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Статті в журналах з теми "Typological variation"
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SARITAŞ, BURCU BAŞOĞLU, and CANKUT SARITAŞ. "TYPOLOGICAL VARIATION IN RELATIVE CLAUSES." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Review 05, no. 03 (2022): 123–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37602/ijssmr.2022.5311.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
According to Foley and Hall (2003), relative clauses are subordinate clauses that refer to the noun of the main clause, identifying it, or adding extra information. This research aims to illustrate how languages vary in the relativization strategies they utilize. It also explains the effects of relative clause structure on L2 acquisition and problems for ESL/EFL students. Now let me start with the characteristics of English Relative Clauses first and then gradually explain the other languages’ relative clauses.
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Aloni, Maria, and Marco Degano. "(Non-)specificity across languages: constancy, variation, v-variation." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 1 (December 29, 2022): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v1i0.5337.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Indefinites are known to give rise to different scopal (specific vs non-specific) and epistemic (known vs unknown) uses. Farkas & Brasoveanu (2020) explained these specificity distinctions in terms of stability vs. variability in value assignments of the variable introduced by the indefinite. Typological research (Haspelmath 1997) showed that indefinites have different functional distributions with respect to these uses. In this work, we present a formal framework where Farkas & Brasoveanu (2020)’s ideas are rigorously formalized. We develop a two-sorted team semantics which integrates both scope and epistemic effects. We apply the framework to explain typological variety of indefinites, their restricted distribution and licensing conditions, and some diachronic developments of indefinite forms.
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Özçalışkan, Şeyda. "Typological variation in encoding the manner, path, and ground components of a metaphorical motion event." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 2 (December 31, 2004): 73–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.2.03ozc.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper compares two typologically distinct languages with regard to their lexicalization patterns in encoding metaphorical motion events: (1) verb-framed (V-language, represented by Turkish), in which the preferred pattern for framing motion events is the use of a path verb with an optional manner adjunct (e.g.,enter running), and (2) satellite-framed (S-language, represented by English), in which path is lexicalized in an element associated with the verb, leaving the verb free to encode manner (e.g.,run in). The paper focuses on typological differences in encoding the manner, path, and ground components of metaphorical motion events, using data from novels written originally in English or Turkish, and further extends the applicability of the typological dichotomy to the metaphorical uses of the lexicon.
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Whaley, Lindsay J., Artemis Alexiadou, and T. Alan Hall. "Studies on Universal Grammar and Typological Variation." Language 75, no. 1 (March 1999): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417539.
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Primus, Beatrice. "The typological and historical variation of punctuation systems." Constraints on Spelling Changes 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.10.2.07pri.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the literature on punctuation we find a broad typological and historical distinction between prosodically and grammatically determined punctuation. The mainstream historical assumption is that the prosodic system changed into to a grammatical system in some languages. We will show that this view is confronted with serious empirical and conceptual problems. Our assumption is that the typological and historical variation at issue is motivated syntactically in all punctuation systems. The different punctuation systems are mainly distinguished by the comma, which is, therefore, the main topic of the present paper. The major use of the comma will be explained by four constraints, whose interaction may be congenially formulated in optimality-theoretic terms. The close relationship of the comma to prosody arises indirectly from the fact that syntactic structures are marked prosodically in many instances. The stylistic freedom of the comma, that is traditionally assumed for some languages and contexts of use, is a reflex of syntactic optionality.
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Newmeyer, Frederick J. "Against a parameter-setting approach to typological variation." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2004 4 (December 31, 2004): 181–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.4.06new.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dominant position among generative grammarians with respect to typological variation is that it should be captured by parameters, which are either directly tied to principles of Universal Grammar (UG) or to functional projections provided by UG. Parameter-setting approaches, however, have failed to live up to their promise. They should be replaced by a model in which language-particular rules take over the work of parameter settings and in which most typological variation follows from independently-needed principles of performance. In such a model, UG specifies the class of possible languages, but not the set of probable languages.
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Szeto, Pui Yiu, Umberto Ansaldo, and Stephen Matthews. "Typological variation across Mandarin dialects: An areal perspective with a quantitative approach." Linguistic Typology 22, no. 2 (August 28, 2018): 233–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2018-0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis study explores the range and diversity of the typological features of Mandarin, the largest dialect group within the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan family. Feeding the typological data of 42 Sinitic varieties into the phylogenetic program NeighborNet, we obtained network diagrams suggesting a north-south divide in the Mandarin dialect group, where dialects within the Amdo Sprachbund cluster at one end and those in the Far Southern area cluster at the other end, highlighting the impact of language contact on the typological profiles of various Mandarin dialects.
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Miestamo, Matti. "A typological perspective on negation in Finnish dialects." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 34, no. 2 (September 20, 2011): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586511000126.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper looks at negation in Finnish dialects from a typological perspective. The focus is on standard negation, i.e. the negation of declarative verbal main clauses. The dialectal variation that Finnish shows in its negative construction is examined in the light of current typological knowledge of the expression of negation. Developmental trends connected to the micro-typological variation are also discussed, Finnish dialects are compared with related and neighbouring languages, and relevant theoretical and methodological issues relating to the meeting point of typology and dialectology are addressed.
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Ponti, Edoardo Maria, Helen O’Horan, Yevgeni Berzak, Ivan Vulić, Roi Reichart, Thierry Poibeau, Ekaterina Shutova, and Anna Korhonen. "Modeling Language Variation and Universals: A Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing." Computational Linguistics 45, no. 3 (September 2019): 559–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00357.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Linguistic typology aims to capture structural and semantic variation across the world’s languages. A large-scale typology could provide excellent guidance for multilingual Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly for languages that suffer from the lack of human labeled resources. We present an extensive literature survey on the use of typological information in the development of NLP techniques. Our survey demonstrates that to date, the use of information in existing typological databases has resulted in consistent but modest improvements in system performance. We show that this is due to both intrinsic limitations of databases (in terms of coverage and feature granularity) and under-utilization of the typological features included in them. We advocate for a new approach that adapts the broad and discrete nature of typological categories to the contextual and continuous nature of machine learning algorithms used in contemporary NLP. In particular, we suggest that such an approach could be facilitated by recent developments in data-driven induction of typological knowledge.
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BRESNAN, JOAN, ASHWINI DEO, and DEVYANI SHARMA. "Typology in variation: a probabilistic approach to be and n't in the Survey of English Dialects." English Language and Linguistics 11, no. 2 (July 2007): 301–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674307002274.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Variation within grammars is a reflection of variation between grammars. Subject agreement and synthetic negation for the verb be show extraordinary local variation in the Survey of English Dialects (Orton et al., 1962–71). Extracting partial grammars of individuals, we confirm leveling patterns across person, number, and negation (Ihalainen, 1991; Cheshire, Edwards & Whittle, 1993; Cheshire, 1996). We find that individual variation bears striking structural resemblances to invariant dialect paradigms, and also reflects typologically observed markedness properties (Aissen, 1999). In the framework of Stochastic Optimality Theory (Boersma & Hayes, 2001), variable outputs of individual speakers are expected to be constrained by the same typological and markedness generalizations found crosslinguistically. The stochastic evaluation of candidate outputs in individual grammars reranks individual constraints by perturbing their ranking values, with the potential for stable variation between two near-identical rankings. The stochastic learning mechanism is sensitive to variable frequencies encountered in the linguistic environment, whether in geographical or social space. In addition to relating individual and group dialectal variation to typological variation (Kortmann, 1999; Anderwald, 2003), the findings suggest that an individual grammar is sensitively tuned to frequencies in the linguistic environment, leading to isolated loci of variability in the grammar rather than complete alternations of paradigms. A characteristic of linguistic variation that has emerged in distinct fields of enquiry is that variation within a single grammar bears a close resemblance to variation across grammars. Sociolinguistic studies, for instance, have long observed that ‘variation within the speech of a single speaker derives from the variation which exists between speakers’ (Bell, 1984: 151). In the present study, individual patterns of variation in subject–verb agreement with affirmative and negative be extracted from the Survey of English Dialects(SED, Orton et al., 1962–71) show striking structural resemblances to patterns of interdialectal, or categorical, variation.
Дисертації з теми "Typological variation"
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Szeto, Pui Yiu. "Typological variation across Sinitic languages." Doctoral thesis, The University of Hong Kong, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10278/3751140.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Decades of works dedicated to the description of (previously) lesser-known Sinitic languages have effectively dispelled the common myth that these languages share a single “universal Chinese grammar”. Yet, the underlying cause of their grammatical variation is still a matter for debate. This thesis focuses on the typological variation across Sinitic varieties. Through comparing the typological profiles of various Sinitic languages with those of their non-Sinitic neighbors, we discuss to what extent the variation within the Sinitic branch can be attributed to areal diffusion.
Variation across Sinitic is often explained from the perspective of language contact – sandwiched between Altaic languages to its north and Mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) languages to its south, Sinitic can be considered typologically intermediate between these two groups of languages, where Northern Sinitic shows signs of convergence towards Altaic languages and Southern Sinitic towards MSEA languages. For example, the northern varieties tend to have a smaller number of classifiers, tones and codas, as well as a stronger tendency to disyllabicity and head-final constructions.
However, the notion of “Altaicization” (Hashimoto 1976) is a moot point. Despite the typological differences between Northern Sinitic and Southern Sinitic, as Bennet (1979) argues, there is little evidence for “Altaicization” as many of such differences can hardly be put down to Altaic influence; instead, they are more likely due to the typological convergence between Southern Sinitic and MSEA languages. Moreover, there is evidence that the typological variation across Sinitic cannot be amply explained by areal influence from non-Sinitic languages. Some Sinitic varieties are known to exhibit certain distinct typological characteristics. For instance, analyzing the disposal, passive, and comparative constructions across the Sinitic branch, Chappell (2015b) argues that there are no fewer than five principal linguistic areas in China.
Taking into account over 350 language varieties of seven different genetic affiliations (Sinitic, Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Hmong-Mien, Tai-Kadai, Austroasiatic) and 30 linguistic features, we conduct a typological survey with the aid of the phylogenetic program NeighborNet (Bryant & Moulton 2004). Our results suggest that convergence towards their non-Sinitic neighbors has indeed played a pivotal role in the typological diversity of Sinitic languages. Based primarily on their degree of Altaic/MSEA influence, the Sinitic varieties in our database are classified into four areal groups, namely 1) Northern, 2) Transitional, 3) Central Southeastern, 4) Far Southern. This classification scheme reflects the intricate interplay between areal convergence, regional innovations, and retention of archaic features. The findings suggest that contact-induced typological change can occur rather rapidly, especially if given the appropriate sociolinguistic conditions.
Furthermore, this thesis highlights the interdependence between the meticulous analysis of qualitative linguistic data and the proper application of quantitative tools in typological studies. Although this study is chiefly concerned with Sinitic typology, the quantitative approach adopted herein can potentially help shed new light on the challenge of typological comparison in other areas.
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Pulleyblank, Douglas, Ping Jiang-King, Myles Leitch, and Nike Ola. "Typological Variation Through Constraint Rankings: Low Vowels in Tongue Root Harmony." Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/227278.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the fundamental claims of Optimality Theory is that by varying the rankings of universal constraints, different grammars result (Prince & Smolensky 1993). Just as the ranking A » B should define an occurring language, so should the ranking B ≫ A. In this paper, we examine this claim in the domain of tongue root harmony systems, specifically with respect to the behaviour of low vowels. We examine cases where the relative ranking of faithfulness conditions and alignment conditions is varied with respect to substantive conditions governing low vowels. Our primary conclusions are twofold. First, we find that the types of typological variation expected to occur do occur; six different types of harmony patterns are presented. Second, we note that a large degree of variation is attested in a very narrowly defined area of the phonology. This paper begins by a basic discussion of the formal constraints assumed to govern vowel harmony, followed by a discussion of a case where low vowels harmonise in a manner comparable to other vowels (Degema). We then turn to six cases (five languages) where we observe asymmetric behaviour. First, we discuss cases involving constraints against feature "insertion" and feature "spreading ", constraints of the faithfulness family (Yoruba, Konni, Ngbaka-Ma'bo). Second, we turn to cases involving constraints of the alignment family, cases where harmony exhibits directional asymmetries (Ngbaka-Ma'bo, Emalhe, Maasai).
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Schaeffler, Felix. "Phonological Quantity in Swedish Dialects : Typological Aspects, Phonetic Variation and Diachronic Change." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Philosophy and Linguistics, Umeå University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-587.
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Howe, Lewis Chadwick. "Cross-dialectal features of the Spanish present perfect a typological analysis of form and function /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1154122894.
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Russo, Rosa. "L’expression de l’espace dynamique en français L2 par des apprenants italophones." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080054.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les recherches qui se sont intéressées à l’étude des événements de mouvement ont démontré que, pour les coder, les langues utilisent des stratégies de lexicalisation différentes. Selon la proposition de Talmy (1985), les langues romanes correspondent au type ‘verb-framed’(VF), tandis que les langues germaniques sont considérées ‘satellite-framed’(SF). Cette classification qui permet d’identifier des distinctions intéressantes au niveau macro-typologique, mais sa rigidité ne consent pas d’observer la variabilité inter- et intra-typologiques. La thèse étude les événements de mouvement de deux perspectives complémentaires. D’un côté, du point de vue de la typologie, on observe les différences existantes entre les langues appartenant au même groupes typologique et à la même famille génétique. De l’autre côté, du point de vue acquisitionnel, on analyse l’impact des facteurs typologiques sur l’acquisition du français L2 chez apprenants italophones. Dans ce but, on a été construit un corpus de productions sur la base d’un support qui montre des mouvements volontaires et provoqués soumis auprès quatre groupes d’informateurs: deux groupes de natifs (francophones et italophones) et deux groupes d’italophones apprenant le français L2 de deux niveaux de compétence. Les résultats montrent qu’il y a des différences intratypologiques entre les langues génétiquement proches, comme l’italien et le français. De même, ces mêmes différences intratypologiques engendrent des transfert en influençant la restructuration du penser pour parlerRecent research is interested in studying motion events in different languages by showing that, they follow different lexicalization strategies to code motion events. In light of Talmy’s proposal (1985), romance languages are classified as ‘verb-framed’ (VF), while the Germanic ones are considered as ‘satellite-framed’ (SF). The Talmy’s classification legitimated a large number of studies that confirm the validity of this dichotomy, which is the identification of interesting distinctions on a macro-typological level. Nevertheless its rigidity does not allow to observe the inter- and intra-typological variability. The study investigates motion events from two complementary perspectives. On the one hand, the differences within languages of the same typological group and the same genetic family are observed from the point of view of the semantic type On the other hand, the impact of typological factors on French acquisition as L2 by Italian speakers is analyzed from the acquisitional point of view. For this purpose, a corpus of productions was collected in a controlled situation on the basis of a support containing voluntary and caused movements submitted to four groups of informants: two groups of native (French and Italian speakers) and two groups of Italian learners of French L2 of two different skill levels. The results show that there are differences between intra-typological languages which are genetically very close, such as Italian and French. Similarly, these same intra-typological languages generate some transfer that influences the restructuring of thinking for speaking
Le recenti ricerche in psicolinguistica e in linguistica cognitiva si sono interessate allo studiodegli eventi di movimento in diverse lingue del mondo dimostrando che, per codificare glieventi di movimento, le lingue seguono strategie di lessicalizzazione differenti. Alla luce dellaproposta di Talmy (1985, 2000), le lingue romanze sono classificate nel tipo ‘verb-framed’(VF), ovvero a quadro verbale, mentre le lingue germaniche sono considerate ‘satelliteframed’(SF), ossia lingue a quadro satellitare. I due tipi si differenziano essenzialmente per ildiverso locus di codifica delle componenti semantiche: le lingue a quadro verbale, come ilfrancese e l’italiano, tendono a lessicalizzare l’informazione semantica della Traiettoria nelverbo principale, mentre la Maniera è omessa o espressa in una proposizione subordinata.Invece, le lingue a quadro satellitare come l’inglese, esprimono la Maniera nella radiceverbale e la Traiettoria mediante dei satelliti, ovvero degli elementi associati al verbo(avverbi, prefissi, particelle, etc). La classificazione di Talmy ha giustificato un gran numerodi studi che hanno confermato la validità di questa dicotomia, che permette di individuaredelle interessanti distinzioni a livello macro-tipologico, ma la sua rigidità non consente diosservare la variabilità inter- e intratipologica (Ibarretxe-Antuñano, 2004b,d, 2009a; Slobin,2004). La variabilità tipologica che le lingue mostrano nella concettualizzazione degli eventidi movimento, condiziona il modo in cui i locutori selezionano le informazioni semantiche(Traiettoria e Maniera) e, di conseguenza, il modo in cui un apprendente esprime lecomponenti di un evento di movimento in L2. La tesi studia gli eventi di movimento da dueprospettive complementari. Da un lato, dal punto di vista della tipologia semantica, siosservano le differenze esistenti tra le lingue appartenenti allo stesso gruppo tipologico e allastessa famiglia genetica. Dall’altro lato, dal punto di vista acquisizionale, si analizza l’impattodei fattori tipologici sull’acquisizione del francese L2 di apprendenti italofoni. A questoscopo, è stato costruito un corpus di produzioni raccolte in una situazione controllata sullabase di un supporto che mostra dei movimenti volontari e provocati sottoposti a quattrogruppi di informatori: due gruppi di informatori nativi (francofoni e italofoni) e due gruppi diapprendenti italofoni di francese L2 di due livelli di competenza (intermedio e avanzato).I risultati mostrano che vi sono delle differenze intratipologiche tra lingue geneticamentemolto vicine, come l’italiano e il francese. Analogamente, queste stesse differenze intratipologiche generano dei transfert influenzando la ristrutturazione del pensare perparlare
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HOXHA, Ermal. "Alternative Housing Paradigm : Typological hybridizations and morphological variations for a dwelling innovation in the context of Tirana." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2485795.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Questa ricerca si concentra sui sistemi urbani residenziali e le trasformazioni contemporanee ad essi associate. Questo focus nasce come presa di coscienza riguardo una situazione problematica continua, negli ultimi trent'anni, degli alloggi e degli spazi abitati urbani (tipologie spaziali) nella capitale di Tirana. Questa situazione, di fatto è ereditata da un lungo periodo di pianificazione e progettazione urbanistica, che si è basata per quasi cinquant'anni sul sistema centrale di governo social-comunista-totalitario. Ma questa tesi, in realtà, non mira ad approfondire le problematiche sociali dell'abitare o dell'abitazione in se. Lo scopo di questa tesi di ricerca è fare un ulteriore passo avanti nelle modalità innovative di progettazione delle unità urbane legate alle strutture residenziali (come l'isolato urbano o il complesso urbano). L'approccio di ricerca si basa principalmente sulla sperimentazione degli aspetti formali dei sistemi urbani residenziali e del nucleo urbano.
Tirana è una specifica realtà urbana morfologica, perché storicamente quasi ogni piano regolatore-normativo (solitamente costruito sui principi della zonizzazione funzionale e quella fisica) ha agito in modo molto parziale e frammentato nel territorio urbano. Questo, senza tener conto delle problematiche dell'identità socio-culturale-urbana dei periodi precedenti. Questa frammentazione continua ancora oggi, con applicazioni del tutto parziali che sono più in preda alla speculazione edilizia residenziale da parte di sviluppatori urbani e costruttori, che guidate da chiari principi tipologico-morfologici della forma e dell'identità della città. La città è quindi morfologicamente completamente disconnessa, ma d'altra parte, grazie a questa frammentazione, i pezzi urbani dell'identità di Tirana sono ancora in parte lì, per incoraggiarci forse, come ricercatori degli aspetti della forma urbana, ad imparare a leggerli questi intrecci urbani esistenti e di progettare, di conseguenza, interventi ubani che si mettano in dialogo con queste parti.
Pertanto, questa tesi di ricerca esplorerà gli aspetti teorici relativi alla tipologia (tipo) urbana e alle tipologie di abitazioni che costruiscono la forma urbana, effettuando confronti con i modelli urbani conosciuti nella storia; tratterà aspetti delle norme e degli standard di sviluppo urbano, come la densità edilizia o abitativa, o le relazioni quantitative (e quelle qualitative ulteriormente) tra gli elementi urbani; e sperimenterà metodi di densificazione urbana basandosi su strutture-modelli urbani, ma trasformandoli-"ibridizandoli" in chiave contemporanea.
Gli obiettivi di questa tesi sono: (1) costruire un alfabeto urbano, basandosi su situazioni urbane esistenti di Tirana; (2) generare alcune regole urbane aggregative, basandosi su esempi contemporanei di complessi-blocchi urbani; (3) creare una serie di morfemi urbani (sintassi), che reinterpretano concretamente, in chiave contemporanea, i parametri urbani prefissati dal piano e dai regolamenti urbanistici.This research focuses on residential urban systems and the contemporary transformations associated with them. This focus was born as an awareness of a continuous problematic situation, in the last thirty years, of housing and the socalled spatial typologies in the capital of Tirana. This situation is in fact inherited from a long period of urban planning and design, which was based for almost fifty years on the central social-communist-totalitarian system of government. But this thesis, in fact, does not aim to deepen the social problems of housing or the dwelling itself. The aim of this research thesis is to take a further step forward in the innovative ways of designing urban units linked to residential structures (such as the urban block or the urban complex). The research approach is mainly based on the experimentation of the formal aspects of residential urban systems and the urban nucleus. Tirana is a specific morphological urban reality, because historically almost every regulatory plan (usually built on the principles of functional and physical zoning) has acted in a very partial and fragmented way in the urban territory. This, without taking into account the problems of socio-cultural-urban identity of previous periods. This fragmentation continues today, with completely partial applications that are more prey to residential building speculation by urban developers and builders, than guided by clear typological-morphological principles of the shape and the identity of the city. The city is therefore morphologically completely disconnected, but on the other hand, thanks to this fragmentation, the urban pieces of Tirana's identity are still partly there, to encourage us perhaps, as researchers of aspects of the urban form, to learn to read those existing urban tissues and to design, consequently, urban interventions that are in a clear dialogue with these parts. Therefore, this research thesis will explore the theoretical aspects related to the urban typology (type) and the typologies of dwellings that build the urban form, making comparisons with the urban models known in history; it will deal with aspects of urban development norms and standards, such as building or housing density, or the quantitative (and further qualitative) relationships between urban elements; and will experiment with methods of urban densification based on urban structures-models, but transforming them / "hybridizing" them in a contemporary way. The objectives of this thesis are: (1) to build an urban alphabet, based on existing urban situations of Tirana; (2) generate some aggregative urban rules, based on contemporary examples of urban complex-blocks; (3) create a series of urban morphemes (syntaxes), which concretely reinterpret, in a contemporary key, the urban parameters set by the urban plan and regulations.
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Apostolopoulou, Eirini. "Typological variation in language contact: A phonological analysis of Italiot Greek." Doctoral thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/1067963.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation investigates the phonology of Italiot Greek (IG) from both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective, pursuing two core objectives: first, to provide an up-to-date description of the phonological system of IG, highlighting the deviations from Medieval Greek as well as the vast cross- and intra-dialectal variation, and, second, to account for the typological changes IG has undergone and formalize the convergence with the Romance grammatical system. The description of the phonological system of IG is based on original data obtained via fieldwork in the IG-speaking enclaves (Salento and Calabria). The in-depth presentation covers phoneme inventories, phonological processes, the organization of the syllable, sandhi phenomena, and stress properties. Moreover, it focuses attention on the diachronic changes with respect to the consonant inventories and certain phonological processes. Special emphasis is placed on substantial modifications in syllable structure, compared to the Medieval Greek system, and the processes these changes have triggered; specifically, (a) the gradual reduction of place and manner features that are admitted in the coda, which is manifested through diachronic shifts towards less marked values; (b) the licensing of complex onsets at the left edge of the root, which allows long-distance metathesis of liquids. These phenomena not only differentiate contemporary IG from its ancestor as well as from virtually any other Modern Greek dialect, but also constitute crucial points of convergence with Romance dialects due to language contact. Within Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993/2004), the dissertation proposes a novel typological analysis of these major changes in the syllable structure of IG. Following Alber & Prince (2015, in prep.), the analysis places IG within a broader typology of place and manner changes as well as long-distance metathesis and identifies the crucial ranking conditions, i.e. the typological properties, that define each grammar of the typological system. Minimally varying grammars, i.e. grammars that share all but one property value, are shown to constitute chronologically adjacent stages in the history of IG (see Alber 2015; Alber & Meneguzzo 2016). In light of this, stepwise diachronic changes are explained as minimal switches in the property values. Crucially, the divergence of the IG grammar from the Greek system and its converge with Romance is accounted for through the lens of minimal differences in the property values. Thus, the dissertation offers an innovative formal account of contact-induced grammatical change.
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Murphy, Melissa Dae. "The role of typological drift in the development of the romance subjunctive : a study in word-order change, grammaticalization and synthesis." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17889.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In spite of the vast amount of research on mood in Romance languages, certain fundamental issues are clearly underrepresented, particularly in the field of diachronic linguistics. With this in mind, the primary goal of this dissertation is to provide a comprehensive explanation for developments in Romance mood distribution. Unlike the majority of existing research, this approach does not analyze mood in isolation, nor does it look outward for language-external explanations. Instead, changes in mood usage are related to major typological developments via several interconnected analyses which rely heavily on data from Latin and medieval Spanish and French. This investigation, which takes as its starting point the well-attested typological shift from OV to VO word order, addresses four major issues. The first of these is branching congruency, whereby post-posed subordinate clauses are more closely associated with explicit subordinating conjunctions. This hypothesis is tested via a quantitative analysis of Latin data, in order to establish a link between conjunctions and VO word order. The development of these subordinating elements is then analyzed within the grammaticalization framework, which provides insight into the nature of specific Latin and Romance forms, in addition to demonstrating the usefulness of certain theoretical notions. The outcome of this process is a highly generalized Romance subordinator, which is argued to have undergone partial synthesis with the subjunctive, evidenced by an increase in both obligatoriness and contiguity. Finally, these cumulative changes in the linguistic system are shown to have had substantial destabilizing effects on the existing subjunctive / indicative contrast. The significance of this claim is that, already in Latin, mood selection is characterized by a loss of motivation and an increase in automaticity. As a result, subsequent changes in mood distribution in Romance languages are not viewed merely as reductive phenomena, but rather as signs of the refunctionalization of a destabilized, yet viable, paradigm.text
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Chen, Yan-June, and 陳彥君. "A Typological Study of the Variations of Nasal Endings in Chinese." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/tua6wt.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
博士國立臺灣大學
中國文學研究所
106
Linguistics, as a modern discipline that changes with time, the multiplicity of interpretation angles is still in-depth development. The topic of this paper is the variation of Chinese nasal rhyme tail. This horse has many research methods, we still try Starting from the discussion of the phonological characteristics of nasal sounds, the evolution of Chinese nasal endings is discussed in more detail through the viewpoints and methods of linguistic typology. There are four research themes in this paper: (1) Nasal phonological characteristics and the pattern and type of nasal rhymes in modern Chinese dialects The impact of change. (2) Analysis of the two major changes in the rhyme of the nasal sound: the weakening of the nasal sound and the merger of the fish. (3) The difference in the internal evolution of nasal weakening and nasal genus: affected by the fishtail vowel. (4) Analysis of the genus of the genus genus Three types of sputum: [m] rhyme preservation type, [n], [1 rhyme-tailed, simplified nose-tail type, and fourteen types. (5) Point out the trend of fishtail variation in "Low 1 child rhyme or fried fish is the first to be weakened by the fish" and "combined with non-low mercury after the fried fish". (6) Comparison of historical and geographical views Analysis, related sub-problems such as "the geographical opposition of the fish genus pattern: from the east-west opposition to the north-south opposition", "the problem of the fishtail pattern of the Mandarin dialect", "the ancient Qilu dialect and the modern Lulu Jiaoliao official weakening the nose area "The similarities and differences between the characteristics of the domain", "Ancient and modern contrasts of the weakening of Jiang Dongfang''s Xuan Dian", "the nose-tail pattern of the northwestern dialect of the Tang and Five Dynasties and the official language of the Lanyin", and the "transitional nature of the central Hunan-Guangxi dialect in the evolution of the fishtail". This paper attempts to link the results of the analysis of the black genus of the modern genus Xuanyu with the rhinoceros phenomenon in the history of Chinese, and compare the results of the parallel comparison of the types of modern Chinese friends to win the fish, and compare them with the materials of Chinese history. The study of the type of rhythm of Chinese nasal rhymes is a synthesis of the concepts of phonetics and phonology. The exploration of the squid, the voice pattern as the core, has done a large-scale collation and analysis of Chinese diachronic and synchronic materials. As a study to enrich the history of Chinese phonetics, the variation of the nasal rhyme tail, this paper''s contribution It presents the spatial and temporal context of the evolution of Chinese fishtails, clarifies many problems of Chinese nasal tail sounds; and through the differences in the development of dialects, it classifies the pattern of fishtail semantics currently seen in Chinese, and practices the study of linguistic typology.
Книги з теми "Typological variation"
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Alexiadou, Artemis, and T. Alan Hall, eds. Studies on Universal Grammar and Typological Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.13.
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Artemis, Alexiadou, and Hall T. Alan, eds. Studies on universal grammar and typological variation. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub., 1997.
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Artemis, Alexiadou, and Hall T. Alan, eds. Studies on universal grammar and typological variation. Amsterdam: J.Benjamins,Netherlands, 1997.
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4
Matras, Yaron, Geoffrey Haig, and Ergin Öpengin, eds. Structural and Typological Variation in the Dialects of Kurdish. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78837-7.
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Suihkonen, Pirkko. Areal distribution and typological diversity of languages spoken in Europe and North and Central Asia. Muenchen: Lincom GmbH, 2015.
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C, Polomé Edgar, Justus Carol F, and Lehmann Winfred Philipp 1916-, eds. Language change and typological variation: In honor of Winfred P. Lehmann on the occasion of his 83rd birthday. Washington, D.C: Institute for the Study of Man, 1999.
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Urban, Matthias. Chapter 17 Motivation by formally analyzable terms in a typological perspective: An assessment of the variation and steps towards explanation. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2016.
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Typologia odmian językowych współczesnej polszczyzny. Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski, 1987.
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Typologia odmian językowych współczesnej polszczyzny. 2nd ed. Katowice: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2000.
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Roelcke, Thorsten. Varationstypologie/Variation Typology: A Typological Handbook of European. Walter De Gruyter Inc, 2005.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Typological variation"
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Hawkins, John A. "Typological Variation and Efficient Processing." In The Handbook of Language Emergence, 215–36. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118346136.ch10.
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Fischer, Susann, Christoph Gabriel, and Elena Kireva. "Towards a typological classification of Judeo-Spanish." In Studies in Language Variation, 77–108. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.16.05fis.
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Kiefer, Ferenc. "Areal-typological aspects of word-formation." In Variation and Change in Morphology, 129–48. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.310.07kie.
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Podlesskaya, Vera I. "Parameters for typological variation of placeholders." In Typological Studies in Language, 11–32. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.93.02pod.
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Culy, Chris. "9. The logophoric hierarchy and variation in Dogon." In Typological Studies in Language, 201–10. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.52.14cul.
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Caro Reina, Javier. "Phonological variation in Catalan and Alemannic from a typological perspective." In Studies in Language Variation, 27–44. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.14.02car.
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Maleczki, Márta. "Information structure, argument structure, and typological variation." In Meaning Through Language Contrast, 223–44. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.99.19mal.
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Anonby, Erik. "Phonological Variation in Kurdish." In Structural and Typological Variation in the Dialects of Kurdish, 65–110. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78837-7_3.
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Cimmino, Doriana. "Chapter 12. On the topic-marking function of left dislocations and preposings." In Discourse Phenomena in Typological Perspective, 337–68. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.227.12cim.
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This chapter is devoted to the functional variation of Left Marked Structures (LMSs) – namely, Left Dislocations (LDs) and Preposings (PRs) –, which are generally described as topic-marking discourse strategies. Results from a corpus-based and multi-level investigation demonstrate that in spoken and written Italian and English the claimed iconic relation between LMS’s syntactic form and information structure does not hold. Moreover, at the discourse level, LMSs impact not only the topical, but also the logico-semantic dimension of texts. The study proposes a reinterpretation of the general function of LDs and PRs in terms of textual prominence, showing how a corpus-based and multilevel analysis method could guide and in turn benefit from a typological investigation of LMSs’ inter- and intra-linguistic variation.
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Ford, Cecilia E. "Variation in the intonation and punctuation of different adverbial clause types in spoken and written English." In Typological Studies in Language, 3. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.21.04for.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Typological variation"
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Costa Rosado, Ana, Vidal Gómez-Martinez, Miguel Reimão Costa, and María Teresa Pérez-Cano. "Traditional houses in the South-Western Iberian Peninsula: Themes for a cross-border comparative typological study." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.14497.
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Up until the 13th century, the South-western Iberian Peninsula shared the same cultural and political conditions under the rule of garb-Al-Andaluz. The administrative separation of this territory between two different kingdoms led to deep changes in the culture and daily life on either side of the border, which may have reflected on housing structures. Did the 13th-century border between Spain and Portugal trigger divergent paths in housing types? Or has the previous common background prevailed in shaping house models in the territory around the Guadiana Valley? This paper proposes a set of themes to begin a cross-border study on the traditional house, its changes and continuities. The research is based on in loco architectonic surveys of common houses in the Algarve, Alentejo (Portugal) and Andalusia (Spain). The buildings are analysed as regard their spatial organizations, constructive techniques and urban implantation allowing some themes of change and continuity to emerge. This then allows comparisons between the types of traditional houses in these border regions, their common characteristics, differences and evolution paths. It is noticeable that, given how the South-western Iberia represents the same territorial unit in terms of climate and orography, and – until the 13th century – shared the same historical context, the urban similarities were profound. It is therefore almost surprising how divergent the housing evolution between the two sides would become. The study of housing architecture is of particular relevance to the history of people as the variations reflect how the habits and customs of societies. Especially in societies sharing the same starting point, it shows how habits and customs may diverge after separation into two different administrative entities.
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Salamone, Giancarlo. "Towards the contemporary city. Reading method of post-unification restructuring of Trastevere in Rome." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6046.
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Towards the contemporary city. Reading method of post-unification restructuring of Trastevere in Rome Giancarlo Salamone Dipartimento di Architettura e Progetto. Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”. Roma. via Flaminia, 359. 00196 Roma. Dottorato di Ricerca in Architettura e Costruzione. Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”. Roma. via Antonio Gramsci, 53. 00197 Roma. E-mail: giancarlo.salamone@uniroma1.it Keywords (3-5): Restructuring, Rome, Trastevere, process, reading method, tools, analysis in urban morphology Conference topics and scale: Tools of analysis in urban morphology Trastevere, the only area of the historic center of Rome (together with the Vatican / Borgo complex) located on the right side of the Tiber river, shows a morphological structure that depends on the pre-existing substrate, both road that typological, which was modified during the post-unity period by the establishment of the Tiber fronts and, above all, by the opening of Viale Trastevere. In the way of thinking about urban morphology as a scalar product of the factors that influence each other, in particular building typology, local structure, overall structure and territory, and that contribute together to generate an organism, it is therefore possible to read this part of the historical center as the last product, but not definitive, of a "process". The reading method on the consolidated structure, later renovated in a post-unification era, is based on the analysis of the most abundant building typology and on the permanence and derivations of local typological processes that led to the formulation of the “line house” in nineteenth-century line, the predominant building type of roman expansion in nineteenth-twentieth century. The reading of the restructuring, understood as synchronic action on the historical center, has been implemented instead by the analysis of synchronic variations at “line house” through the research of all projects registered for the edification of each block. Thus we can see how the blocks resulting from the transformation, in the logic of a restructuring "contromaglia" like the one for the opening of Viale Trastevere, will be the result of the disconnection of the existing blocks in which the building type adopted has had to adapt to a lower return situations: a reading of a synchronic action on a diachronic process that gives us the modern morphological apparatus. References Muratori, S., Bollati, R., Bollati, S. and Marinucci, G. (1963) Studi per una operante storia urbana di Roma (Consiglio Nazionale delle ricerche, Roma). Maffei, G. L. and Caniggia, G. (1979) Lettura dell’edilizia di base (Marsilio, Venezia). Maffei, G. L. and Caniggia, G. (1984) Progetto nell’edilizia di base (Marsilio, Venezia). Vaccaro, P. and Ameri, M. (1984) Progetto e realtà nell’edilizia romana dal XVI al XIX secolo (Edizioni Calosci, Cortona). Corsini, M. G. (2001) Il tessuto e l’edilizia progettati in Italia dal 1870 al 1930. Permanenza e derivazioni dei processi tipologici locali (Edizioni Kappa, Roma). Archivio Storico Capitolino, archival sources on restructuring area of Trastevere and permanence and derivations of local typological processes.