Готові списки джерел за темами / Urban climate model

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Urban climate model"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Urban climate model":

Mills, G. "An urban canopy-layer climate model." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 57, no. 3-4 (1997): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00863615.

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HARAYAMA, Kazuya, Ryozo OOKA, Shuzo MURAKAMI, Shinji YOSHIDA, Masahiro SETOJIMA, and Hiroaki KONDO. "STUDY ON URBAN CLIMATE ANALYSIS BASED ON MESO-SCALE CLIMATE MODEL INCORPORATED WITH THE URBAN CANOPY MODEL." Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 70, no. 592 (2005): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aije.70.75_3.

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Yilmaz, Didem Gunes. "Model Cities for Resilience: Climate-led Initiatives." Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2021.v5n1-4.

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Paris Agreement of December 2015 was the last official initiative led by the United Nations (UN) as the driver of climate change mitigation. Climate change was hence linked with an increase in the occurrence of natural hazards. A variety of initiatives were consequently adopted under different themes such as sustainable cities, climate-friendly development and low-carbon cities. However, most of the initiatives targeted by global cities with urban areas being the focus in terms of taking action against global warming issues. This is due to the structural and environmental features of cities characterized by being populated, as such, they not only generate a large number of carbon emissions but also happens to be the biggest consumer of natural resources. In turn, they create a microclimate, which contributes to climate change. Masdar City, for example, was designed as the first fully sustainable urban area, which replaced fuel-based energy with the electric-based energy. China, as another example, introduced the Sponge Cities action, a method of urban water management to mitigate against flooding. Consequently, architects and urban planners are urged to conform to the proposals that would mitigate global warming. This paper, as a result, examines some of the models that have been internationally adopted and thereafter provide the recommendations that can be implemented in large urban areas in Turkey, primarily in Istanbul.

Früh, Barbara, Paul Becker, Thomas Deutschländer, Johann-Dirk Hessel, Meinolf Kossmann, Ingrid Mieskes, Joachim Namyslo, et al. "Estimation of Climate-Change Impacts on the Urban Heat Load Using an Urban Climate Model and Regional Climate Projections." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jamc2377.1.

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Abstract A pragmatic approach to estimate the impact of climate change on the urban environment, here called the cuboid method, is presented. This method allows one to simulate the urban heat load and the frequency of air temperature threshold exceedances using only eight microscale urban climate simulations for each relevant wind direction and time series of daily meteorological parameters either from observations or regional climate projections. Eight representative simulations are designed to encompass all major potential urban heat-stress conditions. From these representative simulations, the urban-heat-load conditions in any weather situation are derived by interpolation. The presented approach is applied to study possible future heat load in Frankfurt, Germany, using the high-resolution Microscale Urban Climate Model in three dimensions (MUKLIMO_3). To estimate future changes in heat-load-related climate indices in Frankfurt, climate projections from the regional climate models Max Planck Institute Regional Model (REMO), Climate Limited-Area Model (CLM), Wetterlagen-basierte Regionalisierungsmethode (WETTREG), and Statistical Regional Model (STAR) are used. These regional climate models are driven by the “ECHAM5” general circulation model and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emission scenario A1B. For the mean annual number of days with a maximum daily temperature exceeding 25°C, a comparison between the cuboid method results from observed and projected regional climate time series of the period 1971–2000 shows good agreement, except for CLM for which a clear underestimation is found. On the basis of the 90% significance level of all four regional climate models, the mean annual number of days with a maximum daily temperature exceeding 25°C in Frankfurt is expected to increase by 5–32 days for 2021–50 as compared with 1971–2000.

Kubilay, Aytaç, Jonas Allegrini, Dominik Strebel, Yongling Zhao, Dominique Derome, and Jan Carmeliet. "Advancement in Urban Climate Modelling at Local Scale: Urban Heat Island Mitigation and Building Cooling Demand." Atmosphere 11, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121313.

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As cities and their population are subjected to climate change and urban heat islands, it is paramount to have the means to understand the local urban climate and propose mitigation measures, especially at neighbourhood, local and building scales. A framework is presented, where the urban climate is studied by coupling a meteorological model to a building-resolved local urban climate model, and where an urban climate model is coupled to a building energy simulation model. The urban climate model allows for studies at local scale, combining modelling of wind and buoyancy with computational fluid dynamics, radiative exchange and heat and mass transport in porous materials including evaporative cooling at street canyon and neighbourhood scale. This coupled model takes into account the hygrothermal behaviour of porous materials and vegetation subjected to variations of wetting, sun, wind, humidity and temperature. The model is driven by climate predictions from a mesoscale meteorological model including urban parametrisation. Building energy demand, such as cooling demand during heat waves, can be evaluated. This integrated approach not only allows for the design of adapted buildings, but also urban environments that can mitigate the negative effects of future climate change and increased urban heat islands. Mitigation solutions for urban heat island effect and heat waves, including vegetation, evaporative cooling pavements and neighbourhood morphology, are assessed in terms of pedestrian comfort and building (cooling) energy consumption.

Chatzinikolaou, E., C. Chalkias, and E. Dimopoulou. "URBAN MICROCLIMATE IMPROVEMENT USING ENVI-MET CLIMATE MODEL." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4 (September 19, 2018): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-69-2018.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The aim of this paper is the modelling of urban microclimate, based on the limits imposed by the complexity of the three-dimensional space of cities. To this purpose, different Bioclimatic Scenarios were investigated through the microclimatic simulations using the micro-scale numerical model, ENVI-met 4v, applied in a case study of a Block in a highly residential neighbourhood of Athens. The study compares the bioclimatic scenarios of the roof top and road side vegetation plan in the current conditions, in order to evaluate how the existence of vegetation can affect the local air temperature and the thermal comfort condition of urban environment. This study also highlights the need to manage those microclimate data, through a geodatabase and provides a GIS approach of data organization and visualization. Creating building facades of the distributed temperature has showed that urban morphology parameters have an obvious impact on temperature distribution in the 3D space. On the other hand, the proposed roadside vegetation scenario has proved to be the most suitable way to improve the thermal comfort conditions of urban environment, as it can eliminate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects.</p>

Cremades, Roger, and Philipp S. Sommer. "Computing climate-smart urban land use with the Integrated Urban Complexity model (IUCm 1.0)." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-525-2019.

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Abstract. Cities are fundamental to climate change mitigation, and although there is increasing understanding about the relationship between emissions and urban form, this relationship has not been used to provide planning advice for urban land use so far. Here we present the Integrated Urban Complexity model (IUCm 1.0) that computes “climate-smart urban forms”, which are able to cut emissions related to energy consumption from urban mobility in half. Furthermore, we show the complex features that go beyond the normal debates about urban sprawl vs. compactness. Our results show how to reinforce fractal hierarchies and population density clusters within climate risk constraints to significantly decrease the energy consumption of urban mobility. The new model that we present aims to produce new advice about how cities can combat climate change.

Salim, Mohamed Hefny, Sebastian Schubert, Bjorn Maronga, Christoph Schneider, and Mohamed Fathy Cidek. "Introducing the Urban Climate Model PALM System 6.0." International Journal of Applied Energy Systems 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ijaes.2020.169937.

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De Ridder, Koen, Dirk Lauwaet, and Bino Maiheu. "UrbClim – A fast urban boundary layer climate model." Urban Climate 12 (June 2015): 21–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2015.01.001.

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Li, Zhiqiang, Yulun Zhou, Bingcheng Wan, Hopun Chung, Bo Huang, and Biao Liu. "Model evaluation of high-resolution urban climate simulations: using the WRF/Noah LSM/SLUCM model (Version 3.7.1) as a case study." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 11 (November 5, 2019): 4571–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4571-2019.

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Abstract. The veracity of urban climate simulation models should be systematically evaluated to demonstrate the trustworthiness of these models against possible model uncertainties. However, existing studies paid insufficient attention to model evaluation; most studies only provided some simple comparison lines between modelled variables and their corresponding observed ones on the temporal dimension. Challenges remain since such simple comparisons cannot concretely prove that the simulation of urban climate behaviours is reliable. Studies without systematic model evaluations, being ambiguous or arbitrary to some extent, may lead to some seemingly new but scientifically misleading findings. To tackle these challenges, this article proposes a methodological framework for the model evaluation of high-resolution urban climate simulations and demonstrates its effectiveness with a case study in the area of Shenzhen and Hong Kong SAR, China. It is intended to (again) remind urban climate modellers of the necessity of conducting systematic model evaluations with urban-scale climatology modelling and reduce these ambiguous or arbitrary modelling practices.

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Дисертації з теми "Urban climate model":

Bogart, Tianna A. "Sensitivity of a global climate model to the urban land unit." Thesis, University of Delaware, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3598618.

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With more than half of the world's population living in urban areas, it is important that the relationships between the urban environment and climate are better understood. The current research aims to continue the effort in assessing and understanding the urban environment through the use of a global climate model (GCM). Given the relative newness of the presence of an urban land type and model in a GCM, there are many more facets of the urban-climate relationship to be investigated. By comparing thirty-year ensembles of CAM4 coupled with CLM4 both with (U) and without (U_n) the inclusion of the urban land type, the sensitivity of the atmospheric model to urban land cover is assessed. As expected, largest differences tend to be in the Northern Hemisphere due to the location of most of the globe's densest and expansive cities. Significant differences in the basic climate variables of temperature and precipitation are present at annual, seasonal, and monthly scales in some regions. Seasonality to the urban influence also exists with the transition months of Spring and Fall having the largest difference in temperatures. Of the eleven regions defined by Oleson (2012), three were most impacted by the presence of urban land cover in the model—Europe, Central Asia, and East Asia.

Since urban attributes can vary greatly within one world continent, the sensitivity of regional climates to the urban type parameters is also explored. By setting all urban land cover to only one urban density type, the importance of city composition on climate, even within the same city, is highlighted. While preserving the distinct urban regional characteristics and the geographical distribution of urbanized areas, the model is run with homogeneous urban types: high density and tall building district. As with the default urban and excluded urban runs, a strong seasonality to the differences between the solo-high-density simulation and default urban (U_HD – U) and solo-tall-building-district-density simulation and default urban (U_TBD – U) exists. Overall, the transition and winter months are most sensitive to changes in urban density type.

Stock, Zadie Stevy. "Modelling the impact of megacities in a global chemistry-climate model." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648380.

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Pimentel, Franciele de Oliveira. "Clima urbano: o uso de modelos geoespaciais na investigação do comportamento térmico em Juiz de Fora- MG." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2017. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/5618.

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A preocupação com os chamados impactos ambientais urbanos fomentou um maior interesse nas pesquisas, principalmente aquelas voltadas para as análises climáticas, na escala urbana. A cidade por consequência de seu processo de organização e estruturação desenvolveu um clima totalmente particular, o clima urbano, isso é possível através da retirada da vegetação original e a inserção dos chamados equipamentos urbanos, como por exemplo, as vias impermeabilizadas, as construções, a verticalização, além da circulação de pessoas e veículos que irão contribuir para maior aquecimento da atmosfera local. Os materiais presentes no meio urbano vão apresentar diferentes valores de albedo, emissividade, absortividade e irradiação e consequentemente, estes condicionarão diferentes valores de temperatura de superfície e que influenciarão na temperatura do ar. O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar o comportamento do clima urbano na cidade de Juiz de Fora- MG, onde foram trabalhadas 35 regiões urbanas, localizadas ao longo do curso do Rio Paraibuna. O estudo busca através da aplicação de um modelo geoespacial, interligar variáveis que possuem uma conexão direta com a temperatura de superfície e indireta com a temperatura do ar. Este conjunto de dados permitiu alcançar uma maior compreensão, viabilizou a espacialização e consequentemente uma visualização de como se distribuem as áreas e suas diferentes capacidades de criarem distintos campos térmicos na cidade.Além disso, para fins de validação do modelo, foi feita uma correlação estatística entre o modelo matemático proposto e a temperatura de superfície obtida na faixa do infravermelho termal. O modelo utilizado provou possuir consistência para ser adaptado a fim de ser replicado em diferentes cidades com especificidades térmicas além de ser viável a integração de outras informações e dados.
Concern about so-called urban environmental impacts has fostered greater interest in research, especially those focused on climate analysis, on the urban scale. The city as a result of its process of organization and structuring has developed a totally particular climate, the urban climate, this is possible through the removal of the original vegetation and the insertion of so-called urban equipment, such as waterproofed roads, constructions, verticalization, besides the circulation of people and vehicles that will contribute to greater warming of the local atmosphere. The materials present in the urban environment will present different values of albedo, emissivity, absorptivity and irradiation and consequently, these will condition different values of surface temperature and that will influence the air temperature. The present study aims to analyze the behavior of the urban climate in the city of Juiz de Fora- MG, where 35 urban areas were located along the course of the Paraibuna River. The study searches through the application of a geospatial model, interconnecting variables that have a direct coexistence with the surface temperature and indirect with the air temperature. This dataset allowed to reach a greater understanding, made possible the spatialization and consequently a visualization of how the areas are distributed and their different capacities to create different thermal fields in the city. In addition, for purposes of validation of the model, a statistical correlation was made between the proposed mathematical model and the surface temperature obtained in the thermal infrared range. The model used proved to have consistency to be adapted in order to be replicated in different cities with thermal specificities besides being feasible the integration of other information and data.

Burghardt, René [Verfasser]. "Development of an ArcGIS extension to model urban climate factors / René Burghardt." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1069689327/34.

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Sajjad, Sajjad Hussain. "Observational and modelling approaches to study urban climate : application on Pakistan." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01044727.

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The objective of this work is to study the urban climate, mainly by focusing on urban temperature trends. The specific focus is to understand the reasons of increase in minimum temperature through observational and modelling techniques. For this purpose, the temperatures data from 1950 to 2004 measured on several meteorological stations of Pakistan is studied and analyzed. Daily averaged annual and seasonal minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) temperature data of 37 meteorological observatories of Pakistan (17 urban, 7 town and 13 rural) from 1950 to 2004 is first homogenized and then analyzed. The results show that after 1980s Tmin and Tmax increase faster than the period before 1980s at urban areas. During 1980-2004, the increase in Tmin at major urban stations is observed higher than the smaller towns and rural stations. To understand, the effect of the size of the city, changing land use and the building height on the evolution of minimum and maximum temperatures in urban areas has been studied by using the FVM (Finite Volume Model) model and the simulations are run for three days starting at 00:00 (GMT) on 19th day of each month and ending at 00:00 (GMT) on 22nd day of each month. For each month, 48 possible combinations of simulation scenarios are run (4*4*3) and in total, 576 simulations (48*12) are run for a year. The main results show that Tmin and Tmax increase when urban fraction u, city size r and building height h increase. But it is noticed that Tmax increases more than the Tmin when u increases, Tmin increases more than the Tmax when r increases and Tmin increases more than the Tmax when h increases. Among all urban factors (urban fraction u, city size r and building's height h), city size is the major factor that mainly contributes to increase the minimum temperature more than the maximum temperature in urban areas.

Moreno, Cherry. "Urban water demand model: the case study of Emilia Romagna (Italy)." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5938/.

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Water is the driving force in nature. We use water for washing cars, doing laundry, cooking, taking a shower, but also to generate energy and electricity. Therefore water is a necessary product in our daily lives (USGS. Howard Perlman, 2013). The model that we created is based on the urban water demand computer model from the Pacific Institute (California). With this model we will forecast the future urban water use of Emilia Romagna up to the year of 2030. We will analyze the urban water demand in Emilia Romagna that includes the 9 provinces: Bologna, Ferrara, Forli-Cesena, Modena, Parma, Piacenza, Ravenna, Reggio Emilia and Rimini. The term urban water refers to the water used in cities and suburbs and in homes in the rural areas. This will include the residential, commercial, institutional and the industrial use. In this research, we will cover the water saving technologies that can help to save water for daily use. We will project what influence these technologies have to the urban water demand, and what it can mean for future urban water demands. The ongoing climate change can reduce the snowpack, and extreme floods or droughts in Italy. The changing climate and development patterns are expected to have a significant impact on water demand in the future. We will do this by conducting different scenario analyses, by combining different population projections, climate influence and water saving technologies. In addition, we will also conduct a sensitivity analyses. The several analyses will show us how future urban water demand is likely respond to changes in water conservation technologies, population, climate, water price and consumption. I hope the research can contribute to the insight of the reader’s thoughts and opinion.

Zhang, Hengyue. "Using satellite remote sensing, field observations and WRF/single-layer urban canopy model simulation to analyze the Oklahoma City UHI effect." Thesis, San Jose State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1594250.

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The Urban Heat Island (UHI) was investigated using satellite data, ground observations, and simulations with an Urban Canopy Parameterization in a numerical weather prediction model. Satellite-observed surface skin temperatures at Xi'an City and Oklahoma City (OKC) were analyzed to compare the UHI intensity for the two inland cities. A larger population density and larger building density in Xi'an City creates a stronger skin-level UHI effect. However, ground observed 2-m surface air temperature (Tair) data showed an urban cooling island (UCI) effect that occurred over an urban region in OKC during the daytime of July 19, 2003.

The sensitivity and accuracy of an Urban Canopy Model were evaluated by comparing simulation results between the urban and rural areas of OKC. The model reproduced skin temperature differences between the rural and urban area and reproduced a UCI effect in OKC. Furthermore, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)/Noah/Single-Layer Urban Canopy Model (SLUCM) simulations were also compared with ground observations, including wind speeds, wind directions, and energy fluxes. Although the WRF/SLCUM model failed to simulate these variables accurately, it reproduced the diurnal variations of surface temperatures, wind speeds, wind directions and energy fluxes reasonably well.

Mauree, Dasaraden. "Development of a multi-scale meteorological system to improve urban climate modeling." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01037982.

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This study consisted in the development of a canopy model (CIM), which could be use as an interface between meso-scale models used to simulate urban climate and micro-scale models used to evaluate building energy use. The development is based on previously proposed theories and is presented in different atmospheric conditions, with and without obstable. It has been shown, for example, that to be in coherence with the Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory, that a correction term has to be added to the buoyancy term of the T.K.E. CIM has also been coupled with the meteorological meso-scale model WRF. A methodology was proposed to take advantage of both models (one being more resolved, the other one integrating horizontal transport terms) and to ensure a coherence of the results. Besides being more precise than the WRF model at the same resolution, this system allows, through CIM, to provide high resolved vertical profiles near the surface.

Kohler, Manon. "Assessement of the building energy requirements : added value of the use of the urban climate modeling." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH004/document.

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Les bâtiments représentent 40 pourcents de la consommation finale d'énergie. Ils sont ainsi le fer de lance des politiques de réduction des dépenses énergétiques. Récemment, des systèmes de modèles climatiques qui incluent un modèle atmosphérique régional et des paramétrisations urbaines sophistiquées ont été développés. Ils considèrent la complexité de l’îlot de chaleur urbain et ses interactions avec les besoins énergétiques des bâtiments. Dans quelle mesure ces systèmes constituent-ils des outils d’aide à la décision pour les autorités locales ? Cette étude menée sur le territoire de l'Eurodistrict (Strasbourg - Kehl) en 2010, puis en 2030, à l’aide du système de modèles de climat WRF/ARW-BEP+BEM a démontré que si le système de modèles estimait de manière fiable les besoins en chauffage des bâtiments, ces derniers étaient davantage sensibles aux caractéristiques intrinsèques des bâtiments qu'aux formes urbaines et à l'îlot de chaleur urbain induit par ces formes
Buildings represent 40 percent of the end-use energy. Thus, they constitute a key point of the energy saving policies. Recently, climate modeling systems that include a mesoscale atmospheric model, sophisticated urban parameterizations have been developed to account for the complexity of the urban climate and its interactions with the building energy loads. This study aims to assess the capability of such climate modeling systems to provide climate and energy guidelines to urban planners. For this, we used the research collaborative WRF/ARW-BEP+BEM climate modeling system and performed sensitivity tests considering the territory of the Eurodistrict in 2010, and then in 2030. The results reveal that the climate modeling system achieves estimating the building energy needs over the study area, but also indicate that the building energy needs are more sensitive to the building intrinsic properties and occupant behavior than to the urban forms and their induced urban heat island

Testori, Paolo. "Modelling the urban heat island in the city of Bologna: improvement of the surface parameters classification." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18806/.

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Le influenze di natura antropica sul sistema Terra sono notevoli. Fra queste, le alterazioni dell’ambiente dovute all’urbanizzazione sono notevolmente impattanti per la vita delle persone. La comprensione dei processi atmosferici innescati dalle modifiche del suolo è ormai un importante oggetto di studi, così come l’uso di modelli a diverse scale spaziali che ne riproducono la dinamica. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è migliorare le conoscenze relative all’isola di calore urbana di Bologna utilizzando un modello a piccola scala. In particolare, il modello Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System – Temperature & Humidity è stato utilizzato per simulare variazioni spaziali e temporali di temperatura, con tre diverse parametrizzazioni della superficie urbana di Bologna. In letteratura sono presenti diverse metodologie per parametrizzare la superficie urbana, con vari gradi di sofisticatezza, applicabili a vari modelli. Queste parametrizzazioni tengono conto dell’uso del suolo e delle diverse caratteristiche tipiche delle superfici urbane. In particolare, in questo lavoro sono state usate tre diverse parametrizzazioni della superficie urbana. La prima prevede che la superficie urbana sia suddivisa in centro e periferia, è considerata come caso base per valutare le successive. La seconda parametrizzazione tiene conto della classificazione nota in letteratura come "Local Climate Zone" che divide l’area urbana in zone a seconda delle caratteristiche di uso del suolo. L’ultima parametrizzazione è stata sviluppata seguendo una classificazione definita "Aktas" recentemente proposta come alternativa alle classificazioni LCZ. In questa tesi, vengono presentati i risultati del modello ottenuti utilizzando le tre diverse metodologie per la parametrizzazione della superficie urbana. I risultati mostrano come una parametrizzazione più dettagliata permetta al modello di simulare una distribuzione della temperatura che tenga conto della presenza di superfici molto eterogenee tra loro.

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Книги з теми "Urban climate model":

Bogart, Tianna Anise. Sensitivity of a global climate model to the urban land unit. Middletown, Delaware: Legates Consulting Llc, 2013.

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C, Hughes Trevor, Wang Yi-Min, and United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Provo Projects Office., eds. Impacts of projected climate change on urban water use: An application using the Wasatch Front water demand and supply model. Provo, Utah: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Provo Projects Office, 1994.

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Hansen, Roger. Impacts of projected climate change on urban water use: An application using the Wasatch Front water demand and supply model. Provo, Utah: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Provo Projects Office, 1994.

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Schuhmacher, Peter. Messung und numerische Modellierung des Windfeldes über einer Stadt in komplexer Topographie. Zürich: Verlag der Fachvereine Zürich, 1992.

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Rotach, Mathias W. Turbulence within and above an urban canopy. Zürich: Verlag der Fachvereine Zürich, 1991.

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Carlson, Toby N. A remotely sensed index of deforestation/urbanization for use in climate models: Annual performance report for the period 1 January 1995 - 31 December 1995. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University, 1995.

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Kim, Chŏng-gon. Ŭiryo illyŏk chagyŏk sangho injŏng ŭl wihan chŏngchʻaek panghyang: Han-Mi myŏnhŏ kwalli chʻaegye pigyo rŭl chungsim ŭro. Sŏul Tʻŭkpyŏlsi: Taeoe Kyŏngje Chŏngchʻaek Yŏnʼguwŏn, 2006.

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Impacts of projected climate change on urban water use: An application using the Wasatch Front water demand and supply model. Provo, Utah: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Provo Projects Office, 1994.

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Chubarova, Natalia, Yekaterina Zhdanova, Yelizaveta Androsova, Alexander Kirsanov, Marina Shatunova, Yulia Khlestova, Yelena Volpert, et al. THE AEROSOL URBAN POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS ON WEATHER, REGIONAL CLIMATE AND GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1475.978-5-317-06464-8.

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The monograph is devoted to the study of atmospheric aerosol and its dynamics in the urban environment of Moscow megacity. Based on the AeroRadCity 2018-2019 complex experiment, composed of measurement campaign and numerical experiments using the COSMO-ART chemical transport model, a number of new results were obtained, which contributed to a deeper understanding of the gas-aerosol composition of the urban atmosphere, wet aerosol deposition with accounting of geochemical processes and aerosol radiative effects. Aerosol pollution in the Moscow region and its dynamics in the 21st century were estimated according to the aerosol retrievals using the MAIAC algorithm developed for the MODIS satellite instrument, and long-term AERONET measurements. The effects of aerosol on meteorological and radiative characteristics of the atmosphere were obtained from the numerical experiments with the COSMO model and long-term observations. The indirect aerosol effects on cloud characteristics and weather forecast were estimated.

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Частини книг з теми "Urban climate model":

Nicholls, M. E., R. A. Pielke, J. L. Eastman, C. A. Finley, W. A. Lyons, C. J. Tremback, R. L. Walko, and W. R. Cotton. "Applications of the RAMS Numerical Model to Dispersion over Urban Areas." In Wind Climate in Cities, 703–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3686-2_34.

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Lim, Tian Kuay, Nyuk Hien Wong, Marcel Ignatius, Miguel Martin, Hann-Ming Henry Juang, Jing Lou, and Robert Lee Kong Tiong. "Singapore: An Integrated Multi-scale Urban Microclimate Model for Urban Planning in Singapore." In Urban Climate Science for Planning Healthy Cities, 189–217. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87598-5_9.

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Gangwisch, Marcel, and Andreas Matzarakis. "Comparison of Thermal Indices in Urban Environments with SkyHelios Model." In Climate Change and Cooling Cities, 215–31. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3675-5_12.

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Ortiz, L., A. Mustafa, B. Rosenzweig, and Timon McPhearson. "Modeling Urban Futures: Data-Driven Scenarios of Climate Change and Vulnerability in Cities." In Resilient Urban Futures, 129–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63131-4_9.

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AbstractCities are complex systems where social, ecological, and technological processes are deeply coupled. This coupling complicates urban planning and land use development, as changing one facet of the urban fabric will likely impact the others. As cities grapple with climate change, there is a growing need to envision urban futures that not only address more frequent and intense severe weather events but also improve day-to-day livability. Here we examine climate risks as functions of the local land use with numerical models. These models leverage a wide array of data sources, from satellite imagery to tax assessments and land cover. We then present a machine-learning cellular automata approach to combine historical land use change with local coproduced urban future scenarios. The cellular automata model uses historical and ancillary data like existing road systems and natural features to develop a set of probabilistic land use change rules, which are then modified according to stakeholder priorities. The resulting land use scenarios are evaluated against historical flood hazards, showcasing how they perform against stakeholder expectations. Our work shows that coproduced scenarios, when grounded with historical and emerging data, can provide paths that increase resilience to weather hazards as well as enhancing ecosystem services provided to citizens.

Cangelli, Eliana. "Climate Change: New Ways to Inhabit the Earth." In The Urban Book Series, 537–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_48.

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AbstractThe text begins by proposing a critical reading of the climate crisis, aimed at pointing out the need for a collective consciousness allowing solutions to be found that are unbound by having to maintain the current economic model. After a brief history of the environmental issue identifying the commitment of the technology of architecture in this topic, a research framework linked to the environmental and technological design of the built environment is proposed. The paper closes with considerations on research prospects for the transformation of cities, of use for pursuing the reduction of climate change, as emerged at the conference.

Du, Yuhan, and Kun Sang. "Evaluating Users’ Satisfaction on Urban Railway Based on Service Quality Model: The Study on KLIA Express in Malaysia." In Urban Resilience, Livability, and Climate Adaptation, 267–75. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54911-3_16.

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Giovanardi, Matteo, Matteo Trane, and Riccardo Pollo. "Environmental Sensing and Simulation for Healthy Districts: A Comparison Between Field Measurements and CFD Model." In The Urban Book Series, 921–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_82.

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AbstractAtmospheric Particulate Matter (PM) is considered among the main risk factors for cardiovascular, respiratory, and carcinogenic diseases. Besides, heat waves accounted for 68% of natural hazard-related deaths in Europe between 1980 and 2017 and many climate models project a global rise in climate hazards. Environmental Monitoring (EM) is a key resource to control health determinants, addressing threats arising from unhealthy external conditions. Forecasting models may need data coming from pervasive distributed sensor networks and computational simulations. Moreover, district-scale Environmental Sensing (ES) and Environmental Modelling Simulation (EMS) may identify criticalities and specific strategies to mitigate climate risk affecting physical health. This paper compares the output from ES, by field measurements during a “climate walk” joined by more than 60 people, with EMS, by a Computational Fluid Dynamic software (CFD). The assessment has been performed on a real urban district. For on-site measurements, data were acquired by low-cost IoT-based sensors developed by the authors. For simulations, we used ENVI-met, a prognostic non-hydrostatic CFD. Potential Air Temperature and PM 10-2.5 concentration parameters have been measured and simulated on a specific winter day. Results are presented and discussed through a visualisation matrix making the comparison direct. The analysis of the results pointed out the role of ES and EMS for high-resolution scenarios assessment. Although real-time monitoring needs extensive infrastructure at the urban scale, the use of low-cost sensors and a citizen science approach could provide precise input data to support even more accurate models, towards a healthy district site-specific design perspective. This may finally contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goal 11.6, aiming at reducing the adverse environmental impact of cities, thus paying particular attention to air quality.

Milardi, Martino. "Adaptive Building Technologies for Building Envelopes Under Climate Change Conditions." In The Urban Book Series, 695–702. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_62.

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AbstractFollowing the widespread recognition of the urgency of environmental and energy issues, cities, now under the influence of the pandemic crisis, are called to cope with them through adaptation strategies to future scenarios that are constantly changing. At the same time, the implementation of adaptive building envelopes seems to be a promising alternative to achieve higher quality levels in the built environment, especially to counter and mitigate climate change, in line with EU directives. Adaptive envelopes can modify physical or chemical characteristics, exploiting environmental stimuli such as solar heat, temperature, airspeed, or atmospheric humidity. In this scenario, the experimental research in progress wants to define a new adaptive model by using innovative materials. It can be applied to curtain wall systems, intended as an element vulnerable to the effects of extreme events in a Mediterranean climate and more stressed by external energy flows. In this work, the author presents some parts of the research results, in which a necessary phase involved the reasoned recognition of adaptive materials for extreme applications or materials that can respond actively to possible external stresses. Research efforts are focused on the choice of the most suitable material to define the levels of environmental adaptability of the model, its constructability, and technological characterization. Finally, the performance verification of the adaptive model will be carried out at the TCLab section of the BFL of the Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria to develop prototypical lines that can facilitate the new approach to high environmental quality adaptive envelopes.

Mahdavi Estalkhsari, Bonin, Pir Mohammad, and Alireza Karimi. "Land Use and Land Cover Change Dynamics and Modeling Future Urban Growth Using Cellular Automata Model Over Isfahan Metropolitan Area of Iran." In Springer Climate, 495–516. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15501-7_19.

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Danumah, Jean Homian, Samuel Nii Odai, Mahaman Bachir Saley, Joerg Szarzynski, Kwaku Adjei, and Fernand Koffi Kouame. "A Stochastic Weather Generator Model for Hydroclimatic Prevision in Urban Floods Risk Assessment in Abidjan District (Cote d’Ivoire)." In Climate Change Management, 211–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25814-0_15.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Urban climate model":

Teggi, Pralhad P., Santhi Natarajan, and Bharathi Malakreddy. "Intelligent FORecasting Model for Climate Variations (InFORM): An Urban Climate Case Study." In 2020 7th International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/indiacom49435.2020.9083720.

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"Urban Heat Island Minimisation, Local Climate Zones and Parametric Optimisation: A “Grasshopper” Based Model." In Countermeasures to Urban Heat Islands. BS Publications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/bsp.ic2uhi.23.

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Heldens, Wieke, Bjorn Maronga, Julian Zeidler, Farah Kanani-Suhring, Wiebke Hanke, and Thomas Esch. "Remote sensing-supported generation of surface descriptors for a highly detailed urban climate model." In 2019 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jurse.2019.8809010.

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Henning, Johanna, and Matthias Winkler. "Developing climate change adaptation measures for urban planning in the city of Munich (Germany) using the urban climate model PALM-4U." In 2023 Building Simulation Conference. IBPSA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26868/25222708.2023.1616.

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Kamal, Athar, Ibrahim Hassan, Liangzhou (Leon) Wang, and Mohammad Azizur Rahman. "Estimating Combined Impact of Urban Heat Island Effect and Climate Change on Cooling Requirements of Tall Residential Buildings in Hot-Humid Locations." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94272.

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Abstract Climate change estimates are critical in developing long-term solutions to the dwelling problems that we currently face. This study combines the impact of climate change and the urban heat island effect to study the outcomes of future weather conditions on the cooling of tall residential buildings in hot and humid climates. For the year 2050, we calculate the impact of urban characteristics through the urban weather generator and climate change through the world weather gen tool on the micro-climatic condition of a district in a newly constructed city near Doha, Qatar, the Lusail City. A total of four weather files are compared to the weather data gathered from the established weather station in the city (two for the year 2020 and three for the year 2050). Results reveal that once the open weather map file has been processed through the urban weather generator (UWG) first and then the climate change model, the MAE increases to 3.30, and the RMSE goes to 3.8 with a maximum deviation of 11.4°c occurring. If the process is done the other way around, the climate change model is applied first, and then the UWG file is applied, the MAE of 3.46 is with RMSE of 3.94 with a maximum deviation of 11.3°c occurring. The impact of these weather files is then assessed on a tall residential building in Lusail. A significant increase of 777197 kwh or 20% is seen in the openweather map file that has been processed first through the climate change model and then through the urban weather generator (as compared to the rural weather file); an increase of 739983 kwh or 19% is seen in the openweather map file that has been processed first through the UWG and then through the climate change model; finally close to 22.6 percent increase or 874088 kwh is seen in the openweather map file that has been processed first through the climate change model and then through the climate change model.

Sharma, Ashish, Harindra J. S. Fernando, Jessica Hellmann, and Fei Chen. "Sensitivity of WRF Model to Urban Parameterizations, With Applications to Chicago Metropolitan Urban Heat Island." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21292.

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Chicago is one of the most populated cites of US. It is located next to a freshwater source, Lake Michigan, and surrounded by productive agricultural land and diverse natural habitats. This study explores the sensitivity of mesoscale urban heat island (UHI) simulations to urban parameterizations, focusing on the Chicago metropolitan area (CMA) and its environs. For this purpose, a series of climate downscaling experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at 1 km horizontal resolution. A typical summer hot day in Chicago was considered, which is imitative of a summer day in the late 21st century. This study utilizes National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2006 classifications to test UHI sensitivity for CMA. Among different urban parameterization schemes, BEP+BEM best reproduces the urban surface temperatures in comparison to other urban schemes. Results show that UHI is more pronounced with BEP and BEP+BEM schemes due to explicit accounting of anthropogenic heat (AH). The study also investigates the effects of urbanization on regional climate by replacing Chicago metropolitan area by agricultural landscape, which yielded increased surface wind speeds due to reduced mechanical and thermal resistance.

Conry, Patrick, H. J. S. Fernando, L. S. Leo, Ashish Sharma, Mark Potosnak, and Jessica Hellmann. "Multi-Scale Simulations of Climate-Change Influence on Chicago Heat Island." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21581.

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Over the past half century, burgeoning urban areas such as Chicago have experienced elevated anthropogenic-induced alteration of local climates within urbanized regions. As a result, urban heat island (UHI) effect in these areas has intensified. Global climate change can further modulate UHI’s negative effects on human welfare and energy conservation. Various numerical models exist to understand, monitor, and predict UHI and its ramifications, but none can resolve all the relevant physical phenomena that span a wide range of scales. To this end, we have applied a comprehensive multi-scale approach to study UHI of Chicago. The coupling of global, mesoscale, and micro-scale models has allowed for dynamical downscaling from global to regional to city and finally to neighborhood scales. The output of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM5), a general circulation model (GCM), provides future climate scenario, and its coupling with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model enables studies on mesoscale behavior at urban scales. The output from the WRF model at 0.333 km resolution is used to drive a micro-scale model, ENVI-met. Through this coupling the bane of obtaining reliable initial and boundary conditions for the micro-scale model from limited available observational records has been aptly remedied. It was found that the performance of ENVI-met improves when WRF output, rather than observational data, is supplied for initial conditions. The success of the downscaling procedure allowed reasonable application of micro-scale model to future climate scenario provided by CCSM5 and WRF models. The fine (2 m) resolution of ENVI-met enables the study of two key effects of UHI at micro-scale: decreased pedestrian comfort and increased building-scale energy consumption. ENVI-met model’s explicit treatment of key processes that underpin urban microclimate makes it captivating for pedestrian comfort analysis. Building energy, however, is not modeled by ENVI-met so we have developed a simplified building energy model to estimate future cooling needs.

Gottlieb, Avi. "Urban Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Testing a conceptual model in four world cities." In 3rd Annual International Conference on Political Science, Sociology and International Relations (PSSIR 2013). Global Science and Technology Forum Pte Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-2403_pssir13.35.

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Carmeliet, Jan, Aytaç Kubilay, Dominik Strebel, and Dominique Derome. "Urban climate simulation: coupling of mesoscale meteorological model with building-resolved neighborhood CFD simulation." In 2021 Building Simulation Conference. KU Leuven, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26868/25222708.2021.31125.

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PASSE, ULRIKE. "Assessing a Community-Engaged Decision Framework for Increased Urban Neighborhoods Resilience in a Warming Climate." In 2021 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference. ACSA Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.inter.21.29.

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Successful urban systems-related climate-action-support tools enable urban stakeholders to communicate and collabo- rate across and beyond their respective disciplines to identify innovative, transformative solutions to increase urban infra- structure resilience and sustainability. The actions of humans within buildings and the relationship of buildings to their near-building environments (aka microclimate) constitute one understudied urban system with significant impact on urban energy use strongly impacted by a warming urban climate. This interdisciplinary research team lead by an architect at a large research university collaborates with local community partners to identify evidence-based approaches for the integration of human behavior data, building energy use characteristics, future climate scenarios, and near-building microclimate data. The team has built a prototypical model, which integrates urban trees into urban energy models based on a large-scale inventory and probabilistic occupancy data based on a neighborhood wide energy use survey. To ensure that these urban energy models are equitable, however, the needs of marginalized populations must be included- especially those most vulnerable to the consequences of a changing climate. The paper reports on two intertwined research strands. First of all, the team’s best practices for gathering data from individuals facing marginalization as well as the application of this residential occupancy data into neighbor- hood energy models. The second strand addresses trees in urban landscapes and their capacity to modify temperatures in the near-building environment, which is important for reducing summer heat loads on building surfaces. Preliminary results for an urban neighborhood strategies are reported.

Звіти організацій з теми "Urban climate model":

Brandt, Leslie A., Cait Rottler, Wendy S. Gordon, Stacey L. Clark, Lisa O'Donnell, April Rose, Annamarie Rutledge, and Emily King. Vulnerability of Austin’s urban forest and natural areas: A report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Forests Climate Hub, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204069.ch.

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The trees, developed green spaces, and natural areas within the City of Austin’s 400,882 acres will face direct and indirect impacts from a changing climate over the 21st century. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of urban trees and natural and developed landscapes within the City Austin to a range of future climates. We synthesized and summarized information on the contemporary landscape, provided information on past climate trends, and illustrated a range of projected future climates. We used this information to inform models of habitat suitability for trees native to the area. Projected shifts in plant hardiness and heat zones were used to understand how less common native species, nonnative species, and cultivars may tolerate future conditions. We also assessed the adaptability of planted and naturally occurring trees to stressors that may not be accounted for in habitat suitability models such as drought, flooding, wind damage, and air pollution. The summary of the contemporary landscape identifies major stressors currently threatening trees and forests in Austin. Major current threats to the region’s urban forest include invasive species, pests and disease, and development. Austin has been warming at a rate of about 0.4°F per decade since measurements began in 1938 and temperature is expected to increase by 5 to 10°F by the end of this century compared to the most recent 30-year average. Both increases in heavy rain events and severe droughts are projected for the future, and the overall balance of precipitation and temperature may shift Austin’s climate to be more similar to the arid Southwest. Species distribution modeling of native trees suggests that suitable habitat may decrease for 14 primarily northern species, and increase for four more southern species. An analysis of tree species vulnerability that combines model projections, shifts in hardiness and heat zones, and adaptive capacity showed that only 3% of the trees estimated to be present in Austin based on the most recent Urban FIA estimate were considered to have low vulnerability in developed areas. Using a panel of local experts, we also assessed the vulnerability of developed and natural areas. All areas were rated as having moderate to moderate-high vulnerability, but the underlying factors driving that vulnerability differed by natural community and between East and West Austin. These projected changes in climate and their associated impacts and vulnerabilities will have important implications for urban forest management, including the planting and maintenance of street and park trees, management of natural areas, and long-term planning.

Oakil, Abu Toasin, Ahm Mehbub Anwar, Alma Alhussaini, Nourah Al Hosain, Abdelrahman Muhsen, and Anvita Arora. Urban Transport Energy Demand Model for Riyadh: Methodology and Preliminary Analysis. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2023-mp03.

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Saudi Arabia intends to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 278 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent annually by 2030, according to its Nationally Determined Contribution to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Among many policies it is introducing, a mass transit system and transit-oriented development are being advanced with the expectation of reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions in Riyadh. To what extent such an initiative can reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions is an important question. In this paper, a methodology is developed to systematically measure the impact of mass transit and transit-oriented development in Riyadh on energy demand.

Hasan, Abdulghani. Flood Modelling Tool : an integrated GIS and hydrological modelling tool for planning nature-based solutions in the urban environment. Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.5s9t2ca774.

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The risk of pluvial flooding is going to increase as climate change causes an increase in intense precipitation along with urbanisation leading to an increase in impermeable surfaces. In the last decade, cities such as Malmö and Copenhagen have already experienced severe pluvial flooding that has caused extensive damage. Adapting to climate change by creating flood resilient urban areas is therefore important and blue-green infrastructure (BGI) may be one measure to accomplish this. A hydrological model called TFM-DYN has been used to investigate whether BGI can aid the mitigation of pluvial flooding. TFM-DYN can also assist in selecting the best locations of BGIs. The problem of modeling urban floods using distributed high resolution hydrological models while considering the hydrological process in the upstream area is difficult due to the limited current computation capacity. However, coupling a distributed hydrological model (TFM-DYN) with an other semi distributed models (HYPE) is crucial to enable simulate, predict and map floods with high-resolution for an urban area while considering its catchment area. With the using of the new suggested coupled hydrological model, it is possible to connect and use the output results from HYPE model as an input to a distributed model (TFM-DYN). The interaction between HYPE and TFM-DYN will consider the hydrologic process occurred outside the model boundary of the interested urban area. The coupling of the two models will help initiating the model with real water depth data that may lead to more realistic simulation. The procedure of input data manipulation using the two model interactions is explained in details. The model is tested on a selected urban area to dynamically simulate the changes in the water depth with time using high resolution gridded data. The new coupled model can be of a great tool for wide range of user and stakeholders as an example to municipalities, water experts, insurance companies and to all other interested water organizations who have access to regional catchment models and in need for a high-resolution, flood simulation and mapping model.

Chisari, Omar O., and Sebastián J. Miller. Climate Change and Migration: A CGE Analysis for Two Large Urban Regions of Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011724.

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Migration is one of the strategies used by populations to adapt to natural shocks and also to respond to economic policies. Climate change will probably have an impact on the productivity of factors and on the health of the population of the Latin America and Caribbean region, triggering migrations. In addition, policies aimed at reducing emissions (like carbon taxes) will change relative prices and the remuneration of factors and, in turn, will alter the allocation of labor between urban and rural areas. This paper explores the potential quantitative relevance of those population movements using a CGE version of the Harris-Todaro model. Two paradigmatic cases are considered: i) domestic or internal migrations, focusing on the case of Sao Paulo (Brazil) and ii) international migrations, analyzing the displacement of population from Bolivia and Paraguay to Argentina.

Chiara Tornaghi, Chiara Tornaghi, and Michiel Dehaene Michiel Dehaene. AGROECOLOGICAL URBANISM: What is it, why we need it, and the role of UN-Habitat. Coventry University, June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18552/cawr/2024/0001.

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Current urbanisation approaches drive climate change, soil destruction, biodiversity loss, people’s alienation from nature, and unsustainable and unhealthy diets. To achieve sustainable urbanisation we need coherent and integrated urban and agricultural policies, that radically transform how we urbanise. Agroecological urbanism is a promising model, addressing simultaneously the challenges of climate change, soil regeneration, resource conservation and sustainable farming, while developing sustainable and socially just urban habitats and livelihoods. This brief suggests ways in which UN-Habitat, whose influence is key at the rural-urban interface, can adopt and promote this approach.

Rezaie, Shogofa, Fedra Vanhuyse, Karin André, and Maryna Henrysson. Governing the circular economy: how urban policymakers can accelerate the agenda. Stockholm Environment Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.027.

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We believe the climate crisis will be resolved in cities. Today, while cities occupy only 2% of the Earth's surface, 57% of the world's population lives in cities, and by 2050, it will jump to 68% (UN, 2018). Currently, cities consume over 75% of natural resources, accumulate 50% of the global waste and emit up to 80% of greenhouse gases (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). Cities generate 70% of the global gross domestic product and are significant drivers of economic growth (UN-Habitat III, 2016). At the same time, cities sit on the frontline of natural disasters such as floods, storms and droughts (De Sherbinin et al., 2007; Major et al., 2011; Rockström et al., 2021). One of the sustainability pathways to reduce the environmental consequences of the current extract-make-dispose model (or the "linear economy") is a circular economy (CE) model. A CE is defined as "an economic system that is based on business models which replace the 'end-of-life' concept with reducing, alternatively reusing, recycling and recovering materials in production/distribution and consumption processes" (Kirchherr et al., 2017, p. 224). By redesigning production processes and thereby extending the lifespan of goods and materials, researchers suggest that CE approaches reduce waste and increase employment and resource security while sustaining business competitiveness (Korhonen et al., 2018; Niskanen et al., 2020; Stahel, 2012; Winans et al., 2017). Organizations such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and Circle Economy help steer businesses toward CE strategies. The CE is also a political priority in countries and municipalities globally. For instance, the CE Action Plan, launched by the European Commission in 2015 and reconfirmed in 2020, is a central pillar of the European Green Deal (European Commission, 2015, 2020). Additionally, more governments are implementing national CE strategies in China (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2018), Colombia (Government of the Republic of Colombia, 2019), Finland (Sitra, 2016), Sweden (Government Offices of Sweden, 2020) and the US (Metabolic, 2018, 2019), to name a few. Meanwhile, more cities worldwide are adopting CE models to achieve more resource-efficient urban management systems, thereby advancing their environmental ambitions (Petit-Boix & Leipold, 2018; Turcu & Gillie, 2020; Vanhuyse, Haddaway, et al., 2021). Cities with CE ambitions include, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Paris, Toronto, Peterborough (England) and Umeå (Sweden) (OECD, 2020a). In Europe, over 60 cities signed the European Circular Cities Declaration (2020) to harmonize the transition towards a CE in the region. In this policy brief, we provide insights into common challenges local governments face in implementing their CE plans and suggest recommendations for overcoming these. It aims to answer the question: How can the CE agenda be governed in cities? It is based on the results of the Urban Circularity Assessment Framework (UCAF) project, building on findings from 25 interviews, focus group discussions and workshops held with different stakeholder groups in Umeå, as well as research on Stockholm's urban circularity potential, including findings from 11 expert interviews (Rezaie, 2021). Our findings were complemented by the Circular Economy Lab project (Rezaie et al., 2022) and experiences from working with municipal governments in Sweden, Belgium, France and the UK, on CE and environmental and social sustainability.

Guerrero Compeán, Roberto. Weather and Welfare: Health and Agricultural Impacts of Climate Extremes, Evidence from Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011450.

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Using data for all 2,454 municipalities of Mexico for the period 1980-2010, this paper analyzes the relationship between exposure to extreme temperatures and precipitation and death, as well as the relationship between severe weather and agricultural income and crop production in the country. It is found that extreme heat increases mortality, while the health effect of extreme cold is generally trivial. Precipitation extremes seem to affect the agricultural system, but their impact on mortality is ambiguous. More specifically, exchanging one day with a temperature of 16-18 °C for one day with temperatures higher than 30 °C increases the crude mortality rate by 0. 15 percentage points, a result robust to several model specifications. It is also found that the extreme heat effect on death is significantly more acute in rural regions, leading to increases of up to 0. 2 percentage points vis-à-vis a 0.07-point increase in urban areas. The timing of climate extremes is relevant: if a weather shock takes place during the agricultural growing season, the effects on mortality and agricultural output, productivity, prices, and crop yields are large and significant, but not so if such shocks occur during the non-growing season.

Roa, Julio, Joseph Oldham, and Marina Lima. Recognizing the Potential to Reduce GHG Emissions Through Air Transportation Electrification. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2223.

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California is aggressively moving forward with efforts to deploy zero-emission transportation technology to fight climate change, especially the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from the high-impact transportation sector. However, to date, the investments California has made with Cap-and-Trade funding have focused on ground transportation and some marine sources and not the aircraft at the over 140 airports in the state. Through a California-focused comprehensive GHG emissions analysis, this research project seeks to determine how RAM using electric/hybrid electric aircraft can provide new high-speed transportation for high-priority passenger and cargo movement within Fresno County and connections to coastal urban centers. Using VISION, a model developed by the Argonne National Laboratory Transportation Systems Assessment Group, the research team identified and compared the emission per mile and emission per passenger mile between different modes of transportation using traditional petroleum fuel and other sustainable alternatives at an individual level and within the context of the transportation sector, by comparing different modes of transportation. With this estimation on hand, it becomes more viable for the state of California and other states, as well as the federal government, to establish guidelines and goals for transportation policies and investments.

Klobucar, Blaz. Urban Tree Detection in Historical Aerial Imagery of Sweden : a test in automated detection with open source Deep Learning models. Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.7kn4q7vikr.

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Urban trees are a key component of the urban environment. In Sweden, ambitious goals have been expressed by authorities regarding the retention and increase of urban tree cover, aiming to mitigate climate change and provide a healthy, livable urban environment in a highly contested space. Tracking urban tree cover through remote sensing serves as an indicator of how past urban planning has succeeded in retaining trees as part of the urban fabric, and historical imagery spanning back decades for such analysis is widely available. This short study examines the viability of automated detection using open-source Deep Learning methods for long-term change detection in urban tree cover, aiming to evaluate past practices in urban planning. Results indicate that preprocessing of old imagery is necessary to enhance the detection and segmentation of urban tree cover, as the currently available training models were found to be severely lacking upon visual inspection.

Tran, My-Thu, and Bo Yang. Using Thermal Remote Sensing to Quantify Impact of Traffic on Urban Heat Islands during COVID. Mineta Transportation Institute, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2207.

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A three-month lockdown in the U.S. at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 greatly reduced the traffic volume in many cities, especially large metropolitan areas such as the San Francisco Bay Area. This research explores the impact of transportation on climate change by using remote sensing technology and statistical analysis during the COVID-19 lockdown. Using thermal satellite data, this research measures the intensity of the urban heat island, the main driver for climate change during the urbanization process. The research team acquired morning and afternoon MODIS data in the same periods in 2019 before the pandemic and 2020 during the pandemic. MODIS imagery provides a wall-to-wall land surface temperature map to precisely measure the dynamics of the urban heat effect. In situ meteorological data were also acquired to build an urban surface energy budget and construct statistical models between solar radiation and the intensity of heat dynamics. The team implemented this urban heat budget in six counties in Northern California. This research quantifies the impact of lockdown policies on heat intensity in urban areas and human mobility in the context of COVID-19 and future pandemics. The quantitative results obtained in this study provide critical information for analyses of climate change impact on an urban scale.