Chemical Products." In Production of Biofuels and Chemicals from Sustainable Recycling of Organic Solid Waste, 339–72. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6162-4_11.

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Jana, Kuntal, and Sudipta De. "Thermo-Chemical Ethanol Production from Agricultural Waste Through Polygeneration: Performance Assessment Through a Case Study." In Biofuels, 137–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3791-7_8.

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9

Giagnoni, Laura, Tania Martellini, Roberto Scodellini, Alessandra Cincinelli, and Giancarlo Renella. "Co-composting: An Opportunity to Produce Compost with Designated Tailor-Made Properties." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 185–211. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_9.

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AbstractCo-composting is a technique that allows the aerobic degradation of organic waste mixtures, primarily aiming at obtaining compost that can be used as fertiliser or soil amendment. As compared to the typical composting activity, the main difference is not merely the use of more than one feedstock to start and sustain the biodegradation process, but also the possibility of combining various kinds of waste to obtain ‘tailored’ products with designed properties, or to reclaim and valorise natural resources, such as degraded soils or polluted soils and sediments. Set up of appropriate co-composting protocols can be a way to optimise the management of waste produced by different sectors of agriculture and industry and also from human settlements. Different formulations can not only optimise the biodegradation process through the adjustment of nutrient ratios, but also lead to the formation of products with innovative properties. Moreover, co-composting can be a technique of choice for the reclamation of soils degraded by intensive agriculture or contaminated soils and sediments. In fact, an appropriate mix of organic waste and soils can restore the soil structure and induce fertility in nutrient-depleted soils, and also remediate polluted soils and sediments through degradation of organic pollutants and stabilisation of heavy metals. While the selection of different mixes of organic waste may lead to the design of composts with specific properties and the potential valorisation of selected waste materials, there are still several factors that hamper the development of co-composting platforms, mainly insufficient knowledge of some chemical and microbiological processes, but also some legislative aspects. This chapter illustrates the progress achieved in co-composting technology worldwide, some key legislative aspects related to the co-composting process, the main scientific and technical aspects that deserve research attention to further develop co-composting technology, and successful applications of co-composting for the reclamation of soils and sediments, allowing their use for cultivation or as growing media in plant nurseries. A specific case study of the production of fertile plant-growing media from sediment co-composting with green waste is also illustrated.
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Kim, Kwang Il, Woo Kyung Kim, Deok Ki Seo, In Sang Yoo, Eun Ki Kim, and Hyon Hee Yoon. "Production of Lactic Acid from Food Wastes." In Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, 637–47. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0057-4_53.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Waste chemical production"

1

Sulaiman, Sarina, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman, and Mohammed Kheireddine Aroua. "Coconut waste as a source for biodiesel production." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering (ICBEE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbee.2010.5653534.

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Chawakitchareon, Petchporn, and Natthapol Sresthaolarn. "Replacement of Silica Fume using Silica Waste for Mortar Production." In 14th Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering Congress. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-1445-1_828.

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Rychkov, V. N., K. A. Nalivayko, S. M. Titova, and S. Yu Scripchenko. "Physical and chemical characteristics of solid radioactive waste of uranium production." In THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHYSICAL INSTRUMENTATION AND ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0032888.

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4

Az-zahra, Wilza Fithri, N. Nurlina Harahap, S. Haidar Putra, and M. Zulham Efendi Sinaga. "Production of Bioethanol Gel from Sugar Cane Waste with Carbopol as Alternative Fuel." In International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008857501240129.

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Wicaksono, Wiyogo P., Ardhika L. Marcharis, Yerika P. Sari, Putwi W. Citradewi, and Grandprix T. M. Kadja. "High-yield co-solvent free electrochemical production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using waste concrete as heterogeneous catalyst." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY, CHEMICAL PROCESS AND ENGINEERING (IC3PE). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5065028.

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"Eco-friendly biodiesel production from waste olive oil by transesterification using Nano-tube TiO2." In International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c0615102.

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7

Nisa, Khoirun, Diah Ayu Almaas Salwa, Alfi Hasanah, and Widayat. "Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by using zirconia catalyst." In THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL, MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2019 (ICIMECE 2019). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0000912.

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Vilarinho, Cândida, André Ribeiro, Joana Carvalho, Jorge Araújo, Manuel Eduardo Ferreira, and José Teixeira. "Development of a Methodology for Paint Dust Waste Energetic Valorization Through RDF Production." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71979.

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Industrial activity of aluminum surface coating, namely by electrostatic painting with a polyester powder based resin, generates a significant array of wastes. Among these wastes, paint dust is classified as 08 01 12 on the European List of Wastes. As consequence of the inexistence of adequate treatment routes for its correct management, this waste is currently landfilled, without any energy and / or material recovery. Therefore, the development of proper waste management technologies in line with the environmental policies is imperative in order to improve the industrial competitiveness and to preserve the natural resources. In the present work, RDFs (Refused Derived Fuel) were produced, as pellets, for energetic valorization. These experimental RDF pellets were manufactured by mixing the industrial paint dust with sawdust (1.5 and 3%) and with paperboard (1.5%). They were subsequently tested on a purpose built experimental boiler and the combustion efficiency was assessed in terms of gaseous emissions and chemical composition of the bottom and fly ashes. The paint dust waste was delivered by a local surface treatment company and characterized concerning chemical, physical and eco toxicological properties, proving to be rich in Carbon (50.2%) and Hydrogen (4.73%). The obtained RDFs were characterized for mechanical durability, elemental and chemical analysis, bulk density and lower heating value. Results show that the utmost lower heating value (19670 kJ/kg) was obtained for the maximum incorporation content of paint dust waste tested (3%). Combustion trials were carried out at a fuel flow rate between 2 and 3 kg/h. The results showed that the incorporation of paint dust waste resulted in a decrease of the thermal efficiency which suggests that the air fuel ratio was not properly adjusted to the varying heat value of the fuel blend. For all the tests, the mass flow rate and the quality of the gaseous emissions were evaluated for the most relevant pollutants such as particles, SO2, TOC, CO and NOx. All parameters, except for particles in one single case, comply with strict environmental limits applicable. Samples of ashes have also been collected and their chemical composition correlated with the fusibility behavior. The results show that such levels of incorporation could be an effective process for paint dust waste management from both the environmental and energetic points of view.
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Yasin, J., and R. Pravinkumar. "Production of activated carbon from bio-waste materials by chemical activation method." In NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND CHEMICALS FROM BIOMASS (NCECB). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0005666.

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"Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil for Biodiesel Production Using Alumina Supported base Catalyst." In 3rd International Conference on Biological, Chemical and Environmental Sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c0915050.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Waste chemical production"

1

J. Thomas Dickinson and Michael L. Alexander. Particle Generation by Laser Ablation in Support of Chemical Analysis of High Level Mixed Waste from Plutonium Production Operations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/791567.

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Dickinson, J. Thomas, and Michael L. Alexander. Particle Generation by Laser Ablation in Support of Chemical Analysis of High Level Mixed Waste from Plutonium Production Operations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/828517.

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Dickinson, J. Thomas. Particle Generation by Laser Ablation in Support of Chemical Analysis of High Level Mixed Waste from Plutonium Production Operations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/828516.

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4

St.Martin, E. J. A biological/chemical process for reduced waste and energy consumption, Caprolactam production: Phase 1, Select microorganisms and demonstrate feasibility. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/96920.

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Dickinson, J. T., and M. L. Alexander. Particle generation by laser ablation in support of chemical analysis of high level mixed waste from plutonium production operations. 1998 annual progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/13456.

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Wolf, Eva. Chemikalienmanagement in der textilen Lieferkette. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627987.

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The World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002 set the goal of minimising the adverse impacts of chemicals and waste by 2020. This goal has not been achieved yet. Therefore, other approaches are needed to prevent, minimise, or replace harmful substances. One possible approach is this master thesis which deals with the challenges that the textile importer DELTEX is facing with regard to a transparent communication of chemicals used and contained in the product in its supply chain. DELTEX is bound by legal regulations and requirements of its customer and must ensure that there are no harmful substances in the garments. For each order, the customer requires a chemical inventory from DELTEX which contains the chemical substances and formulations used (so-called "order-wise chemical inventory"). Currently, the suppliers are not willing to pass this on to DELTEX. As a result, DELTEX is faced with the problem of having no knowledge of the materials used in the garments and is thus taking a high risk. The structure of this study is based on the transdisciplinary "delta analysis" of the Society for Institutional Analysis at the University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt. This compares the target state with the actual state and derives a delta from the difference. Based on this, suitable design options are to be developed to close the delta. The study defines the target state on the basis of normative requirements and derives three criteria from this, which can be used to measure design options. By means of guideline-based interviews with experts, an online survey and literature research, it examines the current state. The analysis shows that the relevant actors are in an unfavourable incentive and barrier situation. The textile supply chain can be seen as a complex construct in which a whole series of production sites (often in developing and emerging countries where corruption and low environmental standards exist) carry out many processing steps. Chemicals are used at almost all stages of processing, some of which have harmful effects on people and the environment. At the same time, factory workers in the production countries are under enormous price and time pressure and often have insufficient know-how about chemical processes. DELTEX is dependent on its main customer and therefore has little room for price negotiations. To close this delta, the study formulates design options on macro, meso and micro levels and measures them against the developed criteria. None of the measures completely meets all the criteria, which is why a residual delta remains. The study concludes that not one, but rather a combination of several design options at all levels can achieve the target state. For DELTEX, an alliance with other textile importers, membership in the Fair Wear Foundation, strengthening the relationship with its suppliers and cooperation with another customer are recommended. Furthermore, the use of material data tools that support proactive reporting approaches such as a Full Material Declaration is recommended. The study is carried out from the perspective of the textile importer DELTEX. The results can therefore only be applied to the entire textile supply chain to a limited extent.
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Premuzic, E. T., M. S. Lin, T. H. Yen, and I. Yang. Biochemical Production of Adsorbents and Specialty Chemicals from Fossil Fuel Wastes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/770451.

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Dale, M., S. Havlik, W. Lee, D. Lineback, C. Park, and M. Okos. The production of chemicals from food processing wastes using a novel fermenter separator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6926579.

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Dale, M. C., M. Okos, and N. Burgos. The production of fuels and chemicals from food processing wastes & cellulosics. Final research report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/607513.

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Dale, M. C., K. V. Venkatesh, Hojoon Choi, M. Moelhman, L. Saliceti, M. R. Okos, and P. C. Wankat. The production of fuels and chemicals from food processing wastes using a novel fermenter separator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5105671.

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