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Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "WASH PROCESS"

1

Sun, Li, and Robin Smith. "Rectisol wash process simulation and analysis." Journal of Cleaner Production 39 (January 2013): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.05.049.

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2

UETAKE, Naohito, Fumio KAWAMURA, and Hideo YUSA. "Alternative Solvent Wash Process Using Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide Solution as Salt-Free Wash Reagent." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 26, no. 2 (February 1989): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18811248.1989.9734302.

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3

Liberatore, Matthew J., and Robert L. Nydick. "Wash criteria and the analytic hierarchy process." Computers & Operations Research 31, no. 6 (May 2004): 889–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-0548(03)00041-8.

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4

Shikder, Abdullah Al Rakib, Jabed Hossen Emon, Md Humayun Kabir Khan, Md Mehedi Hasan, and Md Abu Bakar Siddiquee. "Impact of Washing Process on the Physical Properties of Denim Fabric (Twill and Dobby)." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 7 (December 2, 2021): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ej-eng.2021.6.7.2638.

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Анотація:
The study was focused on investigating the impact of different washing processes (dark shade, medium shade, light shade) on various properties of denim fabric. Two different types of fabrics with twill and dobby weave constructions were produced from cotton, spandex, and polyester yarn, and different types of washing processes were applied. Dimensional stability, tensile strength, tearing strength, EPI and PPI, weight, colorfastness to rubbing, colorfastness to perspiration (acid and alkaline), and colorfastness to water was investigated and comparisons were made statistically between the before washed sample and after washed sample. It is found that the process result shows better tear and tensile strength in case of dark & medium shade wash than light shade wash. On the other hand, weight and EPI & PPI have shown better result for light wash than other wash. Colorfastness to rubbing, Colorfastness to water, and Colorfastness to perspiration (acid and alkaline medium) are similar. The shrinkage% is higher especially in the weft direction of the fabric for light wash than the dark wash.
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5

Shikder, Abdullah Al Rakib, Jabed Hossen Emon, Md Humayun Kabir Khan, Md Mehedi Hasan, and Md Abu Bakar Siddiquee. "Impact of Washing Process on the Physical Properties of Denim Fabric (Twill and Dobby)." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 7 (December 2, 2021): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2021.6.7.2638.

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Анотація:
The study was focused on investigating the impact of different washing processes (dark shade, medium shade, light shade) on various properties of denim fabric. Two different types of fabrics with twill and dobby weave constructions were produced from cotton, spandex, and polyester yarn, and different types of washing processes were applied. Dimensional stability, tensile strength, tearing strength, EPI and PPI, weight, colorfastness to rubbing, colorfastness to perspiration (acid and alkaline), and colorfastness to water was investigated and comparisons were made statistically between the before washed sample and after washed sample. It is found that the process result shows better tear and tensile strength in case of dark & medium shade wash than light shade wash. On the other hand, weight and EPI & PPI have shown better result for light wash than other wash. Colorfastness to rubbing, Colorfastness to water, and Colorfastness to perspiration (acid and alkaline medium) are similar. The shrinkage% is higher especially in the weft direction of the fabric for light wash than the dark wash.
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6

Murungu, Ronnie James, Olutayo Bankole Bolawole, Collins Otieno, Charles Mwangi, and Anthony Wolimbwa. "Revitalizing Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Uganda’s National Determined Contributions` 2021 Revision Process- A Policy Brief." Sustainable Development Research 4, no. 1 (June 6, 2022): p26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/sdr.v4n1p26.

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Анотація:
Uganda as a signatory to the Paris Agreement is required to update her Nationally Determined Contributions to demonstrate progress after every five years. The Water Sanitation and Hygiene(WASH) sector has proven to be a victim, contributor but also a critical component to addressing the existing climate challenges. Despite the clear link between WASH and Climate change, most climate change initiatives do not address WASH adequately from both adaptation and mitigation perspectives. This study analyzed the WASH related targets in Uganda’s current NDCs to ascertain how they have been addressed from both the mitigation and adaptation perspectives. The paper took on a rapid assessment of the current NDCs using a desk study and secondary literature review approach coupled with key stakeholder expert inputs through write-shops. Whereas WASH climate focused targets have been to a greater extent covered under adaptation, there is limited integration from the mitigation perspective which does not provide a balanced approach towards achieving the targets set out in the NDCs. The policy brief recommends a number of actions that include inclusion of WASH mitigation policy action in the NDCs, setting adaptation targets for the waste sector, amplifying the role of the private sector in WASH in the updated NDCs, prioritizing research and development to support decision making, providing for measurement, reporting and verifications for WASH in the NDCs, enhanced technology transfer and alignment of the updated NDCs with the long-term strategy. If adopted, these recommendations provide a starting point to comprehensively address WASH in the revised NDCs and subsequently contribute to the achievement of goal six of Sustainable Development Goals on clean water and sanitation for all.
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7

Murungu, Ronnie James, Olutayo Bankole Bolawole, Collins Otieno, Charles Mwangi, and Anthony Wolimbwa. "Revitalizing Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Uganda’s National Determined Contributions` 2021 Revision Process- A Policy Brief." Sustainable Development Research 4, no. 1 (June 6, 2022): p26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/sdr.v4n1p26.

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Анотація:
Uganda as a signatory to the Paris Agreement is required to update her Nationally Determined Contributions to demonstrate progress after every five years. The Water Sanitation and Hygiene(WASH) sector has proven to be a victim, contributor but also a critical component to addressing the existing climate challenges. Despite the clear link between WASH and Climate change, most climate change initiatives do not address WASH adequately from both adaptation and mitigation perspectives. This study analyzed the WASH related targets in Uganda’s current NDCs to ascertain how they have been addressed from both the mitigation and adaptation perspectives. The paper took on a rapid assessment of the current NDCs using a desk study and secondary literature review approach coupled with key stakeholder expert inputs through write-shops. Whereas WASH climate focused targets have been to a greater extent covered under adaptation, there is limited integration from the mitigation perspective which does not provide a balanced approach towards achieving the targets set out in the NDCs. The policy brief recommends a number of actions that include inclusion of WASH mitigation policy action in the NDCs, setting adaptation targets for the waste sector, amplifying the role of the private sector in WASH in the updated NDCs, prioritizing research and development to support decision making, providing for measurement, reporting and verifications for WASH in the NDCs, enhanced technology transfer and alignment of the updated NDCs with the long-term strategy. If adopted, these recommendations provide a starting point to comprehensively address WASH in the revised NDCs and subsequently contribute to the achievement of goal six of Sustainable Development Goals on clean water and sanitation for all.
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8

Jones, Natalia, Maha Bouzid, Roger Few, Paul Hunter, and Iain Lake. "Water, sanitation and hygiene risk factors for the transmission of cholera in a changing climate: using a systematic review to develop a causal process diagram." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.088.

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Анотація:
Abstract Cholera is a severe diarrhoeal disease affecting vulnerable communities. A long-term solution to cholera transmission is improved access to and uptake of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). Climate change threatens WASH. A systematic review and meta-analysis determined five overarching WASH factors incorporating 17 specific WASH factors associated with cholera transmission, focussing upon community cases. Eight WASH factors showed lower odds and six showed higher odds for cholera transmission. These results were combined with findings in the climate change and WASH literature, to propose a health impact pathway illustrating potential routes through which climate change dynamics (e.g. drought, flooding) impact on WASH and cholera transmission. A causal process diagram visualising links between climate change dynamics, WASH factors, and cholera transmission was developed. Climate change dynamics can potentially affect multiple WASH factors (e.g. drought-induced reductions in handwashing and rainwater use). Multiple climate change dynamics can influence WASH factors (e.g. flooding and sea-level rise affect piped water usage). The influence of climate change dynamics on WASH factors can be negative or positive for cholera transmission (e.g. drought could increase pathogen desiccation but reduce rainwater harvesting). Identifying risk pathways helps policymakers focus on cholera risk mitigation, now and in the future.
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9

Lin, Jennifer Shu-Jen, Shuo-Yan Chou, Wayne T. Chouhuang, and C. P. Hsu. "Note on “Wash criterion in analytic hierarchy process”." European Journal of Operational Research 185, no. 1 (February 2008): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2006.12.043.

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10

Van Haute, Sam, Imca Sampers, Kevin Holvoet, and Mieke Uyttendaele. "Physicochemical Quality and Chemical Safety of Chlorine as a Reconditioning Agent and Wash Water Disinfectant for Fresh-Cut Lettuce Washing." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 9 (February 8, 2013): 2850–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03283-12.

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ABSTRACTChlorine was assessed as a reconditioning agent and wash water disinfectant in the fresh-cut produce industry. Artificial fresh-cut lettuce wash water, made from butterhead lettuce, was used for the experiments. In the reconditioning experiments, chlorine was added to artificial wash water inoculated withEscherichia coliO157 (6 log CFU/ml). Regression models were constructed based on the inactivation data and validated in actual wash water from leafy vegetable processing companies. The model that incorporated chlorine dose and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the wash water accurately predicted inactivation.Listeria monocytogeneswas more resistant to chlorine reconditioning in artificial wash water thanSalmonellaspp. andEscherichia coliO157. During the washing process with inoculated lettuce (4 log CFU/g), in the absence of chlorine, there was a rapid microbial buildup in the water that accumulated to 5.4 ± 0.4 log CFU/100 ml after 1 h. When maintaining a residual concentration of 1 mg/liter free chlorine, wash water contamination was maintained below 2.7, 2.5, and 2.5 log CFU/100 ml for tap water and artificial process water with COD values of 500 and 1,000 mg O2/liter, respectively. A model was developed to predict water contamination during the dynamic washing process. Only minor amounts of total trihalomethanes were formed in the water during reconditioning. Total trihalomethanes accumulated to larger amounts in the water during the wash water disinfection experiments and reached 124.5 ± 13.4 μg/liter after 1 h of execution of the washing process in water with a COD of 1,000 mg O2/liter. However, no total trihalomethanes were found on the fresh-cut lettuce after rinsing.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "WASH PROCESS"

1

Miguntanna, Nandika Prasadani. "Nutrients build-up and wash-off processes in urban land uses." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/31236/1/Nandika_Miguntanna_Thesis.pdf.

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Анотація:
This thesis describes outcomes of a research study conducted to investigate the nutrient build-up and wash-off processes on urban impervious surfaces. The data needed for the study was generated through a series of field investigations and laboratory test procedures. The study sites were selected in urbanised catchments to represent typical characteristics of residential, industrial and commercial land uses. The build-up and wash-off samples were collected from road surfaces in the selected study sites. A specially designed vacuum collection system and a rainfall simulator were used for sample collection. According to the data analysis, the solids build-up on road surfaces was significantly finer with more than 80% of the particles below 150 ìm for all the land uses. Nutrients were mostly associated with the particle size range below 150 ìm in both build-up and wash-off samples irrespective of type of land use. Therefore, the finer fraction of solids was the most important for the nutrient build-up and particulate nutrient wash-off processes. Consequently, the design of stormwater quality mitigation measures should target particles less than 150 ìm for the removal of nutrients irrespective of type of land use. Total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) was the most dominant form of nitrogen species in build-up on road surfaces. Phosphorus build-up on road surfaces was mainly in inorganic form and phosphate (PO4 3-) was the most dominant form. The nutrient wash-off process was found to be dependent on rainfall intensity and duration. Concentration of both total nitrogen and phosphorus was higher at the beginning of the rain event and decreased with the increase in rainfall duration. Consequently, in the design of stormwater quality mitigation strategies for nutrients removal, it is important to target the initial period of rain events. The variability of wash-off of nitrogen with rainfall intensity was significantly different to phosphorus wash-off. The concentration of nitrogen was higher in the wash-off for low intensity rain events compared to the wash-off for high intensity rain events. On the other hand, the concentration of phosphorus in the wash-off was high for high intensity rain events compared to low intensity rain events. Consequently, the nitrogen washoff can be defined as a source limiting process and phosphorus wash-off as a transport limiting process. This highlights the importance of taking into consideration the wash-off of low intensity rain events in the design of stormwater quality mitigation strategies targeting the nitrogen removal. All the nitrogen species in wash-off are primarily in dissolved form whereas phosphorus is in particulate form. The differences in the nitrogen and phosphorus wash-off processes is principally due to the degree of solubility, attachment to particulates, composition of total nitrogen and total phosphorus and the degree of adherence of the solids particles to the surface to which nutrients are attached. The particulate nitrogen available for wash-off is removed readily as these are mobilised as free solids particles on the surface. Phosphorus is washed-off mostly with the solids particles which are strongly adhered to the surface or as the fixed solids load. Investigation of the nitrogen wash-off process using bulk wash-off samples was in close agreement with the investigation of dissolved fraction of wash-off solids. This was primarily due to the predominant nature of dissolved nitrogen. However, the investigation of the processes which underpin phosphorus wash-off using bulk washoff samples could lead to loss of information. This is due to the composition of total phosphorus in wash-off solids and the inherent variability of the wash-off process for the different particle size ranges. This variability should preferably be taken into consideration as phosphorus wash-off is predominantly in particulate form. Therefore, care needs to be taken in the investigation of the phosphorus wash-off process using bulk wash-off samples to ensure that there is no loss of information and hence result in misleading outcomes. The investigation of different particle size ranges of wash-off solids is preferable in the interest of designing effective stormwater quality management strategies targeting phosphorus removal.
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2

Herngren, Lars Fredrik. "Build-up and wash-off process kinetics of PAHs and heavy metals on paved surfaces using simulated rainfall." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16111/1/Lars_Herngren_Thesis.pdf.

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Анотація:
The research described in the thesis details the investigation of build-up and wash-off process kinetics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals in urban areas. It also discusses the design and development of a rainfall simulator as an important research tool to ensure homogeneity and reduce the large number of variables that are usually inherent to urban water quality research. The rainfall simulator was used to collect runoff samples from three study areas, each with different land uses. The study areas consisted of sites with typical residential, industrial and commercial characteristics in the region. Build-up and wash-off samples were collected at each of the three sites. The collected samples were analysed for a number of chemical and physico-chemical parameters. In addition to this, eight heavy metal elements and 16 priority listed PAHs were analysed in five different particle size fractions of the build-up and wash-off samples. The data generated from the testing of the samples were evaluated using multivariate analysis, which reduced the complexity involved in determining the relative importance of a single parameter in urban water quality. Consequently, variables and processes influencing loadings and concentrations of PAHs and heavy metals in urban stormwater runoff from paved surfaces at any given time were identified and quantified using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Furthermore, the process kinetics found were validated using a multivariate modelling approach and Partial Least Square (PLS) regression, which confirmed the transferability of chemical processes in urban water quality. Fine particles were dominant in both the build-up and wash-off samples from the three sites. This was mirrored in the heavy metal and PAH concentrations at the three sites, which were significantly higher in particles between 0.45-75μm than in any other fraction. Thus, the larger surface area and electrostatic charge of fine particles were favourable in sorbing PAHs and heavy metals. However, factors such as soil composition, total organic carbon (TOC), the presence of Fe and Mn-oxides and pH of the stormwater were all found to be important in partitioning of the metals and PAHs into different fractions. Additionally, PAHs were consistently found in concentrations above their aqueous solubility, which was attributed to colloidal organic particles being able to increase the dissolved fraction of PAHs. Hence, chemical and physico-chemical parameters played a significant role in the distribution of PAHs and heavy metals in urban stormwater. More importantly, the research showed the wide range of factors that distribute metals and PAHs in an urban environment. Furthermore, it indicated the need for monitoring these parameters in urban areas to ensure that urban stormwater management measures are effective in improving water quality. The build-up and wash-off process kinetics identified using PCA at the respective land uses were predicted using PLS and it was found that the transferability of the governing processes were high even though the PAHs and metal concentrations and loads were highly influenced by the source strength at each site. The increased transferability of fundamental concepts in urban water quality could have significant implications in urban stormwater management. This is primarily attributed to common urban water quality mitigation strategies relying on studies based on physical concepts and processes derived from water quantity studies, which are difficult to transfer between catchments. Hence, a more holistic approach incorporating chemical processes compared to the current piecemeal solutions could significantly improve the protection of key environmental values in a region. Furthermore, urban water quantity mitigation measures are generally designed to reduce the impacts of high-flow events. This research suggests that fairly frequent occurring rainfall events, such as 1-year design rainfall events, could carry significant heavy metal and PAH concentrations in both particulate and dissolved fractions. Hence, structural measures, designed to decrease quantity and quality impact on receiving waters during 10 or 20-year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) events could be inefficient in removing the majority of PAHs and heavy metals being washed off during more frequent events. The understanding of physical and chemical processes in urban stormwater management could potentially lead to significant improvements in pollutant removal techniques which in turn could lead to significant socio-economic advantages. This project can serve as a baseline study for urban water quality investigations in terms of adopting new methodology and data analysis.
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3

Herngren, Lars Fredrik. "Build-up and wash-off process kinetics of PAHs and heavy metals on paved surfaces using simulated rainfall." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16111/.

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Анотація:
The research described in the thesis details the investigation of build-up and wash-off process kinetics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals in urban areas. It also discusses the design and development of a rainfall simulator as an important research tool to ensure homogeneity and reduce the large number of variables that are usually inherent to urban water quality research. The rainfall simulator was used to collect runoff samples from three study areas, each with different land uses. The study areas consisted of sites with typical residential, industrial and commercial characteristics in the region. Build-up and wash-off samples were collected at each of the three sites. The collected samples were analysed for a number of chemical and physico-chemical parameters. In addition to this, eight heavy metal elements and 16 priority listed PAHs were analysed in five different particle size fractions of the build-up and wash-off samples. The data generated from the testing of the samples were evaluated using multivariate analysis, which reduced the complexity involved in determining the relative importance of a single parameter in urban water quality. Consequently, variables and processes influencing loadings and concentrations of PAHs and heavy metals in urban stormwater runoff from paved surfaces at any given time were identified and quantified using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Furthermore, the process kinetics found were validated using a multivariate modelling approach and Partial Least Square (PLS) regression, which confirmed the transferability of chemical processes in urban water quality. Fine particles were dominant in both the build-up and wash-off samples from the three sites. This was mirrored in the heavy metal and PAH concentrations at the three sites, which were significantly higher in particles between 0.45-75μm than in any other fraction. Thus, the larger surface area and electrostatic charge of fine particles were favourable in sorbing PAHs and heavy metals. However, factors such as soil composition, total organic carbon (TOC), the presence of Fe and Mn-oxides and pH of the stormwater were all found to be important in partitioning of the metals and PAHs into different fractions. Additionally, PAHs were consistently found in concentrations above their aqueous solubility, which was attributed to colloidal organic particles being able to increase the dissolved fraction of PAHs. Hence, chemical and physico-chemical parameters played a significant role in the distribution of PAHs and heavy metals in urban stormwater. More importantly, the research showed the wide range of factors that distribute metals and PAHs in an urban environment. Furthermore, it indicated the need for monitoring these parameters in urban areas to ensure that urban stormwater management measures are effective in improving water quality. The build-up and wash-off process kinetics identified using PCA at the respective land uses were predicted using PLS and it was found that the transferability of the governing processes were high even though the PAHs and metal concentrations and loads were highly influenced by the source strength at each site. The increased transferability of fundamental concepts in urban water quality could have significant implications in urban stormwater management. This is primarily attributed to common urban water quality mitigation strategies relying on studies based on physical concepts and processes derived from water quantity studies, which are difficult to transfer between catchments. Hence, a more holistic approach incorporating chemical processes compared to the current piecemeal solutions could significantly improve the protection of key environmental values in a region. Furthermore, urban water quantity mitigation measures are generally designed to reduce the impacts of high-flow events. This research suggests that fairly frequent occurring rainfall events, such as 1-year design rainfall events, could carry significant heavy metal and PAH concentrations in both particulate and dissolved fractions. Hence, structural measures, designed to decrease quantity and quality impact on receiving waters during 10 or 20-year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) events could be inefficient in removing the majority of PAHs and heavy metals being washed off during more frequent events. The understanding of physical and chemical processes in urban stormwater management could potentially lead to significant improvements in pollutant removal techniques which in turn could lead to significant socio-economic advantages. This project can serve as a baseline study for urban water quality investigations in terms of adopting new methodology and data analysis.
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4

Randzio, Kassia C. "The Wild Sky Wilderness Proposal: Politics, Process, and Participation in Wilderness Designation." Connect to this title, 2008. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/142/.

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5

Dehghan, Abnavi Mohammadreza Dehghan. "CHLORINE DECAY AND PATHOGEN CROSS CONTAMINATION DYNAMICS IN FRESH PRODUCE WASHING PROCESS." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1624196282479244.

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6

Mochamad, Adhiraga Pratama. "MODELING THE FLUX OF RADIOCESIUM REDISTRIBUTION IN A RIVER CATCHMENT FOLLOWING FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENT BASED ON THE WASH-OFF PROCESS." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/202703.

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7

Wijesiri, Buddhi. "Assessing uncertainty in relation to urban stormwater pollutant processes." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/96018/5/Buddhi%20Wijesiri%20Thesis.pdf.

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Анотація:
This research study created new knowledge relating to urban stormwater pollutant process variability, and thereby developed an innovative approach to quantitatively assess the uncertainty associated with stormwater quality modelling outcomes. Build-up and wash-off of particulate solids of different size ranges and particle-bound heavy metals from urban road surfaces were analysed with the aid of mathematical replication models of these processes. The outcomes of this research study will contribute to enhanced planning and management decisions in relation to designing urban stormwater pollution mitigation strategies.document.getElementsByName("c12_disable_contact")[0].checked = true;
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8

Bártů, Tomáš. "Alternativní zdroje vody pro technologické procesy ve vybraných průmyslových odvětvích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225370.

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The task of the master’s thesis is a study focused on re-use and process wastewater in the company Kostelecké uzeniny a.s. The thesis contains a description of wastewater treatment plants, sewage flow and metabolic load on each water treatment processes. The thesis describes the limit requirements for technological processes within the enterprise. Few variants of the use of alternative water sources for technological processes on the basis of health conditions that has been designed for treating waste water from truck wash were considered in the thesis. Treated waste water is being re-used within the truck wash. Part of the proposal is also economic calculation and evaluation of return on investment.
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9

Aldous, Fiona. "In the process of being reborn, it was officially dead--." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/897517.

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Анотація:
This creative project thesis is an exploration of the connected experiences in light, space and time, developed through the 'making'of architecture. The process began with the concept of 'installation', in which the practice evolves from a vast spectrum of disciplines. The objective is to create an alternative spatial experience, occurring within an existing building. A piece of architecture through which the environment may be activated by the presence of light, material and man . An abandoned old building was chosen as the site in which to create the project. The repair and the creation of the new combined, creating the installation of a space which both respects and evolves from the existing. The process of rehabilitation and the 'making' of architecture offering a variety of interactive opportunities; of dialogue and language which furthers the understanding of society and the conception of architecture.
Department of Architecture
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10

Albuquerque, Carolina Maria [UNESP]. "Clarificação de suco de laranja core wash por processo de flotação auxiliado por enzimas pectinolíticas e agentes clarificantes." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90771.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:21:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 albuquerque_cm_me_sjrp.pdf: 2192673 bytes, checksum: 95c4d486da5e0308e967a8ea5475dd6c (MD5)
A recuperação dos sólidos solúveis presentes na membrana central da laranja, separada durante a etapa de extração industrial do suco, normalmente produz um suco contendo de 5 a 6ºBrix e uma série de outros compostos insolúveis (cerca de 9%), muitos dos quais contribuem para a baixa qualidade do suco, sendo responsáveis pelo amargor e adstringência. O presente trabalho propôs-se a clarificar esse suco contendo sólidos recuperados, empregando um pré-tratamento com enzimas pectinolíticas seguido por tratamento por flotação por injeção de ar comprimido auxiliada por agentes clarificantes: bentonita, sílica sol e colágeno hidrolisado. Constituíram-se os objetivos: (i) a determinação das melhores condições (tipo de enzima pectinolítica, duas hidrolases e duas pectinases, e tempo de incubação) para a degradação enzimática da pectina presente; (ii) a determinação da melhor combinação dos agentes clarificantes visando obter um subproduto clarificado através do monitoramento de parâmetros físico-químicos (capacidade floculante e transmitância) e (iii) a avaliação do processo de flotação com diferentes concentrações de bentonita (500, 1.000 e 1.500 mg L-suco-1 e pressões (490, 680 e 880 kPa) pela determinação do grau de clarificação através de monitoramento da transmitância do clarificado, pela determinação da velocidade de flotação/separação das fases, através da verificação das frações volumétricas das fases separadas (clarificado, sedimentado e flotado), em intervalos de tempos regulares durante o processo de flotação e pela análise do produto final clarificado. Os produtos clarificados foram analisados com relação ao conteúdo de sólidos solúveis e insolúveis, pH, acidez titulável, polpa, transmitância, cor (parâmetros L*, a*, b*) proteína, pectina total, sódio, hesperidina, polifenóis e bioflavonóides. Para o tratamento...
Core membrane of the orange fruit separated during the juice extraction step in the citrus processing industrial plant, is currently submitted to a soluble solids recovery process, normally producing a by product (secondary) juice containing about 5 to 6º Brix and other insoluble components (about 9%), which contribute to the juice’s low quality, since many are responsible for the bitterness and adstringency. This research aimed to clarify this by-product juice containing recovered solids, by enzyme pre-treatment with pectic enzymes, followed by a flotation treatment with compressed air injection using fining agents: bentonite, silica sol and hydrolyzed collagen. The objectives were (i) to determine the best conditions (enzyme type, two hydrolyses and two pectin-liases and incubation time) for the enzyme treatment for pectin degradation; (ii) to determine the best combination of the fining agents to obtain a clarified by-product through monitoring physical chemical parameters (flocculating ability and product transmittance); and (iii) to evaluate the flotation process and the effects of bentonite concentration (500, 1.000 and 1.500 mg L-juice-1) and saturation pressure (490, 680 and 880 kPa) by determining the degree of clarification through monitoring the product transmittance and by determining the flotation rate (and phase separation) through measurements of volumetric fractions of the separated phases (clarified, floated and sediment) over time during the flotation and phase separation processes. Both untreated and clarified juices were analyzed for soluble and insoluble solid contents, pH, total titratable acidity, pulp content, transmittance, color (parameters L*, a* and b*), protein and pectin contents, sodium, hesperidine, poliphenols and bioflavonoids. The results indicates a purified poligalacturonase as the adequate for the enzyme treatment in 1 hour, 45ºC, with 0,05 mL... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Книги з теми "WASH PROCESS"

1

Process: Seattle Central Library. Seattle, Wash: Documentary Media, 2004.

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A, Kothari, and Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Separation of hazardous organics by low pressure membranes: Treatment of soil-wash rinse-water leachates. Cincinnati, Ohio: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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JANCE, J. A. Without due process. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2009.

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JANCE, J. A. Without Due Process. New York: HarperCollins, 2006.

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Pavlik, Bradley J. The Outback Community Design Charrette: A process for continued progress. [Bellingham, Wash: Western Washington University, 2002.

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JANCE, J. A. Without due process: A J.P. Beaumont mystery. New York: W. Morrow, 1992.

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JANCE, J. A. Without due process: A J.P. Beaumont mystery. New York: Avon Books, 1993.

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Office, General Accounting. Nuclear waste: Connecticut's first site selection process for a disposal facility : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.

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Office, General Accounting. Nuclear waste: Extensive process to site low-level waste disposal facility in Nebraska : report to the Honorable J. James Exon, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1991.

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Office, General Accounting. Nuclear waste: Process to remove radioactive waste from Savannah River tanks fails to work : report to the Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): U.S. General Accounting Office, 1999.

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Частини книг з теми "WASH PROCESS"

1

Wijesiri, Buddhi, An Liu, Prasanna Egodawatta, James McGree, and Ashantha Goonetilleke. "Pollutant Build-up and Wash-off Process Variability." In Decision Making with Uncertainty in Stormwater Pollutant Processes, 15–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3507-5_2.

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Wagh, Manoj Pandurang, Pravin Dinkar Nemade, and Pradeep Jadhav. "Continuous Electro Coagulation Process for the Distillery Spent Wash Using Al Electrodes." In Techno-Societal 2018, 41–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16962-6_5.

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Wijesiri, Buddhi, An Liu, Prasanna Egodawatta, James McGree, and Ashantha Goonetilleke. "Assessment of Build-up and Wash-off Process Uncertainty and Its Influence on Stormwater Quality Modelling." In Decision Making with Uncertainty in Stormwater Pollutant Processes, 25–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3507-5_3.

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Peters, Ralf, and Markus Nauroth. "Was ist Process-Mining." In Process-Mining, 3–16. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-24170-4_2.

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Scheer, August-Wilhelm. "Was ist “Business Process Reengineering” wirklich?" In Prozeßorientierte Unternehmensmodellierung, 5–12. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-05888-5_2.

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Özpek, Burak Bilgehan. "Was the peace process a deviation?" In The Peace Process between Turkey and the Kurds, 7–20. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge focus on the Middle East; 2: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315122182-2.

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Peled, Yoav. "Who Was Afraid of Decolonization?" In The Failure of the Middle East Peace Process?, 219–35. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230582637_11.

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Hagmark, Per-Erik, and Pertti Lounesto. "Walsh Functions, Clifford Algebras and Cayley-Dickson Process." In Clifford Algebras and Their Applications in Mathematical Physics, 531–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4728-3_45.

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Nakagawa, Hiroyuki, Yuji Kawamori, Akihiko Goto, Hiroyuki Hamada, Kazuaki Yamashiro, Naoki Sugiyama, Mitsunori Suda, Kozo Igarashi, and Yoshiki Yamada. "Evaluation of “Jiai” of Large “Echizen Washi” Japanese Traditional Paper." In Advances in Manufacturing, Production Management and Process Control, 225–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20494-5_21.

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Kawamori, Yuji, Hiroyuki Nkagawa, Akihiko Goto, Hiroyuki Hamada, Kazuaki Yamashiro, Naoki Sugiyama, Mitsunori Suda, Kozo Igarashi, and Yoshiki Yamada. "Motion Analysis of Manufacturing of Large “Echizen Washi” Japanese Traditional Paper." In Advances in Manufacturing, Production Management and Process Control, 174–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20494-5_16.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "WASH PROCESS"

1

Sullivan, Lonnie, and Bill Grieser. "Applying Enhanced Cyclic Diversion Process in Granite Wash Open Annulus Horizontal Completion." In SPE Oklahoma City Oil and Gas Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/185094-ms.

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Asplund, Peter. "Gas Turbine Cleaning Upgrade (Compressor Wash)." In ASME 1997 Turbo Asia Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-aa-135.

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The influence of gas turbine degradation on operating costs is high. Gas turbine cleaning is one of many actions taken for power recovery and is considered preventive maintenance. It is generally performed within the industrial and occasionally within the aero sector. Following a survey about potential for cost reduction in gas turbine operation the cleaning issue appears to be overlooked from an engineering point of view and there is a large potential for efficiency improvements. Engine development with corresponding high blade loads and ever-increasing temperatures require more efficient and careful cleaning methods. Together with emission taxes and environmental regulations, optimized cleaning methods will play an ever-growing role in future gas turbine operation. In order to achieve cost effectiveness regarding hardware, man-hour and consumables a new cleaning method has been evaluated for a standard process. The economic evaluations show that a standardisation of cleaning with the new method would enable the aviation sector to perform engine cleaning on a routine basis as well as the stationary sector to make significant cost savings in equipment purchase and operation.
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Thierens, Danny, and Pierre Pedenaud. "Optimizing the Separation Process in Floating Facilities : The Wash Tank Oil Processing Technology." In Offshore Technology Conference Brasil. Offshore Technology Conference, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/29811-ms.

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4

Delabroy, Laurent, David Rodrigues, Espen Norum, Martin Straume, and Knut H. Halvorsen. "Perforate, Wash and Cement PWC Verification Process and an Industry Standard for Barrier Acceptance Criteria." In SPE Bergen One Day Seminar. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/185938-ms.

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Wagner, Thomas, and Robert J. Burke. "Gas Turbine Efficiency (GTE) Benefits of GTE Water Wash Systems." In ASME 2008 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2008-60168.

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The desire to maintain power plant profitability, combined with current market fuel gas pricing is forcing power generation companies to constantly look for ways to keep their industrial gas turbine units operating at the highest possible efficiency. Gas Turbines Operation requires the compression of very large quantities of air that is mixed with fuel, ignited and directed into a turbine to produce torque for purposes ranging from power generation to mechanical drive of pumping systems to thrust for air craft propulsion. The compression of the air for this process typically uses 60% of the required base energy. Therefore management of the compression process efficiency is very important to maintain overall cycle efficiency. Since fouling of turbine compressors is almost unavoidable, even with modern air filter treatment, and over time results in lower efficiency and output, compressor cleaning is required to maintain gas turbine efficiency.
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6

Phadke, Amal C., Lars Hovda, and Praveen Gonuguntla. "Insight into Parameters Influencing Wash Displacement Efficiency Through CFD Modeling." In SNAME 28th Offshore Symposium. SNAME, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/tos-2023-014.

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Jet-type perforate-wash-cement (P/W/C) is a relatively new well plugging technique that is more cost effective than the traditional casing milling method. ConocoPhillips has extensively used this technique in the Greater Ekofisk Area (GEA) over the last 10 years. In this method, Tubing Conveyed Perforating (TCP) guns perforate casing in the target interval before the zone is washed and a cross-sectional cement plug is installed using a specialized Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA). The BHA has nozzles in respective zones to separately spray wash fluid and cement during the operation. Tool translational (up and down movement) and rotational speeds, nozzle diameter, number of nozzles, nozzle angle, mud and cement properties, flow rates and nozzle pressure drop are the key governing parameters. In 2014, ConocoPhillips Norway launched a project to improve quality of wash and cement processes and since 2016 utilized Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for parametric optimization. The analysis significantly enhanced understanding of the fundamental processes involved, enabling improvement of the existing tool and processes. The focus of this paper is on how BHA rotational speed, nozzle diameter, and nozzle angle influence wash process efficiency. Deeper insight from CFD analysis on the influence of these parameters on the wash process is discussed in more detail in this paper. Updated wash and cement procedures and parameter values were introduced in 2017 based on CFD modeling and detailed in a best practice document. To date approximately 200 successful operations have been performed as per the best practice.
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Bajuaifer, Hatem Abdullah, Mohammed Abdullah Malki, and Kamarul Amminudin. "Practical Wash Water & Demulsifer Optimization at Khurais Crude Processing Facility." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208215-ms.

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Abstract This paper covers practical demulsifer and wash water approach followed by Saudi Aramco Khurais producing facility to optimize the chemical and water consumption. This Paper is intended to: Share practical demulsifer and wash water optimization approach. Highlight how this approach enhanced the separation process and how it already helped Saudi Aramco to meet the product quality with minimal operating costs by optimizing operating parameters in the field. The basic idea of the optimization is to relax the oil - emulsified water separation in HPPT by allowing water carry over to the downstream equipment and vessels through minimizing the demulsifer dosage on the production header to increase the retention time. The optimization process includes manipulating different key parameters (controlled variables) which are demulsifer dosing rate (on production header and dehydrator), wash water dosing rate, de-salting train mixing valves differential pressure and transformers voltage with continues monitoring and corrective actions based on the export specification of BS&W and salts within pre-defined internal limits to avoid having off-spec product (Trial and Error) This approach resulted in decreasing the operating costs by reducing overall demulsifer dosage by 50%, and allowing the overall separation efficiency to be increased contributing towards enhanced separation. Various graphs included showing the full impact of optimizing the operating parameters on improved separation in dehydrator. From the water conservation, this process resulted in reducing non-potable wash water consumption for crude washing purposes by more than 20,000 gallon/day without compromising the crude specification. This optimization resulted in cost saving equivalent to around US$ 650,000 due to significant demulsifer reduction. Sustaining such an optimum performance proves to be a challenge and in this regard, the team is focusing heavily on the monitoring efforts that are equipped with the advisory features on what to do should the deviation exist from the stipulated target. This includes, among others, the alerting feature for immediate corrective actions by the team. Overall, this initiative succeeded in maintaining the facility crude quality specifications of BS&W and salts while reducing chemical operating costs, creating positive environmental impacts by saving non-potable wash water while increasing the assets utilization and reliability effectively.
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Yugay, Andrey, Hamdi Bouali Daghmouni, Andrey Nestyagin, Fouad Abdulsallam, Annie Morales, Gamal Yousef Salem, Saleh Al Ameri, et al. "Advanced Remedial Hydraulic Isolation by Perforate and Wash Technique." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208182-ms.

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Abstract Well Cementing can be divided into two phases – primary and remedial cementing. Primary cementing may have 3 functions: casing support, zonal isolation and casing protection against corrosion. First two functions are commonly recognized while the third one might be a point of discussion, as the full casing coverage with 100% clean cement is not something common in most of the fields. In fact, poorly cemented areas of the casing may become negatively charged and create a zones of accelerated corrosion rate. This paper is about main role of cementing - zonal isolation. The process of primary cementing assumes that cement slurry is being pumped into the casing and displaced outside. After wait on cement time (WOC) it becomes hard, develops compressive strength and creates impermeable seal that ensures hydraulic isolation. Old and well-known technique, it still remains one of the most challenging rig operations. It is unlikely to find a service company that would guarantee 100% cement displacement behind the casing all the way from top to bottom. Main challenges in this region are quiet common for many other fields – displacement in deviated sections, losses before and during cementing, exposure to pressure during cement settling. In case the main target is not achieved (no hydraulic isolation behind the casing) – we may observe behind casing communications resulting in sustainable pressures in casing-casing annuluses. In this situation the remedial cementing takes place. It's function is to restore isolation so the cement can work as a barrier that seals off the pressure source. Despite of the good number of sealants available on the market (time, pressure, temperature activated) that can be injected from surface to cure this casing-casing pressure, Company prefers not to do so unless there is a proven injectivity capability that would allow for the sealant to reach deep enough, to protect aquifers in case of outer casing corrosion. Otherwise that would be just a ‘masking" the pressure at surface. Therefore in general Company prefers rig intervention to cure the pressure across the cap rock in between the aquifers and the reservoir. Those aquifers are illustrated on the Figure 1 below: More details on Company casing design, cement evaluation issues, sustained casing pressure phenomena and challenges have been mentioned previously [Yugay, 2019].
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Allapitchai, M. Shahril Majid, Ahmad Luqman Johan, El Khalil Mohamed M’Bareck Heboul, Sattiyaraju Sellapan, William Sin Yoong Liew, Ahmad Hafizi Ahmad Zaini, Mohd Hairi Abdul Razak, and M. Yuzmanizeil Yaakub. "Annulus Perforate, Wash and Cement : Establishing Barrier Verification Process for Deepwater Subsea Wells Abandonment and Its Lessons Learnt." In SPE Symposium: Decommissioning and Abandonment. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208492-ms.

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Abstract Wells plug & abandonment was carried out in a deepwater field (Field C) offshore West Africa. There were 15 deepwater subsea wells, in this field. Thirteen of the wells were completed with Open Water Vertical Xmas Tree (OXT) while remaining two were completed with Enhanced Vertical Xmas Tree (EVXT). All the wells were permanently abandoned with permanent barriers established in accordance to Norsok D-010, rev. 2013. This involved establishing well barriers which would both horizontally and vertically effective. The operator evaluated several methods in establishing well barriers for the permanent abandonment purpose of these 15 wells. The barriers placement for areas with good annulus cement were straightforward as an internal cement plug could be spotted as a permanent barrier. For this particular field, it is noted that all of the 15 wells have hydrocarbon bearing and permeable formations above the top of expected annulus lead cement which is designed basically to manage ECD during cementing job rather than giving good annular isolation. Due to this, it is important for the operator to employ the best technique that could establish a permanent cement barrier both inside the casing and in the annulus at the same time. Operator learned that Section Milling was the widely accepted method to establish barrier in cases where there is poor cement or the annulus cement is not present particularly in land and offshore wells. However, this technique poses severe operational risk especially in a deepwater operation mode. Upon review, it was determined that Perforate, Wash and Cement (PWC) technology has been proven and it would become a valuable technique in establishing well barrier which complies with abandonment requirement as per the industry guidelines. High risk activities for deepwater operations such as section milling could be avoided by employing this method. Nonetheless, the Perforate, Wash and Cement (PWC) technology has its own set of risks especially with its method of establishing the well barrier immediately upon setting it. This involves drilling and re-logging the well immediately after setting the cement in annulus to prove the barrier. Upon discussion with PWC contractor, it was agreed that the verification technique may create additional hazards as it could jeopardize the integrity of the installed barrier in the annulus. The additional requirement for cement verification process will also prolong the project duration, hence is an additional cost to the project too. Operator worked together with the Perforate Wash and Cement (PWC) Contractor and Well Examiner to determine the best verification method for PWC plugs with the objective to comply with regulation on cement verification while at the same time, resulting in most cost-efficient and time-efficient operation. The establishment of Element Acceptance Criteria as an alternative Barrier Verification Process for PWC technology is necessary to improve the reliability of the system as well as reducing associated risks. In total, 18 PWC operations were successfully carried out throughout the campaign. An extensive after action review was conducted at the completion of each job to capture the valuable lessons learnt. These lessons learnt are shared in this paper as well which could add value for future operations with similar settings. It is expected that this paper will serve as a reference in the establishment of Element Acceptance Criteria as well as its implementation during the P&A campaign. It is hoped that the lessons learnt shared in the paper could assist other Operators on planning for similar campaigns in the future.
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Sumitra, Khemchad, Marty Fernau, Karn Thanomkiat, Joseph Ritcey, and Chadchai Tumtong. "The Modified Configuration of Wet Wash System in the Gulf of Thailand." In IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/201036-ms.

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Abstract "Wet Wash" is a concept whereby cuttings are fluidized then sent to centrifuges to seperate the fluids from the cuttings. A modified configuration of this Wet Wash system improves fluids performance while minimizing environmental impact and optimizing operating costs. The original Wet Wash system, introduced in 2006, started at the shale shakers where big cuttings were removed by the scalping deck and diverted overboard. Only the small cuttings from the primary deck were fluidized and transported to a big bowl centrifuge. For the original system, the % Synthetic on Cuttings (SOC) for this process was always over 8.0%. The system was unable to lower the SOC due to concerns for the capability of the big bowl centrifuge to handle big cuttings. With a modified centrifuge unit, a more robust unit with a design change in feed nozzles being able to handle more torque, all cuttings from both scalping deck and primary deck are fluidized and transported to a big bowl centrifuge with no big cuttings diverted overboard. Utilizing the previous configuration of Wet Wash whereby cuttings from the scalper deck were diverted overboard, the % SOC was always over 8.0%. It was efficient in the removal of solids, but it was still yielding high SOC. In 2012 the use of Cuttings Dryers was introduced to further reduce % SOC. On Jack-up rigs, the Cuttings Dryer can operate in a normal manner, but on Tender Assisted rigs, where the cuttings are fluidized and pumped to the Dryer, there is a trade-off. High content of Low Gravity Solids (LGS) from the continual grinding of the solids to ultrafine particles that could not be removed by centrifuges had become an issue. High dilution rates were required to keep mud system under control due to excessive ultrafine solids. The Wet Wash system was re-visited for Tender Assisted rigs. With the modified configuration of Wet Wash system where no cuttings were diverted overboard, fluids performance was improved from reduction of ultrafine solids contamination in the mud system, resulting in less dilution rate and mud chemicals treatment. The % SOC was also lower than 8.0%. With proper Preventative Maintenance (PM) program in place, there was neither down time of the centrifuge nor report of excessive wear of equipment from handling big cuttings. The novelty of the modified Wet Wash configuration is in the ability to improve fluids performance and reduce environmental impact with the optimum operating cost.
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Звіти організацій з теми "WASH PROCESS"

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WESTRA, A. G. Design criteria for the Chloride wash process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/810119.

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Bibler, N. E., D. M. Ferrara, and B. C. Ha. Radioactive demonstration of the late wash'' Precipitate Hydrolysis Process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6690093.

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Bibler, N. E., D. M. Ferrara, and B. C. Ha. Radioactive demonstration of the ``late wash`` Precipitate Hydrolysis Process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10121977.

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Williamson, T. G. Nuclear criticality safety evaluation -- DWPF Late Wash Facility, Salt Process Cell and Chemical Process Cell. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10107943.

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Kelln, Jocelyn, Line Richter, and Christine Fostvedt-Mills. Inclusive Participatory Research Through PhotoVoice: A Study on WASH and Nutrition in Afar, Ethiopia. The Sanitation Learning Hub, Institute of Development Studies, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2022.011.

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Designing effective interventions requires the inclusion and buy-in of beneficiary communities; however, because of constraints and context, fully participatory research can be challenging. The Afar people of northern Ethiopia live in what can be considered the very definition of 'challenging contexts'. Largely nomadic pastoralists, they navigate a harsh and unforgiving landscape, often having to travel great distances for water. In 2020, FMC undertook a qualitative research study investigating the attitudes and practices of target communities in Afar relating to nutrition and WASH. Using PhotoVoice and community action planning methods, the project sought to ensure that all community members, particularly those most marginalised (women, those with low literacy and little formal schooling), were heard and felt like they had a stake in the research process. This SLH Learning Paper shares the most important findings, discusses the advantages and the challenges of using these methods, and speaks to the potential for their application in other challenging contexts.
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Banach, J. L., Y. Hoffmans, W. A. J. Appelman, H. van Bokhorst-van de Veen, and E. D. van Asselt. The effectiveness of ozone, ultrafiltration, and low pH on Escherichia coli inactivation in fresh-cut endive process wash water at a pilot setting. Wageningen: Wageningen Food Safety Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/537192.

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7

Allen, John, and Caroline Muturi. A Transition For All: Equity and community engagement in the transition of water supply management to utilities in refugee settlements in Uganda. Oxfam, UNHCR, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.7291.

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Анотація:
Water supply schemes in refugee settlements in Uganda are being transitioned from management by humanitarian actors to management by national and regional utilities in an effort to improve their long-term sustainability. Research with refugee and host communities has demonstrated the need to strengthen the transition process. The transition in its current form could risk increasing inequality and pushing water services out of reach for an already vulnerable population. This summary report examines how WASH agencies and stakeholders playing a supporting role in the utility transition can make the transition more equitable, participatory and effective. The full report is available on the Oxfam WASH website: https://www.oxfamwash.org/.
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8

Wallis. L51614 Slug Frequency in Horizontal Gas-Liquid Flow. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011058.

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Анотація:
This report responds to A.G.A.s objective of initiating and planning means to create a reliable, mechanistic method of slug frequency prediction. Specific objectives were to: Update the prior review of existing knowledge Identify one or more alternative modelling approaches Recommend additional work if required Examination of empirical correlations for slug frequency shows that they have uncertainties which are large compared with experimental data. A mechanistic approach is sought. Previous mechanistic models have been either incomplete or numerically unstable. Several improvements were made to the Taitel-Dukler model for this process and a new calculation procedure developed using the method of characteristics. It is demonstrated here that this approach alone cannot lead to cyclic slug formation. The processes of wave growth continually wash out downstream without causing new slugs to form upstream. This has led to concentration on the mechanism of slug formation near the inlet to a pipe segment.
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9

DoD Office of Inspector General. Navys Contract/Vendor Pay Process Was Not Auditable. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1001793.

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10

Van Hemelrijck, Adinda. Urban WASH Governance in Pakistan: Impact Evaluation of the Improving Urban WASH Governance and Accountability (IUWGA) project. Oxfam GB, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2019.5259.

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Анотація:
This evaluation is presented as part of the Effectiveness Review Series 2017/18. The Improving Urban WASH Governance and Accountability (IUWGA) project in Pakistan was selected for review under the ‘Sustainable Water’ thematic area. The overall objective of the project was to develop and pilot-test a local urban governance model that builds on a concept of collaborative rights and accountability relations as the basis for developing a new social contract between local authorities and citizens in new urban settlements. The model was piloted over a period of two years (April 2015 - March 2017) in two Union Councils in the Sindh and Punjab Province. This assessment focused on the effectiveness and likely sustainability of the participatory governance model relative to ‘equitable and sustainable access to water’. Participatory Impact Assessment and Learning Approach (PIALA) was used to rigorously assess the impact of system change and engage stakeholders in its processes. Find out more by reading the full report now.
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