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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Traditional farming"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 29 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Traditional farming"

Bajpai, Mayur, and Amit Kumar. "Why Farmer Prefer Traditional Farming Over Modern Farming." BSSS Journal of Social Work 14, no. 1 (July 13, 2022): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.51767/jsw1404.

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This study intense to identify attributes characterizing traditional farming over modern farming binary logistic rig-ration suggest that the silent characters were techniques of cultivation, seed used machinery used, tissue culture plants, genetically modified crops, Biofertilizers, govt. policy, and organic farming. The implication study was discovered.

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Fischer, Joern, Tibor Hartel, and Tobias Kuemmerle. "Conservation policy in traditional farming landscapes." Conservation Letters 5, no. 3 (March 8, 2012): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263x.2012.00227.x.

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Suhendra, Dori, Muhammad Nurung, and Reswita Reswita. "ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHATANI PADA KOPI TRADISIONAL DAN KOPI SAMBUNG DI DESA LUBUK KEMBANG, KEC. CURUP UTARA, KAB. REJANG LEBONG." Jurnal AGRISEP 11, no. 1 (March 21, 2012): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.11.1.61-68.

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This research was conducted in the Desa Lubuk kembang, Kec. Curup Utara, Kab. Rejang Lebong, Prov. Bengkulu. The purpose of this study are: 1) to calculate revenue on the traditional coffee farming and grafting coffee farming and 2) to determine the condition of efficiency in traditional coffee farming and grafting coffee farming and their difference. The amount of 68 farmers of coffee were chosen by using the accidental sampling method. The respondents of farmers’ group consist of 34 farmers. Data analysis used descriptive analysis. The results of this research showed that the average income of traditional coffee farming is Rp. 7,369,461,00/hectar/year, while the average farm income of grafting coffee farming of Rp. 18,792,149/hectar/ year. The average value of R/C ratio in traditional coffee farming was 3.37, while in grafting coffee farming was 3.85. These indicataed that coffe farming, both on traditional coffee farming and grafting coffee farming, were eficient. Keywords: traditional coffee farming, grafting coffee farming, revenue, efficiency, cost-revenue ratio

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Thorat, Chandrakant A., and Satish Pawar. "Competing with Traditional Business Model: Zero Budget Natural Farming Against Chemical Farming." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 3091–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.3091ecst.

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Zero Budget Natural Farming or ZBNF is a set of farming methods, and also is a grassroots peasant movement, which has spread to various states of India. Padma shri Subhash Palekar is founder of this technique of faming ZBNF. It has attained wide achievement in south India, especially the south Indian state of Karnataka where it first evolved. A research was undertaken to study understand Zero Budget Natural Farming with reference to Pune District, Solapur District, and Ahmednagar District in Maharashtra State. 435 farmers were surveyed. The awareness about ZBNF is quite high with the farmers. No marketing strategy is used by ZBNF producers. However, the farmers are in favor of implementing a sound marketing strategy for the ZBNF products. 4Ps of the classic marketing mix can be identified with the ZBNF products like vegetables and fruits. ZBNF implementation can be a game-changer in the field of agriculture. Few farmers were found using ZBNF technique since last 25 years. It is a highly efficient and effective farming model as compared to be the traditional chemical farming.

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Bharathy, N., K. Sivakumar, V. Ramesh, D. Anandha Prakash Singh, K. Chinnamani, and A. Clement Ebenezer Henry. "“Korangadu”- Traditional Dry land Grass Farming System." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 08 (August 10, 2018): 4390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.461.

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Simon, Franz. "The traditional farming economy of South Tyrol." Visual Anthropology 1, no. 3 (October 1988): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08949468.1988.9966492.

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Moussa Amadou, B., A. Idi, and K. Benabdeljelil. "Characterization of traditional poultry farming in Niger." World's Poultry Science Journal 67, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043933911000560.

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Howley, Peter, Cathal O. Donoghue, and Stephen Hynes. "Exploring public preferences for traditional farming landscapes." Landscape and Urban Planning 104, no. 1 (January 2012): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.09.006.

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Coldwell, Ian. "New farming masculinities." Journal of Sociology 43, no. 1 (March 2007): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783307073936.

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Studies have suggested that traditional gender identity constructions of farmers tend to accompany conventional methods of farming and so are implicated in stalling the transition to sustainable agriculture. This article attempts to build on this work by exploring how young male farmers construct their masculine identities and how those identity constructions shape and are shaped by their farming practices and the social conditions in which those farming practices are carried out. Reflexivity is a significant part of this process. This exploratory study is based on focus group discussions conducted in one locality in Northern Victoria, among young male dairy farmers. Analysis of the findings supports the existence of a traditional-modern dualism in rural masculine identities. What is also evident is that more open and flexible masculine identities are emerging among young farmers, suggesting that existing tensions in agriculture situated at the nexus of alternative farming practices and traditional agrarian ideology might be a catalyst for change toward more equitable gender relations and sustainable ways of farming.

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Xie, Hanbin, Wei Zhang, Ben Li, Qiang Ma, and Tianhou Wang. "Industrial rice farming supports fewer waterbirds than traditional farming on Chongming Island, China." Ecological Research 34, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.1056.

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Дисертації з теми "Traditional farming"

Grubbs, Morris Allen. "Wendell Berry’s Cyclic Vision: Traditional Farming as Metaphor." TopSCHOLAR®, 1990. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1552.

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Although Wendell Berry’s first book, a novel, appeared in 1960, he did not gain significant national attention until the publication of his nonfiction manifesto, The Unsettling of America: Culture and Agriculture, in 1977. Since its publication, Berry has moved increasingly toward the prose of persuasion as he continues to sharpen his argument in support of a practical, continuous harmony between the human economy and Nature. His canon as a whole – the poems, essays, and novels – is an ongoing and thorough exploration of man’s use of and relationship to the land. Arguing that the health of a culture is linked to the health of its land, Berry focuses on agriculture, particularly the growing conflict between traditional farming (which espouses a harmonious cyclic vision) and modern agribusiness (which espouses a discordant linear vision). As a traditional farmer wedded to the land, Berry derives his ideas and images largely from his practical experiences and form his devotion to careful and responsible land stewardship. He also, in his nonfiction, turns to several agricultural (as well as a few literary) writers of the past and present to lend support to his arguments. Berry’s strong sense of Nature’s cycle is the basis for his imagery of departures and returns. As a crucial part of the cycle, death is prerequisite to life, and Berry shows the importance of understanding “that the land we live on and the lives we live are the gifts of death” (Home Economics 62). The power of Nature’s cycle is at once destructive and restorative; Berry teaches that by allying our human economy more with natural cyclic processes rather than with man-made linear – and ultimately destructive – ones, we and future generations can live with hope and assurance through the possibility of renewal. Traditional farming has taught Berry the concepts which inform his poems and essays (as well as his novels and short stories, which merit a separate study beyond the scope of this paper.) For example, he has learned, and continues to learn, the importance of understanding and acknowledging the primal, and ruling, character of a “place”; of looking to Nature for guidance, instruction, and justice; and of allying farming practices to Nature’s “Wheel” of birth, growth, maturity, death, and decay. This cycle and related motifs unify and connect his central themes, particularly death as a means of renewal. In Berry’s view, one of the cruxes in the agricultural crisis is that, whereas traditional farming seeks a natural balance between growth and decay, industrial farming, because of its pull toward mass production, stresses growth only (a linear inclination), which wears out the land and leads inevitably to infertility. Tracing our modern crisis to our past and to our present character and culture, Berry shows the ramifications of our abuse of Nature’s “gifts.”

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Boag, Franca Elise. "Integrated Mediterranean farming and pastoral systems : local knowledge and ecological infrastructure of Italian dryland farming /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22954.pdf.

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Tipper, Richard. "Technological change in contemporary peasant farming systems of northern Chiapas, Mexico." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2598.

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A study of the process of technological change in contemporary Mayan agricultural systems was undertaken by an action research method that involved close collaboration with the rural development efforts of farmers in the northern highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. Firstly, the socioeconomic context of technological change in Chiapas was described, with special reference to the effects of markets on agricultural development. Secondly, theta actors affecting the productivity and sustainability of the regions principal agricultural systems: maize and beans for subsistence and coffee for cash were described and measured. The use of traditional swidden methods of maize cultivation with shorter fallow periods was found to be causing a significant decline in the fertility of soils. Alternative, non-burning methods were found to be sustainable in terms of soil fertility, but required high labour inputs and were less productive during a 2-3 year transition period. Despite government programmes to promote the development of coffee plantations most farmers had adopted only ad hoc improvements, and coffee system productivities were found to be generally low. Models integrating dynamic and linear progranuning components of the improvement problem systems in maize and coffee production were constructed using evidence from the field studies. By examining a number of hypothetical scenarios, further hypotheses about the coffee and maize systems were generated. It was inferred that the relative scarcity of farm labour, cash or land resources would affect the optimum technical decisions of farmers. In particular, it was concluded that farmers with scarce cash resources would face most difficulty (in terms of loss of effective income) in adopting non-burning maize techniques and the promoted methods of coffee plantation improvement. On the basis of the evidence from the field studies and the modelling exercises a number of technical, project and policy recommendations were advocated. These were based upon the objective of maximising the potential competitive strengths of the peasant mode of production, including: the efficient use of marginal, dispersed and inaccessible resources and the production of a wide range of specialised agricultural and forestry products.

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Kitchen, Julie Louise. "Nutrition and nutrional value of wheat grown in organic and conventional farming systems in South Australia." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk618.pdf.

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Derakhshani, Nava. ""God has locked the sky" : exploring traditional farming systems in Tigray, Ethiopia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97123.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Tigray region in northern Ethiopia is a historic centre of agricultural production and home to many subsistence farmers that still use traditional farming systems and practise rain-fed agriculture. The region has been affected adversely by famines and periodic droughts for centuries and is vulnerable to climate change. Farmers are producing on small plots of often degraded land and through their own actions have depleted the natural resources they rely on, in particular soil, water and trees. This study sought to explore the environmental degradation of Tigray through both a literature review of its agricultural socio-political history and a lived experience in the village of Abraha We Atsebaha among farmers of the region. It uses a variety of methodologies and methods, including a literature review, grounded theory, narrative inquiry and ethnography, to expand on the factors that have contributed to the current degradation, the implications for traditional farming and the potential for land regeneration. The first journal article seeks to explore how Ethiopians have shaped their natural environment. In particular, it focuses on deforestation, soil degradation, the role of changing governance and land-ownership patterns, and the effects of climate change. The article demonstrates that traditional farming systems do not operate in isolation from their socio-political and environmental context. The second journal article provides an in-depth narrative inquiry conducted in Abraha We Atsebaha over a three-month period in 2014. This village is known for its indigenous farming knowledge, commitment to regeneration and innovation in conservation practices. Interviews were conducted with selected farmers and local leaders and informal discussions were carried out with government extension representatives using the ethno-ecological cosmos-corpus-praxis guidelines to enable an integrated exploration of the nature of traditional farming, the causative factors of environmental deterioration and the resultant communal response. In addition to written interview notes, observations and field notes were recorded daily. Photographs are used to give a real sense of the community and their work. It emerged during this process that underlying belief systems were exceptionally important in a context of traditional conservation. Both articles discuss the development work undertaken by government in the rural farming sector and the successes and challenges faced. They also show that elements of traditional farming, sustainability measures and environmental care were suspended in favour of short-term survival as a consequence of social, political and population stressors. This study provides learning points, gained from insights gleaned from the literature review and the lived experience, for improving development interventions in this region. This study did not explicitly explore the role of religion in conservation or the potential long-term effects of current government policies and initiatives. However, it contributes to the small pool of literature on the region focused on traditional farming systems by providing a comprehensive overview of the drivers of degradation (historical and current) and offers a unique, “soft” experiential narration of a village in northern Ethiopia that allows insight into farmer experiences, pressures and adaptation efforts.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Tigray-streek in die noorde van Ethiopië is ’n historiese sentrum van landbouproduksie en die tuiste van menige bestaansboer wat nog op tradisionele boerderystelsels en reënbesproeiing staatmaak. Die streek het eeue lank onder hongersnood en periodieke droogtes gebuk gegaan en is kwesbaar vir klimaatsverandering. Boere bewerk klein stukke, dikwels afgetakelde, grond en het deur hul eie optrede die natuurlike hulpbronne waarop hulle staatmaak – veral die grond, water en bome – uitgeput. Hierdie studie was daarop toegespits om ’n beter begrip te vorm van die omgewingsaftakeling in Tigray. Vir hierdie doel is ’n literatuurstudie van die sosiopolitieke landbougeskiedenis van die gebied onderneem, en is die lewe in die dorp Abraha We Atsebaha tussen boere van die streek ervaar. Die navorsing het van ’n verskeidenheid metodologieë en metodes, waaronder ’n literatuuroorsig, gegronde teorie, narratiewe ondersoek en etnografie, gebruik gemaak om lig te werp op die faktore wat tot die huidige aftakeling bygedra het, die implikasies vir tradisionele boerdery, en die potensiaal vir grondvernuwing. Die eerste tydskrifartikel verken hoe Ethiopiërs hul natuurlike omgewing gevorm het. Dit konsentreer veral op ontbossing, grondaftakeling, die rol van veranderende staatsbestuurs- en grondbesitpatrone, en die uitwerking van klimaatsverandering. Die artikel toon dat tradisionele boerderystelsels nie afsonderlik van hul sosiopolitieke en omgewingskonteks funksioneer nie. Die tweede tydskrifartikel beskryf ’n narratiewe diepte-ondersoek wat oor ’n drie maande lange tydperk in 2014 in Abraha We Atsebaha onderneem is. Hierdie dorp is bekend vir sy inheemse landboukennis, toewyding aan vernuwing, en innoverende bewaringspraktyke. Onderhoude is met ’n uitgesoekte groep boere en plaaslike leiers gevoer, en voorligtingsbeamptes van die staat is by informele gesprekke betrek. Die etno-ekologiese cosmos-corpus-praxis-riglyne is gebruik om ’n geïntegreerde studie te onderneem van die aard van tradisionele boerdery, die oorsaaklike faktore van omgewingsaftakeling, en die gevolglike gemeenskapsreaksie. Benewens skriftelike aantekeninge gedurende die onderhoude, is waarnemings en veldnotas ook daagliks opgeteken. Foto’s word gebruik om die gemeenskap en hul werk getrou uit te beeld. Gedurende hierdie proses het aan die lig gekom dat onderliggende oortuigingstelsels besonder belangrik is in ’n tradisionele bewaringskonteks. Albei artikels bespreek die ontwikkelingswerk wat die regering in die landelike boerderysektor onderneem, sowel as die suksesse en uitdagings daarvan. Dit toon ook dat elemente van tradisionele boerdery, volhoubaarheidsmaatreëls en omgewingsorg as gevolg van maatskaplike, politieke en bevolkingsfaktore laat vaar is ten gunste van korttermynoorlewing. Die insigte wat uit die literatuuroorsig sowel as die lewenservaring in die bestudeerde gemeenskap spruit, bied lesse vir die verbetering van ontwikkelingsintervensies in die streek. Die studie het nie uitdruklik die rol van godsdiens in bewaring of die potensiële langtermynuitwerking van huidige staatsbeleide en -inisiatiewe ondersoek nie. Tog dra dit by tot die klein hoeveelheid beskikbare literatuur oor tradisionele boerderystelsels in die streek deur ’n omvattende oorsig te bied van die (historiese en huidige) snellers van aftakeling, en vertel dit ’n unieke, ‘sagte’ ervaringsverhaal oor ’n dorp in die noorde van Ethiopië om sodoende insig in landbou-ervarings, -druk en -aanpassingspogings te bied.

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Sherif, Souad Mohammed. "The economic feasibility of introducing aquaculture into traditional farming systems in Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288781.

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The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the economic feasibility of introducing fish culture into irrigated cotton production on farms in central Arizona. The representative farm adopted in this study is a cotton farm described in Arizona Field Crop Budgets, 1994-95. The only adjustment necessary for the farmer to make is to keep water in the ditches at all times. Water as a production variable for fish production was thus calculated only for the additional quantity required. Analysis of these production systems was accomplished by budgeting procedures as well as statistical analysis. The economic-engineering (synthetic firm technique) was employed to develop the input-output coefficients necessary for analysis. Five fish densities and eight ditch capacities were tested. The production function was estimated using input and yield data. Three functional forms (linear, quadratic and Cobb-Douglas) were examined to determine how well they estimated the production system. Using budget analysis, a fish stocking density of six fish per cubic meter and a ditch capacity of 2,925 m3 appear to provide the optimal production scenario, if the percentage of fish reaching harvestable size is improved from 66 percent to at least 80 percent. This density has been proven to require minimum production costs and to provide the most efficient use of resources. However, production functions estimated in this study indicate that profits can be increased through additional use of feed. At any ditch capacity, a density of six fish per cubic meter, provides the optimal economic results, MVP = PX2 Finally, the implication of the findings of this study are that raising tilapia in irrigation ditch systems on cotton farms in central Arizona is feasible at a stocking density of six fish per cubic meter. Studies to improve the percentage of fish reaching marketable size at this density is very critical. Increasing the initial size of the fingerlings could be a consideration in improving the percentage of fish reaching marketable size and eventually increasing optimum economic returns.

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Mhlontlo, Simphiwe. "Effects of sheep kraal manure and intercropping with maize on growth, nutrient uptake and yield of a vegetable Amaranthus accession in the central region of the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/76.

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Amaranthus is among the nutritious indigenous plant species that are gathered from the wild in the Eastern Cape to prepare a traditional meal known as ‘imifino’ or ‘isigwampa’ to supplement the necessary proteins, vitamins and minerals which are poor in maizebased meals. Amaranthus species are adapted to wild conditions unsuitable for exotic vegetables and could be cultivated but information on its fertility requirements, as sole or intercrop, is the key for its domestication and production as a leafy vegetable, particularly where manure is used. Two dry-land and one glasshouse experiments were conducted to study the effects of sheep kraal manure application rate, intercropping with maize and soil type on growth, fresh and dry matter yields, nutrient uptake and grain yield of a local Amaranthus accession that grows wild in the Eastern Cape. Sheep kraal manure rates ranging from 0 to 10 t ha-1 and an NPK {2:3:4(30) + 0.5% Zn} fertilizer as a positive control, applied at rates recommended for spinach, were tested. In the Gqumahashe experiment, where Amaranthus was grown as a sole crop, low manure rates (≤ 2.5 t ha-1) resulted in plant heights and fresh matter yields which were comparable to those in the unfertilized control, whereas higher rates (5 and 10 t ha-1) and recommended NPK fertilizer had higher levels both at 30 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) at p < 0.05. At 30 DAT, manure application rates of ≥ 2.5 t ha-1 and the NPK fertilizer treatment, produced greater shoot dry-matter yields (29.35, 30.75 and 37.68 g plant-1) than the unfertilized control (17.11 g plant-1) at p < 0.05. Uptake of N and P in the leaves increased with increase in manure application rate with N uptake reaching a maximum (308 mg plant-1) at a manure rate of 2.5 t ha-1 which corresponded with the maximum dry matter yield. There was no effect of manure rate or fertilizer on residual soil N and Ca, whereas P, K, Mg and Zn increased. In a pot experiment with soils from Ntselamanzi and Gqumahashe Villages, manure rates ≥ 2.5 t ha-1 resulted in plant heights and fresh matter yield that compared well with the NPK fertilizer treatment in the Gqumahashe soil whereas only the 10 t ha-1 manure treatment was comparable to the NPK fertilizer treatment in the Ntselamanzi soil. Only treatments with ≥ 5 t ha-1 manure had stem girth (1.00 and 1.07 cm) that compared well to NPK fertilizer (1.03 cm) in the Ntselamanzi soil whereas in the Gqumahashe soil, all manure levels compared well to NPK fertilizer (1.02 cm). However, no significant difference was observed in plant height and stem girth and fresh matter due to soil type. In both soils, the 1.3-10 t ha-1 manure treatments had dry leaf weight comparable to plants fertilized with NPK fertilizer (3.72 g plant-1 for the Ntselamanzi soil and 3.65 g plant-1 for the Gqumahashe soil) and were bigger than the unfertilized control (2.2 g plant-1 for the Ntselamanzi soil and 1.38 g plant-1 for the Gqumahashe soil) at p < 0.05. Uptake of N, P and K increased as result of manure application but nonetheless, it was less when compared to plants fertilized with NPK fertilizer in both soils. In a field intercropping experiment carried out at Ntselamanzi, growth and yield of sole and intercropped Amaranthus plants grown with manure improved when compared to the unfertilized control and compared well to NPK fertilizer. At 30 days after transplanting (DAT), both sole and intercropped plants grown with ≥ 2.5 t ha-1 manure had fresh and dry matter yield comparable to plants fertilized with NPK fertilizer. At 60 DAT, intercropped plants grown with all manure levels had bigger fresh matter yield when compared to unfertilized control (836.0 g plant-1) whereas for sole cropped plants only those grown with ≥ 2.5 t ha-1 compared to NPK fertilizer (1467.7 g plant-1) at p < 0.05. Uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg increased with increase in manure application in both sole and intercropped Amaranthus. Whereas Amaranthus did not suffer from the competition in the intercrop, maize biomass and grain yield were severely reduced with the effects being evident after 60 DAT. Based on results of this study, it is therefore suggested that, if Amaranthus is to be intercropped with maize under dry land conditions of the Central Region of the Eastern Cape, sheep manure should at least be applied at rate of ≥ 2.5 t ha-1 and Amaranthus be harvested at 30 DAT.

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Caunce, Stephen Andrew. "Farming with horses in the East Riding of Yorkshire : some aspects of recent agricultural history." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328699.

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Larsson, Jimmie. "Traditional agricultural landscapes and their importance in the fight against land degradation." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43201.

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Markförstöring är idag ett utbrett problem som till stor del är orsakat av konventionellt jordbruk och ohållbar markanvändning. Traditionella jordbrukslandskap har i många områden bedrivits under lång tid utan att uppvisa samma problem samtidigt som de haft hög artmångfald. Denna litteraturstudie studerar dessa landskap med inriktning på Europa och Ostasien. Resultatet visar att det är flera faktorer som är viktiga i deras bevarande av artmångfald såsom heterogenitet, konnektivitet och intermediära störningar. Utöver detta så är effektiv återvinning av näringsämnen, användning av poly-kulturer och jordbrukslandskapens låga intensitet, viktiga faktorer som skyddat dem från överexploatering. Problemet med traditionella jordbrukslandskap är att de inte är ekonomiskt hållbara. Även om restaurering av ekosystem är ett av FN:s mål det kommande decenniet så sker det inte om det inte finns ett incitament att restaurera. Genom att bättre förstå hållbara jordbrukslandskap kan vi i framtiden skapa både ekologiskt resilienta och ekonomiskt stabila produktionslandskap som inte bara gynnar samhället utan även artmångfalden.

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Vorster, Halina Johanna. "The role and production of traditional leafy vegetables in three rural communities in South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02122009-115129/.

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Книги з теми "Traditional farming"

Venkateswarlu, J. Wisdom in traditional farming systems. Secunderabad: Krishi Media, Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, 2014.

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Heiney, Paul. Pulling Punches: A traditional farming year. London: Methuen, 1988.

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Heiney, Paul. Pulling punches: A traditional farming year. Ipswich, UK: Farming Press, 1994.

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Heiney, Paul. Pulling punches: A traditional farming year. Oxford: ISIS, 1995.

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Gamble, David P. Traditional Mandinka agriculture. Brisbane, Calif: D.P. Gamble, 2006.

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Sharma, S. S. P. Traditional irrigation system: Issues and challenges. Hyderabad: Centre for Water and Land Resources, National Institute of Rural Development, 2014.

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Dubey, V. K., and Kanupriya Chaturvedi. Sustaining indigenous agricultural knowledge for food production. Udaipur: Agrotech Publishing Academy, 2011.

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Prādhikāra, Kannaḍa Pustaka, ред. Dēsi kr̥ṣi jñāna māle. Beṅgaḷūru: Karnāṭaka Sarkāra, Kannaḍa Pustaka Prādhikāra, 2008.

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Museum, Auchindrain, ed. Auchindrain: A historicand traditional Highland farming community. (Auchindrain): (Auchindrain Museum), 1988.

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Baldock, David. The nature of farming: Low intensity farming systems in nine European countries. London: Institute for European Environmental Policy, 1994.

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Частини книг з теми "Traditional farming"

Vasavada, Shilpa, and Naveen Patidar. "Traditional tribal goat-rearer women taking the FPC way." In Farming Futures, 159–73. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003308034-10.

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Pieri, Christian J. M. G. "Soil Development Under Traditional Farming." In Fertility of Soils, 75–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84320-4_9.

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Ram Kumar, R. P., P. Sanjeeva, and B. Vijay Kumar. "Transforming the Traditional Farming into Smart Farming Using Drones." In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Informatics, 589–98. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8228-3_54.

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Ransom, Kieran, and Lindsay Trapnell. "Improving Traditional Crop-Pasture Farming Systems with Lucerne South East Australia." In Rainfed Farming Systems, 841–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9132-2_32.

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Hamadani, H., S. Mudasir Rashid, J. D. Parrah, A. A. Khan, K. A. Dar, A. A. Ganie, A. Gazal, R. A. Dar, and Aarif Ali. "Traditional Farming Practices and Its Consequences." In Microbiota and Biofertilizers, Vol 2, 119–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61010-4_6.

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Banerjee, Mahua, and R. Saha. "Biodynamic Farming and Organic Farming: Traditional Approach for Resource Conservation." In Conservation Agriculture and Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations, 189–210. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003364665-15.

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Kulkarni, D. K., R. B. Bhagat, P. V. Patil, and S. P. Taware. "Traditional Use of Store Grain Pest Control through Biopesticides." In Biopesticides in Organic Farming, 167–72. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003027690-40.

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Sunmonu, Joseph T., Temitayo O. Ajayi, and Oluwatoyin A. Odeku. "Irrigation Practices in Farming Communities in North Central Nigeria." In From Traditional to Modern African Water Management, 247–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09663-1_18.

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De Yao, Lin, Sheng-Hui Meng, and Lin Shu Hua. "An Artificial Indoor Farm that Subverts Traditional Farming Patterns." In Advances in Smart Vehicular Technology, Transportation, Communication and Applications, 170–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70730-3_21.

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Tewari, J. C. "Traditional and Improved Agroforestry Systems in Arid Western Rajasthan with Special Reference to Climate Change Adaptation and Livelihood Security." In Horticulture Based Integrated Farming Systems, 159–77. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003245810-15.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Traditional farming"

"The Value and Design Strategy of Traditional Farming Culture Inheritance." In 2018 International Conference on Culture, Literature, Arts & Humanities. Francis Academic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/icclah.18.008.

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Kumar, S. Vishnu, G. Aloy Anuja Mary, R. Uthirasamy, S. Arunmozhi Selvi, and G. Glorindal. "Design of Field to Fork Framework: Integrating IoT into Traditional Farming." In 2022 International Conference on Smart Technologies and Systems for Next Generation Computing (ICSTSN). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icstsn53084.2022.9761330.

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Kumar, Manoj, T. Thiruvenkadam, and Mazhar Khaliq. "Agriculture and Artificial Intelligence: Using Today’s AI to Address Traditional Farming methods." In 2023 International Conference on New Frontiers in Communication, Automation, Management and Security (ICCAMS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccams60113.2023.10526113.

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Rahman, Md Toufiqur, Yue Li, Sakib Mahmud, and Md Abdur Rahman. "IoT based smart farming system to reduce manpower, wastage of time & natural resources in both traditional & urban mega farming." In 2021 4th International Conference on Advanced Electronic Materials, Computers and Software Engineering (AEMCSE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aemcse51986.2021.00241.

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Hizam, S., M. R. Bilad, and Z. A. Putra. "Integration of membrane distillation into traditional salt farming method: Process development and modelling." In THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017 (ICAST’17). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5005386.

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Puji Hastuti, Karunia, and Mrs Sumarmi. "Traditional Rice Farming Ritual Practices of the Banjar Tribe Farmers in South Kalimantan." In 1st International Conference on Social Sciences Education - "Multicultural Transformation in Education, Social Sciences and Wetland Environment" (ICSSE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsse-17.2018.39.

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Chin, Chan Daraly, Chanthan Hel, and Rothna Pec. "Fab Lab Initiative in Higher Education: Digital Solutions Diverted to Traditional Farming in Cambodia Context." In 2021 6th International STEM Education Conference (iSTEM-Ed). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istem-ed52129.2021.9625134.

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Anjum Sheikh, Javed, Asia Mumtaz, and Saba Farzeen. "IoT-based Vertical Farming Systems." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004708.

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Vertical farming, a revolutionary approach to agricultural production, has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential to address various challenges facing traditional farming practices. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of IoT-based Vertical Farming systems, exploring their hardware design, implementation strategies, testing methodologies, and prospects.The hardware design of IoT-based Vertical Farming systems encompasses a range of components essential for creating optimal growing environments. Soil moisture sensors, temperature and humidity sensors, light-dependent resistors (LDRs), and ESP32 Wi-Fi modules are among the key elements utilized in these systems. Soil moisture sensors enable precise irrigation management by measuring water content in the soil, while temperature and humidity sensors provide insights into environmental conditions. LDRs detect light levels, facilitating optimal lighting control, and ESP32 Wi-Fi modules enable wireless communication for remote monitoring and control.Implementation strategies for IoT-based Vertical Farming systems involve hardware setup, software development, and integration with existing infrastructure. Sensor nodes distributed throughout the farming environment are connected to a central control unit via Wi-Fi or other communication protocols. Software interfaces and applications are developed to provide users with real-time monitoring and control capabilities, allowing them to adjust environmental parameters as needed.Effective testing methodologies are crucial for ensuring the reliability, functionality, and security of IoT-based Vertical Farming systems. Black box testing focuses on external functionality, such as user interface interactions and sensor responses, while white box testing examines internal system components and code logic. Grey box testing combines elements of both black and white box testing, with a focus on limited knowledge and system behavior.The future prospects of IoT-based Vertical Farming are promising, with opportunities for innovation and advancement. Research and development efforts are needed to enhance system scalability, energy efficiency, and data analytics capabilities. Integration with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms can enable predictive analytics and autonomous decision-making, optimizing crop production and resource utilization. Expanding the application of vertical farming to diverse environments, including urban areas and arid regions, can address global food security challenges and promote sustainable agriculture practices.In conclusion, IoT-based Vertical Farming represents a transformative approach to agriculture, offering scalable and sustainable solutions to meet the growing demand for food production. Continued research, development, and adoption of these systems have the potential to revolutionize the agricultural industry and contribute to a more food-secure and environmentally sustainable future.

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Tarik, E. P., P. A. Dmitriev, T. V. Varduny, D. P. Kupryushkin, and M. A. Ignatova. "EFFECTIVE APPROACHES TO IDENTIFYING WEEDS USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.647-649.

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Traditional methods used in crop production lead to environmental pollution and producers incur unnecessary costs. The latest trends in the development of agriculture are directed towards precision farming. Tools for efficient and accurate farming are seen in the identification of remote sensing data and the use of spectral sensors that quickly determine the required indicators. For the development of this direction, it is necessary to accurately identify the spectral characteristics of weeds.

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Mutabazi, Khamaldin, and Gideon Boniface. Commercialisation Pathways and Climate Change: The Case of Smallholder Farmers in Semi-Arid Tanzania. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.046.

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The semi-arid drylands of central Tanzania have been characterised by low and erratic rainfall coupled with high evapotranspiration. Up until now, farmers of these local dryland farming systems have been able to cope with these climate conditions. However, climate change has led to new weather patterns that overwhelm traditional dryland farming practices and re-shape farmers’ commercialisation pathways. This paper explored the pathways in which smallholder farmers in Singida region in Tanzania engage with markets and commercialise in the face of climate change. The paper also examined how farm-level decisions on commercial crops and the commercialisation pathways they are part of, affect current and future resilience to climate change. Climate resilient commercialisation of smallholder dryland agriculture remains the centrepiece of inclusive sustainable development.

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Nobre, Carlos, Julia Arieira, and Nathália Nascimento. Amazonian Forest: The Products of Agroecological Systems: Considerations about the Natural Forest and Economic Exploitation for its Conservation and How to Develop Sustainable Agroforestry Systems that Induce the Reduction of Deforestation. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003693.

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This study demonstrates that the economic activity of the Amazon's natural forest has great potential yet to be developed when considering Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) and those coming from agro-ecosystems (SAFs). Preliminary financial analyzes, in systems that are still incipient, point to a great potential for profitability of these alternative systems compared to traditional activities such as soybean and livestock farming, with the advantage of being conducted without degradation and deforestation, allowing the continuation with the support of the Amazonian ecological system. More research is needed to scale successful cases and more “dialogue” between the models of modern agriculture and the traditional knowledge to reach an integrated natural forest management system.

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JHA, Anil. Revitalising millets in Northeast India: A healthy choice - Policy Brief. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1041.

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Millets have long been a staple of the regional diet in Northeast India because of their durability and high nutritional value. However, the rise in consumption of fine cereals, along with a subpar production system and inadequate compensation for millet farmers, have led to the decline of millet consumption and production. The low volume output is exacerbated by the lack of access to good-quality traditional seeds, fertilisers, and effective farming methods, coupled with changing patterns of climate. Furthermore, poor market demand and a lack of pro-poor policies of the government make millet growing even more difficult. Farming communities have few options for generating revenue since limited efforts have been made to market and link millet-based products to markets. Thus, there is a need to support existing farming practices that generate agrobiodiverse landraces, develop climate-resilient cultivars, and facilitate platforms for the value addition of the product. The existing primary processing of millets is labour-intensive and the lack of proper storage facilities results in poor-quality grains fetching low market prices. Thus, there is a need to develop infrastructure and build the capacity of farmers and other stakeholders along the millet value chain.

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Arráiz, Irani, and Carla Calero. From Candles to Light: The Impact of Rural Electrification. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011694.

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This paper studies the impact of access to electricity via solar-powered home systems (SHSs) in rural communities in Peru. Applying propensity score matching at the community as well as at the household level, the authors find that households with SHSs spend less on traditional sources of energy---candles and batteries for flashlights---and that the subsequent savings are commensurate to the fee for SHS use. People in households with SHSs spend more time awake, and women in particular change patterns of time use: they spend more time taking care of children, cooking, doing laundry, and weaving for their families, and less time in productive activities outside their homes (farming). Children spend more time doing homework, which has translated into more years of schooling (among elementary school students) and higher rates of enrollment (in secondary school). Although women spend less time farming and men more time on home business activities in households with SHSs than in those without, these changes have had no evident impact on income or poverty.

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Adelaja, Adesoji, Justin George, Thomas Jayne, Milu Muyanga, Titus Awokuse, Adebayo Aromolaran, and Lenis Saweda O. Liverpool-Tasie. How Conflicts Affect Land Expansion by Smallholder Farmers: Evidence from Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.015.

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The expansion of smallholder farms into larger farm sizes is a key strategy for growing agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. This strategy could simultaneously expand farm incomes while addressing poverty since the majority of farms in sub-Saharan Africa are smallholder farms. There is limited existing research on the possible role of conflicts in stymying the ability of smallholder farmers to transition into larger-scale farming and on the impacts of conflicts in areas that are not directly within active conflict zones. In this paper, we investigate the impacts of conflict on the ability of smallholder farmers to transition to larger scales in two regions that are not in a traditional conflict zone, by developing a household utility maximisation model to explain choices made by farm households in response to conflict.

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McIntyre, Phillip, Susan Kerrigan, and Marion McCutcheon. Australian Cultural and Creative Activity: A Population and Hotspot Analysis: Coffs Harbour. Queensland University of Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.208028.

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Coffs Harbour on the north coast of NSW is a highway city sandwiched between the Great Dividing Range and the Pacific Ocean. For thousands of years it was the traditional land of the numerous Gumbaynggirr peoples. Tourism now appears to be the major industry, supplanting agriculture and timber getting, while a large service sector has grown up around a sizable retirement community. It is major holiday destination. Located further away from the coast in the midst of a dairy farming community, Bellingen has become a centre of alternative culture which relies heavily on a variety of festivals activated by energetic tree changers and numerous professionals who have relocated from Sydney. Both communities rely on the visitor economy and there have been considerable changes to how local government in this region approach strategic planning for arts and culture. The newly built Coffs Harbour Education Campus (CHEC) is an experiment in encouraging cross pollination between innovative businesses and education and incorporates TAFE NSW, Coffs Harbour Senior College and Southern Cross University as well as the Coffs Harbour Technology Park and Coffs Harbour Innovation Centre all on one site. The 250 seat Jetty Memorial Theatre is the main theatre in Coffs Harbour for local and touring productions while local halls and converted theatres are the mainstay of smaller communities in the region. As peak body Arts Mid North Coast reports, there is a good record of successful arts related events which range across all genres of music, art, sculpture, Aboriginal culture, street art, literature and even busking and opera. These are mainly managed by passionate local volunteers.

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Lesenfants, Yves, Adam Veprinsky Mehl, Robert Muggah, Katherine Aguirre, and Peter C. Smith. Re-Imagining Bioeconomy for Amazonia. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0013007.

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Record-breaking global temperatures and increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events underline the threat posed by the climate crisis. The Amazonia rainforest is widely regarded as one of several key bulwarks against global warming and a transition to a low-carbon future. Yet the worlds largest tropical forest is experiencing intense ecological degradation due to intensive cattle ranching, large-scale farming, unstainable mining, and a constellation of illegal activities. A paradigm shift is required in the economic model for the Amazonia and the people who live there. Put simply, it is critical that a higher value is attached to preserving a standing forest than one that is cleared. Bioeconomy offers a viable alternative precisely because of how it incentivizes ecological conservation while simultaneously generating economic opportunities based on the sustainable management of diverse natural resources. There is no unified or shared definition of bioeconomy in the Amazonia. In North America and Western Europe, most definitions tend to emphasize economic growth and market competition with a particular focus on biotechnology to reconcile economic growth with environmental sustainability. Given that most resources available to support the development of the bioeconomy are aligned with interpretations from the Global North,“semantic asymmetries” between funders and countries and entrepreneurs in the Global South could impede access to vital investment, funding and support. Indeed, definitions exported from upper-income settings may not be fully commensurate or appropriate to regions such as the Amazonia, home to over 40 million residents. Amazonias immense biodiversity and the presence of over 400 separate indigenous and other traditional communities, many of whom depend on its resources for livelihoods and subsistence, underline the imperative of localized approaches to understanding bioeconomy and capitalizing on its potential.

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Eneroth, Hanna, Hanna Karlsson Potter, and Elin Röös. Environmental impact of coffee, tea and cocoa – data collection for a consumer guide for plant-based foods. Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.2n3m2d2pjl.

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In 2020, WWF launched a consumer guide on plant-based products targeting Swedish consumers. The development of the guide is described in a journal paper (Karlsson Potter & Röös, 2021) and the environmental impact of different plant based foods was published in a report (Karlsson Potter, Lundmark, & Röös, 2020). This report was prepared for WWF Sweden to provide scientific background information for complementing the consumer guide with information on coffee, tea and cocoa. This report includes quantitative estimations for several environmental categories (climate, land use, biodiversity and water use) of coffee (per L), tea (per L) and cocoa powder (per kg), building on the previously established methodology for the consumer guide. In addition, scenarios of consumption of coffee, tea and cocoa drink with milk/plant-based drinks and waste at household level, are presented. Tea, coffee and cacao beans have a lot in common. They are tropical perennial crops traditionally grown in the shade among other species, i.e. in agroforestry systems. Today, the production in intensive monocultures has negative impact on biodiversity. Re-introducing agroforestry practices may be part of the solution to improve biodiversity in these landscapes. Climate change will likely, due to changes in temperature, extreme weather events and increases in pests and disease, alter the areas where these crops can be grown in the future. A relatively high ratio of the global land used for coffee, tea and cocoa is certified according to sustainability standards, compared to other crops. Although research on the implications of voluntary standards on different outcomes is inconclusive, the literature supports that certifications have a role in incentivizing more sustainable farming. Coffee, tea and cocoa all contain caffeine and have a high content of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, and they have all been associated with positive health outcomes. While there is a strong coffee culture in Sweden and coffee contributes substantially to the environmental impact of our diet, tea is a less consumed beverage. Cocoa powder is consumed as a beverage, but substantial amounts of our cocoa consumption is in the form of chocolate. Roasted ground coffee on the Swedish market had a climate impact of 4.0 kg CO2e per kg powder, while the climate impact of instant coffee powder was 11.5 kg CO2e per kg. Per litre, including the energy use for making the coffee, the total climate impact was estimated to 0.25 kg CO2e per L brewed coffee and 0.16 kg CO2e per L for instant coffee. Less green coffee beans are needed to produce the same amount of ready to drink coffee from instant coffee than from brewed coffee. Tea had a climate impact of approximately 6.3 kg CO2 e per kg dry leaves corresponding to an impact of 0.064 CO2e per L ready to drink tea. In the assessment of climate impact per cup, tea had the lowest impact with 0.013 kg CO2e, followed by black instant coffee (0.024 kg CO2e), black coffee (0.038 kg CO2e), and cocoa drink made with milk (0.33 kg CO2e). The climate impact of 1kg cocoa powder on the Swedish market was estimated to 2.8 kg CO2e. Adding milk to coffee or tea increases the climate impact substantially. The literature describes a high proportion of the total climate impact of coffee from the consumer stage due to the electricity used by the coffee machine. However, with the Nordic low-carbon energy mix, the brewing and heating of water and milk contributes to only a minor part of the climate impact of coffee. As in previous research, coffee also had a higher land use, water use and biodiversity impact than tea per L beverage. Another factor of interest at the consumer stage is the waste of prepared coffee. Waste of prepared coffee contributes to climate impact through the additional production costs and electricity for preparation, even though the latter was small in our calculations. The waste of coffee and tea at Summary household level is extensive and measures to reduce the amount of wasted coffee and tea could reduce the environmental impact of Swedish hot drink consumption. For the final evaluation of coffee and tea for the consumer guide, the boundary for the fruit and vegetable group was used. The functional unit for coffee and tea was 1 L prepared beverage without any added milk or sweetener. In the guide, the final evaluation of conventionally grown coffee is that it is ‘yellow’ (‘Consume sometimes’), and for organic produce, ‘light green’ (‘Please consume). The evaluation of conventionally grown tea is that it is ‘light green’, and for organic produce, ‘dark green’ (‘Preferably consume this’). For cocoa, the functional unit is 1 kg of cocoa powder and the boundary was taken from the protein group. The final evaluation of conventionally grown cocoa is that it is ‘orange’ (‘Be careful’), and for organically produced cocoa, ‘light green’.

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Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.

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From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor

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