Готові списки джерел за темами / Trade flows and income inequality

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Trade flows and income inequality"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 16 листопада 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Trade flows and income inequality"

Huang, Ziyi, Wenguo He, and Yue Chen. "Study on the Impact of Cross-border Capital Flows on Income Inequality." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 3, no. 3 (April 18, 2022): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v3i3.299.

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The impact of economic globalization on income inequality has always been the focus of development economics research. The process of globalization in the past few decades shows that economic globalization is mainly the globalization of commodity trade and the globalization of capital flow. This paper mainly studies the impact of cross-border capital flows on income inequality, using cross-border panel data from 109 countries or regions from 1973 to 2015, and using the systematic GMM method to study the impact of cross-border capital flows on income inequality under different financial depths, and finally put forward policy recommendations to improve income inequality.

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MAHLER, VINCENT A., DAVID K. JESUIT, and DOUGLAS D. ROSCOE. "Exploring the Impact of Trade and Investment on Income Inequality." Comparative Political Studies 32, no. 3 (May 1999): 363–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414099032003004.

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This article explores the relationship between international integration and domestic inequality in the developed countries in the mid-1980s and early 1990s. The analysis examines two major modes of integration, trade and direct investment, disaggregating each by economic sector and distinguishing between imports and exports, and inbound and outbound flows and stocks. In measuring income inequality, extensive use is made of micro-data sets that have recently become available through the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), which provides much more detailed and comparable data on income inequality than has heretofore been the case. In particular, LIS data can be aggregated at the level of economic sector, and permit the comparison of pre- and post-government income. The study finds few significant relationships between either trade or investment and sectoral income distribution. The overall conclusion is that economic globalization is not a critically important factor in explaining recent trends in income inequality in the Western world.

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Bayraktar Saglam, Bahar. "“Empty Plates”: Impacts of Food Prices, Inequality and Trade on Malnutrition." Revista de Economía Mundial, no. 63 (April 21, 2023): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33776/rem.vi63.6949.

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This paper studies the complex link between nutritional status and income by using panel data from 150 countries over the period 1960–2018 and employing a panel VAR approach under system GMM estimates. The causal link between nutrition intake and income may change from one income group to another due to different effects of similar factors. While hikes in food prices, unfair distributions of income and rising international trade flows lower nutrition intake in lower middle-income countries, the same factors lead to higher body weights in upper middle-income and high-income OECD countries. Therefore, Engel Curve and Efficiency Wage Hypotheses fail for a group of countries.

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Kovak, Brian K., and Peter M. Morrow. "Distributional Impacts of the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement." AEA Papers and Proceedings 113 (May 1, 2023): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20231078.

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We examine the effects of the 1988 Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (FTA) on employment and earnings inequality among low-, medium-, and high-income Canadian workers initially employed in manufacturing. Although the FTA tariff cuts drove large changes in trade flows, we find generally small effects on employment and cumulative earnings during 1989-2004. Workers faced negative effects of import competition and positive effects of access to the US export market, but these effects were largely offset by transitions into other industries and sectors. The effect on earnings inequality was small, with point estimates implying a slight reduction in earnings inequality.

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Chen, Chunlai. "The impact of foreign direct investment on urban-rural income inequality." China Agricultural Economic Review 8, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 480–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-09-2015-0124.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on urban-rural income inequality in China. Design/methodology/approach This study uses the provincial-level panel data and employs the fixed-effects instrumental variable regression technique to investigate empirically the impact of FDI on urban-rural income inequality in China. Findings The study finds that while FDI has directly contributed to reducing urban-rural income inequality through employment creation, knowledge spillovers and contribution to economic growth, FDI has also contributed to increasing urban-rural income inequality through international trade. Practical implications The study has some policy implications. First, as the study finds that FDI not only contributes to reducing urban-rural income inequality through employment creation, knowledge spillovers and contribution to economic growth, but also contributes to increasing urban-rural income inequality through international trade, therefore, apart from improving local economic and technological conditions to attract more FDI inflows, China should re-design FDI policies by shifting away from encouraging export-oriented FDI to encouraging FDI flows into the industries and sectors in line with China’s overall economic structural adjustments and industrial upgrading. Second, policies should focus on increasing investment in infrastructure development and in public education, which not only can reduce urban-rural income inequality but also can attract more FDI inflows. And finally policies should be designed to accelerate urbanisation development by focusing on urban-rural integrated development, household registration system reform and proper settlement of rural migrants in urban areas, thus reducing urban-rural income inequality. Originality/value The paper makes two major contributions to the literature. First, the paper adopts the fixed-effects instrumental variable regression technique to deal with the endogeneity issues in estimating the impact of FDI on urban-rural income inequality, producing more consistent estimates. Second, the paper investigates not only the direct impact of FDI on urban-rural income inequality through the effects of employment creation, knowledge spillovers and contribution to economic growth, but also the indirect impact of FDI on urban-rural income inequality through its activities in international trade, adding new empirical evidence to the sparse literature on the impact of FDI on income inequality in China.

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Mahler, Vincent A. "Economic Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Income Inequality in the Developed Countries." Comparative Political Studies 37, no. 9 (November 2004): 1025–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414004268849.

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This article assesses the impact of economic globalization and domestic political factors on income inequality and state redistribution in the developed countries over the past two decades, using household-level data from the Luxembourg Income Study that are more detailed, accurate, and cross-nationally comparable than those used in previous empirical work. It examines three major modes of international integration—trade, direct foreign investment, and international financial flows—as well as four domestic political variables—the partisan balance of national cabinets, electoral turnout, union density, and the centralization of wage-setting institutions. The study finds only scattered relationships between global integration and income distribution or redistribution but reasonably strong positive relationships between several domestic political variables and an egalitarian distribution of income and/or extensive state redistribution. These findings are consistent with a growing number of studies that emphasize the resilience of domestic political factors in the face of economic globalization.

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Coşar, A. Kerem, Nezih Guner, and James Tybout. "Firm Dynamics, Job Turnover, and Wage Distributions in an Open Economy." American Economic Review 106, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 625–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20110457.

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This paper explores the combined effects of reductions in trade frictions, tariffs, and firing costs on firm dynamics, job turnover, and wage distributions. It uses establishment-level data from Colombia to estimate an open economy dynamic model that links trade to job flows and wages. Counterfactual experiments imply that Colombia's integration with global product markets increased its national income at the expense of higher unemployment, greater wage inequality, and increased firm-level volatility. In contrast, contemporaneous labor market reforms dampened the increase in unemployment and aggregate job turnover. The results speak more generally to the effects of globalization on labor markets. (JEL F13, F16, F66, J31, J63, O15, O19)

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Starr, Jared, Craig Nicolson, Michael Ash, Ezra M. Markowitz, and Daniel Moran. "Income-based U.S. household carbon footprints (1990–2019) offer new insights on emissions inequality and climate finance." PLOS Climate 2, no. 8 (August 17, 2023): e0000190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000190.

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Current policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increase adaptation and mitigation funding are insufficient to limit global temperature rise to 1.5°C. It is clear that further action is needed to avoid the worst impacts of climate change and achieve a just climate future. Here, we offer a new perspective on emissions responsibility and climate finance by conducting an environmentally extended input output analysis that links 30 years (1990–2019) of United States (U.S.) household-level income data to the emissions generated in creating that income. To do this we draw on over 2.8 billion inter-sectoral transfers from the Eora MRIO database to calculate both supplier- and producer-based GHG emissions intensities and connect these with detailed income and demographic data for over 5 million U.S. individuals in the IPUMS Current Population Survey. We find significant and growing emissions inequality that cuts across economic and racial lines. In 2019, fully 40% of total U.S. emissions were associated with income flows to the highest earning 10% of households. Among the highest earning 1% of households (whose income is linked to 15–17% of national emissions) investment holdings account for 38–43% of their emissions. Even when allowing for a considerable range of investment strategies, passive income accruing to this group is a major factor shaping the U.S. emissions distribution. Results suggest an alternative income or shareholder-based carbon tax, focused on investments, may have equity advantages over traditional consumer-facing cap-and-trade or carbon tax options and be a useful policy tool to encourage decarbonization while raising revenue for climate finance.

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Rodriguez-Fernandez, Rodrigo, Margarida Siopa, Sarah J. Simpson, Rachel M. Amiya, Joao Breda, and Francesco P. Cappuccio. "Review ArticleCurrent salt reduction policies across gradients of inequality-adjusted human development in the WHO European region: minding the gaps." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 8 (August 8, 2013): 1894–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001300195x.

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AbstractObjectiveTo assess current salt† reduction policies in countries of the WHO European Region against the backdrop of varying levels of human development adjusted for income, education and health (longevity) inequalities.DesignPopulation-based, cross-sectional study, with data gathered through systematic review of relevant databases and supplementary information provided by WHO Nutrition Counterparts.SettingMember States of the WHO European Region.SubjectsInequality-adjusted Human Development Index scores were analysed against assessed levels of development and implementation of national nutrition policies and initiatives targeting population-level salt reduction.ResultsWithin the WHO European Region, Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index values among countries with no existing salt reduction initiatives (mean 0·643 (se 0·022)) were significantly lower than among those with either partially implemented/planned salt initiatives (mean 0·766 (se 0·017), P < 0·001) or fully implemented salt initiatives (mean 0·780 (se 0·021), P < 0·001).ConclusionsWhere salt reduction strategies are implemented as an integral part of national policy, outcomes have been promising. However, low- and middle-income countries may face severe resource constraints that keep them from emulating more comprehensive strategies pursued in high-income countries. Care must be taken to ensure that gaps are not inadvertently widened by monitoring differential policy impacts of salt policies, particularly regarding trade flows.

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Williamson, Jeffrey G. "Demographic Dividends Revisited." Asian Development Review 30, no. 2 (September 2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00013.

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This paper revisits demographic dividend issues after almost 2 decades of debate. In 1998, David Bloom and I used a convergence model to estimate the impact of demographic-transition-driven age structure effects and calculated what the literature has come to call the “demographic dividend.” These early estimates seem to be similar to those coming from more recent overlapping generation models, when properly estimated. Research has shown that the demographic dividend is not simply a labor participation rate effect, but also a growth effect. Life-cycle savings, investment deepening, foreign capital flows, and schooling have all been greatly affected by the demographic transition. The paper discusses just how much of these positive growth effects are based on accelerating human capital accumulation induced by demand-side quality–quantity trade-offs versus a co-movement between demographic transitions and public schooling supply-side expansions. Since emigration has been driven in part by demography, it has wasted some of the demographic dividend by brain drain. In addition, within-country rural–urban migrations have also been driven in part by demographic transitions with different spatial timing. Finally, the paper shows how lifetime—not just annual—income inequality has been influenced by demographic transitions.

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Дисертації з теми "Trade flows and income inequality"

Corlu, Anil. "Income Inequality and Trade Flows: A Country Study for 2001." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-9212.

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This paper tests the relationship between income inequality and trade flows. The model is based upon Helena Bohman and Désirée Nilsson (2007) and Mitra Trindade and Dalgin (2008). This paper will set up gravity model for 50 countries which includes, income distribution, population, average individual income level and GINI variable as distribution of disposable income as an explanatory variables. Results confirm that when income inequality increases in the exporting country, export of necessities increase and export of luxuries decrease. Income distribution also shows expected effect on trade flows in the importing country. When income inequality increases in the importing country, import of necessities decrease and import of luxuries increase.

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Grande, Adrian. "Gini in the bottle : Does income inequality (Gini) affect trade flows (bottle)?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-145923.

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Consumer studies are well known to assume non-homothetic preferences in their models, as the demand for a good can not be determined by assuming a single representative consumer. The question of how to include non-homothetic preferences into an empirical model for international trade is of importance as if not, the model exclude the demand side reason for trade. And does the effect look different regarding different types of goods. A significant share of countries GDP and the economic growth of a country is relying on trade; hence this question could be of great interest in order to determine trade policies. This thesis endeavoured to estimate the effect of income inequality in both exports and imports regarding one good classified as a luxury and necessity respectively. To accomplish this a Gravity model of trade that includes income distribution is conducted on the basis of an article by Mitra and Trindade(2005). Fixed effect analyses was implemented in order to analyse the data. Data on exports for the years 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2008-2011 gathered from the OECD databank was used in the study together with data on GDP per capita, Gini and population size provided by The World Bank Group. The analyses is based on the estimates of 41 countries. The results of the analyses point toward a possible negative relationship between a greater inequality in the exporting country yields less exports of luxury goods.

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Wu, Su, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Trade liberalization and income inequality: a theoretical analysis." Deakin University. School of Economics, 1999. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20060817.100610.

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Krčma, Matěj. "Trade openness and income inequality in Eastern Europe." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-196991.

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The goal of the master thesis titled "Trade openness and income inequality in Eastern Europe" is to analyze the effects on income inequality changes in the population in the period of transformation from centrally planned economies to market economies in the last decade of the twentieth century. The first part of the thesis focuses on the development before the individual countries started to join the European Union. The subsequent liberalization in the early 21st century is evaluated in the second part of the thesis. The multiple regression analysis is used to estimate the effects. The data were provided by the World Bank for the period of from 1989 to 2014. The objective of the thesis is to enlighten the factors which are influencing the changes in income inequality.

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Jessup, Katherine. "Does trade Improve income inequality? a study in agricultural and manufacturing trade /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/3631.

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Hall, Joshua Dennis Laincz Christopher. "Essays on inequality, education, trade and endogenous growth /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/3314.

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Gourdon, Julien. "Essays on trade liberalization and income inequality in developing countries." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF10004.

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Gourdon, Julien. "Essays on trade liberalization and income inequality in developing countries /." [Paris] : Édilivre, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41306061s.

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Nilsson, Désirée. "Essays on Trade Flows, Demand Structure and Income Distribution." Doctoral thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-780.

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This doctoral dissertation consists of four individual essays and an introductory chapter. The common features of the four separate essays are that they analyse international trade flows focusing on the role of demand structures. The first essay uses a gravity model to detect the effects of income-dependent differences in preferences within a country on the export and import of different types of goods. The second essay analyses the effect of income-dependent differences in preferences within a country on the likelihood of firms selecting that particular destination for their exports. The third essay explores the globalisation of Swedish exports during the period 1965-2000. The last essay investigates the changes in production and export structures of the OECD countries and relates these changes to the development of export market shares for these countries.

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Nilsson, Désirée. "Essays on trade flows, demand structure and income distribution /." Jönköping : Jönköping International Business School [Internationella handelshögsk. i Jönköping], 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-780.

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Книги з теми "Trade flows and income inequality"

Ravallion, Martin. A poverty-inequality trade-off? [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2005.

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Hanson, Gordon H. Trade, technology, and wage inequality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.

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Janeba, Eckhard. Trade, income inequality, and government policies: Redistribution of income or education subsidies? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000.

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Đõ̂, Quý Toàn. Trade, inequality, and the political economy of institutions. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, Research Dept., 2006.

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Gourdon, Julien. Openness, inequality, and poverty: Endowments matter. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2006.

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Sen, Kunal. Trade policy, inequality and performance in Indian manufacturing. New York, NY: Routledge, 2008.

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Sen, Kunal. Trade policy, inequality and performance in Indian manufacturing. New York, NY: Routledge, 2008.

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Checchi, Daniele. Does educational achievement help to explain income inequality? Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2000.

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Tolbert, Charles M. OCS development and coastal income inequality: A comparative analysis. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Dept. of Rural Sociology, 1994.

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Galiano, Sebastian. Trends in tariff reforms and trends in wage inequality. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2006.

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Частини книг з теми "Trade flows and income inequality"

Teye, Joseph Kofi, Jixia Lu, and Gordon Crawford. "Inter-regional Migration in the Global South: Chinese Migrants in Ghana." In The Palgrave Handbook of South–South Migration and Inequality, 319–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39814-8_15.

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AbstractWhile the migration of Chinese people to Africa dates back to the 1960s, it has increased significantly in the last two decades. Despite growing interest in such inter-regional migration flows, there is little understanding of the drivers and effects of such movements. Drawing on a combination of data generated through a quantitative survey and in-depth interviews, this chapter examines the drivers and impacts of Chinese migration to Ghana, a country which has been a significant destination for Chinese migrants for several decades. The findings indicate that the migration of Chinese people to Ghana has both positive and negative impacts. Positively, incomes and livelihoods of some Chinese migrants and Ghanaians who work for Chinese investors have improved. However, financial rewards have benefited some more than others, with increased income inequalities along gender and social class lines. Negative impacts include environmental degradation, violation of Ghana’s trade and mining laws, and exploitation of some Ghanaians by Chinese migrants. While Chinese migrants and their families left behind in China benefit through improved incomes and remittances, migration and associated financial flows contribute to a deepening of inequalities in migrants’ sending areas.

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Artuc, Erhan, Guido Porto, and Bob Rijkers. "Income Gains and Inequality Costs." In The Inequality Adjusted Gains from Trade, 29–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93060-8_4.

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Chatterjee, Tonmoy, and Nilendu Chatterjee. "Healthcare, Income Inequality, and International Trade." In Optimum Size of Government Intervention, 167–86. London: Routledge India, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003026495-14.

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Dumont, Michel. "Is there a Trade-off between Wage Inequality and Unemployment?" In Growing Income Inequalities, 147–71. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137283306_6.

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Alsamawi, Ali, Darian McBain, Joy Murray, Manfred Lenzen, and Kirsten S. Wiebe. "The Inequality Footprints of Nations; A Novel Approach to Quantitative Accounting of Income Inequality." In The Social Footprints of Global Trade, 69–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4137-2_9.

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Ndou, Eliphas, and Thabo Mokoena. "Does Price Stability Impact the Link Between Income Inequality and Consumption Inequality?" In Inequality, Output-Inflation Trade-Off and Economic Policy Uncertainty, 175–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19803-9_11.

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Tan, Sook-Rei, and Wai-Mun Chia. "The linkage between international financial integration and income inequality." In Business, Industry, and Trade in the Tropics, 114–36. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003153580-7.

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Vasilyeva, Tetyana, Serhiy Lyeonov, Olena Pakhnenko, and Pavlo Rubanov. "Financialization as a Determinant of Income Inequality: The Case of Eastern European Countries." In Economic Inequality—Trends, Traps and Trade-offs, 83–100. New York: River Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003338000-5.

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Raychaudhuri, Ajitava, and Prabir De. "Trade, Infrastructure and Income Inequality in Selected Asian Countries: An Empirical Analysis." In International Trade and International Finance, 257–78. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2797-7_12.

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Chaudhuri, Sarbajit, and Sajal Lahiri. "Optimal Provision of a Restricted Public Good under Lobbying and Income Inequality." In International Trade, Economic Development and National Welfare, 8–16. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003375050-2.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Trade flows and income inequality"

Altunöz, Utku. "Analysing the Relationships between Financial Development and Income Inequality in Turkey as a Parallel of Kuznet Curve." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01179.

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Analysing the relationship between development and Gross Domestic Products (GDP) is one of the most important issue for economics. Kuznet claims that mentioned relationships between developing and GDP resemble as upside down U. In this paper, GINI, GDP, credit and trade variables were analysed by using ARDL bounding test for the period covering by 1991-2014. Obtained results of econometric model shows that credit in private sector, GDP per capita and trade variables play an important role to be eliminated of income inequality. Effect of trade variable is less compare with other variables. For Turkish Economy, 1% increase in private credits causes to a 0,044 % fall in income inequality for the estimated period. Alike, 1% increase in income causes to a 0.055 % fall in income inequality.

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Tufaner, Mustafa Batuhan, and İlyas Sözen. "The Relationship between Economic Development and Income Inequality in MIST (Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Türkiye) Countries: Panel Quantile Analysis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c15.02716.

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Economic development and income distribution are among the most discussed topics in the economics literature. The relationship between economic development and income distribution becomes more important, especially considering the lack of resources in developing countries. In the study, the relationship between economic development and income distribution was analyzed in MIST countries (Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, and Türkiye) for the period 1990-2019. In the study, in which the panel quantile regression estimator was used, the study reveals first that economic development reduces income inequality. Second, globalization can influence income inequality in various ways. While trade openness, which is one of the two indicators of globalization, reduces income inequality, foreign direct investment inflows, which is another indicator, increase income inequality. Third, the increase in industrialization, which is an indicator of technological development, increases income inequality.

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Xu, Yifan, and Pan Xu. "Trade the System Efficiency for the Income Equality of Drivers in Rideshare." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/580.

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Several scientific studies have reported the existence of the income gap among rideshare drivers based on demographic factors such as gender, age, race, etc. In this paper, we study the income inequality among rideshare drivers due to discriminative cancellations from riders, and the tradeoff between the income inequality (called fairness objective) with the system efficiency (called profit objective). We proposed an online bipartite-matching model where riders are assumed to arrive sequentially following a distribution known in advance. The highlight of our model is the concept of acceptance rate between any pair of driver-rider types, where types are defined based on demographic factors. Specially, we assume each rider can accept or cancel the driver assigned to her, each occurs with a certain probability which reflects the acceptance degree from the rider type towards the driver type. We construct a bi-objective linear program as a valid benchmark and propose two LP-based parameterized online algorithms. Rigorous online competitive ratio analysis is offered to demonstrate the flexibility and efficiency of our online algorithms in balancing the two conflicting goals, promotions of fairness and profit. Experimental results on a real-world dataset are provided as well, which confirm our theoretical predictions.

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Rajasegar, Navanita, and Rossazana Ab-Rahim. "Four-Way Linkages of Trade Openness, Income Inequality, Environmental Degradation and Economic Growth in Malaysia." In International Conference on Sustainable Innovation Track Accounting and Management Sciences (ICOSIAMS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.211225.036.

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Muntaka, Abdul Rahman Mohammed, Oluwaseun Adeoye Oyebamiji, and Abiola Adeniyi. "Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Poverty in Ghana: A Johansen Co-integration Analysis." In 7th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International guest Students Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2023.028.

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In the past years, Ghana has witnessed a significant increase in Foreign Direct Investment which is expected to translate into transformative growth that reduces poverty and inequality; however, the country’s poverty and income inequality profile remain high. Foreign direct investment (FDI) and poverty research are important because FDI can have both positive and negative effects on poverty levels in host countries [1]. The positives imply that FDI can bring in capital, technology, and job opportunities, which can help reduce poverty by boosting economic growth and raising people's living standards. On the other hand, FDI can displace local businesses, exacerbate income inequality, and have environmental consequences that harm the poorest members of society. Understanding the relationship between FDI and poverty can assist policymakers and businesses in making informed decisions that promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty. This study investigates the impact of FDI on poverty in Ghana using a 29-year data set from (1990 to 2018). Analysis was done using the Johansen Cointegration technique. The literature informed the variables used for this study. The Gini coefficient (which serves as a proxy for poverty and its parts of the FGT poverty indices family), foreign direct investment (FDI), GDP per Capita, exchange rate, trade openness, and inflation rate were all cointegrated. The results of the study showed that FDI, GDP per capita, inflation rate, and exchange rate widen the income inequality gap, hence, increasing the poverty incidence. In contrast, an increase in trade openness reduces the Gini coefficient implying a reduction in income inequality and poverty.

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Bal, Harun, Müge Manga, and Esma Erdoğan. "Testing the Validity of Linder Hypothesis Using Gravity Model: The Case of Turkey and Selected Transition Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02261.

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In this study, the validity of the Linder Hypothesis has been tested based on export and import intensity of foreign trade flows between Turkish economy and selected Transition Countries. According to this hypothesis, the more similar the demand structures and per capita income levels of countries, the more they will trade with one another. The hypothesis uses the difference between the per capita income of countries engaged in foreign trade as the main parameter and indicates that a fall in income difference between two countries increases the validity of the Linder hypothesis by increasing the intensity of foreign trade of the countries. The study considers selected Transition Countries having rising share of foreign trade with Turkey during the period 2001-2017 to examine the validity of Linder Hypothesis in the context of foreign trade flows employing Gravity Models that shows "Aggregate Linder Demand Effect" and panel data analysis. Test results does not support Linder hypothesis in terms of export and import intensity of foreign trade flows between Turkish economy and selected Transition Countries during 2001-2017, rather factor endowment does matter for inter-industry foreign trade.

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Aşık, Sühan Alp, and Duygu Yolcu Karadam. "Determinants of Trade Flows in Eurasian Countries: Evidence from Panel Gravity Models." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c15.02758.

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Foreign trade structure of Eurasian countries has been significantly affected from the increased globalization and changes in world politics. This paper analyzes bilateral trade of the selected Eurasian countries using gravity models for 1995-2020 period. For this purpose, we estimate augmented panel gravity model for a dataset of Eurasian countries. We examine the effects of a number of factors including countries’ GDP, population, distance and real exchange rate on the region’s export and import dynamics. Along with these variables, various explanatory variables such as GDP per capita, Linder effect, dummy variables that indicate common language, sharing of borders and free trade agreements are included in the models. To this end, we also analyze the impact of Eurasian Economic Union (EUEA) membership on the magnitude of bilateral trade flows. Gravity equations for export and import are estimated by fixed effects methodology. Our results suggest that income levels, factor endowments and real exchange rates are among the important determinants of trade performance of Eurasian economies.

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Isaev, A. G. "ON STRATEGIC CHALLENGES FOR THE KHABAROVSK TERRITORY FROM THE POSITION OF ITS INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE." In SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN EAST: NEW CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIC GUIDELINES. Khabarovsk: KSUEL Editorial and Publishing Center, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/978-5-7823-0746-2-2021-166-171.

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The paper outlines the prospects and possible obstacles for the economy of the Khabarovsk Territory in terms of its strategic development. It is shown that the development of competitive industries in neighboring regions can significantly change the existing trade flows arising from the current industrial structure of the regional economy. The theoretical foundations of the importance of priority development of activities with high income elasticity of demand for non-residents are presented.

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Ildırar, Mustafa, and Erhan İşcan. "Corruption, Poverty and Economic Performance: Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA) Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01261.

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Corruption, defined as “the misuse of public power for private benefit.” The World Bank describes corruption as one of the greatest obstacles to economic and social development. It undermines development by distorting the rule of law and weakening the institutional foundation on which economic performance depends. In past decades, many theoretical and empirical studies have presented corruption hinders investment, reduces economic growth, restricts trade, distorts government expenditures and strengthens the underground economy. In addition, they have shown a strong connection between corruption and poverty and income inequality. On the other hand, the literature on corruption points to the conclusion that corruption by itself does not lead to poverty. Rather, corruption has direct consequences on economic and governance factors, intermediaries that in turn produce poverty. Although corruption is seen in many countries in the world, it is higher and widespread in developing countries. This study investigates relation between corruption, poverty, and economic performance by using a panel consisting of countries in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia countries. It was shown that corruption affected directly economic performance and low economic performance leads to poverty. Additionally, results imply that rules against corruption could affect economic growth indirectly through their impact on the level of corruption.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Trade flows and income inequality"

Norris Keiller, Agnes. Income inequality: trends, causes and trade-offs. The IFS, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/ps.ifs.2024.0097.

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Janeba, Eckhard. Trade, Income Inequality, and Government Policies: Redistribution of Income or Education Subsidies? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7485.

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Bouillon, César P. Inequality and Mexico's Labor Market after Trade Reform. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011338.

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The main purpose of this paper is to measure the contributions of the changes in the labor market to the increase in inequality experienced by Mexico after the 1985 trade and financial liberalization. To do so, the paper uses data from Mexican household surveys (Encuesta Nacional de Ingreso Gasto de los Hogares de México) produced by the Mexican Institute for Statistics, Geography and Informatics (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática) for 1984 and 1994. The paper applies a counterfactual methodology to measure the effects on inequality of changes in labor force participation, unemployment, structure of employment, and mean labor income by economic sector and education level.

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Olarreaga, Marcelo, and Andreas Lendle. Can Online Markets Make Trade More Inclusive? Inter-American Development Bank, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006985.

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Technology made available by online markets has signifcantly reducedthe cost of entry into international markets for small and medium sized firms, who can now reach far away consumers and create global reputation as a seller at very low costs. Empirical evidence using data from eBay sellers shows that a large share of online firms exports, even though they are on average much smaller than traditional offline firms. We show that in a world where income inequality is driven by an uneven distribution of capital rents, online markets help to reduce income inequality by providing smaller firms access to international markets.

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Chong, Alberto E., César Calderón, and Rodrigo Valdés. Labor Market Regulations and Income Inequality: Evidence for a Panel of Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010833.

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This paper presents evidence on the impact of labor regulations on income inequality using two recently published databases on labor institutions and outcomes (Rama and Artecona, 2002; Botero, Djankov, La Porta, López-de-Silanes and Shleifer, 2003) and different cross-section and panel data analysis techniques for a sample of 121 countries over the 1970-2000 period. When we consider the techniques most likely to be robust, we find that: (i) de jure regulations do not improve income distribution; (ii) relative compliance with existing regulations improves income distribution; (iii) de facto regulations are weakly associated with improving income inequality. This result partly reflects the fact that regulations are endogenous and, more interestingly, different regulations have quite distinct effects. In particular, we find that any redistributive effect of labor regulations may come from trade union membership, public employment and mandated benefits (proxied by maternity leave).

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Hahm, Joon-Ho, Dong Jin Lee, and Cyn-Young Park. Domestic and External Monetary Policy Shocks and Economic Inequality in the Republic of Korea. Asian Development Bank, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220121-2.

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This paper examines the linkage between monetary policy and economic inequalities in the open economy of the Republic of Korea. The coronavirus disease pandemic has raised renewed concerns about economic and social inequality. This paper constructs measures of income and wealth inequality in the Republic of Korea. Empirical results show that both domestic and external monetary policy shocks exert significant countercyclical effects on income inequality. However, for wealth inequality, the effects are very different. External policy shocks proxied by fluctuations in net capital flows seem to have significant effects on net wealth inequality.

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Villoria, Nelson B. Estimation of Missing Intra-African Trade. GTAP Research Memoranda, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.rm12.

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Missing trade is defined as the exports and imports that may have taken place between two potential trading partners, but which are unknown to the researcher because neither partner reported them to the United Nation’s COMTRADE, the official global repository of trade statistics. In a comprehensive sample of African countries, over 40% of the potential trade flows fit this definition. For a continent whose trade integration remains an important avenue for development, this lack of information hinders the analysis of policy mechanisms -- such as the Economic Partnership Agreements with the EU -- that influence intra-regional trade patterns. This paper estimates the likely magnitude of the missing trade by modeling the manufacturing trade data in the GTAP Data Base using a gravity approach. The gravity approach employed here relates bilateral trade to country size, distance, and other trade costs while explicitly considering that high fixed costs can totally inhibit trade. This last feature provides an adequate framework to explain the numerous zero-valued flows that characterize intra-African trade. The predicted missing exports are valued at approximately 300 million USD. The incidence of missing trade is highest in the lowest income countries of Central and West Africa.

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Lustig, Nora. Economic Shocks, Inequality and Poverty: The Need for Safety Nets. Inter-American Development Bank, June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006886.

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This discussusion paper deciphers how poverty and income distribution were affected by economic shocks in the Latin American region. Empirical evidence suggests that macroeconomic shocks can result in substantial increases in inequality and poverty. Latin America has experienced two major crises in the last 15 years. In the 1980s, Mexico's debt crisis spread throughout Latin America on the back of trade shocks and weak public finances. In 1995, Mexico's liquidity crisis, spread only to Argentina. This paper was prepared for the IDB "Conference on Social Protection and the Poor," held in Washington, D.C., on February 4th-5th, 1999.

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Galindo, Arturo, Leopoldo Avellán, Tomás Gómez, and Giulia Lotti. The Cyclicality of Official Bilateral Lending: Which Cycle do Flows Follow? Inter-American Development Bank, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004637.

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Using a large panel of official bilateral loan data for 111 borrowing countries and 78 lending countries between 1980 and 2020, this paper shows that international government borrowing from bilateral sources is acyclical with respect to the economic cycle of the borrower, but procyclical with respect to the cycle of the lending country. This holds in the case of loans both from advanced economies and from China, currently the largest supplier of official bilateral lending to the average developing country. We find this form of procyclicality most often among middle-income recipient countries across most regions of the world. We also find that bilateral loans follow economic links captured through bilateral trade, and political ties measured by the alignment of votes in the United Nations. The results are consistent across a battery of robustness tests.

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Wirkierman, Ariel Luis. Distributive Profiles Associated with Domestic Versus International Specialization in Global Value Chains. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp200.

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The present paper sets out trends in the functional income distribution implied by countries’ integration in Global Value Chains (GVCs), taking account also of interregional interactions (South-South and North-South). Through the application of an innovative input-output methodology, it quantifies inter-country differences in functional income distribution by means of a novel indicator to estimate the distributive profile associated with domestic vis-à-vis international specialization. The focus is on trade flows, and the analysis carried out allows us to single out the distributive implications of alternative regional integration projects, in view of a more inclusive multilateral trade system.

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