Готові списки джерел за темами / Transport delays

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Transport delays"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Transport delays":

Belkoura, Seddik, José Maria Peña, and Massimiliano Zanin. "Beyond Linear Delay Multipliers in Air Transport." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8139215.

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Delays are considered one of the most important burdens of air transport, both for their social and environmental consequences and for the cost they cause for airlines and passengers. It is therefore not surprising that a large effort has been devoted to study how they propagate through the system. One of the most important indicators to assess such propagation is the delay multiplier, a ratio between outbound and inbound average delays; in spite of its widespread utilisation, its simplicity precludes capturing all details about the dynamics behind the diffusion process. Here we present a methodology that extracts a more complete relationship between the in- and outbound delays, distinguishing a linear and a nonlinear phase and thus yielding a richer description of the system’s response as a function of the delay magnitude. We validate the methodology through the study of a historical data set of flights crossing the European airspace and show how its most important airports have heterogeneous ways of reacting to extreme delays and that this reaction strongly depends on some of their global properties.

Shufflebarger, Charles. "Transport delays and survival." Annals of Emergency Medicine 21, no. 5 (May 1992): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(05)82544-2.

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Zanin, Massimiliano, Yanbo Zhu, Ran Yan, Peiji Dong, Xiaoqian Sun, and Sebastian Wandelt. "Characterization and Prediction of Air Transport Delays in China." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 6165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186165.

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Air transport delays are a major source of direct and opportunity costs in modern societies, being this problem is especially important in the case of China. In spite of this, our knowledge on delay generation is mostly based on intuition, and the scientific community has hitherto devoted little attention to this topic. We here present the first data-driven systemic study of air transport delays in China, of their evolution and causes, based on 11 million flights between 2016 and 2018. A significant fraction of the delays can be explained by a few variables, e.g., weather conditions and traffic levels, the most important factors being the presence of thunderstorms and the season of the year. Remaining delays can often be explained by en-route weather phenomena or by reactionary delays. This study contributes towards a better understanding of delays and their prediction through a data-driven methodology, leveraging on statistics and data mining concepts.

Zedgenizov, Anton, Aleksandr Lipenkov, and Bogdan Kim. "Transport delay assessment at unsignalized intersections feeding focal points." MATEC Web of Conferences 341 (2021): 00004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134100004.

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The article discusses the issues of assessing the delays connected with the transport service of people visiting focal points (FPs) by individual transport (IT). The necessity of using a mathematical approach when assessing delays is proved. The factors influencing transport delays when driving through unsignalized intersections are presented. An integrated mathematical model is derived, which makes it possible to estimate the load factor at unsignalized intersections. This model is based on parameters that reflect transport demand and throughput capacity of an unsignalized intersection. The main parameters required for assessing the capacity of the minor road at an unsignalized intersection are described. An integrated mathematical model is offered that allows estimating the delay of individual transport users leaving the territory (parking lot) of the focal point. The authors elaborate recommendations for the practical application of the considered mathematical models while organizing transport services for focal points visitors using individual transport.

de Bruin, Stefan, Eva Louw, and Christoff Krogscheepers. "A GIS Approach to Measuring Public Transport Travel Delay on Higher Order Roads in the City of Cape Town." Proceedings of the ICA 5 (August 7, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-5-5-2023.

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Abstract. On a daily basis, hundreds of thousands of people in the City of Cape Town rely on road-based public transport as a means of commuting. A major factor that influences the passengers’ experience is the travel time to reach a desired destination. Due to various physical and operational factors, some sections of the road network experience high congestion and travel time delays during the morning and afternoon peak periods. Quantifying these delays, and the number of road-based public transport passengers exposed to the delay along a specific road section during a peak period allows informed decision-making and prioritisation. GIS and spatial data analysis are powerful tools to determine where and when such delays occur. Various spatial data sets exist that were jointly analysed to quantify the delay and the passenger volumes exposed to the delay on the city’s public transport network.

Smolen, Paul, Douglas A. Baxter, and John H. Byrne. "Effects of macromolecular transport and stochastic fluctuations on dynamics of genetic regulatory systems." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 277, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): C777—C790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.4.c777.

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To predict the dynamics of genetic regulation, it may be necessary to consider macromolecular transport and stochastic fluctuations in macromolecule numbers. Transport can be diffusive or active, and in some cases a time delay might suffice to model active transport. We characterize major differences in the dynamics of model genetic systems when diffusive transport of mRNA and protein was compared with transport modeled as a time delay. Delays allow for history-dependent, non-Markovian responses to stimuli (i.e., “molecular memory”). Diffusion suppresses oscillations, whereas delays tend to create oscillations. When simulating essential elements of circadian oscillators, we found the delay between transcription and translation necessary for oscillations. Stochastic fluctuations tend to destabilize and thereby mask steady states with few molecules. This computational approach, combined with experiments, should provide a fruitful conceptual framework for investigating the function and dynamic properties of genetic regulatory systems.

Wong, Alanna, Aidan McParland, and Brodie Nolan. "Identifying causes of delay in interfacility transfer of patients by air ambulance." CJEM 22, S2 (September 2020): S30—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2019.444.

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ABSTRACTObjectivesPopulation density can limit the level of care that can be provided in local facilities in Ontario, and as such, patients with severe illnesses often require interfacility transfers to access specialized care. This study aimed to identify causes of delay in interfacility transport by air ambulance in Ontario.MethodsCauses of delay were identified by manual review of electronic patient care records (ePCRs). All emergent interfacility transfers conducted by Ornge, the sole provider of air-based medical transport in Ontario, between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2016 were included. The ePCRs were reviewed if they met one or more of the following: (1) contained a standardized delay code; (2) contained free text including “delay”, “wait”, or “duty-out”; (3) were above the 75th percentile in total transport time; or (4) were above the 90th percentile in time to bedside, time at the sending hospital, or time to receiving facility.ResultsOur search strategy identified 1,220 ePCRs for manual review, which identified a total of 872 delays. Common delays cited included aircraft refueling (234 delays), waiting for land emergency medical service (EMS) escort (146), and staffing- or dispatch-related issues (124). Other delays included weather/environmental hazards (43); mechanical issues (36); and procedures, imaging, or stabilization (80).ConclusionsSome common causes of interfacility delay are potentially modifiable: better trip planning around refueling and improved coordination with local EMS, could reduce delays experienced during interfacility trips. To better understand causes of delay, we would benefit from improved documentation and record availability which limited the results in this study.

Molkova, Tatiana, and Ivo Hruban. "Modelling Compensation Policy for Quality and Delay Deterioration in Rail Transport." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 25, no. 3 (June 19, 2013): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v25i3.331.

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The contribution deals with the customers’ claims on provided services during train delay in personal railway transport. There is comparison between the situation in the Czech Republic (Brno main station) and Austria (Wien Westbahnhof) in the contribution. Development of the compensation policy cannot be based only on customer requirements. If the railway company focuses on providing compensation for delays, it must follow its economic balance. However, as the passengers' opinion survey showed, the negative impact of delays can be reduced by providing adequate information to passengers. Based on the passengers' opinion survey, it is necessary to consider the Regulation 1371/2007/ES as the minimum of the possible and on the basis of this reasoning to compile a compensation policy. The costs associated with compensation for the delay should be divided according to the causes of the delay among the individual culprits, so that railway undertakings bear the responsibility even for delays arising from reasons that are beyond the control of the railway undertaking itself.

Royko, Yuriy, Yurii Yevchuk, Romana Bura, and Andrii Velhan. "Minimization of public transport delays at arterial streets with coordinated motion." Transport technologies 2022, no. 1 (June 6, 2022): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/tt2022.01.014.

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Research results, using which the method of minimization of public transport delay is improved at intersections with the system of coordinated motion control, are given in this paper. Such transport research was carried out with simultaneous application of field measurements of the study of traffic flow indicators and computer simulation in PTV VISSIM to check the level of efficiency of coordinated control and the reliability of the results. The essence of the method is that it reduces the delay in traffic per user of the transport system during his movement through a signalized section of the road network. The effectiveness of this method is achieved under condition of significant intensity of public transport, which is provided with spatial priority in the form of the allocated lane. Invariability of the number of lanes in the area where coordination takes place, and a high level of transit (above 70%) of straight traffic flows are compulsory indicators and parameters. The result is achieved with such phases in the direction of coordinated control, the share of the permissive signal in which is more than 45% of the cycle duration with a duration limit of 90-125 s. With such parameters, the starting delays of the general traffic flow at the stop-lines are minimized, and the maximum values of the saturation flow are achieved. In addition, a sufficient width of the time lane is established for the passage of signalized areas by public transport. There is still some delay in public transport in such a control system, but it is connected with delays at bus stops. The introduction of such systems of coordinated traffic control is recommended on the arterial streets of citywide importance of controlled motion with a distance between adjacent stop-lines of not more than 800 m. This restriction allows avoiding the dissipation of groups of vehicles.

Yao, Ronghan, Wensong Zhang, and Meng Long. "MODELLING AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF UNCOORDINATED PAIRED INTERSECTIONS WITH LEFT-TURN BAYS." Transport 35, no. 3 (March 26, 2020): 283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12271.

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Left-turn bays are often installed on the road segment between paired intersections. Such left-turn bays may reduce the approach capacities and impact on one another. Four optimization models are put forward for uncoordinated paired intersections with left-turn bays. The phase effective green times and the left-turn bay lengths are the decision variables, maximizing the intersection capacities, minimizing the intersection delays and both of them are respectively regarded as different objective functions, and minimizing the total delay for paired intersections is viewed as another objective function. The total capacity-to-delay ratio is defined to evaluate the operations of paired intersections as a whole. Using the field data, the sensitivities of the optimized outcomes to the weighting factors of the objective functions are analysed. To clarify the influences of different scenarios on traffic stream operations, seven scenarios are tested using VISSIM. The interval estimation and hypothesis testing are used to analyse the simulated data. Three concrete models are recommended to apply in practice with the procedure of model application being provided. The achievements can be applied to optimally assign the temporal-spacial resources for paired intersections when left-turn bays need to be installed and coordinated signals do not need to be considered.

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Дисертації з теми "Transport delays":

Robertsson, Marcus, and Alexander Hirvonen. "Analyzing public transport delays using Machine Learning." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-39045.

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Delays is a big factor when considering taking the public transportation or taking your own car. If delays were more predictable, more people would take the bus instead. This thesis results can be used to further develop more robust systems for predicting delays, thus, more people using the public transportation systems. This was done in collaboration with Hogia. Hogia is a company in Sweden that have their own solutions for calculating delays within public transportation. This thesis investigates if predictions using Machine Learning can improve Hogia’s predictions on bus delays. Python and various libraries are used for training and testing the Machine Learning model. The data available for this study was gathered and provided by Hogia. Raw data were analyzed and preprocessed to create and find features in it, and then used to train a Random Forest Regressor. The model’s predictions are analyzed with various measurements and then compared against their current solution, as well as the actual delays. The result of this study looks promising since only a small dataset of 30 days was used. Also, it gives an understanding of what features that can be of value when training a model. Even though the model’s predictions were in some cases far off compared to Hogia’s current solution due to outliers in the data, this study can be used for further research of utilizing Machine Learning for predicting delays.

Krause, Christoph. "Simulation of dynamic station dwell time delays on high frequency rail transport systems. : Representing dynamic station delays with opentrack." Thesis, KTH, Trafik och logistik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-149541.

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The railway simulation software solutions available today are increasingly used for other purposes than they initially have been created for. These software products aimed at first to recreate the operations on a normal railroad network, with often a schedule allowing for minor delays. However, nowadays light rail as well as underground railway networks, which are highly congested and have high passenger exchange within the cities, are also simulated. Although these systems do have the same basic functionality as the full railway, there are effects that sometimes can’t be represented easily with the existing software solutions. One of these effects is the dynamic delay build up at the stations during peak-hour traffic: a vehicle that is already delayed will get more people at the next station, making the passenger exchange longer, and therefore accumulating delays. This often leads to the widely known effect of bunching, where several vehicles follow each other closely. This master thesis will show a method to implement the effect of dynamic dwell time delays on high frequency, high passenger frequentation systems in an existing microscopic railway simulation. The application of this effect is based on the analysis of the red lines of the Stockholm Tunnelbana system simulated with the OpenTrack software during a case study. There, the results show clearly that the effect of a dynamically growing delay can be achieved with the implemented method

Smith, R. Marshall. "A method for determining and reducing transport delays in the flight simulation environment." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10242009-020229/.

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Minbashi, Niloofar. "Applying Data Analytics to Freight Train Delays in Shunting Yards." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Transportplanering, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284672.

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The European Commission has foreseen a modal share of 30% by 2030 for rail freight transport. To achieve this increase in the modal share, enhanced reliability of rail freight services is required. Optimal functioning of shunting yards is one of the areas that can improve this reliability. Shunting yards are large areas allocated to reassemble freight trains for dispatching to new destinations. Their productivity has a direct impact on the overall performance of a rail freight network. Therefore, analysing and modelling of departure deviations from shunting yards are required to enhance the interactions between shunting yards and the network; this thesis contributes to this gap. Paper I investigates the probability and temporal distribution of departure deviations using a large data set comprising 250,000 departures over seven years from two main shunting yards (Malmö and Hallsberg) in Sweden. The probability distribution of departure deviations is found comparing four main distributions including the exponential, the log-normal, the gamma, and the Weibull according to the maximum likelihood estimates and the results of the Anderson-Darling goodness of fit test. The log-normal and the gamma are shown the best fits for departure deviations: the former on delays, and the latter on early departures. In the temporal delay distribution, the weekly and monthly, but not yearly delayed departures are positively correlated with the network usage. However, for hourly delayed departures, a shunting yard involved with international traffic does not show any correlation between delayed departures and the network usage, whereas a domestic shunting yard shows a significant negative correlation between these two parameters. The findings obtained from this thesis contribute to a better understanding of departure deviations from shunting yards, and can be applied in enhancing the operations and capacity utilization of shunting yards in future models. Papers II and III analyse the relationship between congestion in the arrival yard and departure delays using the same data set as paper I. According to previous research, congestion plays an important role in shunting yard delays. With defining congestion as the number of arriving trains before departure time, paper II analyses this relationship limiting the arrivals and departures between the two shunting yards considering varying time periods before departure,whereas Paper III elaborates the analysis by defining congestion level in a fixed period of time before departure time including all arrivals and departures. Considering the data set used in the analysis, the results show that there is no significant relationship between the congestion in the arrival yard and departure delays of trains. It is possible that congestion may not impact the departure delays of trains, but it may impact the departure delays of wagons due to missed wagon connection or increasing wagon idle time, which can be explored with the availability of wagon connection data. Additionally, future elaboration of congestion definition, covering congestion at the shunting yard level, may lead to further improved analyses.
Europeiska kommissionen har förutspått en markansandel på 30% framtill 2030 för järnvägstransporter av gods. För att uppnå denna ökning krävsökad tillförlitlighet hos järnvägstransporttjänster. Rangergodsbangårdars optimalafunktion är ett av de områden som kan förbättra denna tillförlitlighet.Rangergodsbangårdar stora områden som är avsedda för att koppla ihopgodståg för sändning till nya destinationer. Deras produktivitet har en direktinverkan på järnvägsnätets totala prestanda. Därför krävs analys och modelleringav avvikelser från dessa noder för att förbättra interaktionen mellanrangergodsbangårdar och järnvägsnätet. I papper I undersöks sannolikheten och den tidsmässiga fördelningen avavvikelser med hjälp av en stor datamängd som omfattar 250 000 avgångaröver sju år från två rangergodsbangårdar (Malmö och Hallsberg) i Sverige.Sannolikhetsdistributioner av avvikelser jämförs med fyra huvuddistributioner,exponentiell, log-normal, gamma och Weibull enligt de maximalasannolikhetsuppskattningarna och resultaten av Anderson-Darling godhetav passningstest. Log-normal och gamma visar sig passa bäst för avvikelser:den förstnämnda vid förseningar och den senare vid tidiga avgångar. I dentidsmässiga fördröjningsfördelningen är de veckovisa och månatliga men inteårliga försenade avgångarna positivt korrelerade med järnvägsnätets nyttjandegrad.För försenade avgångar per timme visar dock en rangergodsbangårdsom är inblandad i internationell trafik ingen korrelation mellan försenadeavgångar och järnvägsnätets nyttjandegrad, medan en inhemsk rangergodsbangårdvisaren signifikant negativ korrelation mellan dessa två parametrar.Resultaten från denna avhandling bidrar till en bättre förståelse av avvikelserfrån rangergodsbangårdar och kan användas för att förbättra drift och kapacitetsutnyttjandeav rangergodsbangårdar växelplatser i framtida modeller. Papper II och III analyserar förhållandet mellan trängsel i ankomstgårdenoch avgångsförseningar med hjälp av samma datamängd som i papperI. Enligt tidigare analyser spelar trängsel en viktig roll vid förseningar förrangergodsbangårdar. Trängsel definieras som antalet ankommande tåg föreavgångstid och papper II analyserar detta förhållande som begränsar ankomsteroch avgångar mellan de två rangergodsbangårdar med beaktande av olikatidsperioder före avgång, medan papper III utvecklar analysen genom attdefiniera trängselnivån under en fast tidsperiod före avgångstid inklusive allaankomster och avgångar. Med tanke på datamängden som användes i analysenvisar resultaten att det inte finns något signifikant samband mellan trängselni ankomstgården och tågens förseningar. Det är möjligt att trängsel kanskeinte påverkar tågens avgångsfördröjningar, men det kan påverka vagnarnasavgångsfördröjningar på grund av missad vagnanslutning eller öka vagnenstomgångstid, vilket kan undersökas med vid tillgång av vagnanslutningsdata.Dessutom kan framtida vidareutveckling av definitionen av trängsel som påen detaljerad nivå täcker rangergodsbangårdars alla delar, leda till ytterligareförbättrade analyser.

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Moore, Simon Peter. "Delays in the emergency department and their effects on the ambulance provider." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2067.

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Mkadem, Mohamed Amine. "Flow-shop with time delays, linear modeling and exact solution approaches." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2390/document.

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Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous traitons le problème de flow-shop à deux machines avec temps de transport où l’objectif consiste à minimiser le temps de complétion maximal. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à la modélisation de ce problème. Nous avons proposé plusieurs programmes linéaires en nombres entiers. En particulier, nous avons introduit une formulation linéaire basée sur une généralisation non triviale du modèle d’affectation pour le cas où les durées des opérations sur une même machine sont identiques. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons élargi la portée de ces formulations mathématiques pour développer plusieurs bornes inférieures et un algorithme exact basé sur la méthode de coupe et branchement (Branch-and-Cut). En effet, un ensemble d’inégalités valides a été considéré afin d’améliorer la relaxation linéaire de ces programmes et d’accélérer leur convergence. Ces inégalités sont basées sur la proposition de nouvelles règles de dominance et l’identification de sous-instances faciles à résoudre. L’identification de ces sous-instances revient à déterminer les cliques maximales dans un graphe d’intervalles. En plus des inégalités valides, la méthode exacte proposée inclut la considération d’une méthode heuristique et d’une procédure visant à élaguer les nœuds. Enfin, nous avons proposé un algorithme par séparation et évaluation (Branch-and-Bound) pour lequel, nous avons introduit des règles de dominance et une méthode heuristique basée sur la recherche locale. Nos expérimentations montrent l’efficacité de nos approches qui dominent celles de la littérature. Ces expérimentations ont été conduites sur plusieurs classes d’instances qui incluent celles de la littérature, ainsi que des nouvelles classes d’instances où les algorithmes de la littérature se sont montrés peu efficaces
In this thesis, we study the two-machine flow-shop problem with time delays in order to minimize the makespan. First, we propose a set of Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) formulations for the problem. In particular, we introduce a new compact mathematical formulation for the case where operations are identical per machine. The proposed mathematical formulations are then used to develop lower bounds and a branch-and-cut method. A set of valid inequalities is proposed in order to improve the linear relaxation of the MIPs. These inequalities are based on proposing new dominance rules and computing optimal solutions of polynomial-time-solvable sub-instances. These sub-instances are extracted by computing all maximal cliques on a particular Interval graph. In addition to the valid inequalities, the branch-and-cut method includes the consideration of a heuristic method and a node pruning procedure. Finally, we propose a branch-and-bound method. For which, we introduce a local search-based heuristic and dominance rules. Experiments were conducted on a variety of classes of instances including both literature and new proposed ones. These experiments show the efficiency of our approaches that outperform the leading methods published in the research literature

Sunnegårdh, Erik. "Adaptiv katalysatormodell för reglering." Thesis, Vehicular Systems, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1459.

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This master’s thesis describes the development of a model of the catalystsystem aiming at control by an MPC. A well functioning model, which is suitable in control purpose, is important while emission legislation become more and more hard to fulfill for the car manufacturers. Much research has been done in the field of physical modeling of the system, but in this work a linear adaptive time discrete ARX-model is developed and validated.

The systems tendency to change its dynamic during usage implies that the model must be adaptive. The developed model proved to be well functioning and shows promising conditions for the MPC design. The system and the model are analyzed in the time- and frequency domains and the model is both implemented and validated in a Saab 9-5.

The work has been performed both at Saab Automobile Powertrain AB in Södertälje and in Vehicular Systems Dept. of Electrical Engineering at Linköpings University.

Nilsson, Alexander. "Actions to Decrease Delay for Public Transport in Linköping." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-110900.

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Linköpings kommun har i senaste trafikstrategin från 2010 antagit målet att år 2030 ska var femte resa i kommunen ske med kollektivtrafik. För att nå målet behöver kollektivtrafikens attraktionskraft öka. För att ta fram exempel på hur detta kan göras genomfördes examensarbetet med syftet att ”analysera hur korsningen mellan Brokindsleden och Söderleden i Linköping kan förändras för att minska fördröjningen för kollektivtrafik år 2030”. Analysen genomfördes med hjälp av mikrosimuleringsprogrammet PTV Vissim. I en simuleringsstudie jämfördes fyra olika scenarier. NU0 och NU1 som beskriver nuläget utan och med kollektivtrafiksprioritet. Jämförelsealternativet, JA, bygger på en trafikprognos för 2030 och i utredningsalternativet, UA, förändras JA för att minska kollektivtrafikens fördröjning. Den kollektivtrafiksprioritering som används idag beräknades i genomsnitt minska fördröjningen med fem procent per buss motsvarande tre sekunder. Denna minskning är dock inte signifikant. Om korsningen inte förändras till 2030 beräknades fördröjningen för kollektivtrafiken öka med 87 procent. Den övriga trafiken kommer att få en ökning med 45 procent. Utifrån dessa resultat gjordes flera förändringar i simuleringsmodellen, bland annat infördes prioritet för alla bussar och kollektivtrafikskörfält på Brokindsleden. Med förändringarna minskade fördröjningen för buss med 78 procent. Den övriga trafiken påverkas också positivt med en minskning på elva procent, nästan tio sekunder per fordon. Utifrån detta drogs slutsatsen att en förändring med de förslagna åtgärderna mycket väl kan vara alla trafikanter till nytta.

Gorius, Manuel [Verfasser], and Thorsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Herfet. "Adaptive delay-constrained internet media transport / Manuel Gorius. Betreuer: Thorsten Herfet." Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1052779743/34.

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Mirzaei, Ahmad, and Seyedeh Serveh Sadeghi. "Adjustable, Delay-based Congestion Control in a Reliable Transport Protocol over UDP." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-94875.

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Hosts in the peer-to-peer networks need to communicate to each other directly, but majority of nodes in the Internet are private nodes, that is they are behind Network Address Translators(NAT), and cannot be reached directly like a public node. Therefore, NAT traversal techniques are required to enable nodes to make end-to-end connections. These techniques seems to be more effective over UDP transport compared to TCP. However, standard UDP lacks some useful features, such as reliability and in-order delivery of packets. It also does not have congestion control mechanism to prevent congestion in the links. In this protocol, named RABAT, we are going to present a transport library over UDP for peer-to-peer applications that provides a delay-based congestion control mechanism and also in-order delivery of packets. Our congestion control mechanism is derived from LEDBAT draft [8] and reliability implementation is based on standard TCP. RABAT provides both intra- and inter-protocol fairness, which in case of the latter is back-off to TCP. The protocol also enables users to change priority of the running transports at runtime. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first open-source implementation of LEDBAT in java.

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Книги з теми "Transport delays":

I, Chung Victoria, Martinez Debbie, and Langley Research Center, eds. Transport delays associated with the NASA Langley flight simulation facility. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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Forecasting, Oxford Economic. The economic effects of transport delays on the City of London. London: Corporation of London, 2003.

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Horowitz, Scott J. Measurement and effects of transport delays in a state-of-the-art F-16C flight simulator. Brooks Air Force Base, Tex: Air Force Systems Command, Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, 1987.

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Buğra, Ayşegül. Insurance Law Implications of Delay in Maritime Transport. Title: Insurance law implications of delay in maritime transport/by Ayşegül Buğra Description: First edition. | Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Contemporary commercial law: Informa Law from Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315544564.

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Center, Ames Research, ed. Transport delay compensation for computer-generated imagery systems. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1988.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. A review of the delays and problems associated with TSA's Transportation Worker Identification Credential: Hearing before the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, second session, June 28, 2012. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.

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Wu, Cheng-Lung. Airline operations and delay management: Insights from airline economics, networks, and strategic schedule planning. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2010.

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Grantham, William D. Piloted simulator study of allowable time delay in pitch flight control systems of a transport airplane with negative static stability. Hampton, Va: Langley Research Center, 1987.

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Schöbel, Anita. Optimization in public transportation: Stop location, delay management and tariff zone design in a public transportation network. New York: Springer, 2006.

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Scheltjens, Werner. Dutch deltas: Emergence, functions and structure of the Low Countries' maritime transport system, ca. 1300-1850. Leiden: Brill, 2015.

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Частини книг з теми "Transport delays":

Shmatkov, Ruslan, Tatiana Malakhova, Nikolay Tushin, and Tatiana Solod. "Mathematical Modelling of Mixed Flow Train Delays." In International Scientific Siberian Transport Forum TransSiberia - 2021, 206–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96383-5_23.

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Bersani, Chiara, Riccardo Minciardi, Angela Maria Tomasoni, and Roberto Sacile. "Risk Averse Routing of Hazardous Materials with Scheduled Delays." In Security and Environmental Sustainability of Multimodal Transport, 23–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8563-4_2.

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Pasha, Junayed, Maxim A. Dulebenets, Prashant Singh, Ren Moses, John Sobanjo, and Eren E. Ozguven. "Safety and Delays at Level Crossings in the United States: Addressing the Need for Multi-Objective Resource Allocation." In Sustainable Rail Transport 4, 65–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82095-4_4.

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Andersson, Anna-Lena, and Kenneth Svensson. "Suicide in the Transport System." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1103–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_42.

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AbstractThe Swedish Transport Administration (STA) work to reduce the number of suicides in the transport system. Fatalities, i.e., on roads, railways, and bridges, originate from either accidents or suicides, natural death excluded. Knowing the correct manner of death is needed to work with optimal prevention strategies. The aims are to separate fatalities due to suicides, follow the development, and implement measures for suicide prevention. Methods are developed for suicide classification and criteria for the selection in which suicides were suspected. Fatalities in level one and two of five were classified as suicides. Data from the STA’s databases are used and so are data from the psychosocial investigations done by a trained investigator in the topic and with clinical experience from counselling at hospitals. 2129 persons died on the roads in Sweden, 10% (206 persons) were classified as suicides. 336 persons died after being hit by trains, 85% (284 persons) were suicides. 130 persons died by jumping from bridges.The number of suicides increases with population density. Suicide in the transport system is a major problem; firstly personal tragedies, it is also a work environment problem for truck and train drivers and for the emergency staff. It generates delays and costs for passenger and cargo transport. By analyzing the results of countermeasures in the form of obstructive barriers, the physical environment can be improved and high-risk areas can be accentuated. Restricting access to the means of suicide is important in suicide prevention. Strategies for the STA include suicide prevention in the design of new roads, railways, and bridges, as well as by identifying and reducing existing high-risk locations. Sharing the results with other authorities and organizations and cooperation within suicide prevention missions are vital for the enhancement of the overall suicide prevention work in society.

Andersson, Anna-Lena, and Kenneth Svensson. "Suicide in the Transport System." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_42-2.

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Luckner, Marcin, and Jan Karwowski. "Estimation of Delays for Individual Trams to Monitor Issues in Public Transport Infrastructure." In Computational Collective Intelligence, 518–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67074-4_50.

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Stepanchuk, Oleksandr, Andriy Belyatynskyi, and Olexander Pylypenko. "The Survey of Transport Vehicle Delays at the Traffic Light Intersections of the Urban Arterial Streets." In TRANSBALTICA XI: Transportation Science and Technology, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38666-5_1.

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Buğra, Ayşegül. "Delay in voyage." In Insurance Law Implications of Delay in Maritime Transport, 170–203. Title: Insurance law implications of delay in maritime transport/by Ayşegül Buğra Description: First edition. | Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Contemporary commercial law: Informa Law from Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315544564-10.

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Pötsch, Thomas. "Modeling of Delay-Based Congestion Control Protocols." In Future Mobile Transport Protocols, 99–140. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-14815-7_7.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Transport delays":

Machado, Jose Guilherme de S., Sergio Gomes, and Thiago J. Masseran A. Parreiras. "Linear analysis of systems containing transport delays." In 2018 Simposio Brasileiro de Sistemas Eletricos (SBSE) [VII Brazilian Electrical Systems Symposium (SBSE)]. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sbse.2018.8395797.

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Upyr, R. Yu, A. D. Domojirova, and M. N. Eremenko. "Method of reducing train delays." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ON RAILWAY TRANSPORT AND ENGINEERING (RTE 2021). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0063581.

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Bota Mukin, Maria Diana, Adjie Farhan, and Sekar Widyastuti Pratiwi. "STRATEGY TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AIR CARGO IMPORT DELAYS." In Global Research on Sustainable Transport (GROST 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/grost-17.2018.50.

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Zeng, Xiangrui, and Junmin Wang. "A Dual-Loop EGR Engine Air-Path Oxygen Concentration Model With Time-Varying Transport Delays." In ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2013-3765.

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Dual-loop exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems can provide control authorities for adjusting the engine in-cylinder gas conditions. However, the transport delay in the EGR air-path makes some simple oxygen concentration dynamic models perform poorly under the transient operating conditions. In this paper, a dual-loop EGR air-path oxygen concentration model considering the time-varying transport delays is developed and a method to calculate the delay time based on the continuity of gas velocity is presented. Simulation validations using a high-fidelity GT-Power 1-D computational engine model show that the developed model can capture the oxygen concentration dynamics during both steady-state and transient operations.

Kubaľák, Stanislav, Ambróz Hájnik, and Veronika Harantová. "Preference for public transport vehicles in selected area of Púchov." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1110.

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The paper deals with ensuring the preference for public transport vehicles in the selected area of Púchov.The main aim of the paper is to analyze the current traffic situation within the selected area in the cadastral area of Púchov, near the "Nástupište, MŠK (Makyta)" bus stop, focusing on the delay of public transport vehicles due to the large number of bus lines arriving and departing from the stop; and emerging delays of these vehicles at entry and exit. Moreover, the partial aims of the paper are to evaluate traffic surveys, to design alternative solutions to the new organization of transport, and to select the optimal option which will predict the most significant time savings of public passenger vehicles. The necessary basis of the paper was the elaboration of several traffic surveys. The application of preferential tools enables to improve the throughput and fluency of problematic sections, to eliminate large delays achieved in the most stressed sections, to improve conditions for passengers, to increase attractiveness for public transport, also to observe timetables, reduce road accidents and driving safety, and ultimately reducing financial costs.

Oppenheimer, Michael W., David Sigthorsson, and David B. Doman. "Control of Fuel Thermal Management Systems with Transport Delays." In AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-1917.

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Gao, H. Z., Y. Han, L. L. Zang, C. Xu, and H. N. Wu. "Public Transport Incident Prediction Method by Road Traffic Delays." In Ninth International Conference of Chinese Transportation Professionals (ICCTP). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41064(358)205.

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Raghothama, Jayanth, Vinutha Magal Shreenath, and Sebastiaan Meijer. "Analytics on public transport delays with spatial big data." In the 5th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3006386.3006387.

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Jeremić, Dušan, Milan Milosavljević, and Dušan Vujović. "Simulation Model of Belgrade Suburban Passenger Trains Service Using OpenTrack." In TRANSPORT FOR TODAY'S SOCIETY. Faculty of Technical Sciences Bitola, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/tts2021.1.1.21.p26.

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Abstract – In this paper, simulation models, created in the OpenTrack simulation tool, were used to compare the proposed timetable with a variant in which all trains from and Lazarevac would be extended to Belgrade Center. This paper aims to analyze the effects of the increasing number of trains on part of Belgrade railway junction from Resnik to Belgrade Center. The results have shown that the section from Dedinje junction to Resnik has more than enough capacity for the increased number of trains. Also, the simulation results show us that when the number of trains increases by 40%, BG trains can operate without or with acceptable delays. Keywords – railway, simulation, BG voz, OpenTrack.

Salaani, M. Kamel, Gary J. Heydinger, Paul A. Grygier, and W. Riley Garrott. "Transport Delay Compensation for the Image Generator Used in the National Advanced Driving Simulator." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42975.

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Despite the advances in computer graphics speed and quality, Image Generator (IG) delys are unavoidable due to the demanding details and complex scenarios run at the National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS), in particular for urban traffic scenes. This paper introduces a new dynamic compensation algorithm for automotive driving simulator visual displays. The compensation method is based on an original approach used by NASA Ames Research Center for flight simulator applications. The compensator designed has nearly zero phase with well-maintained magnitued within the bandwidth. The algorithm has magnitude attenuation outside the bandwidth without altering the desired frequency response of the compensator. This paper discusses the compensation method, and presents results from the NADS showing drivers’ ability to steer the vehicle through corners without excessive overshoot resulting from human reactions to visual delays. The results demonstrate that compensating for visual delays for high-end driving simulators is vital for real-time fidelity.

Звіти організацій з теми "Transport delays":

Pritam, Banerjee, Chattopadhyay Soumya, Sinha Deepankar, and Sharma Prashant. Technology Framework for India's Road Freight Transport: Compliance and Enforcement Architecture Reform. Asian Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210271-2.

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In India, different agencies conduct inspections on road freight in transit, which can cause unscheduled stoppages that result in delays and add to operational costs. Compliance and enforcement architecture reform involving road freight transport in the country involves the application of data-based and integrated digital tools that can enable inspection facilities and units to immediately identify potential noncompliance and minimize multiple physical inspections that the current enforcement model entails. This paper presents an alternative model for enforcement agencies with regulatory mandates on the on-road movement and conveyance of cargo. The importance of road freight transport in India can benefit from a technology-based reform, which has become critical to improving the efficiency of domestic trade facilitation.

Ruvinsky, Alicia, Timothy Garton, Daniel Chausse, Rajeev Agrawal, Harland Yu, and Ernest Miller. Accelerating the tactical decision process with High-Performance Computing (HPC) on the edge : motivation, framework, and use cases. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42169.

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Managing the ever-growing volume and velocity of data across the battlefield is a critical problem for warfighters. Solving this problem will require a fundamental change in how battlefield analyses are performed. A new approach to making decisions on the battlefield will eliminate data transport delays by moving the analytical capabilities closer to data sources. Decision cycles depend on the speed at which data can be captured and converted to actionable information for decision making. Real-time situational awareness is achieved by locating computational assets at the tactical edge. Accelerating the tactical decision process leverages capabilities in three technology areas: (1) High-Performance Computing (HPC), (2) Machine Learning (ML), and (3) Internet of Things (IoT). Exploiting these areas can reduce network traffic and shorten the time required to transform data into actionable information. Faster decision cycles may revolutionize battlefield operations. Presented is an overview of an artificial intelligence (AI) system design for near-real-time analytics in a tactical operational environment executing on co-located, mobile HPC hardware. The report contains the following sections, (1) an introduction describing motivation, background, and state of technology, (2) descriptions of tactical decision process leveraging HPC problem definition and use case, and (3) HPC tactical data analytics framework design enabling data to decisions.

Shalunov, S., G. Hazel, J. Iyengar, and M. Kuehlewind. Low Extra Delay Background Transport (LEDBAT). RFC Editor, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6817.

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Andersson, Ellen, Maria Andersson, Charlotte Berg, Ruben Hoffman, Magdalena Jacobson, Linda Keeling, Mikaela Lindberg, et al. Transport av dräktiga djur, transport av unga djur och åldersbestämning av foster. SLU's Scientific Council for Animal Welfare, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.6bmbos65rf.

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De flesta lantbruksdjur transporteras endast enstaka gånger i livet och har därför sällan möjlighet att vänja sig vid transporter på ett sätt som skulle förebygga stress och bidra till en god transportupplevelse. Att skapa förutsättningar som minimerar påverkan på djuren och underlättar drivning av djuren är därför av stor vikt. Livdjurstransport eller transport till slakt kan vara en mycket stressfylld situation för djur. EFSA har under 2022 publicerat tre olika utlåtanden om transport av nötkreatur, små idisslare och gris. EFSA har i sina utlåtanden identifierat följande relevanta välfärdsrisker: social stress i samband med omgruppering, stress då djuren hanteras av ovarsamma människor eller av människor som de inte är vana vid, stress på grund av värme eller kyla, skador, rörelsestress (orsakat av fordonets rörelser), predationsstress (specifikt hos får som drivs med hund), hunger, törst, respiratoriska problem (specifikt hos nötkreatur), begränsade rörelsemöjligheter, svårigheter att vila och sensorisk överstimulering. Sammantaget kan dessa välfärdsrisker leda till ackumulerad och hög stress, rädsla, smärta, obehag och utmattning hos djuren. Nötkreatur, grisar och får är sociala djur som lätt stressas om de separeras från sin grupp. Att ta hänsyn till deras naturliga flockbeteende genom att t.ex. inte driva djur enskilt utan i grupp (undantag för vuxna handjur som ofta behöver hanteras enskilt) är därför viktigt både före, under och efter transport. Omgrupperingar och social stress riskerar att leda till aggressioner och oönskade beteenden då djuren kan komma att skada sig själva eller varandra. Djurs tidigare erfarenheter av att bli hanterade av människor påverkar deras upplevelse och stressnivå vid hantering i samband med transport. En mer vänlig hantering av djuren tidigt i livet kan underlätta hanteringen i samband med transport. Djurens rädsla utgör en välfärdsrisk, både för djuren själva och för den transportör som ska hantera dem. Utlastningsutrymmen och drivvägar behöver vara väl designade för att få ett bra flöde när djuren lastas respektive lastas av och den som hanterar djuren behöver ha god kunskap om djurens naturliga beteenden. Hunger och törst kan uppstå hos djur under tiden från lastning till transport och urlastning. Risken för att djuren ska uppleva hunger och törst ökar med längre transporttider. Unga djur har ett naturligt tätare födointag vilket man kan behöva ta hänsyn till vid transport genom att erbjuda djuren möjlighet att äta och dricka oftare än äldre djur. I nuläget finns det inga optimala lösningar på hur man ska kunna tillgodose behovet av vatten eller annan utfodring på transport då intaget även påverkas av stress och sociala faktorer utöver vana vid utrustningen. Djurtätheten på transportfordonet är en viktig faktor som påverkar djurens möjligheter att hålla balansen och att kunna ligga ned och vila, men även risken för skador och död. Behovet av att kunna ligga ned under transport ökar med transportens längd och huruvida djuren ligger ned är kopplat till vilket utrymme som ges, där större utrymme leder till att fler djur ligger ned. Sen dräktighet räknas som ett tillstånd då det inte är lämpligt att transportera ett djur eftersom transport under denna period kan leda till negativa konsekvenser för djurets välfärd och risker för avkomman. Dräktighet innebär ökad sårbarhet både fysiskt och fysiologiskt. För dräktiga djur innebär därför den stress som förflyttning, lastning, ny miljö, okända människor, rörlig och ostabil transport, transportfordonets förutsättningar, samt avsaknad av foder och vatten under längre perioder, en större påfrestning med en ökad risk för negativa konsekvenser, än för icke-dräktiga djur. Dräktiga djur har en ökad metabolism och värmeproduktion, framförallt under sen dräktighet, vilket gör dräktiga djur mer känsliga för värmestress än icke-dräktiga djur. Vidare blir fysisk ansträngning jobbigare för det dräktiga djuret beroende både på den ökade tyngden och dess påverkan på rörelseapparaten. Även cirkulationssystemet blir mer ansträngt med en förhöjd hjärtfrekvens som följd. Vid värmestress ökar dessutom andningsfrekvensen påtagligt. Kortisol har en viktig roll i slutet av dräktigheten och för att initiera förlossning. I slutet av dräktigheten stiger kortisolnivåerna i moderdjurets blod till följd av att fostrets kortisolproduktion ökar. Förhöjda kortisolnivåer till följd av stress och fysisk ansträngning i samband med lastning, hantering, omgruppering, transport och nya miljöer kan orsaka abort eller för tidig igångsättning av förlossningen. Flera studier visar att det även finns risker under andra delar av dräktigheten. Transport ökar till exempel risken för embryonala förluster under tidig dräktighet hos gris, framför allt under vecka två till fyra, vilket är en kortisolkänslig period. För nötkreatur finns det risk för embryonala förluster vid transporter under dräktighetens första två månader och studier på får har visat på negativa effekter på lamm och ökad risk för fosterdöd vid förhöjda kortisolnivåer hos tackan. Det finns även en risk för epigenetiska effekter hos fostren vid stress hos moderdjuret, vilka kan komma att påverka avkomman senare i livet. När hondjuren ökar i vikt genom fostertillväxt och ökad volym av fostervätskor, påverkas deras rörlighet och förmåga att hålla balansen vilket kan göra att både lastning och transport försvåras samt innebära en ökad risk för halkskador och fläkningsskador. Eventuella led- och klövproblem kan dessutom förvärras eller försvåra rörelsemöjligheterna, även om uppenbar hälta inte alltid kan ses. Den ökade storleken gör att dräktiga djur kräver större plats under transporten, både för att djuren i sig är större, men också för att de ska kunna parera rörelser och hålla balansen. Dräktiga grisar minskar sin aktivitetsnivå och har större behov av att ligga ned och vila vilket behöver tillgodoses under transport. I slutet av dräktigheten, oklart exakt när, sker en uppmjukning av vävnaderna i bäckenregionen vilket är mer påtagligt för nötkreatur än för små idisslare och suggor. Uppmjukningen kvarstår även en tid efter förlossningen. Uppmjukningen ger försämrad stabilitet vid rörelse, vilket innebär risker vid både lastning och transport. Det är därför viktigt att man tar hänsyn till detta och har god tidsmarginal vid transport av dräktiga eller nyförlösta djur, så att djuren inte riskerar att transporteras under den tid som bäckenet är instabilt. Den vetenskapliga evidensen för EU:s regel om 90 % av den förväntade dräktighetstiden som gräns för transport av dräktiga djur förefaller oklar. Rådet ställer sig bakom konklusionen i EFSA:s utlåtande om transport av nötkreatur, små idisslare och gris, om att vetenskapliga belägg för den exakta nu gällande gränsdragningen saknas, samtidigt som det är tydligt att långt gången dräktighet är en riskfaktor för negativ djurvälfärd under transport. I de aktuella utlåtandena finns dock flera studier citerade som visar på sårbarhet för de dräktiga djuren och deras foster under en period som i många fall är längre än de sista 10 % av dräktighetstiden samt att det finns en ökad sårbarhet även under andra delar av dräktigheten och att både moderdjur och foster kan påverkas negativt av att transporteras. Det finns risk för att den stress som en transport innebär kan leda till att det sent dräktiga djuret aborterar eller att förlossningen sätts igång under eller strax efter transport. Då det således föreligger risker för foster och moderdjur vid transport av dräktiga djur under stora delar av dräktighetsperioden anser Rådet att transport av dräktiga djur (nötkreatur, får och gris) om möjligt bör undvikas. Vid transport av unga kalvar, smågrisar och lamm måste hänsyn tas till flera faktorer, såsom ålder, immunförsvarets utveckling, djurens allmänna hälsostatus, huruvida djuren är avvanda eller inte, social stress, etc. Unga djur är generellt känsligare än vuxna djur, och påverkas än mer av att utsättas för hunger och törst, kalla och varma transporter, och begränsade möjligheter att vila under transport. Under perioden då det passiva immunförsvaret går ned samtidigt som det aktiva immunförsvaret är under uppbyggnad är djuren extra känsliga för infektioner. Hur väl ett ungt djur klarar en transport beror bl.a. på längden på transporten (ju längre transport desto större risk för djurens välfärd), samt djurets ålder och vikt. Tiden mellan två och fyra veckor är en känslig ålder för transport av kalvar. Enligt EFSA bör inte kalvar transporteras tidigare än vid fem veckors ålder och de bör väga minst 50 kg. För lamm rekommenderas att djuren transporteras först efter avvänjning. Vidare behöver hänsyn tas till djurens behov av foder och vatten, så att deras närings- samt vätskebehov tillgodoses. Hänsyn behöver även tas till på vilket sätt de är vana vid att inta foder och vatten, och om djuret hålls på liknande sätt i transporten som de är vana vid, exempelvis i samma grupp eller tillsammans med sin mamma. Det kan vara klokt att utfodra djuren innan transport för att minska risken för hunger under transporten. Vid mjölkgiva till kalv behöver tid ges för digestion innan transport för att minska risken för diarré. Icke avvanda djur upplever en större stress runt transport än avvanda djur (vid transport utan moderdjur) och det är därför bättre att företrädesvis transportera djuren efter avvänjning. Unga djur är heller inte motoriskt färdigutvecklade, vilket kan påverka deras balans under transport samt vid på- och avlastning. Yngre djur ligger ned och vilar i större omfattning än vuxna djur. Yngre djurs behov och möjlighet att vila påverkas av vad som sker under transporten, t.ex. hur fordonet körs, vägbanans utformning och fordonets komfort, men också av transportens längd, utrymme per individ och om det är tillräckligt med strö för att kunna ligga bekvämt. I dagsläget saknas en tillfredsställande diagnostisk metod för att med säkerhet bestämma den exakta dräktighetslängden hos ett moderdjur som befinner sig i sen dräktighet, utöver dokumentation baserad på betäcknings-/inseminationsdatum, som Rådet bedömer vara det säkraste sättet att undvika transporter i sen dräktighet. För nötkreatur kan rektalisering vara en enkel och billig metod för att utesluta sen dräktighet, men detta är inte tillämpligt för gris och får. För åldersbestämning av kalv- och lammfoster efter slakt eller avlivning används i nuläget referensvärden för CRL (crown-rump length) som huvudsaklig objektivt mätbar parameter, i kombination med bedömning av andra yttre kännetecken hos fostret, t.ex. behåring. De referensvärden för bedömning som används idag grundar sig dock till stor del på äldre studier, och i takt med att nöt- och fårpopulationen förändras genom aveln kan referensvärdena behöva anpassas i motsvarande utsträckning. Rådet rekommenderar att referensvärden för åldersbestämning av kalv- och lammfoster uppdateras.

Konijnenburg, Jan. Certification Approaches for Weigh-In-Motion Systems in Law Enforcement Applications. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.2200-05.

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Every day, overweight and excessively heavy vehicles cause damage to roads, bridges, and other vehicle-based infrastructure. To protect the vital transportation infrastructure for the U.S., states have imposed weight limits for commercial and fleet transport vehicles. A common way for enforcing these weight limits is to guide trucks off the road to weigh stations where the vehicles can be weighed using static truck scales. A disadvantage of these dedicated weigh stations is that they take up a substantial amount of space (which is not always available) and time to conduct weighments, as well as cause delays to traffic flow that may impede commerce based on truck transport. A solution to these problems is the use of high-speed weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems that are installed in the road and weigh vehicles as they pass by while maintaining their speed. For jurisdictions to effectively use a WIM system for direct enforcement of weight limits, the system must be evaluated against a recognized standard to establish suitability for its intended application. The vast majority of weighing instruments used for legal metrology purposes (including law enforcement) need to comply with the requirements in NIST Handbook 44 Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices. However, the NIST Handbook 44 does not (yet) cover WIM systems for direct enforcement. Although state and local jurisdictions use NIST Handbook 44 to certify legal metrological instruments, it does not exclude jurisdictions from using additional technical standards to certify certain instruments. New York City recently certified a WIM system to protect a critical section of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (BQE) by designating it as a pilot project while efforts were made to amend NIST Handbook 44 to include WIM systems for direct enforcement. This publication discusses the main characteristics of WIM systems and how they can be used for direct enforcement. An overview of several alternative documentary standards that can be applied for certification of WIM systems is also provided, with further explanation regarding how the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) implemented the certification of the WIM system to begin issuing citations to overweight vehicles in an effort to protect the BQE.

Frost, D., and S. Bryant, eds. A Packet Loss and Delay Measurement Profile for MPLS-Based Transport Networks. RFC Editor, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6375.

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Mesick, Katherine Elizabeth. Delayed Gamma Signature Accounting for Field Line Transport of Debris Ions after a Nuclear Explosion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1569569.

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Granot, David, and Richard Amasino. Regulation of Senescence by Sugar Metabolism. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7585189.bard.

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Research objectives a. Analyze transgenic plants that undergo rapid senescence due to increased expression of hexokinase. b. Determine if hexokinase-induced senescence accelerates natural senescence using senescence specific promoters that drive expression of a reporter gene (GUS) and a cytokinin producing gene (IPT - isopentyl transferase). c. Isolate and analyze plant genes that suppress sugar-induced cell death (SICD) in yeast, genes that potentially are involved in programmed cell death and senescence in plants. Background to the topic Leaf senescence is a regulated process of programmed cell death (PCD) in which metabolites are recycled to other active parts of the plant. Senescence associated genes (SAGs) are expressed throughout leaf senescence. Sugar flux and metabolism is thought to playa fundamental regulatory role in senescence. We found that transgenic tomato plants with high hexokinase activity, the initial enzymatic step of sugar (hexose) metabolism, undergo rapid leaf senescence, directly correlated with hexokinase activity. These plants provide a unique opportunity to analyze the regulatory role of sugar metabolism in senescence, and its relation to cytokinin, a senescence-inhibiting hormone. In addition, we found that sugar induces programmed cells death of yeast cells in direct correlation to hexokinase activity. We proposed to use the sugar induced cell death (SICD) to isolate Arabidopsis genes that suppress SICD. Such genes could potentially be involved in senescence induced PCD in plants. Major conclusions The promoters of Arabidopsis senescence-associated genes, SAG12 and SAGI3, are expressed in senescing tomato leaves similar to their expression in Arabidopsis leaves, indicating that these promoters are good senescence markers for tomato plants. Increased hexokinase activity accelerated senescence and induced expression of pSAG12 and pSAG13 promoters in tomato plants, suggesting that sugar regulate natural senescence via hexokinase. Expression of IPT, a cytokinin producing gene, under pSAG12 and pSAG13 promoters, delayed senescence of tomato leaves. Yet, senescence accelerated by hexokinase was epistatic over cytokinin, indicating that sugar regulation of senescence is dominant over the senescence-inhibiting hormone. A gene designated SFP1, which is similar to the major super family monosaccharide transporters, is induced during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis and may be involved in sugar transport during senescence. Accordingly, adult leaves accumulate sugars that may accelerate hexokinase activity. Light status of the entire plant affects the senescence of individual leaves. When individual leaves are darkened, senescence is induced in the covered leaves. However, whole adult plant placed in darkness show delayed senescence. In a search for Arabidopsis genes that suppress SICD we isolated 8 cDNA clones which confer partial resistance to SICD. One of the clones encodes a vesicle associated membrane protein - VAMP. This is the first evidence that vesicle trafficking might be involved in cell death. Implications Increased hexokinase activity accelerates senescence. We hypothesized that, reduced hexokinase activity may delay senescence. Preliminary experiments using a hexokinase inhibitor support this possible implication. Currently we are analyzing various practical approaches to delay leaf senescence via hexokinase inhibition. .

Levy, Brittany E., Aaron P. Garrison, Daniel von Allmen, Anthony Kraft, and Todd A. Ponsky. Esophageal Foreign Bodies. StayCurrentMD, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47465/sc00002.

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Children less than 5 years old are at high risk for foreign body ingestion or aspiration. Therefore, identifying workup and management principles of foreign body ingestion, in the pediatric population, is necessary for pediatric practitioners. Differentiation of caustic ingestion versus benign ingestion is necessary to determine urgency of management. Plain film X ray imaging can be used to differentiate a button battery versus a coin ingestion, based on the halo sign. The urgency of battery ingestion requires immediate medical attention and endoscopic removal, however treatment with honey during transport may improve outcomes. Perforation can occur via caustic ingestion, sometimes with a delayed presentation. However, the most common cause of esophageal perforation is iatrogenic. In many cases perforation can be managed non operatively if contained and adequately drained.

Philosoph-Hadas, Sonia, Richard Crain, Shimon Meir, Nehemia Aharoni, and Susan Lurie. Calcium-Mediated Signal Transduction during Leaf Senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604925.bard.

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We have examined the possibility that modulation of [Ca2+]cyt may represent a signal which induces senescence processes in leaves, through triggering of lipid hydrolysis leading to the cascade of detriorative events. Characterization of the signal transduction components operating during leaf senescence was gained by studying various Ca2+-dependent activities of parsley and chrysanthemum leaves, in relation to several senescence functions, and in response to senescence-modulating hormones (ethylene,ABA, BA and IAA). Some innovative findings regarding the control of senescence processes by [Ca2+]cyt were established: Several Ca2+-or CaM-related compounds were shown to modulate [Ca2+]cyt and action, thereby affecting whole leaf senescence. The involvement of [Ca2+]cyt in mediating the effects of senescence-modulating hormones has been demonstrated. Loss of energized Ca2+-transport capability of PM was found to an early event in leaf senescence, which occurs before changes in senescence parameters are observed, and while other PM ATPase enzymes still retain about 50% of their activities. A general pattern of increased phosphorylation of PM proteins with advanced senescence, which could be modified by plant hormones applied in vivo (BA) or in vitro (ABA), sa found. Taken together, all this indirect evidence indicate that [Ca2+]cyt is elevated due to the senescence-induced decrease in the ability to extrude Ca2+, which results particularly from reduced PM Ca2++-transport capability rather than increased operation of Ca2+ channels or elevated Ins(1,4,5)P3 levels. The direct proof for such a senescence-related elevation in [Ca2+]cyt was provided for the first time by the Ca2+ imaging measures with fura-2, showing a rise in [Ca2+]cyt of mesophyll cells upon senescence induction, which preceeded changes in typical senescence characteristics. This research provides strong evidence for regarding the rise in [Ca2+]cyt as a primary event in induction of the senescence syndrome in detached leaves. The findings have also broad implications for postharvest handling of leafy crops and ornamentals, and open new avenues for employing Ca2+-related inhibitors to delay leaf senescence.