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Опубліковано: 7 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Technology of industrial chemicals"

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Walker, John D., David Knaebel, Kelly Mayo, Jay Tunkel, and D. Anthony Gray. "Use of QSARs to Promote More Cost-Effective Use of Chemical Monitoring Resources. 1. Screening Industrial Chemicals and Pesticides, Direct Food Additives, Indirect Food Additives and Pharmaceuticals for Biodegradation, Bioconcentration and Aquatic Toxicity Potential." Water Quality Research Journal 39, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2004.006.

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Abstract Monitoring studies are expensive to conduct. To promote more cost-effective use of chemical monitoring resources, quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) are proposed as methods to identify chemicals that could be found in, and cause adverse effects to, organisms in water, sediment and soil from the Great Lakes basin. QSARs were used to predict the biodegradation, bioconcentration and aquatic toxicity potential of 2697 industrial chemicals and pesticides, 1146 direct food additives, 967 indirect food additives and 282 pharmaceuticals that could be released to the Great Lakes basin. The QSARs identified 47 industrial chemicals and pesticides, 20 direct food additives, 13 indirect food additives and 7 pharmaceuticals with bioconcentration or aquatic toxicity potential or potential to not biodegrade readily. Most of these chemicals were predicted to partition to sediments. Using QSARs to identify chemicals with potential to persist, bioconcentrate or partition to sediments will promote more cost-effective use of chemical monitoring resources by allowing researchers to focus their analytical techniques on measuring chemicals predicted to persist in water or soil, bioconcentrate in fish or partition to sediments so that the effects of these chemicals can be assessed on indigenous organisms.
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2

ROWAN, ANDREW N. "Ending the Use of Animals in Toxicity Testing and Risk Evaluation." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 24, no. 4 (September 14, 2015): 448–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180115000109.

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Abstract:This article discusses the use of animals for the safety testing of chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, household products, pesticides, and industrial chemicals. It reviews changes in safety testing technology and what those changes mean from the perspective of industrial innovation, public policy and public health, economics, and ethics. It concludes that the continuing use of animals for chemical safety testing should end within the decade as cheaper, quicker, and more predictive technologies are developed and applied.
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3

Lee, Hing-Biu, Thomas E. Peart, Greg Gris, and Jack Chan. "Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Industrial Wastewater Samples in Toronto, Ontario." Water Quality Research Journal 37, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2002.030.

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Abstract The occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol (NP) and its ethoxylates (NPEO) in wastewater generated in the Toronto area has been studied. In all, 97 samples from 40 facilities in ten different industry classes have been collected and analyzed. Widely divergent concentrations have been observed in these samples. They ranged from <0.01 to 195 µg/L for OP, from <0.1 to 253 µg/L for NP, from <2 to 117,570 µg/L for NPEO, and from <0.01 to 149 µg/L for BPA. The results show that the concentrations of NP and NPEO in these samples generally exceeded City of Toronto By-law (No. 457-2000) limits. The results also suggest that detergents based on NPEO are still extensively used by the commercial laundries, and also by the textile products and clothing industries. These facilities, together with several sources in the chemical and chemical products industries and the fabricated metal products industries are believed to be the major sources of NP and NPEO input into the sewer system in Toronto. In addition to the two facilities in the chemicals and chemical products sector, several commercial laundries also had significant on-site releases of BPA. Except for those collected from three facilities in the chemicals and chemical products industries, the levels of OP in these samples were generally low. Many industries in the Toronto area would have to take drastic actions to reduce releases of NPEO and NP if full compliance with the most recent City By-law regarding wastewater quality were to be achieved.
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4

Ren, Furao, and Weijun Liu. "Review of CO2 Adsorption Materials and Utilization Technology." Catalysts 13, no. 8 (August 1, 2023): 1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13081176.

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This article introduces the recent research status of CO2 adsorption materials and effective ways of CO2 resource utilization. Molecular sieves have the advantages of a large specific surface area, a wide pore size range, recyclability, and good chemical and thermal stability. Metal–organic frameworks have diverse structures and broad application prospects. The captured CO2 is converted into valuable chemicals such as acids, alcohols, hydrocarbons, and esters as raw materials. The rapid development of biomass energy utilization of CO2, with strong biological adaptability, high yield, low production cost, and low pollutant emissions, is a feasible method to reduce CO2 emissions. This article analyzes the current research status of CO2 capture, conversion into chemicals, biomass energy, and industrial utilization from the perspective of catalytic conversion.
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5

Bennett, Athony. "Fine chemicals: Membrane technology in the fine chemicals industry." Filtration & Separation 47, no. 3 (May 2010): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(10)70124-5.

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Vojinovic-Miloradov, Mirjana, Maja Turk-Sekulic, Jelena Radonic, Natasa Milic, Nevena Grujic-Letic, Ivana Mihajlovic, and Maja Milanovic. "Industrial emerging chemicals in the environment." Chemical Industry 68, no. 1 (2014): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind121110028v.

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In the recent time, considerable interest has grown concerning the presence of the emerging industrial chemicals, EmIC. They are contaminants that have possible pathway to enter to the environment and they are dominantly released by industrial and anthropogenic activities. EmIC are applied in different fields using as industrial chemicals (new and recently recognized), global organic contaminants (flame retardant chemicals), pharmaceuticals (for both human and animal uses), endocrine-modulating compounds, biological metabolites, personal care products, household chemicals, nanomaterial (energy storage products, lubricants), anticorrosive and agriculture chemicals and others that are applied to a wide variety of everyday items such as clothing, upholstery, electronics and automobile interiors. NORMAN (Network of reference laboratories for monitoring of emerging environmental pollutants) has established an open, dynamic, list of emerging substances and pollutants. EmIC have been recently detected in the environment due to their long-term presence, pseudo-persistence and increased use. Improvements in sophisticated analytical methods and time integrative passive sampling have enabled the identification and quantification of EmIC, in very low concentrations (ppb, ppt and lower), which likely have been present in all environmental mediums for decades. Passive technology is an innovative technique for the time-integrated measurement of emerging contaminants in water, sediment, soil and air. Passive samplers are simple handling cost-effective tool that could be used in environmental monitoring programmes. These devices are now being considered as a part of an emerging strategy for monitoring a range of emerging industrial chemicals and priority pollutants in the aquatic environment. EmIC are substances that are not included in the routine monitoring programmes and whose fate, behaviour and (eco)toxicological effects are still not well understood. Emerging pollutants have no regulatory standards based on peer-reviewed science. EmIC might jeopardize aquatic environment. The first screening analyses of emerging industrial and priority organic contaminants in the Danube surface water, in the vicinity of Novi Sad, have been done and approximately more than 140 compounds have been registered. The new sampling campaign, screening and target analyses are in progress.
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Imran, Muhammad, Shiraz Khan, Khalid Zaman, Haroon ur Rashid Khan, and Awais Rashid. "Assessing Green Solutions for Indoor and Outdoor Environmental Quality: Sustainable Development Needs Renewable Energy Technology." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111904.

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The survival of humans depends on both natural and manufactured surroundings. Though most people spend their time indoors, there are constantly new challenges to address, and air pollution is one of them. This research considered both outdoor and indoor factors that affected green development agendas. Outdoor factors include fossil fuel combustion, renewable energy supplies, and carbon emissions, whereas indoor factors include industrial waste management, chemical use in production, and green technologies. Against the backdrop of the Indian economy, plagued by severe environmental problems from 1995Q1 to 2020Q4, this research evaluated green alternatives for indoor and outdoor environments. Carbon emissions rise with the use of chemicals in production, with the burning of fossil fuels, and with economic expansion, as shown by the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) testing method employed. In contrast, emissions fall when a nation invests in renewable energy technologies and appropriately manages its industrial waste. Granger causality estimations validated the feedback link between industrial chemical usage and carbon emissions while demonstrating a unidirectional causality from chemical use to green energy demand and fossil fuel combustions. Moreover, burning fossil fuels and energy demand causes carbon emissions. Carbon emissions and fossil fuel combustion are produced due to industrial waste handling. The scale of the use of chemicals is expected to have the greatest impact on carbon emissions over the next few decades, followed by industrial waste, renewable energy supply, fossil fuel combustion, and renewable energy technologies. In order to achieve environmental sustainability via emissions reduction, this study proposed policies for a low-carbon economy, renewable energy source encouragement, and sustainable management. Close attention should be paid to clean energy and environmental sustainability by investing in research and development (R&D) to create a long-term sustainable energy strategy that is environmentally benign.
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8

Trevizo, C., and N. Nirmalakhandan. "Prediction of microbial toxicity of industrial organic chemicals." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1999): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0631.

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Aqueous solubility is evaluated as a predictor of microbial toxicity. Experimental toxicity data for activated sludge, methanogens, nitrobacter, and two commercial cultures, Polytox and Microtox were correlated with experimental solubility data for over 70 organic chemicals of diverse molecular structures and congeneric families. The database covered over 8 log units of aqueous solubility and over 6 log units of IC50 values. Statistically significant correlations were found between log (IC50) and log (solubility) for all the microorganisms, with coefficients of correlation ranging from 0.70 to 0.76 at a level of significance of p = 0.0001. An overall correlation was found to be log (IC50, mM/l) = 0.68 log (Solubility, mM/l) - 0.25, with an r2 = 0.756 for nearly 200 data points.
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9

Luck, F., M. Djafer, N. Karpel Vel Leitner, B. Gombert, and B. Legube. "Destruction of pollutants in industrial rinse waters by advanced oxidation processes." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 4 (February 1, 1997): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0139.

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Recycling process water is a growing need for a variety of industries faced with increasing water costs and environmental constraints. Metal finishing activities such as printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing generate large volumes of rinse water slightly contaminated with inorganic chemicals and organic additives. While the former can be removed with proven technologies, there is a need for effective processes for elimination of trace organics in order to allow recycling of rinse water without negative impact on process bath quality. A cooperative research project started recently to study a water recycling process adapted to this need, able to remove 95% of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of the rinse water by combining proven membrane separation with an innovative chemical oxidation. Two types of advanced oxidations based on the conjunction of heterogeneous catalysts with oxidants will be specifically investigated. In a preliminary stage of the project, the experimental tests were performed with a set of model compounds, selected from among the chemicals most frequently used in the plating processes, namely chelating agents, surfactants and corrosion inhibitors. These compounds were oxidized comparatively by ozone and catalytic ozonation. The differences between standard oxidation and catalytic oxidation are presented and discussed.
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10

Guomin, Cao, Yang Guoping, Sheng Mei, and Wang Yongjian. "Chemical industrial wastewater treated by combined biological and chemical oxidation process." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 5 (March 1, 2009): 1019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.051.

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Wastewaters from phenol and rubber synthesis were treated by the activated sludge process in a large-scale chemical factory in Shanghai, but the final effluent quality cannot conform with the local discharge limit without using river water for dilution. Therefore, this chemical factory had to upgrade its wastewater treatment plant. To fully use the present buildings and equipment during upgrading of the chemical factory's wastewater treatment plant and to save operation costs, a sequential biological pre-treatement, chemical oxidation, and biological post-treatment (or BCB for short) process had been proposed and investigated in a pilot trial. The pilot trial results showed that about 80% COD in the chemical wastewater could be removed through anoxic and aerobic degradation in the biological pre-treatement section, and the residual COD in the effluent of the biological pre-treatment section belongs to refractory chemicals which cannot be removed by the normal biological process. The refractory chemicals were partial oxidized using Fenton's reagent in the chemical oxidation section to improve their biodegradability; subsequently the wastewater was treated by the SBR process in the biological post-treatment section. The final effluent COD reached the first grade discharge limit (<100 mg l−1) of Chinese Notational Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996) even if without using any dilution water. Compared with the original dilution and biological process, the operation cost of the BCB process increased by about 0.5 yuan (RMB) per cubic metre wastewater, but about 1,240,000 m3 a−1 dilution water could be saved and the COD emission could be cut down by 112 tonne each year.
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Дисертації з теми "Technology of industrial chemicals"

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Nordberg, Anna. "Priority setting strategies for regulatory testing of industrial chemicals." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Philosophy and the History of Technology, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4554.

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Dingle, Gwendolyn O. "Dual-use technology and sustainment of the chemical industrial base." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7501.

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The changing defense acquisition process and the declining defense budget require alternative methods for sustaining unique sectors of the defense technology industrial base (DTIB) such as the chemical sector. One method is the dual-use of the technology
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3

Wilkinson, Sam K. "Reaction kinetics in formulated industrial catalysts." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5113/.

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In heterogeneous catalysis, a fundamental understanding of the necessary physico-chemical requirements for a catalyst formulation is essential to its success. Understanding of reaction kinetics via modelling can demonstrate how catalysts work, providing functional information around surface active sites and reaction mechanism. This tool, combined with well-designed laboratory experiments to test a catalyst under steady and/or non-steady state conditions, can provide insight into the links between catalyst formulation and reaction performance. The aim of this project is to develop novel strategies and methods in these areas utilising a range of Johnson Matthey catalysts and reaction systems. This thesis places significant focus on obtaining mechanistically and statistically sound kinetic models with reliable model parameter estimates. Methods for this are developed using a batch liquid phase hydrogenation system using a Pt/TiO2 catalyst. Subsequently, non-steady state analysis of catalyst formulations has been explored. This includes the initial transient behaviour of a fresh vanadium phosphorus oxide selective oxidation catalyst under reaction conditions which allowed understanding of the evolution of distinct active site populations on the catalyst surface. A subsequent study of copper-based methanol synthesis catalysts explored the impact of gas phase conditions on the catalyst state. A mixture of steady-state testing and transient response experiments (i.e. via an imposed change in gas phase conditions over the catalyst) provided new insights into the evolution of active site populations and populations of surface species on the catalyst surface. Overall, the reaction kinetics studies demonstrated across this thesis demonstrate not only a series of methods to understand catalyst behaviour in depth but also to understand the key functional requirements for an effective industrial catalyst.
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Kanga, Yao. "Controlled release of Isothiazoline biocides from industrial minerals." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1594/.

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This project investigated how various minerals of different surface areas and morphologies can be used to adsorb isothiazoline biocides for controlled-release and antimicrobial purposes. The absorption of the biocides on the mineral powders was achieved by way of using a bench high shear mill (dry process), or combining them to hydrated minerals (wet process). The characterisation of the minerals was achieved by XRF (chemical composition), XRD (crystal composition), SEM (morphology), B.E.T nitrogen (surface area), and Light Scattering (particle size distribution). HPLC was used to determine the concentration of the biocide in solution, and the Flow Microcalorimeter used to measure the bond strength between the biocide molecules and the minerals. The minerals were added to an exterior paint made according to an Imerys in-house formulation. Various modifications of this initial coating formulation were made in order to compare the biocide 2-Octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT) release profiles from impregnated and non-impregnated minerals. Montmorillonite clay was the best performing mineral in all experiments (adsorption and desorption both from the minerals and paints films, strength of bond analysis, and bioassay). All other minerals tested carried the biocide with varying degree of success. Optical and mechanical tests performed on paint films containing various minerals suggested there were no significant differences between the films. Rheology tests demonstrated that newly developed formulations were easy to apply to a surface.
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Clark, Ian Paul. "Treatment studies on a xenobiotic containing industrial effluent." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1990. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1397/.

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Sidwall, Shaun. "The industrial application of a multiple technique paper dryer simulation /." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21325.

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Drying Doctor, a multiple technique simulator of the paper drying process, has been developed at the Pulp and Paper Research Centre, McGill University. This thesis examines the different approaches to the modeling of this process, provides a rigorous validation of the simulation program and demonstrates its utility with four containerboard machines of Norampac Inc.
Several features differentiate this simulator from others. When heavy grades of paper are produced or when high intensity drying processes are used even with thin sheets, substantial thickness direction gradients of moisture content and temperature develop across the sheet, demonstrating the necessity of a fully microscale model such as employed by Drying Doctor.
Using industrial and laboratory data for a variety of paper grades and drying processes, 31 uncalibrated simulations for machine speed showed a standard deviation of only 3.4% from known speeds. Through simulation of modified operating conditions such as steam pressure, spoiler bars, pocket air conditions and addition of the high intensity drying process, Yankee air impingement dryers, substantial production rate increases for the industrial partner's papermachines through use of the Drying Doctor simulator were shown possible.
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Pearmain, David. "Electron microscopy characterisation of size-selected Pd clusters and industrial Pd catalysts." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1509/.

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This thesis presents an investigation into the morphology of palladium (Pd) size selected clusters and industrial Pd catalysts using high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) technique. The driving force of this work is to establish reliable and efficient methods for the structural characterisation of nanostructures. The characterisation of nanostructures is essential to our fundamental understanding of cluster use within applications, such as catalysis. The complexity of the morphology of industrial catalysts presents a significant challenge to rapid screening techniques. This thesis presents an efficient method which uses size selected clusters as mass standards in STEM based mass spectrometry. Size selected clusters were created using a radio frequency magnetron sputtering cluster beam source in conjunction with a lateral time of ight mass selector, Pd clusters were soft-landed onto amorphous carbon grids between the size range of N = 454 to 10,000 (\(\pm\)4%), with a deposition energy of 500 eV. The quantitative image analysis allows one to gain insight into each catalytic Pd particle and, in combination with two-dimensional diameter measurements, evaluate the three dimensional morphology of the particles. The use of the cluster source has also allowed investigation into the formation mechanisms of nanostructures, finding specific size-dependant morphological features for Pd clusters. Elongation of Pd clusters has been observed for cluster sizes of \(\geq\) 2000 atoms, as well as the onset of voids within the cluster structure for sizes \(\geq\) 2622. HAADF-STEM analysis has proved to be an invaluable tool in the determination of cluster size, independent of morphology, as well as enabling specific structural features within clusters to be revealed. An investigation into the atomic structure of supported Pd\(_{887}\) clusters is also presented. Specific structural motifs are identified using aberration corrected STEM within the sample range via direct comparison with simulated HAADF-STEM images of structures simulated using global minimum techniques.
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Callaghan, Fergal James. "Co-digestion of agricultural and industrial wastes." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1998. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3601/.

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Anaerobic digestion technology has not gained widespread acceptance on UK farms due mainly to the long return on investment periods involved. It has been suggested that co-digestion of agricultural and industrial wastes may enhance the economic viability of such installations. Batch and continuous digestion of cattle slurry and organic industrial wastes was carried out in specially constructed pilot plant digesters, to determine optimum mixtures of waste and digester loading rates. A total of 10 different wastes were tested, on a batch digestion basis, for their potential to co-digest with cattle slurry. Of these, 3 were chosen for continuous pilot plant trials, due to either a need to provide a disposal route for the waste, or positive effects of the waste on methane productivity. Chicken manure was found to slightly enhance methane productivity, but ammonia inhibition of methanogenic bacteria was noted over time. The organic fraction of municipal household waste (OFMSW) significantly enhanced digester methane productivity, while fish offal (FO) slightly enhanced methane productivity when added to the digester in small quantities, but quickly caused digester failure when added in larger amounts. An economic model of a digestion facility was developed and used to show the financial benefits of co-digestion.
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Tripathi, Nagendra. "A Study on the Population and Chemical Development of Non-Metallic Inclusions in the Tool-Steel Making Process." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3827.

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The present work was to study the population and chemicalcharacterization of the inclusions at different steps of thetool steel making process based on industrial trialexperiments. The inclusion populations were found to increasewith ladle age (number of heats ladle being used) beforealuminium deoxidation and before casting. A substantialincrease in inclusion population was noticed after a certainladle age. The analyses of the steel samples from thesolidified ingot revealed a non-uniform distribution ofinclusions. The inclusion populations in the final productswere also found to increase with the ladle age.

Totally four types of inclusions, viz. Type-1 (MgO), Type-2(an oxide solution), Type-3 (spinel), and Type-4 (spinel in thecenter surrounded by the oxide solution of Type-2) wereobserved before deoxidation. Thermodynamic calculation revealedthat the Type-2 and Type-4 inclusions were generated by thereactions between EAF slag and ladle glaze. Three types ofinclusions were found before casting, viz. Type-6 (spinel inthe center surrounded by the oxide solution of Type-7), Type-7(oxide solution with low contents of MgO and SiO2), and Type-8 (small MgO islands embedded in anoxide solution). Inclusions of both Type-6 and Type-7 were theproducts of the reaction between inclusions of Type-3 and theliquid metal. On the other hand, the occurrence of pieces ofMgO having sharp edges in the oxide solution suggested that theType-8 inclusions were generated by the ladle glaze. In thesteel samples during mould fillings, totally three types ofinclusions namely, Type-6, Type-7, and Type-9 (alumina basedinclusions) were found. The Type-9 inclusions were originatedfrom the erosion of the nozzles and the closing gates duringthe mould filling. The steel samples after casting were foundto contain inclusions of Type-6, Type-7, Type-9, Type-10(alumina-silicate oxide solution), and Type-11 (spinel phasewith calcium sulphide). The types of inclusions were found tovary with the position in the ingot. In the final productsType-6, Type-7, and Type-11 inclusions were found. While almostall the inclusions in the final products were originated in theladle before casting, sulphur was detected in all types ofinclusions. The increase in the sulphur activity of the steelmelt during casting was the cause of the formation ofoxide-sulphide and calcium sulphide phases in the inclusionsdetected after casting and in the final products.

A preliminary examination on the possibility of inclusionseparation by bubble floatation using cold models was alsocarried out. Deionised water and silicon oil were used as thebulk phase. Charcoal particles of different size ranges wereemployed as the dispersed phase. The examination of thecharcoal-water-gas system indicated that the positivefloatation coefficient was not a sufficient condition for theinclusion separation. The experimental results were found to bein contradiction with the prediction of a typical model thatconsiders interfacial energies. The omitting of the drag forcewas believed to be the reason causing the failure of the modelprediction in the charcoal-water-gas system. The failure of themodel prediction suggested a need of a new model taking intoaccount interfacial energies, drag force, buoyancy force andgravity force.

Key words:non-metallic inclusions, ladle metallurgy,ladle glaze, inclusion population, ladle age, ingot casting,interfacial tension, inclusion separation

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10

Kings, Iain Nicholas. "Supercritical water oxidation as a technology for the treatment of model and industrial wastewaters : reaction kinetics and reactor configurations." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4448/.

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This work investigates the advantages of a multi-stage supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) reactor over a single-stage configuration in treating dimethylformamide (DMF), a model compound representing nitro-organic wastewaters. Single-stage SCWO of complex wastewaters was also investigated. A PFR rig was designed and constructed to investigate reactor temperature, initial DMF concentration, stoichiometric ratio, residence time and oxidant distribution effects on component yields. Reaction temperature was the critical variable for treatability; T>500\(^0\)C caused near-complete DMF/TOC removal at relatively short residence times (approx. 6 s). DMF SCWO displayed Arrhenius-type kinetics, and the DMF (1) and O\(_2\) (0.36) reaction orders, activation energy (140 kJ mol\(^-\)\(^1\)) and pre-exponential factor (1x10\(^1\)\(^2\) M\(^0\)\(^.\)\(^3\)\(^6\) s\(^-\)\(^1\)) were evaluated. Certain injection configurations resulted in higher TOC removals than single-stage, particularly when the second injection occurred at 0.5L and delivered 50 – 67% of the oxidant, although ammonia yield exceeded those in single-stage SCWO at these points. Single-stage SCWO outperformed a small number of configurations. T>500\(^0\)C was shown to be suitable to treat complex wastes. Complete conversion of TOC to products likely occurs within 10\(^2\) s. It was seen that TOC value alone may not be a suitable input when attempting to determine treatability in SCWO and that composition must also be considered.
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Книги з теми "Technology of industrial chemicals"

1

G, Reuben B., and Plotkin Jeffrey S, eds. Industrial organic chemicals. 3rd ed. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2012.

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2

Textile finishing chemicals: An industrial guide. Park Ridge, N.J., U.S.A: Noyes Publications, 1990.

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3

International Agency for Research on Cancer., ed. Some industrial chemicals. Lyon, France: IARC, 2000.

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4

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Food Chemicals Codex., ed. Food chemicals codex. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2006.

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5

Harrington, Joe. Industrial Cleaning Technology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001.

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6

Inc, Technical Insights, ed. Advances in bioprocess technology: Industrial/specialty chemicals via biological sources/routes. Fort Lee, NJ: Technical Insights, 1985.

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7

Carson, P. A. The safe handling of chemicals in industry, volume 3. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

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8

P, Cheremisinoff Nicholas, ed. Fire and explosion hazards handbook of industrial chemicals. Westwood, N.J: Noyes Publications, 1998.

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9

Per, Filskov, ed. Substitutes for hazardous chemicals in the workplace. Boca Raton, Fla: Lewis Publishers, 1996.

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10

United States. Congress. Senate. Special Committee on the Year 2000 Technology Problem., ed. Year 2000 issues: Technology problems and industrial chemical safety : report to the Senate Special Committee on the Year 2000 Technology Problem. [Washington, D.C.] (2175 K St., N.W., 4th floor, Washington 20037): Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, 1999.

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Частини книг з теми "Technology of industrial chemicals"

1

Floyd, Tamara M., Matthew W. Losey, Samara L. Firebaugh, Klavs F. Jensen, and Martin A. Schmidt. "Novel Liquid Phase Microreactors for Safe Production of Hazardous Specialty Chemicals." In Microreaction Technology: Industrial Prospects, 171–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59738-1_16.

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2

Davis, Burtron H., and James C. Hower. "Coal Technology for Power, Liquid Fuels, and Chemicals." In Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology, 107–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52287-6_3.

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Davis, Burtron H., and James Hower. "Coal Technology for Power, Liquid Fuels, and Chemicals." In Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology, 749–805. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4259-2_19.

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4

Srivastava, R. D., H. G. McIlvried, J. C. Winslow, C. P. Maronde, and R. P. Noceti. "Coal Technology for Power, Liquid Fuels, and Chemicals." In Kent and Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology, 843–906. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-27843-8_19.

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5

Wolfrum, J. "Lasers in Industrial Chemical Processes." In Laser Science and Technology, 197–207. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0378-8_14.

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6

Beißner, Stefan, Thomas Elbell, J. Michael Köhler, and Martin Zieren. "Thermoelectrical Measurement System for Chemical Instrumentation." In Microreaction Technology: Industrial Prospects, 597–606. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59738-1_63.

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7

Losey, M. W., M. A. Schmidt, and K. F. Jensen. "A Micro Packed-Bed Reactor for Chemical Synthesis." In Microreaction Technology: Industrial Prospects, 277–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59738-1_28.

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8

Kevin Drost, M., Michele Friedrich, Christine Martin, Jerry Martin, and Rick Cameron. "Recent Developments in Microtechnology-Based Chemical Heat Pumps." In Microreaction Technology: Industrial Prospects, 394–401. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59738-1_41.

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9

Wolfrum, J. "Laser Diagnostics of Industrial Chemical Processes." In Laser Science and Technology, 187–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0378-8_13.

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10

Alépée, Ch, R. Maurer, L. Paratte, L. Vulpescu, Ph Renaud, and A. Renken. "Fast Heating and Cooling for High Temperature Chemical Microreactors." In Microreaction Technology: Industrial Prospects, 514–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59738-1_54.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Technology of industrial chemicals"

1

Brauer, Carolyn S., Timothy J. Johnson, Thomas A. Blake, Steven W. Sharpe, Robert L. Sams, and Russell G. Tonkyn. "The Northwest Infrared (NWIR) gas-phase spectral database of industrial and environmental chemicals: recent updates." In SPIE Sensing Technology + Applications, edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh, Robert A. Lieberman, and Günter G. Gauglitz. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2053591.

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2

Zhou, Kan, Ge Huang, Shan Wang, and Kai Fang. "Research on Transportation Safety of Hazardous Chemicals Based on Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)." In 2020 9th International Conference on Industrial Technology and Management (ICITM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icitm48982.2020.9080360.

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3

Aguirre, P., J. C. Mugica, and R. Solozabal. "Treatment of industrial wastes by plasma technology." In IEE Colloquium on Atmospheric Discharges for Chemical Synthesis. IEE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19980258.

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4

Sahruddin, Nursyaheera, and Asmarashid Ponniran. "Life Cycle Assessment And Performances of Revived Industrial Lead-Acid Batteries Through Regeneration Technology : Regeneration Technology." In Conference on Faculty Electric and Electronic 2020/1. Penerbit UTHM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30880/eeee.2020.01.01.009.

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The growing amount of battery production will produce more substances which increase the number of harmful chemicals to the environment such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide. Since most Malaysians are thrown their old batteries away and replace with new batteries. The recycled batteries and revived batteries are ways to reduce the number of batteries being disposed of. Hence this study aims to determine the carbon footprint and performances of revived industrial lead-acid batteries through regeneration technology. In this study, life cycle assessment is used as a method to assess environmental impacts on which carbon footprint associated with all the stages of a batteries' life through the regeneration technology. The three processes involved in regeneration technology which charging process, discharging process, and regeneration process to evaluated the voltage, capacity, and specific gravity. From the results, the revived industrial lead-acid batteries through regeneration technology are 199.91 kgCO2-eq of a carbon footprint than recycled batteries and the discharge time of 6 batteries are increased from 3 hours 55 minutes to 5 hours after using the regeneration technology. Thus, it is confirmed the revived industrial lead-acid batteries through regeneration technology are to be used preferably in reducing the disposed of batteries.
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5

Mullin, Cletus, Rene Koltes, Mick Walton, and Jeff Krukowski. "Industrial lighting — A holistic approach using L.E.D. technology." In 2016 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (PCIC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcicon.2016.7589204.

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6

Heykants, Ryan, Jeff Hodgson, Ross Campbell, and Nicolas Leblanc. "Applying Wireless Communications Technology to Industrial Trace Heating." In 2019 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Committee Conference (PCIC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcic30934.2019.9074504.

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7

Loosen, Peter. "Advances in CO2 laser technology for industrial applications." In Ninth International Symposium on Gas Flow and Chemical Lasers, edited by Costas Fotakis, Costas Kalpouzos, and Theodore G. Papazoglou. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.144620.

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8

Pua, Lee M., and S. O. Rumbold. "Industrial Microchannel Devices: Where Are We Today?" In ASME 2003 1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2003-1101.

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Heatric has been involved in the commercial design and manufacturing of “micro/milli” scale heat exchanger core matrices called Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers (PCHEs) since 1985. These core matrices are formed by diffusion bonding together plates into which fluid flow microchannels have (usually) been formed by photo-chemical machining. Complex fluid circuitry is readily implemented with this technique. Diffusion bonding is a ‘solid-state joining’ process creating a bond of parent metal strength and ductility. The complete microchannel heat exchangers are highly compact, typically comprising about one-fifth the size and weight of conventional heat exchangers for the same thermal duty and pressure drops. PCHEs can be constructed out of a range of materials, including austenitic stainless steels suitable for design temperatures up to 800°C, and nickel alloys such as Incoloy 800HT suitable for design temperatures more than 900°C. Single units ranging from a few grams up to 100 tonnes have been manufactured. Currently there are thousands of tons of such microchannel matrix in hundreds of services — many of them arduous duties on offshore oil and gas platforms where the size and weight advantages of microchannel heat exchangers are of obvious benefit. Whilst these matrices are predominantly involved in thermally simple two-fluid heat exchange, albeit at pressures up to 500 bar, PCHEs have also been used for many multi-stream counter-flow heat exchangers. However the field of applications is very varied, including specialised chemicals processing, and PCHEs are even to be found orbiting the Earth in the International Space Station! Due to the inherent flexibility of the etching process, the basic construction may readily be applied to both a wider range, and more complex integration of process unit operations. Chemical reaction, rectification, stripping, mixing, and absorption, as well as boiling and condensation, can be incorporated into compact integrated process modules. Crucially, the resulting degree of compactness has led printed circuit technology to be the enabling technology in certain duties. Techniques for chemical coating onto the surfaces of channels continue to evolve, with applicability both to protective coatings and catalytically active coatings. We will describe a selection of innovative printed circuit technology examples. Alongside the more esoteric, Heatric is actively extending printed circuit technology to adapt to new market opportunities such as nuclear power generation plant and fuel cell systems. These applications perhaps represent two extremes of the both size and process integration, and thus aptly serve to demonstrate the range of industrial use of microchannel devices.
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9

Stamm, Uwe, Rainer Paetzel, Igor Bragin, Juergen Kleinschmidt, Frank Voss, and Dirk Basting. "Recent developments of industrial excimer laser technology." In XI International Symposium on Gas Flow and Chemical Lasers and High Power Laser Conference. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.270114.

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10

"Research of parameters of industrial waters of canning plant and bakery." In Chemical technology and engineering. Lviv Polytechnic National University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/cte2021.01.228.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Technology of industrial chemicals"

1

Greer, L. Final technical report for project industrial technology opportunities in the chemicals industry through cleaner raw materials identification. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/770642.

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2

Gertslberger, Wolfgang, Merle Küttim, Tarmo Tuisk, Ulrika Hurt, Tarvo Niine, Tarlan Ahmadov, Margit Metsmaa, et al. Ringmajanduslike praktikate juurutamise võimaldajad ja barjäärid: uuringu aruanne. Tallinn University of Technology; Ministry of Economics and Communication, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11590/taltech.circular.economy.report.2021.

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This research study focused on the business models related to the circular economy of the four industries and their enablers and barriers have been studied. The research was conducted from September to December 2021 in Estonia by Tallinn University of Technology Sustainable Value Chain Management Working Group for the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications. The industries covered by the study were: 1) the computer, electronic and optical equipment industries; 2) chemicals and chemical industry, except plastics industry; 3) the electrical equipment industry; 4) metal industry.
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3

Thees, Oliver, Matthias Erni, Vanessa Burg, Gillianne Bowman, Serge Biollaz, Theodoros Damartzis, Timothy Griffin, et al. Wood fuel in Switzerland: energy potential, technology development, resource mobilization, and its role in the energy transition. White paper. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55419/wsl:32791.

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To enable the energy transition in Switzerland, SCCER BIOSWEET (i) assessed the current and future potentials of primary energy from the different woody biomass types in Switzerland; (ii) developed and implemented innovative technologies for biomass utilization in the fields of heat, electricity and fuels; and (iii) investigated the future role of woody biomass in the energy system. SCCER BIOSWEET started with the vision of 100 petajoules (PJ) of primary energy consumption per year from bioenergy by 2050, which means a doubling of the current energy consumption from biomass. According to the results of the analyses completed through SCCER BIOSWEET, this target is achievable and woody biomass could contribute 50 %. Nevertheless, with regard to resource efficiency and the decarbonization of industry and society, priority should be given to the material use of wood (cascading use), for example as chemicals produced in biorefineries. In Switzerland, the use of wood for energy would ideally include the production of high-temperature heat for industrial process heating, as well as fuels in gaseous and liquid form for ground- and air-based transportation. A further key point is the need to compensate for fluctuations in the production of other types of energy, especially solar power.
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4

Rogers, Joseph E. L. American Institute of Chemical Engineers Final report for Office of Industrial Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy. Collaborative research (DE-FC02-94CE41107) [Technology transfer and educational activities in the area of industrial waste reduction and pollution prevention]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/808648.

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5

Sutto, Thomas E. Prioritization of the Percutaneous Hazard of Industrial Chemicals. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada552654.

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6

Sutto, Thomas E. Prioritization of the Oral (Ingestive) Hazard of Industrial Chemicals. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada552625.

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7

Peterson, Greogry W., and Joseph A. Rossin. Impregnated Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Removal of Toxic Industrial Chemicals. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada491477.

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8

Matthews, Robin L., Terri L. Longworth, Kwok Y. Ong, Leyun Zhu, and Christopher D. Brown. Testing of Ahura's FirstDefender Handheld Chemical Identifier Against Toxic Industrial Chemicals. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada461530.

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GENERAL DYNAMICS FORT WORTH TX FORT WORTH DIV. Industrial Technology Modernization. Phase 2. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada212146.

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10

Author, Not Given. Industrial Combustion Technology Roadmap: A Technology Roadmap by and for the Industrial Combustion Community. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1178925.

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