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Статті в журналах з теми "Transferts forcés de population":
1
Mathieu, Jacques, and Lina Gouger. "Transferts de population." Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l’Ouest 95, no. 4 (1988): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/abpo.1988.3296.
2
Weldu Hailemariam, Abraha. "From rәsti to čәguraf-gosäs and vice-versa: Revisiting the dynamics of land tenure systems and security in Enderta, Tigray". Annales d'Ethiopie 33, № 1 (2020): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ethio.2020.1701.
Анотація:
Le régime de tenure foncière est un concept qui rend compte de comment des individus ont accès à la terre et de l’usage qu’ils en font. Dans plusieurs localités d’Éthiopie, les régimes de tenure ont évolué, sous l’influence de facteurs socio-économiques et démographiques. À la fin du 19e siècle, l’awrağa (district) d’Enderta a connu des changements d’ampleur, notamment une augmentation de la population et une fragmentation foncière accrue. Ces phénomènes ont eu un impact sur le système de tenure local, qui a évolué d’un système de rәsti basé sur le lignage au système dučәguraf-gosäs, basé sur des droits d’appartenance. Ce nouveau système a altéré la distribution et les transferts des terres, ayant ainsi une influence sur la sécurité foncière. Sous le système de čәguraf-gosäs, les terres étaient distribuées de manière équitable à tous les habitants, sous l’administration d’un comité spécial appelé ḥaräyo. Surtout, les terres n’étaient pas allouées selon les lignages agnatiques ou cognatiques, mais les droits fonciers étaient distribués sur la base d’un principe de résidence dans le village. Cet article est basé sur des données orales et d’archives et suit une méthodologie qualitative. Les résultats de recherche montrent clairement que le régime dečәguraf-gosäs n’a pas seulement empêché la fragmentation foncière, mais a aussi assuré des droits d’usufruit à chaque résident des villages concernés. Cependant, la question de l’insécurité foncière n’a pas été résolue. Le système de čәguraf-gosäs a évolué d’une forme originale égalitaire vers un système favorisant les élites locales, qui ont ainsi renforcé leur contrôle sur les terres les plus prestigieuses. Avec un fort afflux de population, cela a perturbé l’organisation originelle du čәguraf-gosäs, et a forcé les habitants du village à revoir leur organisation. On peut dire que les habitants des villages de l’awrağa d’Enderta sont parfois passés d’un système à l’autre en fonction de la taille de leur population.
3
Mangala, Jack M. "Prévention des déplacements forcés de population – possibilitiés et limites." International Review of the Red Cross 83, no. 844 (December 2001): 1067–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1560775500183531.
Анотація:
Abstract Since the end of the Cold War, the prevention of forced displacement has become a key topic of humanitarian agencies and international political bodies. Though alluring as a human and political solution, it still lacks adequate theoretical analysis. The article examines the challenges and hazards entailed by the emergence of this new concept, which appears to be both multidimensional in its objective and application and controversial in terms of its potential impact on certain norms and principles of international law. For all its many possibilities, the prevention of forced displacement is also a risky concept whose limitations should induce humanitarian operators to handle it with great care and restraint.
4
Ouédraogo, Dieudonné O. "Transferts de population et changements de rôles de la femme au Sahel." Articles 21, no. 1 (March 25, 2004): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/010108ar.
Анотація:
RÉSUMÉ Quelles sont les implications pour les femmes des transferts de population des zones pauvres vers des zones d'aménagement agricole? À partir de l'expenence sahéhenne, l'article suggère que, même si les transferts de population sont généralement accompagnés d'un accroissement significatif des ressources familiales, ils n'entraînent pas nécessairement une amélioration de la condition feminine. Il semble plutôt que celle-ci tend à se détériorer dans les périmètres aménagés.
5
Castonguay, Charles. "Les transferts linguistiques dans l’Outaouais." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 33, no. 89 (April 12, 2005): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/022032ar.
Анотація:
La mobilité linguistique se solde dans l'Outaouais par une légère anglicisation de sa population francophone avec un taux net se maintenant environ à 2% depuis 1971. Les transferts nets du français à l'anglais sont un peu plus fréquents dans la conurbation de Hull qu'en région rurale. En milieu urbain, ces transferts sont compensés partiellement par une certaine francisation d'allophones. En comparaison, de 1971 à 1986, l'anglicisation des francophones a augmenté sensiblement dans la conurbation ontarienne d'Ottawa, s'élevant jusqu'à 23% au dernier recensement. Cette différenciation de la situation linguistique de part et d'autre de la frontière interprovinciale s'expliquerait davantage par une migration interne différentielle selon les affinités linguistiques que par un impact direct des lois linguistiques du Québec (22 ou 101) sur le comportement linguistique des habitants de l'Outaouais.
6
Lerch, M., and P. Wanner. "Les facteurs déterminants de la réception de transferts de fonds des migrants et leur impact sur la pauvreté en Albanie." Geographica Helvetica 60, no. 3 (September 30, 2005): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-60-201-2005.
Анотація:
Abstract. La présente étude identifie les facteurs qui déterminent la réception de transferts de fonds de migrants en Albanie, afin de fournir des informations quant à leur impact sur le niveau de vie des ménages. Si un cinquième de la population albanaise a quitté le pays depuis 1989, les transferts de fonds ont réprésente durant cette même période jusqu'à 20% du Produit National Brut (PNB) et, en terme de valeur médiane, 44% du revenu ménager des bénéficiaires. Comme le montrent les résultats d'une régression logistique appliquée sur les données d'une enquête (Albania living Standard measurement survey), effectuée en 2002, cet apport financier se concentre dans les régions économiquement développées drainant les flux de migration interne, à savoir la région cˆtiére. Or, les transferts de fonds bénéficient le plus aux couches inférieures de l'échelle sociale régionale. En effet, les ménages bénéficiaires sont caractérisés par un handicap tant économique que social. Les transferts de fonds en Albanie semblent donc renforcer les disparités de richesses entre les régions, mais jouent un rôle actif dans la réduction des inégalités inter-familiales de revenu dans les espaces centraux et atténuent la pauvreté.
7
Maheu, Robert. "Les transferts linguistiques au Québec entre 1975 et 1977." Cahiers québécois de démographie 7, no. 3 (January 7, 2009): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/600772ar.
Анотація:
RÉSUMÉ Le nouveau formulaire de déclaration de naissance en usage au Québec depuis juin 1975 comporte des questions sur la langue maternelle du père et de la mère ainsi que sur la principale langue d’usage à la maison de la mère. On dispose donc d’une source de renseignements sur les transferts linguistiques entre les recensements décennaux. Les données des années 1975 à 1977 révèlent une situation assez semblable à celle observée au recensement de 1971. Des liens importants sont établis entre les transferts linguistiques et l’exogamie linguistique. Le comportement de divers sous-ensembles de la population est passé en revue.
8
Blancquaert, Arnaud, Nicholas-James Clavet, Jean-Yves Duclos, Bernard Fortin, and Steeve Marchand. "TAUX MARGINAUX EFFECTIFS D’IMPOSITION : UNE COMPARAISON QUÉBEC-ONTARIO." Articles 93, no. 4 (April 8, 2019): 531–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058593ar.
Анотація:
Cet article présente un portrait pour 2014 des taux marginaux effectifs d’imposition (TMEI) sur le revenu de travail et des taux d’imposition à la participation (PTR) au marché de l’emploi au Québec et en Ontario. L’objectif est de mieux comprendre et de comparer l’impact de la fiscalité et des transferts sociaux sur les incitations au travail dans ces deux provinces. Le système québécois, relativement à celui de l’Ontario, engendre des TMEI et des PTR élevés attribuables à la réduction rapide des transferts avec le revenu de travail ainsi qu’à une plus grande générosité des transferts pour les familles. Les TMEI québécois sont particulièrement élevés et variables entre 0 et 50 000 $. Le TMEI des familles biparentales aux revenus d’environ 20 000 $ dépasse même les 125 %; 40 % de ces familles biparentales font face à un TMEI qui dépasse 50 %. La moyenne des PTR dans l’ensemble de la population est de 41 %. Toutefois, pour les individus de 65 ans et plus ayant des revenus faibles, le système québécois engendre des TMEI et des PTR significativement inférieurs à ceux qui découlent du système ontarien.
9
Ravalet, Philippe, and Didier Blanchet. "Transferts, salaire minimum et services de proximité : une maquette théorique." Revue économique 46, no. 3 (May 1, 1995): 573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reco.p1995.46n3.0573.
Анотація:
Résumé Cet article propose un modèle décrivant l'ajustement entre offre et demande de services de proximité dans un contexte qui tient compte de l'hétérogénéité de la population et des possibilités de substitution entre services et autoproduction domestique. On analyse la façon dont cet ajustement est modifié par le système de transferts, par l'existence d'un salaire minimum et par d'éventuelles subventions à cette catégorie d'emplois. Ces conséquences sont examinées à la fois du point de vue du volume global des emplois de proximité, de leur rémunération finale, et de la répartition des revenus ou du bien-être dans l'ensemble de la population.
10
Kobayashi, Karen. "Vern L. Bengtson and Ariela Lowenstein (Eds.). Global Aging and Challenges to Families. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, 2003." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 23, no. 4 (2004): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cja.2005.0023.
Анотація:
RÉSUMÉCette collection éditée contient les essais d'auteurs de neuf pays qui analysent les retombées du vieillissement de la population sur les familles aux niveaux individuel, collectif et socio-structurel. Fondés sur la notion de perspectives du tracé de vie et de la modernisation, les thèmes clés comprennent, notamment : 1) l'importance continué de la solidarité familiale et intergénérationnelle dans la vie des personnes âgées; 2) l'incidence de la longévité croissante des aînés sur la prise en charge par les familles; 3) la diversité et la complexité croissantes des relations familiales, et leur incidence sur les transferts et le soutien intergénérationnels; 4) les rapports entre attentes et attitudes et transferts et soutien intergénérationnels; et 5) les liens d'interdépendance entre la solidarité publique (d'État) et privée (la famille). L'ouvrage, qui réunit les perspectives diverses d'un groupe de chercheurs internationaux spécialisés dans le trajet de vie et le vieillissement, permet d'amorcer un débat mondial sur des sujets émergents, tels que le rôle du capital social dans la création de réseaux sociaux pour les personnes âgées prises en charge par leur famille, et l'importance de la nature et du sens des transferts privés sur la solidarité intergénérationnelle et le bien-être des familles.
Дисертації з теми "Transferts forcés de population":
1
Parisi, Chiara. "Déplacements forcés de population et droit international." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ0033.
Анотація:
Les déplacements forcés de population constituent un phénomène ancestral, qui a traversé les siècles et les espaces géographiques. Le droit international l'a appréhendé de manière progressive, notamment à partir de la création et du développement des mécanismes de justice pénale internationale. Les causes de déplacements forcés de population sont multiples, et en évolution constante. Parmi celles-ci figurent les conflits armés, les violations systématiques des droits de l'homme, les catastrophes naturelles et d'origine humaine, les effets des changements climatiques, ainsi que les grands travaux de développement. En fonction de ce classement, les règles et normes pertinentes se développent au sein des différents régimes spécialisés, ce qui a contribué à une intégration très fragmentée des déplacements forcés au sein du droit international. Cela a également conduit à un niveau de développement très diversifié, parfois véritablement déséquilibré entre les différents régimes spécialisés. Des cadres juridiques denses ont été adoptés pour les déplacements forcés de population en contexte de conflits armés et de violations de droits de l'homme, même si des insuffisances persistent ; cependant, en matière de déplacements causés par les changements climatiques et catastrophes environnementales, le constat de véritables lacunes s'impose. Cette thèse vise à analyser les obligations que le droit international fait peser sur les États et les acteurs qui peuvent être à l'origine des déplacements forcés, et se pose l'objectif d'établir une étude complète et globale de l'intégration des déplacements forcés de population dans le droit international. Pour ce faire, l'analyse des règles applicables procède de deux approches différentes, d'abord par l'étude des normes de prévention des déplacements forcés et, ensuite, par l'approfondissement des mécanismes d'engagement de la responsabilité individuelle et internationale, pour leur violationForced displacement constitutes an ancestral phenomenon, which has spanned centuries and geographical spaces. International law has incorporated it progressively, notably from the creation and development of international criminal justice mechanisms. The causes of forced population displacements are multiple and constantly evolving. These include armed conflicts, systematic violations of human rights, natural and man-made disasters, the effects of climate change, as well as major development projects. Depending on this classification, relevant rules and standards develop within the different specialized regimes, thus contributing to a very fragmented integration of forced displacement into international law. This has also led to a very diverse level of development, sometimes truly unbalanced between the different specialized regimes. Rather comprehensive legal frameworks have been adopted for forced population displacements in the context of armed conflicts and human rights violations, even if inadequacies persist; however, when it comes to displacements caused by climate change and environmental disasters, there are real gaps. This thesis aims to analyze the obligations imposed by international law on States and actors who may be at the origin of forced displacements, and aims to establish a complete and global study of the integration of forced displacement into international law. To this end, the analysis of the applicable rules proceeds from two different approaches, first by the study of the standards for preventing forced displacements and, secondly, by deepening the mechanisms for initiating individual and international responsibility in case of violation
2
Moreno, Durán Álvaro. "Les déplacements forcés de population colombiennes et leurs effets à la frontière équatorienne." Paris 8, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA082509.
Анотація:
En étudiant les déplacements de populations colombiennes et leurs effets à la frontière équatorienne cette thèse analyse à la fois l'intensification des déplacements transfrontaliers suite aux politiques nationales dérivées du “Nouvel Ordre Mondial”. Et la manière dont les populations colombiennes regroupées dans une bourgade équatorienne s'engagent dans des stratégies de survie qui les conduisent à restructurer leurs stratégies identitaires, individuelles et collectives, sur base d'auto- reconnaissance, de reconnaissance de l'autre et d'identification des éléments de l'habitus primaireThe study´s time frame is 2002-3. How does the phenomenon of the forced transborder displacement of Colombian people to Sucumbíos (Ecuador) manifest itself? What is the social, economic and political impact among the displaced as well as the local (Ecuadorian) population? Are there basic elements of collective identity that influence its restructuring among the displaced and their livelihood strategies in the new milieu? The research uses two theoretical strands: one regarding international relations and the wider political arena; and sociological perspective focussing on livelihood patterns and a qualitative fieldwork method of observation, classification, comparison and analysis, selecting primary written sources and field interviews to collect fragments of life histories. The thesis concludes that: (a) the increase of the forced displacement phenomenon across the border is directly influenced by government policies derived from international plans in the context of the New World Order, and (b) the displaced are able to re-structure their collective identity in the new mileu on the basis of their strategy of self-recognition and recognition of the other, both expressed in social practices, with reference to their life paths and identifying the elements of the primary habitus
3
Thibault, Christel. "Conflits, refuges et enjeux frontaliers : les déplacements forcés de la population du Cambodge, 1970-2000." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040225.
Анотація:
Les crises politico-militaires qui ont affecté le Cambodge depuis 1970 ont provoqué des déplacements de population de très grande ampleur. Des centaines de milliers de Cambodgiens furent ainsi contraints de se déplacer à l'intérieur du pays ou de chercher refuge, durant près de quinze ans, dans des camps dressés le long de la frontière khmero-thaïlandaise. Sous l'égide des nations unies, la mise en place d'une opération de maintien de la paix a finalement permis le retour au pays et la redistribution de l'ensemble des réfugiés, des personnes déplacées et des déplacés internes au sein de l'espace cambodgien. Mais leur réintégration socio-spatiale fut entravée par la persistance de l'instabilité politique interne, la guerilla khmere rouge et l'extension des champs de minesSince 1970, politico-militaries crisis in Cambodia caused a large scale forced migrations. Therefore several hundred thousands Cambodians were forced to move inside their country or to reach the refugee camps settled along the khmero-thaï border during about 15 years. The peace-keeping operation lead in Cambodia by the United Nations (Untac) finally enabled the refugees, the displaced persons and the internally displaced persons (IDPs) to go back home. But the long lasting internal political troubles, khmer rouge guerilla and the large spread of mine fields have been a major hindrance against the resettlement and the social reintegration of the whole displaced population of Cambodia
4
Londoño, Catalina. "Les Nouvelles formes de violence urbaine en Colombie : les déplacements forcés à Medellín et Barrancabermeja." Paris 12, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA123012.
Анотація:
Le déplacement de population par la violence en Colombie est un phénomène de longue date qui n’a attiré l’attention de l’État qu’à partir des années 1990. Cependant, il existe dans l’opinion publique colombienne cette idée que les villes sont éloignées des actions des protagonistes armés d’envergure nationale et que les combats se déroulent exclusivement dans les zones rurales. Toutefois, la dynamique actuelle du conflit interne nous appelle à l’étude du déplacement à l’intérieur de la ville. La présence de groupes armés illégaux dans des secteurs urbains, leurs relations de coopération et d’antagonisme avec différents groupes de la délinquance ainsi que les affrontements avec la Force Publique, ont produit des déplacements forcés de population entre les différents quartiers d'une même ville. Nous nous sommes proposés de décrire et d’analyser le déplacement intra-urbain comme une nouvelle forme de violence urbaine, conséquence directe du conflit armé interne. Nous etudions le cas des villes de Medellín et BarrancabermejaForced displacement is an issue which has affected Colombia for a long time, but which only drew the attention of the State in the 1990's. Although Colombian public opinion considers that cities are secluded from the actions of armed groups, both official and unofficial, and that combats between said groups belong exclusively to rural areas, the current dynamic of the conflict calls for us to study forced displacement inside urban areas. The presence of armed illegal groups in urban areas, their cooperation and clashes with several delinquency groups and their confrontations with the National Army and Police have produced the involuntary displacement of people within diverse districts of a same city. Taking into account the above, our research proposal is to describe and analyze intra-urban displacement as a new form of urban violence, a direct consequence of internal conflict. We have as case studies the cities of Medellín and Barrancabermeja
5
Blot, Julie. "Les déguerpissements à Phnom Penh (Cambodge). Déplacements forcés et relocalisation contrainte des citadins pauvres." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040204.
Анотація:
Au Cambodge depuis le début des années 2000, la forte croissance économique et la stabilisation de la vie politique, après des décennies de guerre, encouragent une importante spéculation immobilière dans la capitale, Phnom Penh. Les bidonvilles sont particulièrement visés par ces investissements privés, ainsi que par des projets d’aménagements publics. L’insécurité foncière qui caractérise ces quartiers informels permet aux autorités de libérer ces terrains par la force. Les déguerpissements de bidonvillois se multiplient et aboutissent à la création de « sites de relocalisation » sur lesquels des parcelles sont distribuées aux déplacés. Hors-la-ville, dans un cadre rural et isolé, ces sites de relocalisation sont une forme de reterritorialisation subie pour les déguerpis qui s’y installent, tandis qu’une partie d’entre eux retournent se reloger en centre-ville. La municipalité et le gouvernement cambodgien présentent ces déguerpissements comme un processus positif permettant de régulariser la situation des plus démunis dans de meilleures conditions de sécurité et d’hygiène. A l’inverse, les anciens bidonvillois estiment qu’ils ont été « jetés au milieu des rizières » sans ressource, sans logement, sans infrastructures. Le déplacement sous contrainte de citadins pauvres représente un choix de société résolument tournée vers le capitalisme et la compétitivité, aboutissant à une nouvelle forme de ségrégation socio-spatiale. La relocalisation apparaît plus comme un moyen d’éloigner les bidonvillois et de s’accaparer les terres qu’ils occupaient au profit d’une élite économique proche du pouvoir, plutôt que comme une façon de régler le problème des bidonvillesIn Cambodia, since the 2000’s, strong economic growth and political stability stimulate an increasing speculation on urban lands in the capital, Phnom Penh. Slum areas are the targets of privet housing projects as well as public policies of beautification. The informal tenure of theirs lands makes slums dwellers particularly exposed to forced evictions, implemented to clean up the ground and to relocate them outside the city center. Resettlement sites are created to accommodate the involuntarily displaced people from the city to the fare and rural suburban areas. Part of these evicted people intends to resettle there, while others decide to seek for a new location back in the city. Both the Municipality and the Cambodian government present those forced relocations as a positive process to solve the informal settlements issue, and to offer more decent life conditions to the urban poor. Relocated people on the contrary, consider that they have been “thrown out in the middle of the rice fields” without any job opportunity, housing solution, or infrastructure. The “right to the city” is denied to the poorest. Forced evictions of the urban poor come within a social choice that encourages capitalism and urban competitiveness. One of the main consequences of this phenomenon is an increasing social and spatial segregation. Relocations appear as a mean to barely banish the slum dwellers from the city in order to grab the land they occupied, rather than to solve the informal settlements issue
6
Leturcq, Guillaume. "Migrations forcées dans le sud du Brésil : les atingidos." Le Mans, 2010. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2010/2010LEMA3004.pdf.
Анотація:
La construction et l’installation d’un grand barrage hydroélectrique perturbent profondément les sociétés rurales, notamment dans le Sud du Brésil au tournant du siècle. Les atingidos, les familles victimes des barrages du fleuve Uruguay se caractérisent par une population historique (indiens et caboclos) métissée par une colonisation européenne tardive datant d’environ 150 ans. Les populations atingidas doivent se réapproprier un espace de vie et dans ce sens, la thèse étudie les relations entre espaces et sociétés. Les processus d’éviction et d’indemnisation et les mécanismes migratoires placent les familles dans des situations de vulnérabilité lorsqu’elles doivent d’adapter à de nouveaux territoires, où les interrelations sociales sont à reconstruire. Face à ces évolutions, les inégalités sociales sont mises en évidence et expliquent en partie les processus d’installation, manifestés sous trois formes : l'adaptation au nouveau cadre rural et communautaire ; l'insertion dans la nouvelle structure administrative et à ses aménagements ; et le maintien de liens avec l'ancien lieu de vieIn the context of economic growth and new environmental preoccupations Brazil is faced with, the electricity produced by dams is a key element. The dams of the factories disturb the environment and the rural societies that live nearby. Indeed, these dams are responsible for the migrations of their victims (atingidos) and also modify the space these communities live in. Atingidas families leave this space to settle in a new one, with the modifications – social, cultural, economic, and so on – that this implies. Three aspects are fundamental to better understand the migration of these families: the adaptation to the new rural and communal space, the new adminitrative structure, and the ongoing ties with the former space of life
A eletricidade, produzida pelas usinas hidrelétricas, é um elemento relevante para o Brasil, dentro de um contexto de crescimento econômico e de novas preocupações ambientais. As barragens das usinas perturbam o meio-ambiente e as sociedades rurais próximas. Forçam os atingidos à migrarem e à modificarem seus espaços de vida. As famílias atingidas deixam esses espaços para habitar um outro, com todas as modificações (sociais, culturais, econômicas, etc) que isto implica. A adaptação ao novo quadro rural e comunitário, a inserção à nova estrutura administrativa e a manutenção de laços com o antigo lugar de vida são três aspectos fundamentais para compreender o deslocamento dos atingidos
7
Londoño, Catalina Valladares Licia. "Les Nouvelles formes de violence urbaine en Colombie les déplacements forcés à Medellín et Barrancabermeja /." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2007. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0405148.pdf.
8
Gomez, Lucas Sebastián. "Le déplacement forcé des populations par la violence en Colombie : émergence, réinscription et transformations d'un problème public." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0061.
Анотація:
Le conflit armé, qui ravage la Colombie depuis plus de 50 ans, a provoqué des conséquences néfastes pour le développement économique, politique et social du pays. Parmi les effets les plus dramatiques se trouve l’expulsion, par des acteurs armés, des populations civiles de leurs lieux d’origine. Pourtant, malgré le fait que ce phénomène a été présent depuis les origines du conflit il n’a pas été pris en charge par les autorités publiques qu’à partir du début des années 1990. Cette thèse cherche donc à élucider la trajectoire du déplacement forcé, depuis son basculement en problème public jusqu’aux transformations récentes de la politique publique d’assistance intégrale aux populations déplacées. Notre analyse du déplacement forcé, est alors fortement marquée par l’étude du développement et des évolutions du conflit armé interne colombien, ainsi que par le repérage des liens entre les différents acteurs qui se sont mobilisé autour de cette nouvelle catégorie d’intervention, provoquant, en fin de compte, un cycle d’émergence, mise en œuvre, réinscription et transformation de la politique publique. Le déplacement forcé est alors un objet de recherche construit par nos soins pour permettre l’analyse d’un policy cycle à l’aide d’outils, des méthodes et des concepts au sein de la sociologie de l’action publiqueThe construction of social problems depends on mobilization and claim of social, internationals and institutional actors. At the end of the eighties and the beginning of the nineties the internal displacement starts to be regarded as an international problem for UN. The influence of several non-governmental organizations and the discussions inside of UN system was concluding by the creation of a Representative of the Secretary-General on internal displaced persons in 1992. For the Colombian case, at the same time, we could identify an IDP agenda-building process leader by nationals NGO, the Catholic Church and the influence of international community. However, it will be the country-visit of the Representative of Secretary General in 1994 which finally open de policy window for policy making. Currently, the Colombian legislation is one of the most important and completes public policy for IDPs in the world. The legal act established by the law 387 of 1997 – which defines the IDPs – the decisions of the constitutional Court – looking to reinforce the IDPs rights – and the hundreds of administrative acts to assisting IDPs, gives to this populations a legal framework for support in the middle of the conflict. We will show how the Colombian IDP´s public policy was created in a particular policy window, where the international context and the inside process of political decision making let born de necessity of a legal framework for IDPs assistance. Then we will present the consequences of these trying to do a tentative of evaluation 15 years after the agenda-building process
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Broni, Fulgence Axel. "L'approche conceptuelle du déplacement forcé de population en Afrique subsaharienne à la lumière du droit international." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT3002.
Анотація:
Le droit international semble appréhender la question du déplacement forcé de population en Afrique à travers deux approches conceptuelles. La première qui se situe dans le contexte de la Guerre froide, est qualifiée de réactive dans la mesure où elle se borne à cerner le problème qu'en termes d'exil et de protection internationale des réfugiés. En tant que tel, ce régime traditionnel de protection internationale des réfugiés ne permet pas de cerner toute la problématique du déplacement forcé en Afrique. Face à ces limites, et sous la poussée d'un faisceau de facteurs favorisée par la fin de la Guerre froide, la nécessité d'une réévaluation en profondeur de l'approche traditionnelle du déplacement forcé de population en Afrique s'impose aujourd'hui. L'étude vise donc à examiner cette évolution au sein du droit international public. Si la nouvelle approche de la problématique du déplacement forcé en Afrique se veut désormais proactive et axée sur la prévention, celle-ci recèle pour autant des contradictions sécuritaires évidentes dans la pratique internationale. Ce basculement de la question du déplacement forcé sur le champ mouvant de la sécurité suscite des interrogations quant à sa mise en œuvre par la pratique internationale, d'autant plus qu'elle a tendance à privilégier des stratégies d'endiguement de populations vulnérables à l'intérieur de leur pays plutôt que de favoriser leur protection in situ. Pour parer à ce risque de dérive sécuritaire, seule l'adoption d'une démarche axée dans une perspective de sécurité humaine dénuée de toute préoccupation de considérations stratégiques, pourrait constituer une réponse efficace au fléau du déplacement forcé en AfriqueThe international law seems to deal with the issue of forced displacement in Africa through two conceptual approaches. The first which stems from the Cold War is deemed reactive since the issue of forced displacement is limited to exile and international protection of refugees. This traditional system of the refugees' international protection does not allow a full understanding of forced displacement in Africa as such. In light of these shortcomings, and following a growing series of factors fostered by the end of the Cold War, the need for a thorough reassessment of the traditional approach of forced displacement in Africa is becoming an essential issue today. The new paradigm is now proactive and focused on prevention. The research therefore aims to examine this evolution in regards to international public law. Although this new approach to the issue of forced displacement in Africa is proactive, it contains some obvious contradictions in terms of security from an international law practice point of view. The shift of the issue of forced displacement to the matter of security raises concerns about its implementation by international law practice, especially as it tends to favor containment strategies of vulnerable populations within their country rather than promoting their protection in situ. In order to face the risk of a security shortfall, the solution should rely on a human security driven approach regardless of any strategic preoccupation. This attitude could form an efficient answer to the plague of forced displacement in Africa
10
Gün, Zübeyit. "Migration forcée, santé mentale, traumatisme et acculturation : une étude comparative." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05H109.
Анотація:
Dans cette recherche, nous avons étudié la santé mentale générale, le niveau d'état de stress post-traumatique et le processus d'acculturation d'une population - victime de la migration forcée - du fait du conflit interne qui, à partir de 1990, s'est déclenché dans le sud-est de la Turquie - qui a migré, dans trois contextes différents (Paris, Izmir, Diyarbakir). Notre échantillon est composé de 94 participants au total dont 32 à Paris, 32 à Izmir et 30 à Diyarbakir. Nous avons croisé, à des fins de complémentarité, des méthodes qualitatives (l'entretien clinique à visée de recherche) et quantitatives (les échelles). Les résultats de la recherche, montrent que la santé mentale générale des migrants forcés est très négativement influencée par le processus de la migration, et que même, de nombreuses années après, une grande partie de la population manifeste encore, des symptômes d'état de stress post-traumatique. Ils montrent aussi, que selon le contexte migratoire, l'état de santé mentale des migrants forcés, suit un cours très différentIn this research, we investigated mental health, level of posttraumatic stress disorder and acculturation process of a population - victims of forced migration - because of internal conflict, after 1990, broke out in south-eastern Turkey - which has migrated in three different contexts (Paris, Izmir, Diyarbakir). Our sample consists of 94 participants in total including 32 in Paris, 32 in Izmir and 30 in Diyarbakir. We crossed, for complementary, qualitative methods (clinical interview referred to research) and quantitative (scales). The research results show that mental health of forced migrants is negatively influenced by the process of migration, and that even many years after, much of the population still manifests the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. According to the migration context of arrival, the mental health status of forced migrants follows a course very different
Книги з теми "Transferts forcés de population":
1
Bancoult, Olivier. Les Chagossiens: 49 ans d'exil forcé. [ Réunion?]: LAVAL Èditions, 2022.
2
Klein-Gousseff, Catherine. Echanger les peuples: Le deplacement des minorites aux confins polono-sovietiques, 1944-1947. [Paris]: Fayard, 2015.
3
Bookman, Milica Zarkovic. The demographic struggle for power: The political economy of demographic engineering in the modern world. London: Frank Cass, 1997.
4
(Colombo, Sri Lanka) Centre for Human Rights and Development. Enforced disappearance in Sri Lanka: Lessons from CHRD's advocacy. Colombo: Centre for Human Rights and Development, 2015.
5
Bell, Andrew. Ethnic cleansing. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.
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Bell, Andrew. Ethnic cleansing. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.
7
Olokesusi, Femi. Impact of forced population relocation on informal sector entrepreneurs: Lagos Island as case study. Ibadan: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER), 1999.
8
Wylegała, Anna. Przesiedlenia a pamięć: Studium (nie)pamięci społecznej na przykładzie ukraińskiej Galicji i polskich "Ziem Odzyskanych" = Displacement and memory : the study of (lack of) collective memory on the basis of the Ukrainian Galicia and the Polish "Recovered Territories". Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, 2014.
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Grigoriantz, Alexandre. Les damnés de la Russie: Le déplacement de populations comme méthode de gouvernement. Chêne-Bourg: Georg, 2002.
10
Strobel, Thomas. Das Thema Vertreibung und die deutsch-polnischen Beziehungen in Forschung, Unterricht und Politik. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchh., 2008.
Частини книг з теми "Transferts forcés de population":
1
FELD, Serge. "Transferts des migrants et développement." In Population et questions de développement, 201–29. ISTE Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51926/iste.9051.ch8.
Анотація:
Sont d’abord présentés les volumes et les tendances des mouvements de fonds au niveau mondial depuis 1990 en identifiant les principaux pays recevant les transferts. Le chapitre passe ensuite du niveau macro-économique au niveau micro économique des ménages restés dans les pays d’origine qui reçoivent des transferts des migrants travaillant à l’étranger et quantifie les conséquences sur leur niveau de vie.
2
"SEVEN. Forced Population Transfers and the Banishment of Undesirables." In Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571-1640, 212–39. New York University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814743744.003.0011.
3
Douglas, R. M. "Reintegrating Veterans and Demobilizing Populations." In The Oxford Handbook of World War II, 580–99. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199341795.013.25.
Анотація:
Abstract The process of reversing wartime mobilization efforts and returning uprooted civilian populations home was always going to be fraught with difficulty. The victorious Allies made it considerably more so by the decisions they took in the immediate postwar years. Learning lessons from the Great War, they did surmount the challenge of demobilization with reasonable success. Their choice in 1945 to replace one prisoner-of-war population with another, however, was ill-advised. Retaining Axis POWs behind barbed wire prolonged the disruption caused by the war and undermined the ideals for which it had been fought. A still more destructive initiative was the postwar experiment in mass population transfers in central Europe even as the Allies struggled to repatriate the victims of the Nazis’ vicious precedent in this regard—the so-called “displaced persons.” Forced postwar migrations gave rise to an immense man-made refugee crisis whose damaging effects remain visible to the present day.
4
"Repressive Population Transfers in Central, Eastern and South-eastern Europe: A Historical Overview." In Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939-1950, 9–35. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315038681-5.
5
Paiva, Luis Henrique, Tereza Cristina Cotta, and Armando Barrientos. "Brazil’s Bolsa Família Programme." In Great Policy Successes, 21–41. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843719.003.0002.
Анотація:
The first experiences with conditional cash transfers (CCTs) took place in the mid-1990s in Brazil, at the local level. They were later adopted at the national level in Mexico (in 1997, with the Prospera programme), in Brazil (by 2001, with several CCTs), as well as in other Latin American countries. In 2003, the Bolsa Família programme unified previous national CCTs and massively expanded their number of beneficiaries. It managed to reach almost a quarter of the Brazilian population and became the most progressive cash transfer made by the state. Over time, numerous evaluations measured the programme’s impacts on the reduction of poverty and inequality and the improvement of education and health indicators. Domestically, these impacts, together with strong support by researchers and multilateral organizations, eventually translated this ‘good policy’ (quality design and implementation) into ‘good politics’ (political support from beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries alike, and public commitment to the programme’s maintenance by all relevant political forces). The Bolsa Família ‘model’ is now adopted in sixty-seven different countries according to the World Bank in 2017.
6
Uddin, Ala. "The Transforming Role of Education in a Post-Conflict Region in Southeastern Bangladesh." In Indigenous Studies, 295–310. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0423-9.ch016.
Анотація:
This paper attempts to provide an insight into the transforming role of education in peace-building in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT). The region has been witnessed ethnic conflict since the mid-1970s. However, the situation intensified with the government sponsored population transfer program (1979 onward), which not only changed the demographic profile, it forcibly displaced many indigenous people—who less than two decades earlier had already been displaced by the Kaptai hydroelectric project (in 1960s). Consequently, the indigenous people who were already in duress because of land scarcity caused by the dam and transmigration faced further survival problem in competition with the Bengali settlers. In this situation, the indigenous people resisted the influx of the Bengali settlers in the hills. In response to the resistance, the Bangladesh government deployed a huge number of military and other armed forces to foil the “insurgency”. In consequence, many incidents of massacre, attack and reprisal attack, killing, sexual violence, etc. took place, often committed by the armed forces and Bengali settlers. However, a couple of initiatives led to a long-awaited agreement in 1997, which formally ended the two and half-decade-long bloody conflict in the hills. Even though 17 years have elapsed since the signing of the Accord, the region is neither a peaceful nor a secured region to its people. Under the circumstances, this paper proposes education can transform the communities toward peaceful coexistence. Addressing the sensitive issues education can contribute to reconstruct and social renewal in the aftermath of violent conflict. Based on empirical findings, also consulted with secondary sources, the paper posits, merely education is not the solution of the long-standing conflict; however, it has significant role to play in peace-building in the post-conflict and conflict-affected societies, like the CHT.
7
Balachandran Orihuela, Sharada. "Unsettling Subjects." In Fugitives, Smugglers, and Thieves, 109–35. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640921.003.0005.
Анотація:
Though the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ostensibly extended American citizenship to the Mexican landed class at the conclusion of the Mexican American War and ensured their property rights despite the transfer of land to the U.S., they were nonetheless stripped of formal claims to their property and forced to enter into lengthy and costly legal battles to regain possession of these ranches. Hidalgos had to compete with Anglo agricultural settlers (or squatters), as well as with the railroad barons looking to expand railways in the newly annexed territories. Women are able to best navigate the unstable political economy of the borderlands through the act of squatting, understood broadly to mean the settlement of “unoccupied” land. Read alongside the significant historical events including various land laws and pre-emption acts of the mid-nineteenth century, hidalgo women perform forms of ownership that upend the racialized and gendered logics of citizenship, and the intimate ties between property and rights. The Squatter and the Don recasts the “problem” of Mexican land occupation as U.S. anxiety over territorial expansion and colonization made more complex by the presence of differently racialized populations along the borderlands.
8
Rudorfer, Veronika. "Seeing the Void?" In W.G. Sebald’s Artistic Legacies. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463729758_ch04.
Анотація:
In this essay I analyze contemporary artistic practices that visualize “Arisierungen” (“aryanizations”)—a term coined by the National Socialists for the forced transfer of property from the Jewish population in Germany, Austria, and German-occupied Europe to Nazi owners. How can this robbery, the destruction of contexts as well as restitution be visualized in art? Which interdisciplinary forms of medialization are found for the absence of these stolen objects and their relationships to their former owners? How are these non-human entities witnesses of trauma? These questions are relevant today in light of the decreasing number of human witnesses to the holocaust, and the subsequent transformation of communicative memory into cultural memory (Jan Assmann) that necessitates new forms of memory. Discourses on legitimate forms of visual representation of Nazi crimes and art after Auschwitz (Theodor W. Adorno) raise questions also addressed in the critique of W.G. Sebald’s work, and relevant to my interdisciplinary analysis of artistic practices dealing with “Arisierungen” that pulls on memory, history/historicity, and void/absence in the work of Anna Artaker, Maria Eichhorn and Arno Gisinger. I also concentrate on the relationship between institutions and artists, asking: Do artists work on behalf of institutions to research institutional history, or are artists’ projects independently executed? How can these works be contextualized in terms of (post-)conceptual art and institutional critique? Do they employ an archival aesthetic, one also used by Sebald? And finally, how is language relevant in these artistic practices?
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Transferts forcés de population":
1
Chakraborty, Subhadeep, and Amarendra K. Sarma. "Coherent population transfer and optical dipole force by chirped Gaussian femtosecond pulses in four level 87Rb." In LIGHT AND ITS INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4898295.
2
Mass, Paige N., Rohan N. Kumthekar, Charles I. Berul, and Justin D. Opfermann. "A Novel Tool for Improved Control and Maneuverability in Pediatric Cardiac Catheter Ablation Procedures." In 2020 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2020-9039.
Анотація:
Abstract Cardiac ablation catheters commonly used for the diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias are small in diameter and require extensive finger grip and dexterity for safe maneuverability during procedures. This is especially important in the pediatric population where the cardiac structures are smaller and potentially more variable as a result of congenital anatomic anomalies. We developed a novel catheter grip accessory tool for improved control and maneuverability of cardiac ablation catheters. Mechanical testing of the tool demonstrated it could grip the catheter with an average force of 0.031 kN and transfer an average torque of 0.0392 N-m before slipping, both well above forces experienced in normal clinical use. During tensile testing, the tool fractured at an average force of 0.554 kN. At the point of failure, testing found that the electrical conduction and resistance of the catheter remained unchanged. In simulated use testing, the tool was able to translate torque more accurately to the catheter tip compared to manual manipulation of the catheter. This novel tool has the potential to reduce physician muscle exertion in ablation procedures and increase the safety profile when manipulating catheters within the heart.
3
Cassidy, Liam, and Nordica MacCarty. "A Computational Study of a Biomass Cookstove With Forced Secondary Air Injection." In ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2020-20166.
Анотація:
Abstract The use of solid biomass as a primary energy source for cooking is common to nearly half of the world’s population. Household air pollution as a byproduct of biomass combustion creates powerful negative health impacts related to air quality and a strong influence on our global radiative balance. Despite efforts to improve biomass-fueled cooking technology, many current designs still fail to meet WHO guidelines for air quality and consume excessive fuel. One promising method to improve in both of these areas is through introduction of forced primary or secondary air to the combustion process to increase turbulence, mixing, and velocity. Incorporating computational fluid dynamics to the design process for this forced draft air flow can provide insights into the complex and interconnected thermophysical relationships which, otherwise, would require extensive experimentation. The objective of this work is to provide a preliminary computational fluid dynamics study of a secondary air forced draft biomass cookstove. Thermal efficiency and emissions concentrations are investigated relative to various combinations of secondary air flow rates and injection angles. The results from the case study suggest that thermal efficiency of the cookstove is a function of secondary air injection angle, with optimal angle being a function of the specific air-fuel ratio. Additionally, a design trade-off is evident when comparing the pollutant concentration data and thermal efficiency data. Lastly, analysis of the computational results suggests that large pressure gradients about secondary air vortices in the combustion chamber lead to improved thermal efficiency and more complete combustion. The continued development of this work into an open-source computational fluid dynamics tool is underway.
4
Henderson, Jonathan T., Garrett Shannon, Alexander I. Veress, and Corey P. Neu. "Newly Synthesized RNA and Intranuclear Strain Measurements in Living Cells Maintained Within Native Tissue." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14202.
Анотація:
The nucleus is a regulation center for cellular gene expression 1. Mechanical forces transfer to the nucleus directly and indirectly through cellular cytoskeletal structures and pathways 2, 3. The transmitted strains often cause nuclear deformation which is thought to trigger mechanosensitive gene expression within the nucleus 4. Protein dynamics inside the nucleus are additionally important for maintaining the nuclear structure and in facilitating gene expression at the transcription level 5. Probing spatiotemporal relationships between mechanical forces and localized gene expression (i.e. biophysical and biochemical factors) in the nuclei of cells is important in order to clarify variability observed in large and heterogeneous cell populations within complex tissues. This requires the development of innovative methods for intranuclear strain measurements of cells in situ, and the further capability to quantify associated biochemical responses. This abstract describes a method combining the simultaneous measurement of newly synthesized RNA with spatiotemporal intranuclear strain mapping in single cells embedded in native tissue.
5
McGrain, David, Gerald M. Angle, Jay P. Wilhelm, Emily D. Pertl, and James E. Smith. "Circulation Control Applied to Wind Turbines." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90076.
Анотація:
The recent rise in fuel costs and global warming concerns have re-invigorated the search for alternative energy sources. Harnessing energy from the wind is a logical alternative; however the cost and efficiency of current wind turbines is a limiting factor. The use of an augmented Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) may become the superior choice to the more common Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs) that are usually associated with the harvesting of wind energy. HAWTs operate on the same principles as large airplane propellers, while VAWTs operate on lift and/or drag principles like an airplane wing or a sail on a boat. VAWTs are currently being investigated for use with circulation control to increase their potential power output. In this paper, two topics will be presented, a comparison between VAWTs and HAWTs for rotor diameter versus key turbine aspects and the impact of VAWTs on environmental concerns, such as bat and bird populations. The Center for Industrial Research Applications (CIRA) at West Virginia University (WVU) is currently developing a concept utilizing circulation control to increase the lift to drag ratio, maximizing the beneficial forces on the VAWT blade, allowing for improved wind energy production. For the comparison between VAWTs and HAWTs, there are currently 14 companies with a total of 34 wind turbines variations representing VAWTs and 11 companies with a total of 40 wind turbines representing HAWTs. Trend studies of VAWT and HAWT diameters to cut-in-speed, rated velocity, max velocity, power output (<100 kW), and power output (≥100 kW) were created to show the potential of VAWTs. A growing concern with wind energy is the impact on bat and bird populations. It is currently believed that VAWTs reduce the impact of wind energy by altering the interaction with the wind. If these benefits can be proven, then not only are VAWTs potentially more economical, but even more eco-friendly.
6
Niringiyimana, Egide, and Celestin Nkundineza. "Effect of Train Energy Consumption on the Wear of Railroad Catenary Contact Conductor." In ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2021-62881.
Анотація:
Abstract With current rise of climate change worldwide, transport industry contributes up to 21% of the world’s total Green House Gases (GHG). In addition to that developing cities are facing great changes in urbanization, population growth and environmental concerns. In these instances, railway transportation is a top contender on land transport mode to achieve sustainable mobility in fast growing cities. For railway operation, apart from wheel-rail contact, the catenary system has a very high initial investment cost as well as associated maintenance cost. It is important to monitor the damage evolution of the catenary components for developing better maintenance strategies. This study utilizes a co-simulation between the railway catenary system dynamics and electrical power flow. With reference to Addis Ababa Light Rail Transit Service (AALRTS), the power and current drawn by the running train were calculated. Then the heat losses in the conductor wire were obtained with respect to train location on the line. This procedure was followed by thermal analysis that allowed us to obtain temperature rise in the conductor. The temperature results were used as some of the inputs in the dynamic explicit finite element model of the coupled catenary and sliding pantograph. From the finite element analysis, different quantities such as contact forces and pressures, temperature rise because of friction between sliding parts, and deflections of conductor were obtained. Furthermore, the fluctuations of train loads were taken into consideration in the calculation of power consumption and hence in temperature rise. Increase in loads resulted in increase of current drawn which increases the temperature of the mating parts, which in-turn affected frictional stresses and forces. The latter were the input parameters in Archard wear model for calculating wear volume from the catenary contact conductor. It was observed that at different scenarios of train passenger loadings, the train experiences an increase in energy consumption, which results in slight increase of contact conductor wear by material removal.
7
Niazi, Erfan, Mehrzad Shams, Arash Elahi, and Goodarz Ahmadi. "Simulation of Gas – Non-Newtonian Liquid Flow in a Rectangular Bubble Column by Considering Bubbles Interactions." In ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2012-72361.
Анотація:
In this article a CFD model of a three-dimensional Eulerian-Lagrangian is developed for a gas - non-Newtonian liquid flow in a rectangular column. The model resolves the time-dependent, three-dimensional motion of gas bubbles in a liquid to simulate the trajectory of bubbles. Our model incorporates drag, gravity, buoyancy, lift, pressure gradient and virtual mass forces acting on a bubble rising in a liquid, and accounts for two-way momentum coupling between the phases. Population balance equation is solved to model bubble coalescence and break up. In bubble coalescence, Prince and Blanch model is used which can consider the effect of fluid rheology. Luo and Svendosen model was selected for bubble break up. The standard k-e turbulence model is selected for calculating turbulent flow properties. Power-law non-Newtonian liquid is selected for analysis of effect of different solutions of carboxy methyl cellulose in water. The effect of changing fluid to non-Newtonian is discussed in terms of velocity profile and gas hold up.
8
Ardava-Āboliņa, Laura. "30 Years after the Barricades of January 1991: Media Event for the Transfer of Collective Memory and Knowledge of History." In 80th International Scientific Conference of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2022.74.
Анотація:
In the middle of pandemic, January 2021 marked the 30th anniversary of the Barricades of January 1991. Media events have the function of transmitting social memory and teaching history to an audience of children, young people, and people who do not have these memories in their personal experience. Sociologist John Thompson introduced the concept of ‘mediated historicity’ almost two decades ago. He explained that most individuals in Western societies gained their knowledge on 20th century history primarily from media products (Thompson, 2004). The study analyzes the discourses of remembrance of the Barricades in the most popular media in Latvia: “Latvian Television”, www.delfi.lv, Channel TV, www.tvnet.lv, “Latvian Radio 1” (Media Literacy of the Population of Latvia: Quantitative Research, 2020), paying particular attention to the content of the remembrance (exhibitions, concert programs, memories, documentaries, photo competitions for young people, book openings, etc.). The theoretical basis of the research is formed by the theoretical approaches of media event and mediated historicity. Media messages was analyzed with the discourse historical method by Ruth Wodak. The research results confirm the impact of the current epidemiological situation on the sense of the commemoration forms and the emotions of the participants, new educational dimension and orientation towards the past.
9
Johansson, Jonas, Ilja Belov, and Peter Leisner. "Investigating the Effect of Power Distribution on Cooling a Double-Sided PCB: Numerical Simulation and Experiment." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72549.
Анотація:
An experimental procedure for investigating the effect of power distribution on the cooling of a double-sided PCB is implemented. A number of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are validated by laboratory experiments performed in 19.5°C temperature environment. Case temperatures of surface-mounted components fully populating the PCB sides are measured and monitored in simulations. Different combinations of power distribution with other cooling methods, such as a heatsink tooled on a sealed or open enclosure, at natural or forced convection, are studied. Thermally efficient uniform and non-uniform power configurations are determined on a double sided PCB. It is concluded that managing power distribution on a double-sided PCB can be considered as a measure to improve the thermal performance of electronic modules.
10
Wright, Christopher, Haruki Yoshimoto, Ryota Wada, and Ken Takagi. "Numerical Modelling of a Relatively Small Floating Body’s Wave and Low Frequency Motion Response, Compared With Observational Data." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96443.
Анотація:
Abstract Global population growth and climate change are driving a need for increased clean renewable energy generation. One such resource is wind energy and while the onshore and fixed offshore wind energy industries are mature, the floating offshore wind energy industry is still at a demonstration phase. Floating wind turbine platforms are generally of a much smaller displacement than the typical offshore structures that have been used in the oil and gas industry. This difference results in changes to the platform dynamics, especially those resulting from second order wave forces. Existing research into low frequency drift motions of small body platforms has been mainly confined to numerical modelling with some experimental work. This work expands on this knowledge by validating numerical modelling with full scale observational data. In this paper, a numerical time-domain model of a relatively small displacement platform is developed. The platform is installed in a relatively shallow water depth of about 110 m and station keeping is provided by four equally spaced catenary mooring chains. The required fidelity for the low frequency response is compared using first order forces only and either a full QTF (quadratic transfer equation) or Newman’s approximation. The model is compared with observation data from the Fukushima FORWARD project’s floating substation, an advanced spar type, which is composed of measurements of multidirectional wave spectra, wind and current as model inputs and six DOF platform motions as outputs. In addition to this the model computational expense is reduced by decreasing the number of wave directions simulated. The accuracy of such reductions is then described. Observation data is grouped according to sea-state data. An empirical drag coefficient formula is proposed. The 50 year return period design sea-state is also modelled using a JONSWAP spectrum and the various numerical models.
Звіти організацій з теми "Transferts forcés de population":
1
Becker, Sascha, Irena Grosfeld, Pauline Grosjean, Nico Voigtländer, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. Forced Migration and Human Capital: Evidence from Post-WWII Population Transfers. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24704.
2
Lind, Jeremy, Rachel Sabates-Wheeler, and Carolina Szyp. Cash-Plus Programming in Protracted Crises: A Review of Programmes in Contexts of Overlapping Conflict, Forced Displacement and Climate-Related Shocks. Institute of Development Studies, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2023.001.
Анотація:
This paper explores the nature and effectiveness of cash-plus programmes in protracted crisis settings characterised by conflict, displacement and recurrent climate shocks. Despite limited evidence on their suitability or sufficiency in such contexts, where high-quality supply-side services are lacking, cash-plus programmes aim to improve the wellbeing and livelihoods of chronically poor and food-insecure populations by providing cash transfers alongside services and assets to enhance opportunities in local economies. The paper reviews 97 cash-plus programmes in 16 countries, considering their design features and outcomes. It finds that cash-plus programmes in protracted crises, with some technical adjustments, resemble those in stable settings. For instance, objectives rarely explicitly address wider transformative agendas and drivers of vulnerability (such as economic structures rooted in conflict), often focusing on the micro-level – on households and individuals. Evaluation data on programme outcomes and impacts is limited, thus restricting the availability of evidence on better approaches. The paper concludes that cash-plus programmes need to address the specific dynamics and drivers of vulnerability in different protracted crisis contexts, going beyond interventions focused on individuals to tackle structural causes of weakened livelihoods. Furthermore, it highlights the need for more evidence on the effectiveness and long-term sustainability of cash-plus programmes in these challenging contexts.
3
Doorley, Karina, and Mark Regan. The impact of Irish budgetary policy by disability status. ESRI, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/bp202301.
Анотація:
Existing research has shown that disability is costly and can result in an increased risk of living in poverty and a decrease in living standards. In this paper, we expand a framework of equality budgeting, previously applied from a gender perspective, to the population of households affected by disability. Using a microsimulation model linked to data from the EU Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), we show how tax-benefit policy and other market income changes between 2007 and 2019 impacted households affected by disability and households not affected by disability. We find that disposable (or post-tax and transfer) income grew for both types of households but at a faster rate for households affected by disability than households not affected by disability. This income growth was driven by two counteracting forces. On the one hand, tax and welfare policy failed to keep pace with market income growth, reducing the living standards of households affected by disability by more than households not affected by disability. On the other hand, despite having lower average wage levels, wage growth for workers affected by disability outpaced wage growth for workers not affected by disability, while the labour supply of households affected by disability also increased. Future attempts to equality-proof budgetary policy should consider that changes to welfare disproportionally affect households with disabilities.
4
Yagci Sokat, Kezban. Understanding the Role of Transportation in Human Trafficking in California. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2108.
Анотація:
Human trafficking, a form of modern slavery, is the recruitment, transport, and/or transfer of persons using force, fraud, or coercion to exploit them for acts of labor or sex. According to the International Labor Organization, human trafficking is the fastest growing organized crime with approximately $150 billion in annual profits and 40.3 million individuals trapped in slave-like conditions. While it is not compulsory to involve transportation for human trafficking, the transportation industry plays a critical role in combating human trafficking as traffickers often rely on the transportation system to recruit, move, or transfer victims. This multi-method study investigates the role of transportation in combatting human trafficking in California by conducting a survey followed up with semi-structured in-depth interviews with key stakeholders. The expert input is supplemented with labor violations and transit accessibility analysis. Experts emphasize the importance of education, training, and awareness efforts combined with partnership, data, and analysis. Screening transportation industry personnel for human trafficking is another step that the industry can take to combat this issue. Particularly, sharing perpetrator information and transportation related trends among transportation modalities and local groups could help all anti-trafficking practitioners. In addition, the transportation industry can support the victims and survivors in their exit attempts and post/exit life. Examples of this support include serving as a safe haven, and providing transportation to essential services. Transportation should ensure that all of these efforts are survivor-centric, inclusive for all types of trafficking, and tailored to the needs of the modality, population, and location.
5
Nosova, Olga. Structural Changes and the Ukrainian Labour Market Organisation. Publishing House - Vilnius Business College, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57005/ab.2023.1.1.
Анотація:
The article aims to analyze the structural changes and the Ukrainian labor market organization in the condition of military aggression against Ukraine. The Ukrainian economy encounters the devastating destructions and losses of economic entities, enormous capital, and labor under the effect of military aggression. Structural changes include a change in the industrial structure of production, the destruction of large enterprises, and supply chains, the loss of part of the labor force, and fluctuations between skilled and unskilled jobs. Thus, SMEs in the service sector suffer due to the reduction of the population in cities, which causes both a reduction in demand for certain types of services (hotel and restaurant business, beauty salons, providers of extracurricular educational services, etc.) and a reduction in the supply of highly qualified specialists (IT sector, experts in financial, design and consulting services). Small business because of the war feels caught between the minimum possible sale of their products and reduced demand. The basic research questions are identifying and estimating the urgent needs of the labor market and capital. It will be directed to define sectors that can speed up the process of rebuilding the economy. Diversifying the economy, increasing product/service sophistication, using comparative advantages and transfer of resources (both labor and capital) leads to more productive activities and a rise in well-being.
6
Megersa, Kelbesa. Financial Inclusion in a Refugee Response. Institute of Development Studies, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.122.
Анотація:
The growing scope, frequency, and complexity of forced displacement, both inside and outside of countries, has pushed donors and other development groups to rethink their approaches to humanitarian crises, particularly on refugee response. Financial inclusion is widely regarded as a particularly critical tool that development organisations can employ to mitigate the catastrophic impact of humanitarian crises on refugees. Financial inclusion would provide a wide range of financial products – such as savings, remittances, loans, and insurance – to both refugees and citizens of host countries, which are critical for disadvantaged populations seeking to mitigate shocks, acquire assets, and support local economic development. Changes in how humanitarian aid is distributed are opening the path for greater financial inclusion. Donors and humanitarian organisations are shifting away from emergency cash transfers and toward digital payments via electronic cards. This opens new opportunities to connect refugees and displaced people to a bigger pool of financial services. This rapid literature review summarises the available evidence on toolkits that assist the response by humanitarian and development agencies to financial inclusion of refugees. In addition to the documents defined explicitly as “toolkits”, it also includes reports and online articles which contain useful guidance, since there were few “toolkits” available. Generally, there is lack of resources that directly address the query, i.e., “financial inclusion” in a “refugee response” context. Although there is a growing literature and evidence on the financial inclusion theme, much of it does not directly relate to refugees. Furthermore, most guidance notes and toolkits prepared for refugee response by humanitarian/development agencies do not directly and explicitly deal with financial inclusion, but rather focus on operational and programming issues of wider relief responses. The review is presented as an annotated bibliography format and includes toolkits, guidance notes, technical reports, and online articles by humanitarian and international development agencies.
7
Hertel, Thomas, Maros Ivanic, Paul Preckel, and John Cranfield. The Earnings Effects of Multilateral Trade Liberalization: Implications for Poverty in Developing Countries. GTAP Working Paper, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp16.
Анотація:
Poverty reduction is an increasingly important consideration in the deliberations over multilateral trade liberalization. However, the analytical procedures used to assess the impacts of multilateral trade liberalization on poverty are rudimentary, at best. Most poverty studies have focused on a single country using detailed household survey data. When it comes to multi-country, global trade liberalization analyses, researchers are often forced to resort to a discussion of average, or per capita effects, suggesting that if per capita real income rises, then poverty will fall. As we show in this paper, such an inference can be misleading. Our paper combines results from a new international, cross-section consumption analysis, with earnings data from household surveys, to analyze the implications of multilateral trade liberalization for poverty in Indonesia. This method could readily be extended to analysis of poverty impacts in the other thirteen countries in our sample. By emphasizing the earnings-side of the poverty story, we complement earlier studies of poverty that have tended to emphasize consumption determinants, often to the exclusion of earnings impacts. Specifically, we stratify households according to their primary source of income, identifying those that are specialized (95% or more of their income) in agriculture enterprises, non-agriculture enterprises, wage/salary labor, and transfers. Together, these account for more than half of the population. All other households are considered to be diversified, and therefore less vulnerable to trade shocks. We find that, following global trade liberalization, the national headcount measure of poverty in Indonesia is reduced by a small amount in the short run, and significantly more in the long run. We also decompose the poverty changes in Indonesia associated with different countries’ trade policies. We find that liberalization in other countries’ policies leads to a reduction in national poverty in Indonesia, while liberalization of Indonesia’s own trade policies leads to an increase in the poverty headcount. However, the aggregate reduction in Indonesia’s national poverty headcount masks a more complex set of impacts among different groups. In the short run, the poverty headcount actually rises slightly for self-employed, agricultural households, as agricultural profits fail to keep up with increases in consumer prices. In the long run, the poverty headcount falls for all earnings strata in Indonesia, as the increased demand for unskilled workers lifts incomes for the formerly self-employed, some of whom move into the wage labor market.
8
Financial Infrastructure Report 2022. Banco de la República, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2022.
Анотація:
Banco de la República's monitoring of the local financial market infrastructure is an additional contribution to the country's financial stability. One of the products of that monitoring has been the Payment Systems Report, which is now known as the Financial Infrastructure Report. The change in name, as of this edition, is intended to reflect in a broader way the issues that are addressed in the report. The 2022 edition includes several changes that are the result of a comparative study of financial infrastructure reports prepared by other central banks. These changes seek to make the report more fluid and easier to read, including main points and selected key figures for the different interest groups to which it is addressed. The report shows the financial infrastructure continued to render its services without interruption, with general evidence of good performance in 2021. Additionally, the resilience of the Central Counterparty Risk of Colombia (CRCC) and the Large-value Payments System (CUD) to extreme events was validated, based on stress tests conducted according to international standards (focused on liquidity and credit risk). As for retail payments, transactional information indicates the use of electronic instruments increased in terms of value during 2021 compared to 2020 (credit and debit cards, checks and electronic funds transfers). The use of debit and credit cards in payments rose to levels similar to those reached in the pre-pandemic year. Meanwhile, electronic funds transfers continued to grow. Although the results of the BR 2022 survey show cash continues to be the instrument most used by the public for regular payments (like the situation in other countries), the perception of its use decreased significantly to 75 % (87 % in 2019). Also, in commerce, cash was the preferred instrument for customers. However, in this measurement, several retail channels such as hairdressers, drugstores and restaurants joined the group that has traditionally received electronic payments for a value greater than 10% of their sales (hypermarkets and gas stations). Likewise, for nearly 50% of the population, cash payments are lower than before the pandemic. This is consistent with the transactional increase in electronic payment instruments that was observed in 2021. Banco de la República continues to monitor the technological developments that have expanded and modernized the supply in the international and local payments market, as these are issues of interest to the industry that provides clearing and settlement services. This report outlines the Pix case for instant payments in Brazil, the projects that are underway regarding the possible issue of digital currency by central banks (CBDC) for cross-border payments, as well as an approach to the Fintech ecosystem in Colombia, with an emphasis on companies that provide payment services. Leonardo Villar Governor Main points: 2022 The local financial infrastructure was safe and efficient throughout the year. The services of the financial infrastructure were proved on a continuous basis, showing good performance overall. Less momentum in the large-value payment system CUD activity declined versus the previous year because of fewer government deposits with BanRep. This was offset partially by growth in repos to increase money supply and in retail-value payments (electronic funds transfers, checks and cards). Increased momentum in financial market infrastructures. Larger amounts were cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository (DCV) due to an increase in the market for sovereign debt. Operations managed by the Central Counterparty Risk of Colombia (CRCC) increased due to inclusion of the foreign exchange segment and the positive evolution in non-delivery forward peso/dollar contracts. Added confidence in the peso/dollar spot foreign exchange market due to CRCC interposition. Number and value of trades grew, mainly due to the adjustment of therisk management model for the FX segment and the increase in the limiton net selling positions in dollars. Stress testing with international standards to validate CRCC and CUD resilience Stress tests conducted independently by the SFC, BanRep and the CRCC, like those done in England and the United States, concluded that the CRCC's risk management model allows it to withstand extreme market events and simultaneous defaults by its main members. Based on the experience of other central banks, BanRep strengthened its intraday liquidity risk stress exercises in the CUD by incorporating temporary payment delays. It calculated that a two-hour delay by a key participant increases the system's liquidity needs by 0.5%. Electronic payments increased during 2021 According to transactional information, all electronic payment instruments increased in value versus 2020 (electronic funds transfers, checks and debit and credit cards). Electronic funds transfers continued to grow (80% from legal entities), with the participation of closed schemes driven particularly by the use of mobile wallets (35% of the number of intra-transfer transactions). The use of debit and credit cards for payments climbed to levels similar to those witnessed in the pre-pandemic year. Cash continues to be the instrument most used by the public for regular payments. The results of the BanRep survey in 2022 show that the perception of the use of cash declined significantly to 75% (87% in 2019), and about 50% of the population perceive their cash payments as being lower than those they made before the pandemic. Electronic funds transfers were second most used instrument, having increased to 15% (3% in 2019). Also, in commerce, cash was the preferred instrument of payment for its customers; however, several commerce channels received more than 10% of the value of their sales in electronic payments (hypermarkets 35%, gas stations 25%, hairdressers 15%, drugstores 14% and restaurants 12%). Continuous technological developments have broadened, and modernized services offered in the payments market. Pix (instant payments in Brazil). The high level of adoption of instant transfers in Brazil motivated a review of its strengths; namely, the possibility of different use cases between individuals, businesses, and government; high participation by financial and payment institutions; free of charge for individuals and the possibility of charging legal entities, and simple user experience. Digital currencies in central banking. Several groups of countries have joined forces to conduct pilot projects with wholesale CBDCs for cross-border payments. Flows generated by international trade, foreign investment and remittances between individuals can be processed more efficiently, transparently, and securely by reducing their cost and increasing their speed. Due to the constant progress being made on this issue, BanRep will continue to monitor all CBDC-related matters. The fintech ecosystem for payments in Colombia. A high percentage of existing FinTech companies in the country are dedicated to offering digital payment services: wallets, payment gateways, mobile devices (point-of-sale terminals) and acquisition. These have driven innovation in payment services.
9
Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.
Анотація:
Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor