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Статті в журналах з теми "Traffic engineering Research Australia"
1
Nguyen-Phuoc, Duy Q., Graham Currie, Chris De Gruyter, and William Young. "Net Impacts of Streetcar Operations on Traffic Congestion in Melbourne, Australia." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2648, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2648-01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Public transit is widely recognized to reduce urban traffic congestion, as it encourages automobile travelers off the road. However, streetcars have been criticized for causing traffic congestion because large trams must operate in mixed traffic on narrow, congested streets. At the same time, streetcars reduce congestion by encouraging automobile drivers to use trams. So what is the net effect of streetcars on congestion? This paper presents a new method for assessing the net traffic congestion effects associated with streetcar operations in Melbourne, Australia, which has the largest streetcar network in the world. Impacts were determined with the use of a traffic network model to compare congestion with trams and without trams. The positive impacts of trams were estimated by using mode shift from tram to automobile when tram services were removed. Negative impacts were explored by considering streetcar traffic operations, the impact of curbside tram stops, and the effect of exclusive priority tram lanes on traffic flow. Findings show that the streetcar network in inner Melbourne results in a net congestion benefit to traffic; a 3.4% decrease in vehicle time traveled and total delay on the road network was established. The streetcar network also contributes to reducing the number of moderately congested links by 16%. Areas for future research are suggested, such as exploring the spatial distribution of the mode shift to automobile and the long-term effect of trams on traffic.
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Zein, Sany R., Erica Geddes, Suzanne Hemsing, and Mavis Johnson. "Safety Benefits of Traffic Calming." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1578, no. 1 (January 1997): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1578-01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study was conducted to determine whether there are quantifiable collision-reduction benefits that result from traffic calming. Traffic calming is typically implemented to address speeding and external traffic concerns. It is intuitively recognized that successful traffic calming would therefore result in safety benefits. This research attempted to determine whether these safety benefits are measurable and significant. Four local traffic-calming projects in the Greater Vancouver area were reviewed as part of the research. All four of the projects achieved reductions in collision frequency, severity, and the annual collision claim costs. The magnitude of these benefits varied among the projects, with an average 40 percent reduction in collision frequency and 38 percent reduction in the annual claims costs. A total of 85 case studies from Europe, Australia, and North America were reviewed to determine the safety benefits of traffic calming as measured by other jurisdictions. The international case studies in which more than five precalming collisions per year occurred were analyzed separately. In this group of 15 studies, the decrease in collision frequency ranged from 8 percent to 95 percent. The implementation of traffic calming involves participation on the part of the general public, local municipalities, and emergency response organizations. The planning, engineering, and public consultation process are all a necessary part of the process to improving neighborhood livability. The results of this research provide evidence that the safety benefits of traffic calming are both quantifiable and significant.
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Debnath, Ashim Kumar, Ross Blackman, Narelle Haworth, and Yusuf Adinegoro. "Influence of Remotely Operated Stop–Slow Controls on Driver Behavior in Work Zones." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2615, no. 1 (January 2017): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2615-03.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Remotely operated devices for traffic control—portable traffic lights and automated flagger assistance devices—are used to improve flagger safety in a one-lane-each-way work zone with lane closure. Previous research has measured the effectiveness of these devices as driver compliance rates and driver understanding of the devices, but the effects of these devices on driver behavior have not yet been examined comprehensively. Therefore, the influence of remotely operated stop–slow traffic control devices on driver behavior was examined. Video-recorded traffic movements from a rural work zone in the Queensland state of Australia provided driver speeds, deceleration profiles, stopping behavior, and compliance rates for a set of remotely operated devices new to Australia: static red–amber–green lights, static red–amber lights, static red–amber arrow lights, and mechanical stop–slow signs. Pneumatic tube traffic counters were used to collect driver speeds before and after the devices, and an on-road driver survey was conducted to elicit driver understanding of the devices. Results indicated that drivers had difficulty understanding the new devices, particularly the amber light and amber arrow options (which confused drivers about their meaning—to stop or to go). The new remotely operated devices resulted in higher approach speeds, greater variability in approach speeds, and faster deceleration rates than the flagger method. The good compliance rates observed with the remotely operated devices imply that the devices could improve flagger safety by reducing flagger exposure to traffic; however, the negative effects on driver behavior might indicate an increased risk of rear-end crashes in the advance warning area.
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Mansson, Joakim Trygg, Margareta Lutzhoft, and Ben Brooks. "Joint Activity in the Maritime Traffic System: Perceptions of Ship Masters, Maritime Pilots, Tug Masters, and Vessel Traffic Service Operators." Journal of Navigation 70, no. 3 (December 13, 2016): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463316000758.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Teamwork in the maritime traffic system has been identified as an area of concern, and reports suggest there is room for improvement. Such improvements should be based on an understanding of how everyday activities are performed. This study was therefore aimed at gaining an insight into the everyday activity of navigating and manoeuvring ships in port waters. To get such an insight, the perceptions of ship masters, maritime pilots, tug masters and Vessel Traffic Service operators active in Australia were probed through qualitative research interviews. A conceptual framework based on Clark's work on joint activity was used to guide the study. Results indicate that in order to get the job done, these maritime professionals employ tools and procedures beyond those intended to be used, vary their level of participation, assume roles which differ from those prescribed, sometimes base their assumptions and expectations on poor quality evidence, and occasionally avoid communication. While such adaptations may be necessary to get the job done, they also reduce the participants’ ability to establish common ground – which is essential for coordination.
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Oh, Taeho, Yanping Xu, Zhibin Li, and Inhi Kim. "Driving Risk Analysis Based on Driving Experience at Hook-Turn Intersection Using the Emerging Virtual Reality Technology." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (August 19, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8929826.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The hook turn, which is rarely seen outside of Melbourne, Australia, reduces congestion in narrow road spaces shared with trams. Australia allows people from 44 nations to convert their home country driver’s license to an Australian driver’s license without a driving test. Visitors who have never heard of the hook-turn experience difficulty driving following the new traffic rule. From this aspect, investigating how inexperienced drivers encounter the hook-turn intersection is valuable for safety reasons. A driving simulator including virtual reality technology is developed to evaluate the level of safety of human driving behavior. The simulator in this research was developed by integrating Vissim and Unity3D embedded head-mounted display and driving devices to ensure a better driving experience. This research presented the development of a robust virtual reality driving simulator. It investigated how nonexperienced drivers respond to a completely new road condition. The results were compared with microsimulation outcomes (here, Vissim). The results showed that a human-driven car had a higher collision risk than a computer-driven car. The trajectories of the driver type were statistically different (t = 6.03, p 0.01, in the case of time-to collision ≤1.5 between experienced and computerized drivers). Participant responses to a postexperiment survey found that the simulator was realistic (4.31 out of 5.00), which could help beginner drivers (4.00 out of 5.00). Therefore, the simulator can be utilized for safety-related research as well as drivers’ training.
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Liu, Yuchen, Jianhong (Cecilia) Xia, and Aloke Phatak. "Evaluating the Accuracy of Bluetooth-Based Travel Time on Arterial Roads: A Case Study of Perth, Western Australia." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (February 21, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9541234.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bluetooth (BT) time-stamped media access control (MAC) address data have been used for traffic studies worldwide. Although Bluetooth (BT) technology has been widely recognised as an effective, low-cost traffic data source in freeway traffic contexts, it is still unclear whether BT technology can provide accurate travel time (TT) information in complex urban traffic environments. Therefore, this empirical study aims to systematically evaluate the accuracy of BT travel time estimates in urban arterial contexts. There are two major hurdles to deriving accurate TT information for arterial roads: the multiple detection problem and noise in BT estimates. To date, they have not been fully investigated, nor have well-accepted solutions been found. Using approximately two million records of BT time-stamped MAC address data from twenty weekdays, this study uses five different BT TT-matching methods to investigate and quantify the impact of multiple detection problems and the noise in BT TT estimates on the accuracy of average BT travel times. Our work shows that accurate Bluetooth-based travel time information on signalised arterial roads can be derived if an appropriate matching method can be selected to smooth out the remaining noise in the filtered travel time estimates. Overall, average-to-average and last-to-last matching methods are best for long (>1 km) and short (≤1 km) signalised arterial road segments, respectively. Furthermore, our results show that the differences between BT and ground truth average TTs or speeds are systematic, and adding a calibration is a pragmatic method to correct inaccurate BT average TTs or speeds. The results of this research can help researchers and road operators to better understand BT technology for TT analysis and consequently to optimise the deployment location and configuration of BT MAC address scanners.
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Choi, Seongjin, Hwasoo Yeo, and Jiwon Kim. "Network-Wide Vehicle Trajectory Prediction in Urban Traffic Networks using Deep Learning." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 45 (September 7, 2018): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118794735.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper proposes a deep learning approach to learning and predicting network-wide vehicle movement patterns in urban networks. Inspired by recent success in predicting sequence data using recurrent neural networks (RNN), specifically in language modeling that predicts the next words in a sentence given previous words, this research aims to apply RNN to predict the next locations in a vehicle’s trajectory, given previous locations, by viewing a vehicle trajectory as a sentence and a set of locations in a network as vocabulary in human language. To extract a finite set of “locations,” this study partitions the network into “cells,” which represent subregions, and expresses each vehicle trajectory as a sequence of cells. Using large amounts of Bluetooth vehicle trajectory data collected in Brisbane, Australia, this study trains an RNN model to predict cell sequences. It tests the model’s performance by computing the probability of correctly predicting the next [Formula: see text] consecutive cells. Compared with a base-case model that relies on a simple transition matrix, the proposed RNN model shows substantially better prediction results. Network-level aggregate measures such as total cell visit count and intercell flow are also tested, and the RNN model is observed to be capable of replicating real-world traffic patterns.
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Black, J. A., S. E. Samuels, U. Vandebona, E. Masters, J. C. Trinder, B. Morrison, and R. Tudge. "Road Traffic Noise Prediction Using Object-Oriented and Geographic Information System Technologies." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1601, no. 1 (January 1997): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1601-12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is now some 4 years since the New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) interim noise policy was released. The document sets out RTA policies on traffic noise along with guidelines relating to assessment and control. It is perhaps the most extensive document on the topic ever produced by an Australian road authority. The underlying philosophy of the policy is the importance of noise as an issue that must be addressed in all aspects of RTA road planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation programs. Some recent advances in the traffic noise arena are considered. A spatial decision support system is then outlined for road planning that has been developed as part of an Australian Research Council industry collaborative research grant involving RTA and the University of New South Wales. This is built on object-oriented programming and geographic information system technologies and involves a library containing models in eight domains amounting to 33,000 lines of code. The noise estimation procedure included in this system is described together with how it has been adapted and implemented in an object-oriented way. Speculation is made on how the prototype may be integrated into the emerging corporate responsibilities of RTA in the area of communication and consultation.
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Vandebona, U., and P. K. Upadhyay. "Simulation Modeling of Route Guidance Concept." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1573, no. 1 (January 1997): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1573-07.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The methodology of a simulation model developed at the University of New South Wales, Australia, for the evaluation of performance of Dynamic Route Guidance Systems (DRGS) is described. The microscopic simulation model adopts the event update simulation method and allows assessment of route guidance performance under different scenarios such as varying levels of participation in guidance technologies and different intensities of travel demand. This research is important for marketing, costing, and introducing route guidance and can assist planners in identifying suitable networks and traffic conditions for such systems. The example application investigates selected operating scenarios of intersection delay conditions under different compositions of participation rates in route guidance. Preliminary investigations indicate that the effectiveness of route guidance is related to the level of intersection delays. An interesting outcome of this application is the identification that in networks with intersection delays which vary with time, those motorists without guidance assistance strive to make better forecasts of travel time in order to assist their route selection. At low levels of intersection delays, some motorists appear to make more than one nonoptimal route selection.
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Louise Bentzen, Billie, Janet M. Barlow, and Douglas Gubbé. "Locator Tones for Pedestrian Signals." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1705, no. 1 (January 2000): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1705-07.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The two primary problems experienced by visually impaired persons at pedestrian-actuated intersections are determining whether there is a pushbutton and locating the push button. Many countries use accessible pedestrian signals much more widely than has been done in the United States, and a number of these—including Australia, Hong Kong, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, and Austria—routinely require the use of a locator tone. Typically emanating from the push-button housing, a pushbutton locator tone indicates to pedestrians that they are expected to push a button to request a pedestrian phase. It enables visually impaired pedestrians to locate the push button quickly and efficiently. Research was undertaken to determine the effect of locator tone repetition rate on efficiency of pedestrians’ location of the push-button pole. Repetition rates of 1.0 and 1.5 Hz resulted in equal pole location speed, faster than that for the 0.5 Hz repetition rate, and were preferred over the 0.5 Hz repetition rate. Locator tones 2 dB above ambient sound resulted in faster pole location than did tones 5 dB and 10 dB above ambient sound. Push-button locator tones should have a standardized repetition rate between 1.0 Hz and 1.2 Hz so that it may be ensured that visually impaired pedestrians can efficiently locate push buttons. Locator tones need be no more than 5 dB louder than ambient traffic sound.
Дисертації з теми "Traffic engineering Research Australia"
1
Liu, Dan. "Some traffic shaping procedures for ATM networks." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186408.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The most promising switching technique for B-ISDN (broadband integrated service digital network) is the ATM (asynchronous transfer mode). In an ATM network, all information, data, voice and video, is packetized and divided into fixed length data blocks called cells. The cells from different connections are carried through a multiplexer, and asynchronously transmitted through the network. Statistical multiplexing of cells allows the possible reduction of the bandwidth assigned to each single source. That increased flexibility with respect to the bandwidth requirement provides a chance for better, more economical utilization of the network resources. On the other hand, severe network congestion can occur when a large number of traffic sources become active simultaneously. Since most traffic sources in ATM networks are bursty, some congestion control must be applied to each source in order to maintain the required GOS (grade of service) and provide fairness among the users. We introduce the discrete batch Markovian arrival process, which is a versatile and tractable class of Markov renewal processes. This class of processes provides a very powerful modeling tool. The Palm measure, variance time curve, asymptotic normality of the counts are derived. The interarrival time distribution for the single arrivals case are discussed. We also address some issues related to the simulation of this class of processes. Two traffic shaping, or smoothing schemes are investigated in this dissertation: jumping windows with regular placement and an input rate control model, introduced by Ohta et al. (21). The discrete Markovian arrival process with single arrivals serves as the model for the arrival process. In the first model, analytical expressions for the loss probability, packet delay and the interarrival times for the shaped process in steady state are derived. The second model leads to a highly degenerate partitioned Markov chain of QBD (Quasi-Birth-and-Death) type. Special algorithms involving matrices of lower order are obtained by exploiting the special structure of the Markov chain. Some performance measurements are derived. The algorithmic implementation of these results is also discussed. Finally, we examine some specific examples, applying both the analytical results and simulation, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the two traffic shaping schemes.
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Hernández, Salvador H. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of coordinated ramp meter controls /." CLICK HERE for online access:, 2003. http://www.udot.utah.gov/res/research/WebDesign/reports02.htm.
Повний текст джерела
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Haldane, Mandy Jaye. "Assessing the impacts of multi-combination vehicles on traffic operation." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36180/1/36180_Haldane_2002.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Australian road freight industry is moving towards improved efficiency and
competitiveness through the use of larger and more innovative multi-combination
vehicles (MCVs). However, this move has brought about concern over the interaction of
these new vehicles with the environment, existing infrastructure and other road users.
The aim of this research project was to assess the impacts of MCVs on traffic operation
and safety. This was undertaken by initially reviewing cunent literature on MCVs. It
was recognised that the Australian heavy vehicle fleet had modernised since a number of
performance levels were established and the review highlighted the need for greater
research to obtain current data and either develop new performance levels or validate
previous research.
This study selected four characteristics for analysis: passenger car equivalence (PCE),
clearance time, acceleration, and tracking ability on a straight path. These
characteristics were considered to be the most influential on the interaction between
MCVs and other road users. Vehicle operational data was collected between April and
August 2001, for each characteristic, via a series of three in-field test programs located
on controlled road sections in Queensland: south of Charters Towers; west of
Toowoomba; and at the Mount Cotton Training Centre, south-east of Brisbane.
All tested MCVs recorded a PCE greater than 2 for a through-movement on a flat grade
with no adjacent traffic lanes. It was determined that assuming a constant PCE does not
account for the variation in values attained for different MCV types. Under
circumstances where MCV volumes are significant, it would be more accurate to
establish the average PCE value of each relevant movement at the intersection based on
PCEs across the traffic spectrum and using the values provided in Table 5.4. Further
testing is needed to establish PCE values on grades, turning movements, non-standard
lane widths, and for vehicles such as Double Road Trains, AB-Triples and AAB-Quads. The intersection clearance time characteristics proposed by NRTC (2001) were found to
be conservative for the MCV s tested. To cover a greater range of operating conditions,
clearance time requirements for a MCV on a particular grade may be derived from the
trajectory curves provided in Figures 6.3 to 6.6. Further in-field testing should be
undertaken to obtain additional trajectory curves for MCVs with lower powered engines.
Speed curves were developed (Figures 6.9 to 6.12) which may be used with the above
trajectory curves to derive vehicle speeds at specific distances, on particular grades.
This would enable assessors to determine the minimum entry lane length required to
allow a MCV to attain adequate speed to merge into moving traffic, and also indicate
whether an overtaking lane is required on a steep ascending grade. Further testing
should be undertaken to establish speed curves over a higher speed and distance range .
. Queensland Department of Main Roads (1998b) recommended an average acceleration
rate for use in sight distance calculations. This was found from testing to be generally
conservative for a B-Double, although too high for all the other MCVs tested. The
trajectory curves provided in Figures 6.15 to 6.18 were developed to examine the
variation in acceleration as test vehicles depart from rest. These may be used to
determine average acceleration rates, over specific distances and on particular grades.
Alternatively, sight distance requirements may be determined from equation (6.9), using
clearance times established from equation (6.5) or Figures 6.3 to 6.6.
Data on tracking ability of MCVs on a straight path was collected. It is recommended
that further work be conducted to analyse the data, determine lane width requirements,
and variations in tracking ability between separate trailers. The findings should be
compared with Prem et al. (2000) and NRTC (2001) values. Further work is also
required to identify which factors most influence lateral displacement of the rear trailer.
It is expected that the research findings will be used to inform development of
Queensland Department of Main Roads' Route Assessment Guidelines and potentially
those of other authorities.
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Shelby, Steven Gebhart. "Design and evaluation of real-time adaptive traffic signal control algorithms." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279933.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation investigates methods of real-time adaptive traffic signal control in the context of single isolated intersection and coordinated urban network applications. A primary goal in this dissertation is to identify and address scenarios where real-time optimized controllers do not maintain competitive performance with off-line calibrated, vehicle-actuated control techniques. An extensive literature review is supplemented by subsequent simulation experiments. Several strategies were implemented and evaluated, including OPAC, PRODYN, COP, ALLONS-D, Webster's optimized fixed-time control, and vehicle-actuated control. In particular, evaluation is based on simulation of a single, isolated intersection, where all algorithms are required to adopt the exact, deterministic traffic model used by the simulation. This approach eliminates confounding factors in comparison of algorithms, such as detector placement and disparate traffic models, focusing evaluation on the efficiency of the algorithms and their ultimate performance in terms of vehicle delay. A new algorithm is developed, employing neuro-dynamic programming techniques, also known as reinforcement learning techniques. Several very effective pruning strategies are also constructed. The final product is a very efficient algorithm capable of solving problems up to 2000 times faster than the most efficient previously published algorithm tested, with an 8% decrease in delay. This algorithm is then extended to a generalized, multi-ring control formulation. Simulation results with a standard dual-ring, eight-phase controller demonstrate that efficient, real-time solutions are achieved with a corresponding 12--22% reduction in delay relative to dual-ring, vehicle-actuated control. The real-time optimized, multi-ring controller is finally extended for urban network applications, expanding the objective function to consider downstream performance measures, and adopt standard, vehicle-actuated type coordination constraints. Control on an 8-intersection arterial is evaluated using a CORSIM simulation over a range of traffic conditions. Results are compared with TRANSYT optimized fixed-time control, coordinated vehicle-actuated control, and RHODES. Two regimes of control are revealed, where cyclic coordination constraints provide a significant benefit, and where they prevent more effective control. An adaptive coordination layer is prescribed as a unifying architecture with the potential of obtaining effective control under both regimes. The adaptive control layer specification is explicitly distinguished from existing algorithms, such as SCOOT, SCATS, and VFC-OPAC.
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El, Alj Yasmine 1978. "Estimating the true extent of air traffic delays." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29577.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; and, Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Operations Research Center, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (p. 129).
Most air traffic delay measures assess delays relative to schedule. Over the past decades, however, airline schedules have been adjusted to take into account airspace congestion and yield better on-time performance. In that context, delay measures that are using scheduled times as a benchmark are of very limited use in assessing airport and airspace system congestion, since delay has already been built into the schedule. The primary goal of this thesis is to develop a measure that will estimate "true" delays that are not sensitive to schedule adjustments. In order to calculate "true" delays, we compute the difference between the actual gate-to-gate time and a theoretical benchmark, the "baseline". The baseline time to be used is O-D specific and is defined here as the gate-to-gate time from origin to destination under optimal (non-congested) conditions. We choose the fifteenth percentile of reported statistics on gate-to-gate time as an estimator of the baseline. We then compute baseline times for 618 major O-D pairs. Using the baseline times, we compute "true delays" on these 618 O-D pairs and observe that they are about 40% to 60% larger than delays relative to schedule. We also develop two methods to attribute O-D delays to the origin and destination airports. Using these methods, we determine that airports incurred about 5 to 13 minutes of delay per operation in 2000, depending on the airport under consideration. Airport rankings according to "true" delays are compared to airport rankings obtained from OPSNET delay statistics. The comparison suggests that, although OPSNET statistics underestimate the magnitude of delays, they yield very comparable airport rankings and can therefore be used to rank airports with respect to congestion. Finally, we change perspective and look at the development of probabilistic models for designing flight schedules that minimize delays relative to schedule. We use the simple case of an airline scheduling an aircraft for a round trip to illustrate the complexities and uncertainties associated with optimal scheduling.
by Yasmine E. Alj.
S.M.
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Chavula, Josiah. "Improving Pan-African research and education networks through traffic engineering: A LISP/SDN approach." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The UbuntuNet Alliance, a consortium of National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) runs an exclusive data network for education and research in east and southern Africa. Despite a high degree of route redundancy in the Alliance's topology, a large portion of Internet traffic between the NRENs is circuitously routed through Europe. This thesis proposes a performance-based strategy for dynamic ranking of inter-NREN paths to reduce latencies. The thesis makes two contributions: firstly, mapping Africa's inter-NREN topology and quantifying the extent and impact of circuitous routing; and, secondly, a dynamic traffic engineering scheme based on Software Defined Networking (SDN), Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP) and Reinforcement Learning. To quantify the extent and impact of circuitous routing among Africa's NRENs, active topology discovery was conducted. Traceroute results showed that up to 75% of traffic from African sources to African NRENs went through inter-continental routes and experienced much higher latencies than that of traffic routed within Africa. An efficient mechanism for topology discovery was implemented by incorporating prior knowledge of overlapping paths to minimize redundancy during measurements. Evaluation of the network probing mechanism showed a 47% reduction in packets required to complete measurements. An interactive geospatial topology visualization tool was designed to evaluate how NREN stakeholders could identify routes between NRENs. Usability evaluation showed that users were able to identify routes with an accuracy level of 68%. NRENs are faced with at least three problems to optimize traffic engineering, namely: how to discover alternate end-to-end paths; how to measure and monitor performance of different paths; and how to reconfigure alternate end-to-end paths. This work designed and evaluated a traffic engineering mechanism for dynamic discovery and configuration of alternate inter-NREN paths using SDN, LISP and Reinforcement Learning. A LISP/SDN based traffic engineering mechanism was designed to enable NRENs to dynamically rank alternate gateways. Emulation-based evaluation of the mechanism showed that dynamic path ranking was able to achieve 20% lower latencies compared to the default static path selection. SDN and Reinforcement Learning were used to enable dynamic packet forwarding in a multipath environment, through hop-by-hop ranking of alternate links based on latency and available bandwidth. The solution achieved minimum latencies with significant increases in aggregate throughput compared to static single path packet forwarding. Overall, this thesis provides evidence that integration of LISP, SDN and Reinforcement Learning, as well as ranking and dynamic configuration of paths could help Africa's NRENs to minimise latencies and to achieve better throughputs.
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Kothuri, Sirisha Murthy. "Exploring Pedestrian Responsive Traffic Signal Timing Strategies in Urban Areas." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1934.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The role of walking in the development of healthy, livable communities is being increasingly recognized. In urban areas, intersections represent locations where different modes converge, and are often viewed as deterrents to walking. This is due to the unwarranted and often unnecessary delays imposed by signal timing policies for pedestrians and increased potential for conflicts. Traditional signal timing design prioritizes vehicles over pedestrians leading to undesirable consequences such as large delays and risky pedestrian behaviors. Pedestrians are accommodated in a manner that is designed to cause least interruption to the flow of motor vehicles. This lack of pedestrian accommodation at signalized intersections is the focus of this dissertation.
Understanding pedestrian attitudes and perceptions is important because it offers insights into actual crossing behavior at signalized intersections. An intercept survey of 367 crossing pedestrians was undertaken at four signalized intersections in Portland, Oregon, and binary logistic regression models were constructed to quantify the impacts of demographics, trip characteristics and type of infrastructure on pedestrian perceptions and attitudes regarding delay, crossing time and motivators for crossing decisions. Safety was found to have a larger effect than compliance on the decision to cross the street. Pedestrians at recall intersections expressed higher satisfaction with delay than at actuated intersections.
Novel methods to measure pedestrian delay using 2070 signal controllers and Voyage software were developed. These methods have been adopted by the City of Portland to record actuation trends and delays at various intersections. In the absence of demand data, pedestrian push button actuations can be considered as a proxy for crossing demand. The micro-simulation software VISSIM was used to analyze delays resulting from varying pedestrian and vehicle volumes on a network of three intersections in Portland, Oregon. From a pedestrian perspective, free operation was found to be always beneficial due to lower pedestrian delays. However, from a system wide perspective, free operation was found to be beneficial only under low-medium traffic conditions from an overall delay reduction viewpoint, while coordinated operation showed benefits under heavy traffic conditions, irrespective of the volume of pedestrians. Control strategies were developed to identify the best mode of signal controller operation that produced the lowest overall average delay per user. A procedure to identify the optimal control strategy based on user inputs (major street volume to capacity ratios and rate of pedestrian phase serviced for the minor street) was developed. The procedure was applied to a network of three intersections in east Portland, OR and the findings were verified.
This research offers significant contributions in the field of pedestrian research. The findings related to attitudes and perceptions of crossing pedestrians offer greater insights into pedestrian crossing behavior and add to the body of existing literature. The methods developed to obtain pedestrian actuations and delay data from signal controllers represent an easy and cost-effective way to characterize pedestrian service at intersections. The results pertaining to signal timing strategies represent an important step towards incorporating pedestrian needs at intersections and demonstrate how control strategies employed to benefit pedestrians could benefit the entire system.
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Ward, Stephen James Safety Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "Designers and users: a survey of user research methods employed by Australian industrial designers." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Safety Science, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/26206.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Designers of mass produced products require knowledge about anticipated users of their designs in order to make reasonable predictions about how users will interact with a product and how that product will satisfy users??? needs. However, there is little reported study of how industrial designers get the information they need about users, or to what extent they adapt and use information available from fields of study such as ergonomics or market research. Study in this area is important, in order to have a knowledge base that will support development of methods and data sources that may help designers and others bring a better understanding of users into the product design process. In this study, group interviews and a questionnaire were used to ask industrial designers how and where they get information about users, and about their perceptions of the role and value of user research in design. The group discussions involved a total of 45 participants from nine companies in Sydney. A questionnaire that followed was completed by 35 respondents representing at least 15 different design consultancy companies throughout Australia. Results showed that the designers surveyed used many of the methods promoted in the literature of ergonomics, design and market research, but often in a cut-down form. For example, there was widespread use of work colleagues and family members as test subjects. Designers used quantitative information where it was applicable but often sought qualitative information that would provide insights or enable them to develop empathic understanding of the users. Time and cost constraints limited the extent to which designers could engage in user research activity but there was general agreement that user research was a necessary part of design and that in the future designers will require a stronger capability in user research. Further research could focus on the evaluation of user research methods used in design and the potential for further collaboration between designers and other specialists in this area.
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Sowden, Bradley Claude. "The performance of DS-CDMA cellular systems with variable-bit-rate traffic." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/5211.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The deployment of third generation (3G) cellular systems is resulting in a transition from cellular systems that predominantly carry constant-bit-rate (CBR) voice traffic to multi-service packet based systems that predominantly carry variable-bit-rate (VBR) traffic. With 3G DS-CDMA cellular systems there is a direct relationship between user traffic and propagation dependent performance as additional traffic causes increased system interference. This thesis investigates the impact of VBR traffic on the propagation dependent performance of DS-CDMA cellular systems that utilise frame-by-frame dynamic resource allocation on the radio channel. A DS-CDMA cellular system model is developed and the downlink performance of both outdoor macro-cellular and indoor pico-cellular systems is evaluated with a variety of traffic types. Both traffic scheduling performance and propagation dependent performance are evaluated as the two are inter-linked. Scenarios are identified where propagation dependent performance is sensitive to the statistical properties of the user traffic streams and it is shown that a significant performance difference potentially exists between different traffic types when the number of users per cell is low. When a significant performance difference does exist, burstier more variable traffic generally results in superior propagation dependent performance. The base transceiver station (BTS) transmitter power mean and variance provides a good indication of the level of propagation dependent performance regardless of the specific traffic type. Traffic scheduling policies that deliberately reduce the variability of user traffic streams are considered and in terms of propagation dependent performance these are shown to have a minimal impact on the performance difference between different traffic types. The implications of VBR traffic on DS-CDMA cellular system design are outlined and it is shown that VBR traffic can be approximated as CBR traffic in many scenarios and this is a convenient approximation as it simplifies system design and detailed traffic models do not need to be developed.
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Kilbert, Steven Michael. "A Microsimulation of Traffic, Parking, and Emissions at California Polytechnic State University - San Luis Obispo." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/452.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traffic and parking congestion are significant issues at many universities nationwide. The delays experienced result in wasted time, money, and fuel for students, faculty and staff, not to mention the negative contributions to the environment. This paper quantifies the amount of vehicle emissions generated during an average morning peak hour in the university environment. Using VISSIM and CMEM microsimulation packages, a model is created for California Polytechnic State University- San Luis Obispo to aggregate the collective transportation behaviors and practices of the campus and recognize the implications these behaviors pose on the transportation network as a whole. Reasonable estimates are generated for overall HC, CO, and NOx type emissions as well as fuel consumption. Scenarios are proposed which reflect the sensitivity of outputs to key input parameters. The findings of this research can be useful for future campus planning and the ideas can be extended to similar environments with traffic and parking problems such as business parks, corporate campuses, downtown districts, and special event venues.
Книги з теми "Traffic engineering Research Australia"
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Conference, Australian Road Research Board. 16th ARRB Conference, Perth, Western Australia, 9-12 November 1992: Proceedings. Vermont South, Vic., Australia: Australian Road Research Board Ltd., 1992.
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Law, Teik-Hua, and Baohua Guo. Frontier Research: Road and Traffic Engineering. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003305002.
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University of Wyoming. Dept. of Civil and Architectural Engineering. Traffic signal pole research (damping). Laramie, WY: Dept. of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Wyoming, 2001.
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Harkey, David L. Accident modification factors for traffic engineering and ITS improvements. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, 2008.
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Glad, Richard W. Weave analysis and performance: The Washington State case study. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Transportation, 2001.
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Wadhwa, Lal C. Transportation software in Australia: A sourcebook. Townsville, Qld., Australia: James Cook University of North Queensland, 1987.
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Federation, International Road. 1986 world survey of current research and development on roads and road transport. Washington: The Federation, 1986.
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Federation, International Road. 1985 world survey of current research and development on roads and road transport. Washington: The Federation, 1985.
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ADMINISTRATION, FEDERAL AVIATION. The Federal Aviation Administration plan for research, engineering, and development. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, 1985.
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ADMINISTRATION, FEDERAL AVIATION. The Federal Aviation Administration plan for research, engineering, and development. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, 1985.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Traffic engineering Research Australia"
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Lalitha, K., and M. Pounambal. "IoT-Based Traffic Management." In Emerging Research in Data Engineering Systems and Computer Communications, 155–61. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0135-7_14.
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Luan, Meng, Juanjuan Wang, and Zhenxiao Yi. "Research on freight rate of container transportation." In Frontier Research: Road and Traffic Engineering, 714–19. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003305002-93.
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Wei, Chao, Xiang Gao, and Miao-xin Nie. "Research on the Simulation Case of Traffic Accident." In The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 1235–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38391-5_130.
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Guo, Jiayi, and Jingwei Guo. "Traffic planning and demand forecasting based on TransCAD method." In Frontier Research: Road and Traffic Engineering, 872–80. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003305002-113.
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Zhu, Quanpeng. "Stability analysis of deep foundation pit excavation adjacent to existing buildings." In Frontier Research: Road and Traffic Engineering, 112–16. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003305002-15.
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Li, Zhonglong, Qiyuan Li, Haonan Bing, Mingjun Zhang, and Qingfei Gao. "Numerical investigation on the stiffness of girder bridges influenced by cracks." In Frontier Research: Road and Traffic Engineering, 218–23. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003305002-30.
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Deng, KePing, and HangFeng Yu. "Space design of axial artery traffic in linear cities: Yiwu Guomao Avenue." In Frontier Research: Road and Traffic Engineering, 749–55. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003305002-98.
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Wang, Junjie, Hongjun Li, Yongqiang Mao, and Kuangyi Liu. "Research on aggregate characteristics of Wenma Expressway asphalt pavement." In Frontier Research: Road and Traffic Engineering, 357–62. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003305002-47.
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Zhou, Lei, and Gaofei Wang. "Study on the alignment design of the secondary road in the hot and damp area of Southeastern China: Taking Chongxing Palace to Hezhu Village as an example." In Frontier Research: Road and Traffic Engineering, 131–35. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003305002-18.
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Zhu, Yunsheng, Zhihui Xu, Kaifeng Wang, Yong Liu, and Shili Wang. "Study on settlement characteristics of subgrade reinforced by geocell at bridgehead transition section." In Frontier Research: Road and Traffic Engineering, 257–74. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003305002-35.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Traffic engineering Research Australia"
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Howard, Prue, and Bernadette Foley. "Reviewing The Engineers Australia Competencies." In 9th Research in Engineering Education Symposium & 32nd Australasian Association for Engineering Education Conference. https://reen.co/: Research in Enineering Education Network (REEN), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/066488-0124.
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Singh, Rachee, Nikolaj Bjørner, and Umesh Krishnaswamy. "Traffic engineering." In SOSR '22: The ACM SIGCOMM Symposium on SDN Research. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3563647.3563652.
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Huo, Yamin, and Qin Xu. "Traffic Calming Measures Applicability Research." In Third International Conference on Transportation Engineering (ICTE). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41184(419)93.
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Meili Lv and Wei Ji. "Research on GMPLS traffic engineering mechanism." In 2011 IEEE 13th International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icct.2011.6157937.
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V, Indumathi, Ana Evangelista, Arti Siddhpura, Yuanyuan Fan, and Milind Siddhpura. "Pandemic exacerbating Work Integrated Learning experience for International Students in Australia." In 9th Research in Engineering Education Symposium & 32nd Australasian Association for Engineering Education Conference. https://reen.co/: Research in Enineering Education Network (REEN), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/066488-0060.
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Munasinghe, K. D. S. A., T. D. Waththegedara, I. R. Wickramasinghe, H. M. O. K. Herath, and V. Logeeshan. "Smart Traffic Light Control System Based on Traffic Density and Emergency Vehicle Detection." In 2022 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mercon55799.2022.9906184.
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Rajapaksha, Gayani, and Saman Bandara. "Evaluation of Accuracy of the Infra-Red Traffic Logger Under Mix Traffic Condition." In 2019 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mercon.2019.8818936.
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Gan, XianYong, and HongYi Yang. "Research on Urban Traffic Improvement Based on Meticulous Traffic Design." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icebe.2009.73.
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Sun, Peng, Laurent Vanbever, and Jennifer Rexford. "Scalable programmable inbound traffic engineering." In SOSR 2015: ACM SIGCOMM Symposium on SDN Research. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2774993.2775063.
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Kumar, Praveen, Yang Yuan, Chris Yu, Nate Foster, Robert Kleinberg, Petr Lapukhov, Chiun Lin Lim, and Robert Soulé. "Semi-Oblivious Traffic Engineering with SMORE." In ANRW '18: Applied Networking Research Workshop. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3232755.3232781.
Повний текст джерелаЗвіти організацій з теми "Traffic engineering Research Australia"
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Shoop, Sally, Wendy Wieder, and Terry Melendy. McMurdo Snow Roads and Transportation : final program summary. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45200.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The snow roads at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, are the primary transportation corridors for moving personnel and material to and from the airfields servicing intra- and intercontinental air traffic. The majority of the road system is made of snow overlying a snow, firn, and icy subsurface and is particularly susceptible to deterioration during the warmest parts of the austral summer when above-freezing temperatures can occur for several days at a time. Poor snow-road conditions can seriously limit payloads for all types of ground vehicles. The US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) studied the McMurdo snow roads for the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs as part of the Snow Roads and Transportation (SRT) program. The goals of the SRT program was to improve construction, maintenance, and use of the McMurdo’s snow roads, with particular attention on minimizing warm-season deterioration. This is the final report of the SRT program, summarizing the program’s activities and findings and emphasizing those parts of the program not previously documented in CRREL Reports, conference papers, or journal articles.
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Chien, Stanley, Lauren Christopher, Yaobin Chen, Mei Qiu, and Wei Lin. Integration of Lane-Specific Traffic Data Generated from Real-Time CCTV Videos into INDOT's Traffic Management System. Purdue University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317400.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) uses about 600 digital cameras along populated Indiana highways in order to monitor highway traffic conditions. The videos from these cameras are currently observed by human operators looking for traffic conditions and incidents. However, it is time-consuming for the operators to scan through all video data from all the cameras in real-time. The main objective of this research was to develop an automatic and real-time system and implement the system at INDOT to monitor traffic conditions and detect incidents automatically. The Transportation and Autonomous Systems Institute (TASI) of the Purdue School of Engineering and Technology at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) and the INDOT Traffic Management Center have worked together to research and develop a system that monitors the traffic conditions based on the INDOT CCTV video feeds. The proposed system performs traffic flow estimation, incident detection, and the classification of vehicles involved in an incident. The goal was to develop a system and prepare for future implementation. The research team designed the new system, including the hardware and software components, the currently existing INDOT CCTV system, the database structure for traffic data extracted from the videos, and a user-friendly web-based server for identifying individual lanes on the highway and showing vehicle flowrates of each lane automatically. The preliminary prototype of some system components was implemented in the 2018–2019 JTRP projects, which provided the feasibility and structure of the automatic traffic status extraction from the video feeds. The 2019–2021 JTRP project focused on developing and improving many features’ functionality and computation speed to make the program run in real-time. The specific work in this 2021–2022 JTRP project is to improve the system further and implement it on INDOT’s premises. The system has the following features: vehicle-detection, road boundary detection, lane detection, vehicle count and flowrate detection, traffic condition detection, database development, web-based graphical user interface (GUI), and a hardware specification study. The research team has installed the system on one computer in INDOT for daily road traffic monitoring operations.
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Tarko, Andrew P., Mario A. Romero, Vamsi Krishna Bandaru, and Cristhian Lizarazo. TScan–Stationary LiDAR for Traffic and Safety Applications: Vehicle Interpretation and Tracking. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317402.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To improve traffic performance and safety, the ability to measure traffic accurately and effectively, including motorists and other vulnerable road users, at road intersections is needed. A past study conducted by the Center for Road Safety has demonstrated that it is feasible to detect and track various types of road users using a LiDAR-based system called TScan. This project aimed to progress towards a real-world implementation of TScan by building two trailer-based prototypes with full end-user documentation. The previously developed detection and tracking algorithms have been modified and converted from the research code to its implementational version written in the C++ programming language. Two trailer-based TScan units have been built. The design of the prototype was iterated multiple times to account for component placement, ease of maintenance, etc. The expansion of the TScan system from a one single-sensor unit to multiple units with multiple LiDAR sensors necessitated transforming all the measurements into a common spatial and temporal reference frame. Engineering applications for performing traffic counts, analyzing speeds at intersections, and visualizing pedestrian presence data were developed. The limitations of the existing SSAM for traffic conflicts analysis with computer simulation prompted the research team to develop and implement their own traffic conflicts detection and analysis technique that is applicable to real-world data. Efficient use of the development system requires proper training of its end users. An INDOT-CRS collaborative process was developed and its execution planned to gradually transfer the two TScan prototypes to INDOT’s full control. This period will be also an opportunity for collecting feedback from the end user and making limited modifications to the system and documentation as needed.
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Chien, Stanley, Yaobin Chen, Lauren Christopher, Mei Qiu, and Zhengming Ding. Road Condition Detection and Classification from Existing CCTV Feed. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317364.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) has approximately 500 digital cameras along highways in populated areas of Indiana. These cameras are used to monitor traffic conditions around the clock, all year round. Currently, the videos from these cameras are observed one-by-one by human operators looking for traffic conditions and incidents. The main objective of this research was to develop an automatic, real-time system to monitor traffic conditions and detect incidents automatically. The Transportation and Autonomous Systems Institute (TASI) of the Purdue School of Engineering and Technology at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) and the Traffic Management Center of INDOT developed a system that monitors the traffic conditions based on the INDOT CCTV video feeds. The proposed system performs traffic flow estimation, incident detection, and classification of vehicles involved in an incident. The research team designed the system, including the hardware and software components added to the existing INDOT CCTV system; the relationship between the added system and the currently existing INDOT system; the database structure for traffic data extracted from the videos; and a user-friendly, web-based server for showing the incident locations automatically. The specific work in this project includes vehicle-detection, road boundary detection, lane detection, vehicle count over time, flow-rate detection, traffic condition detection, database development, web-based graphical user interface (GUI), and a hardware specification study. The preliminary prototype of some system components has been implemented in the Development of Automated Incident Detection System Using Existing ATMS CCT (SPR-4305).
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Li, Howell, Jijo K. Mathew, Woosung Kim, and Darcy M. Bullock. Using Crowdsourced Vehicle Braking Data to Identify Roadway Hazards. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317272.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Modern vehicles know more about the road conditions than transportation agencies. Enhanced vehicle data that provides information on “close calls” such as hard braking events or road conditions during winter such as wheel slips and traction control will be critical for improving safety and traffic operations. This research applied conflict analyses techniques to process approximately 1.5 million hard braking events that occurred in the state of Indiana over a period of one week in August 2019. The study looked at work zones, signalized intersections, interchanges and entry/exit ramps. Qualitative spatial frequency analysis of hard-braking events on the interstate demonstrated the ability to quickly identify temporary and long-term construction zones that warrant further investigation to improve geometry and advance warning signs. The study concludes by recommending the frequency of hard-braking events across different interstate routes to identify roadway locations that have abnormally high numbers of “close calls” for further engineering assessment.
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Mayfield, Colin. Higher Education in the Water Sector: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/guxy9244.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Higher education related to water is a critical component of capacity development necessary to support countries’ progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) overall, and towards the SDG6 water and sanitation goal in particular. Although the precise number is unknown, there are at least 28,000 higher education institutions in the world. The actual number is likely higher and constantly changing. Water education programmes are very diverse and complex and can include components of engineering, biology, chemistry, physics, hydrology, hydrogeology, ecology, geography, earth sciences, public health, sociology, law, and political sciences, to mention a few areas. In addition, various levels of qualifications are offered, ranging from certificate, diploma, baccalaureate, to the master’s and doctorate (or equivalent) levels. The percentage of universities offering programmes in ‘water’ ranges from 40% in the USA and Europe to 1% in subSaharan Africa. There are no specific data sets available for the extent or quality of teaching ‘water’ in universities. Consequently, insights on this have to be drawn or inferred from data sources on overall research and teaching excellence such as Scopus, the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education, the Ranking Web of Universities, the Our World in Data website and the UN Statistics Division data. Using a combination of measures of research excellence in water resources and related topics, and overall rankings of university teaching excellence, universities with representation in both categories were identified. Very few universities are represented in both categories. Countries that have at least three universities in the list of the top 50 include USA, Australia, China, UK, Netherlands and Canada. There are universities that have excellent reputations for both teaching excellence and for excellent and diverse research activities in water-related topics. They are mainly in the USA, Europe, Australia and China. Other universities scored well on research in water resources but did not in teaching excellence. The approach proposed in this report has potential to guide the development of comprehensive programmes in water. No specific comparative data on the quality of teaching in water-related topics has been identified. This report further shows the variety of pathways which most water education programmes are associated with or built in – through science, technology and engineering post-secondary and professional education systems. The multitude of possible institutions and pathways to acquire a qualification in water means that a better ‘roadmap’ is needed to chart the programmes. A global database with details on programme curricula, qualifications offered, duration, prerequisites, cost, transfer opportunities and other programme parameters would be ideal for this purpose, showing country-level, regional and global search capabilities. Cooperation between institutions in preparing or presenting water programmes is currently rather limited. Regional consortia of institutions may facilitate cooperation. A similar process could be used for technical and vocational education and training, although a more local approach would be better since conditions, regulations and technologies vary between relatively small areas. Finally, this report examines various factors affecting the future availability of water professionals. This includes the availability of suitable education and training programmes, choices that students make to pursue different areas of study, employment prospects, increasing gender equity, costs of education, and students’ and graduates’ mobility, especially between developing and developed countries. This report aims to inform and open a conversation with educators and administrators in higher education especially those engaged in water education or preparing to enter that field. It will also benefit students intending to enter the water resources field, professionals seeking an overview of educational activities for continuing education on water and government officials and politicians responsible for educational activities
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Gunay, Selim, Fan Hu, Khalid Mosalam, Arpit Nema, Jose Restrepo, Adam Zsarnoczay, and Jack Baker. Blind Prediction of Shaking Table Tests of a New Bridge Bent Design. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/svks9397.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Considering the importance of the transportation network and bridge structures, the associated seismic design philosophy is shifting from the basic collapse prevention objective to maintaining functionality on the community scale in the aftermath of moderate to strong earthquakes (i.e., resiliency). In addition to performance, the associated construction philosophy is also being modernized, with the utilization of accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques to reduce impacts of construction work on traffic, society, economy, and on-site safety during construction. Recent years have seen several developments towards the design of low-damage bridges and ABC. According to the results of conducted tests, these systems have significant potential to achieve the intended community resiliency objectives. Taking advantage of such potential in the standard design and analysis processes requires proper modeling that adequately characterizes the behavior and response of these bridge systems. To evaluate the current practices and abilities of the structural engineering community to model this type of resiliency-oriented bridges, the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) organized a blind prediction contest of a two-column bridge bent consisting of columns with enhanced response characteristics achieved by a well-balanced contribution of self-centering, rocking, and energy dissipation. The parameters of this blind prediction competition are described in this report, and the predictions submitted by different teams are analyzed. In general, forces are predicted better than displacements. The post-tension bar forces and residual displacements are predicted with the best and least accuracy, respectively. Some of the predicted quantities are observed to have coefficient of variation (COV) values larger than 50%; however, in general, the scatter in the predictions amongst different teams is not significantly large. Applied ground motions (GM) in shaking table tests consisted of a series of naturally recorded earthquake acceleration signals, where GM1 is found to be the largest contributor to the displacement error for most of the teams, and GM7 is the largest contributor to the force (hence, the acceleration) error. The large contribution of GM1 to the displacement error is due to the elastic response in GM1 and the errors stemming from the incorrect estimation of the period and damping ratio. The contribution of GM7 to the force error is due to the errors in the estimation of the base-shear capacity. Several teams were able to predict forces and accelerations with only moderate bias. Displacements, however, were systematically underestimated by almost every team. This suggests that there is a general problem either in the assumptions made or the models used to simulate the response of this type of bridge bent with enhanced response characteristics. Predictions of the best-performing teams were consistently and substantially better than average in all response quantities. The engineering community would benefit from learning details of the approach of the best teams and the factors that caused the models of other teams to fail to produce similarly good results. Blind prediction contests provide: (1) very useful information regarding areas where current numerical models might be improved; and (2) quantitative data regarding the uncertainty of analytical models for use in performance-based earthquake engineering evaluations. Such blind prediction contests should be encouraged for other experimental research activities and are planned to be conducted annually by PEER.