Готові списки джерел за темами / Survival at sea – Indian Ocean

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Survival at sea – Indian Ocean"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 26 липня 2024
Оновлено: 27 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Survival at sea – Indian Ocean"

1

Pujolràs-Noguer, Esther, Emma Domínguez-Rué, and Marice l Oró-Piqueras. "Exploring the Interstices of Aging and Narrative Agency in M.G. Vassanji’s The Book of Secrets and Abdulrazak Gurnah’s By the Sea /." Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, no. 82 (2021): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2021.82.06.

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Indian Ocean literature has captured the porousness and fluidity that configure the Indian Ocean space through narrations in which history and memory, both individual and collective, blend to voice the uninhabited silence forged by unsettled colonialism. M.G. Vassanji’s The Book of Secrets (1994) and Abdulrazak Gurnah’s By the Sea (2001) are perspicuous exponents of the undertows that lurk behind the troubled existence of uprooted individuals for whom the act of telling stories becomes their means of survival. Given the old age of the protagonists of both novels, Pius Fernandes in The Book of Secrets and Saleh Omar in By the Sea, this article examines the power of narration from the perspective of narrative gerontology. Imbued with the spirit of Scheherazade’s The Arabian Nights, itself an Indian Ocean literary reference, Pius Fernandes and Saleh Omar biographical accounts become the source of their literal / literary survival.
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Siddiqi, Mobin, and Rafia Azmat. "The Arabian Sea – Marine Pollution Viz A Viz Existence and Implementation of International Preventative Laws." Polaris – Journal of Maritime Research 1, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53963/pjmr.2019.004.1.

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Tremendously increasing marine pollution is a global threat to the survival of humanity. The correlation between marine pollution and devastating impact on ecological systems and other spheres of environment havealreadybeenproven. Marine pollution is not a localized phenomenon and has its effects on a globalscale; this leads to formulatio n of certain international regulations mutually agreed bysignatory nations. However, in certain parts of the world, including the Indian Ocean, compliance withregulations is not observable. Unsolved partof the puzzle is; why marine pollution continues to exist notwithstanding the evidence that it is so very dangerous. To answer this question, economic, legal, political, scientific, social and technological factors need to be brought under consideration. This study serves a twofold purpose; firstly, it enquires into the deliberation on international law regarding marine pollution in this region; secondly, it identifies the quantity and quality of the mainsources ofmarine pollution in the Indian Ocean. An attempthas beenmade to identify mainsources ofmarine pollution in Indian Ocean followed by a chemical classification of pollutants and extrapolating their temporal impacts on bio-diversity of the region. Understanding ofpollutionsources thataffect Indian Oceanprovidebetter insight for planning and implementation of the necessary regime to prevent, reduce and control marine pollution in the Arabian Sea. Qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis performed in the region, using advanced analytical techniques to prevent, control and eliminate marine pollution viz-à-viz various conventions put in place in the region depict that strict compliance of the protocols is need of time to save the oceans fromgetting polluted beyond the limitof retrieval to original state.
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3

R.OZA, SANDIP, R. K. K. SINGH, ABHINAV SRIVASTAVA, MIHIR K.DASH, I. M. L. DAS, and N. K. VYAS. "Inter-annual variations observed in spring and summer Antarctic sea ice extent in recent decade." MAUSAM 62, no. 4 (December 16, 2021): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v62i4.381.

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The growth and decay of sea ice are complex processes and have important feedback onto the oceanic and atmospheric circulation. In the Antarctic, sea ice variability significantly affects the primary productivity in the Southern Ocean and thereby negatively influences the performance and survival of species in polar ecosystem. In present days, the awareness on the sea ice variability in the Antarctic is not as matured as it is for the Arctic region. The present paper focuses on the inter-annual trends (1999-2009) observed in the monthly fractional sea ice cover in the Antarctic at 1 × 1 degree level, for the November and February months, derived from QuikSCAT scatterometer data. OSCAT scatterometer data from India’s Oceansat-2 satellite were used to asses the sea ice extent (SIE) observed in the month of November 2009 and February 2010 and its deviation from climatic maximum (1979-2002) sea ice extent (CMSIE). Large differences were observed between SIE and CMSIE, however, trend results show that it is due to the high inter-annual variability in sea ice cover. Spatial distribution of trends show the existence of positive and negative trends in the parts of Western Pacific Ocean, Ross Sea, Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas (ABS), Weddell Sea and Indian ocean sector of southern ocean. Sea ice trends are compared with long-term SST trends (1982-2009) observed in the austral summer month of February. Large-scale cooling trend observed around Ross Sea and warming trend in ABS sector are the distinct outcome of the study.
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Gollasch, S. "Survival of tropical ballast water organisms during a cruise from the Indian Ocean to the North Sea." Journal of Plankton Research 22, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 923–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/22.5.923.

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5

B., Anu, and Sanskriti Mishra. "Dumped Weapons & Underwater Arms Race: Analysis of India’s Survival Strength with the Existing Legal Framework." PURUSHARTHA - A journal of Management, Ethics and Spirituality 16, no. 1 (December 26, 2023): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21844/16202116104.

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India’s role in maritime trade dates back to 1500s as it is bordered with Indian Ocean which is open sea. But it gradually declined when the state was invaded by colonial powers and made forced participation in the World Wars. During the wars Indian Ocean catered as major maritime trade route and hence a lot of warships sank, seized weapons were dumped in the ocean. The dumped weapons include non-deactivated biological and chemical weapons that pose perpetual threat to India and other coastal states. Since Cold War, there was a rise in militarization in the seabed which eventually led to arms race. With digitalization, the facility of remote access has further geared up the arms race in the seabed. There are bundle of laws in the global parlance to regulate the same but the increasing arms race in the seabed creates doubt with respect to the effectiveness. In this outset, it is important to analyze whether India being a coastal state be able to survive the consequences from such arms race and dumped weapons in the seabed with its existing legal framework. For this study, this research paper makes conceptual understanding along with historic analysis of dumping of weapons ad arms race in the seabed. Further the paper conducts thorough study on the existing international legal framework and the territorial laws of India in this regard. The paper also analyses the present trends in seabed arms race in the seabed and put forth suggestions for the state’s better future and security of its people.
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6

LAVERS, JENNIFER L., SIMEON LISOVSKI, and ALEXANDER L. BOND. "Preliminary survival and movement data for a declining population of Flesh-footed Shearwater Ardenna carneipes in Western Australia provides insights into marine threats." Bird Conservation International 29, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270918000084.

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SummarySeabirds face diverse threats on their breeding islands and while at sea. Human activities have been linked to the decline of seabird populations, yet over-wintering areas typically receive little or no protection. Adult survival rates, a crucial parameter for population persistence in long-lived species, tend to be spatially or temporally restricted for many seabird species, limiting our understanding of factors driving population trends at some sites. We used bio-loggers to study the migration of Western Australian Flesh-footed Shearwaters Ardenna carneipes carneipes and estimated adult survival over five years. Western Australia is home to around 35% of the world’s breeding Flesh-footed Shearwaters, a population which was up-listed to Vulnerable in 2015. During the austral winter, shearwaters migrated across the central Indian Ocean to their non-breeding grounds off western Sri Lanka. Low site fidelity on breeding islands, mortality of adult birds at sea (e.g. fisheries bycatch), and low annual breeding frequency likely contributed to the low estimated annual adult survival (2011–2015: ϕ = 0.634-0.835).
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7

Allamel, Frédéric. "The Houma Indians’ battle against the ocean." Disaster Prevention and Management 25, no. 2 (April 4, 2016): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-12-2015-0281.

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Purpose – The Houma Indians reside in the backwaters of the Mississippi Delta, a coastal area that is disappearing due to natural subsidence, sea-level rise, and mismanagements of the ecosystems. The purpose of this paper is to scrutinize the causes of this ecocide and the responses addressing such environmental challenges, including scientific strategies, political non-intervention, and the United Houma Nation’s plans for preserving a sense of place and togetherness as a prerequisite for its cultural survival. Design/methodology/approach – This ethnographic investigation relies on participant observation, and interviews with tribal leaders, fishermen, trappers, as well as scientists and local politicians. In order to grasp the emic perspective, most interviews were conducted in the Houma French dialect. Findings – The Mississippi Delta epitomizes issues that will shape tomorrow’s world, namely, the vulnerability of coastal areas and the flows of environmental refugees. As shown by this study, coastal residents do not make a passive flux of evacuees responding to state/NGO-run plans. Actually, they are chief agents who either develop resilient strategies or proactive relocation stratagems to avoid ethnocide. Their pragmatic methodologies provide valuable data for any crisis management efforts. Originality/value – This research gives a voice to the voiceless, and conveys their existential struggles from within – unlike most studies of endangered communities relying on outsiders’ viewpoints. This perspective depicts the Houmas as actors of their survival who implement diverse tribal strategies for coping with environmental change.
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8

Chambellant, Magaly, Gwénaël Beauplet, Christophe Guinet, and Jean-Yves Georges. "Long-term evaluation of pup growth and preweaning survival rates in subantarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus tropicalis, on Amsterdam Island." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 1222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-114.

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This study is the first to investigate pup preweaning growth and survival rates over seven consecutive breeding seasons in subantarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus tropicalis, on Amsterdam Island, southern Indian Ocean. Growth and survival were studied in relation to year and pup sex, birth date, birth mass, and growth rate at 60 days of age. The pup growth rate decreased over the 7-year study period and was the lowest ever found in otariids, which suggests that lactating females experience constant low food availability. Male and female pups grew and survived at similar rates. Pups that were heavier at birth grew faster and exhibited better early survival (i.e., the first 2 months of life) than pups that were lighter at birth. However, no such relationship was detected for late survival (i.e., from 2 months to weaning) in this long-lactating species. No relationship was found between pup growth rate, pup survival rate, and sea-surface temperature (SST) gradient during the study period, especially during the later years of good trophic conditions (i.e., a high SST gradient). Such dissociations suggest that variation in food availability may not be the only factor influencing pup performance until weaning. We therefore propose that the subantarctic fur seal population is reaching its carrying capacity and that a density-dependent effect is occurring on Amsterdam Island.
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9

Majumder, Amit. "An Empirical Study on Socio-Economic Conditions of Fishermen of North-East Coastal Region of India." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 11, no. 2 (May 22, 2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v11.n2.p2.

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<p>Fishing is recognised as a source of food since the Stone Age. A fisherman is the one who is involved in the process of capturing fish and other species from a water body for living and earning purposes, which started with an objective of survival and transformed into a source of business. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations, fish output in India doubled between 1990 and 2010. India acquires 8129 kilometres of marine coastline involving over 1.5 million people who are directly or indirectly related to fishing industry. Being a natural consumable resource it contributes to food security of India, fish is considered as a consumable source and an income source simultaneously. Traditionally, there exist primarily two forms of fishing-Inland Fishing and Marine Fishing. While the former is preferable to the local customers in India due to variety of tastes, on the other hand the Marine Fishing is considered as one of the significant foreign exchange earners as well as suppliers of huge nutritional requirements for this vast population. Nearly 60 per cent of Indian fish productions are coming from coastal fishing. To step up deep-sea fishing activities, in 1977 the Government extended its territorial control over 200 nautical miles in the ocean. This zone was termed as ‘Exclusive Economic Zone’ (EEZ). About 6.3% of global fish production as well as 1.1% of Indian GDP and 5.15% of agricultural GDP is contributed by Indian fishing industry.</p>
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10

Evans, Sean M., Caroline McKenna, Stephen D. Simpson, Jennifer Tournois, and Martin J. Genner. "Patterns of species range evolution in Indo-Pacific reef assemblages reveal the Coral Triangle as a net source of transoceanic diversity." Biology Letters 12, no. 6 (June 2016): 20160090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0090.

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The Coral Triangle in the Indo-Pacific is a region renowned for exceptional marine biodiversity. The area could have acted as a ‘centre of origin’ where speciation has been prolific or a ‘centre of survival’ by providing refuge during major environmental shifts such as sea-level changes. The region could also have acted as a ‘centre of accumulation’ for species with origins outside of the Coral Triangle, owing to it being at a central position between the Indian and Pacific oceans. Here, we investigated support for these hypotheses using population-level DNA sequence-based reconstructions of the range evolution of 45 species (314 populations) of Indo-Pacific reef-associated organisms. Our results show that populations undergoing the most ancient establishment were significantly more likely to be closer to the centre of the Coral Triangle than to peripheral locations. The data are consistent with the Coral Triangle being a net source of coral-reef biodiversity for the Indo-Pacific region, suggesting that the region has acted primarily as a centre of survival, a centre of origin or both. These results provide evidence of how a key location can influence the large-scale distributions of biodiversity over evolutionary timescales.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Survival at sea – Indian Ocean"

1

Karunatilleke, Upali. "The law of the sea and the Indian ocean." Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 2004. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/775/.

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Arvid Pardo, the ambassador of Malta presented a revolutionary concept regarding "the sea bed and the ocean floor" when he warned the United States that it must be treated as a "Common heritage of mankind" otherwise it is an area that could lead to conflict between states leading to wars that would spell the end of humanity. The United States took serious note of the underlying potential truth of this warning, sponsored a number of conventions of the Law of the Sea which led to the adoption of UNCLOS III, which was unique in so many respects but the most notable was, it served as a constitution fot the management of the ocean. Two main functions of the sea, namely fisheries and the prevention of pollution, whether land based or vessel sourced, reseived the attention of the world community that participated at the conference that prompted them to adopt a legal framework to establish a conservation and management programme in relation to both subjects. Coastal states were conferred greater jurisdiction, with an expansion of the territorial sea, contiguous sea and a new concept of a 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone which specified new rights and obligations to all users of the sea, be they coastal states, flag states, port states or any other user. They had to abide these rights and obligations as part of international law. The implementation of these rights and obligations needed the best scientific evidence and knowledge available as well as the cooperation of competent international organisations. It was further envisaged that regional and sub-regional arrangements would be a benevolent method of implementing and monitoring the rights and obligations of states. It was observed that the northern hemisphere states, particularly in the north Atlantic, north Pacific, the North sea, Balkan sea and the Mediterranean sea realized the advantages of regionalism. They brought results such as controlling pollution in the North sea, an area encircled by industrialized states emitting chemical wastes into the sea, with the adoption of harmonized municipal laws. Another significant achievement was the prevention of oil-spills be legislating for double hulling of vessels. The Indian Ocean is surrounded by 28 states, which are categorized as "developing states in the Third world", with the only exception as Australia. These states acquired large resources of the sea with the adoption of UNCLOS III. But they are yet to identify the rights and obligations devolving on them and to realize that if they adhere to the new law, the management of the ocean affairs would ensure sustainable development and contribute to the war against poverty, which is the greatest challenge. This study has identified how these states could, particularly in regard to the prevention of marine pollution and managing living resources, a regional effort could achieve harmonization of laws and make a concerted effort to maintain scientific standard of management and avoid conflict.
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2

Mellet, Bernice. "Ecological risk assessment of fisheries on sea turtles in the South Western Indian Ocean." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/9957.

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The SWIO is an area of great biodiversity and included in the diverse species that occupy the region are five species of sea turtles that include green turtles, hawksbills, leatherbacks, loggerheads and olive ridleys. Despite considerable conservation efforts at sea turtle rookeries in the South Western Indian Ocean, only green and loggerhead turtle populations have shown an increase in population size in recent years (<10 years), whereas leatherbacks remained stable and hawksbills and olive ridleys declined. This begs the question if fisheries (or other offshore pressures) are responsible for slowing the recovery of these populations in the region, and if so, which specific fisheries are responsible for this trend? Several offshore (mostly industrial) and coastal (mostly artisanal) fisheries overlap with sea turtle distribution at sea. Industrial fisheries that are globally known to have a demonstrable impact on sea turtle populations are longline and to a lesser extent purse seine fisheries, whilst prawn trawl, gillnet and beach seine fisheries are coastal fisheries with a known negative impact on sea turtle populations. Holistic conservation strategies should be developed that include both land and sea protection for sea turtle species. It is thus necessary to identify and manage offshore threats including fisheries activities, particularly those fisheries that are showing the highest risk to sea turtle populations. This prompted an investigation into the bycatch rates and mortality of all sea turtle species that occur in the SWIO region in several offshore and coastal fisheries including both industrial (longline, purse seine and prawn trawl) and artisanal (including gillnet and beach seine) fisheries. The specific aims were (i) to identify and quantify the interactions (and if possible mortality) of sea turtle species in fisheries and (ii) to identify vulnerable species/populations to fishing operations using a semi-quantitative Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) in the form of a Productivity-Susceptibility Analysis (PSA). Published information, online databases and technical reports were used as data sources to establish a database containing essential information regarding fishing effort and sea turtle bycatch in the region. The existing information was used to map fisheries extent and effort within the region, and to perform bycatch calculations. Interactions and mortality rates for sea turtles in five fisheries were quantified using bycatch rates from regional studies. Between 2000 – 2011, industrial longline and purse seine fisheries captured sea turtles at a rate of 4 388 indiv.y-1, with the mortality rate being 189 indiv.y-1. The bulk of these interactions were in the longline industry that captured 4 129 ± 1 376 indiv.y-1, with a corresponding mortality rate of 167 ± 53 indiv.y-1. The most commonly caught species (in longlines) were loggerheads and leatherback turtles, but the greatest impact is expected to be on the leatherback population due to the high interaction rate relative to population size. The bycatch (259 ± 34 indiv.y-1) and mortality (20 ± 2 indiv.y-1) rates of sea turtles in the purse seine fishery was considerably lower than the longline fishery. The purse seine fishery thus does not seem to have a significant impact on sea turtle populations in the SWIO. The impact of all forms of fish aggregation devices were excluded from the analysis as the impacts of these are poorly documented. Coastal prawn trawl, gillnet and beach seine fisheries captured an estimate of between 50 164 - 52 370 indiv.y-1 from 2000-2011. The highest bycatch rate was estimated for gillnet fisheries (40 264 indiv.y-1) followed by beach seine fisheries (9 171 indiv.y-1) and prawn trawl fisheries (at 1089 – 2795 indiv.y-1). The gillnet fishery could be responsible for slowing the recovery rate of green turtle and leatherback populations in the SWIO due to the high capture rates in this fishery compared to the population sizes of the species. Beach seine and prawn trawl fisheries are not expected to be hamper the recovery rate of any of the populations in the SWIO due to the low levels of interactions and low mortality rates compared to the population sizes. There are however very few data available regarding the bycatch of sea turtle species within these fisheries, highlighting the need for further research regarding this. A productivity-Susceptibility Analysis (PSA) was used to evaluate the relative vulnerability of species to fisheries, and is frequently applied in data poor situations. Limited data on sea turtle life history characteristics and population dynamics of species in the SWIO prompted the use of a PSA to determine the species most vulnerable to fisheries in the region. Results of the PSA indicated that gillnet fisheries poses the largest fishery-related threat to sea turtle populations, specifically the green and leatherback populations. The longline fishery that poses a particular threat to the leatherback population in the SWIO is also a particular concern. A cumulative impact assessment (combining fisheries and other threats) indicated that the SWIO leatherback population is extremely vulnerable to the combination of threats that influence this population in the SWIO. Even though individual fisheries may pose a small threat, the cumulative impacts of the fisheries can lead to severe impacts on populations such as slowing the recovery rate of populations. There are however significant data gaps that require attention in order to fully assess the impact of these fisheries on sea turtle populations. Despite the fact that fisheries are not implicated as a mayor reason for the decline in the hawksbill and olive ridley populations in the region, these two species are in decline indicating that there are other factors responsible for the decline not yet identified. It however remains imperative to reduce the mortality from all sources to ensure the continued viability of sea turtle populations in the region.
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3

Fenton, Mia. "Late Quaternary history of Red Sea outflow." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264851.

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4

Hansingo, Kabumbwe. "Sea surface temperature anomalies in the South Indian ocean : observations and atmospheric modelling." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4860.

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Bibliography: leaves 146-155.
Sea surface temperature (SSTs) variations in the South Indian Ocean have been found to influence rainfall over Southern Africa. As one of the modes of South Indian Ocean SST variability, the subtropical South Indian Ocean dipole is observed to be associated with dry and wet summer conditions over Southern Africa. The positive phase of the subtropical South Indian Ocean dipole is characterized by warm SST anomalies in the southwest South Indian Ocean and cool SST anomalies in the southeast. This phase is associated with above average summer rainfall over the subcontinent. The negative phase is associated with dry conditions over Southern Africa and is characterized by cool SST anomalies in the southwest and warm anomalies in the southeast South Indian Ocean. In order to investigate the atmospheric response over Southern Africa to this phenomenon, this study uses the MM5 regional climate model in which the model is forced with a warm pole SST anomaly south of Madagascar.
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5

Keerawella, Gamini Bandara. "The growth of superpower naval rivalry in the Indian Ocean and Sri Lankan response." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28843.

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The Indian Ocean has experienced a process of profound change in its political and strategic map since World War II. This began with the British withdrawal from East of Suez, and was followed by the entry of the superpowers into the Indian Ocean, the growth of superpower naval rivalry, and the proliferation of security problems of the states in the region. The essence of these developments is the transformation of the Indian Ocean from the stability of one-power domination to the instability of superpower rivalry. The thesis examines the process of this transformation and the Sri Lankan response from a historical perspective. The transformation of the power structure in the Indian Ocean was essentially an outcome of the changes in power configurations in world politics. The growth of superpower rivalry in the Indian Ocean must be understood in relation to the evolution of political, economic, and strategic interests of the superpowers, advances in weapons systems and naval technology, and political developments in the region. The superpower naval rivalry has three interrelated elements, viz, naval deployments, weapons deals, and jockeying for bases/logistic support in the region. It evolves in three phases: from 1968 to the 1973 oil crisis; from the oil crisis to 1978; and since 1978. There are definite linkages between superpower naval rivalry and the conflict patterns in the region. The states in the region count on the superpowers for their security because of the inherent weaknessess of the ruling elites in the region, the limits of their security options, and economic dependence. The invariable outcome is a chain reaction resulting in military pacts, puppet governments, political supression, and proxy war, which forms the texture of the international politics of the Indian Ocean region. Sri Lankan responses to superpower naval rivalry can be explained in relation to the geo-political framework of her strategic thinking, and her internal political and economic processes. In the period 1948-56, Sri Lanka identified herself with the British defence structure in the Indian Ocean. With the changes introduced by the M.E.P. regime, non-alignment became the foreign policy approach of Sri Lanka after 1956. In accordance with the growth of superpower naval presence, Sri Lanka became more sensitive to Indian Ocean strategic issues in the 1960s. After 1970, Sri Lankan policy towards the Indian Ocean took a more coherent form and was designed to balance two considerations - first, at the sub-regional level, how to deal with India; and at the Indian Ocean level, how to check superpower naval rivalry and the increasing militarization of the Indian Ocean. This was reflected in Sri Lanka's proposal for an Indian Ocean Peace Zone (IOPZ). After 1977, under the changed internal and international situation, Sri Lanka soft-pedalled her earlier more articulated position regarding superpower naval riavlry in the Indian Ocean.
Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
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6

Senan, Retish. "Intraseasonal Variability Of The Equatorial Indian Ocean Circulation." Thesis, Indian Institute Of Science, 2004. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/297.

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Climatological winds over the equatorial Indian Ocean (EqlO) are westerly most of the year. Twice a year, in April-May ("spring") and October-December ("fall"), strong, sustained westerly winds generate eastward equatorial jets in the ocean. There are several unresolved issues related to the equatorial jets. They accelerate rapidly to speeds over lms"1 when westerly wind stress increases to about 0.7 dyne cm"2 in spring and fall, but decelerate while the wind stress continues to be westerly; each jet is followed by westward flow in the upper ocean lasting a month or longer. In addition to the semi-annual cycle, the equatorial winds and currents have strong in-traseasonal fluctuations. Observations show strong 30-60 day variability of zonal flow, and suggest that there might be variability with periods shorter than 20 days in the central EqlO. Observations from moored current meter arrays along 80.5°E south of Sri Lanka showed a distinct 15 day oscillation of equatorial meridional velocity (v) and off-equatorial zonal velocity (u). Recent observations from current meter moorings at the equator in the eastern EqlO show continuous 10-20 day, or biweekly, oscillations of v. The main motivation for the present study is to understand the dynamics of intraseasonal variability in the Indian Ocean that has been documented in the observational literature. What physical processes are responsible for the peculiar behavior of the equatorial jets? What are the relative roles of wind stress and large scale ocean dynamics? Does intraseasonal variability of wind stress force intraseasonal jets? What is the structure and origin of the biweekly variability? The intraseasonal and longer timescale variability of the equatorial Indian Ocean circulation is studied using an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) and recent in Abstract ii situ observations. The OGCM simulations are validated against other available observations. In this thesis, we document the space-time structure of the variability of equatorial Indian Ocean circulation, and attempt to find answers to some of the questions raised above. The main results are based on OGCM simulations forced by high frequency reanalysis and satellite scatterometer (QuikSCAT) winds. Several model experiments with idealized winds are used to interpret the results of the simulations. In addition to the OGCM simulations, the origin of observed intraseasonal anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern EqlO and Bay of Bengal, and related air-sea interaction, are investigated using validated satellite data. The main findings of the thesis can be summarized as: • High frequency accurate winds are required for accurate simulation of equatorial Indian Ocean currents, which have strong variability on intraseasonal to interannual time scales. • The variability in the equatorial waveguide is mainly driven by variability of the winds; there is some intraseasonal variability near the western boundary and in the equatorial waveguide due to dynamic instability of seasonal "mean" flows. • The fall equatorial jet is generally stronger and longer lived than the spring jet; the fall jet is modulated on intraseasonal time scales. Westerly wind bursts can drive strong intraseasonal equatorial jets in the eastern EqlO during the summer monsoon. • Eastward equatorial jets create a westward zonal pressure gradient force by raising sea level, and deepening the thermocline, in the east relative to the west. The zonal pressure force relaxes via Rossby wave radiation from the eastern boundary. • The zonal pressure force exerts strong control on the evolution of zonal flow; the decel eration of the eastward jets, and the subsequent westward flow in the upper ocean in the presence of westerly wind stress, is due to the zonal pressure force. • Neither westward currents in the upper ocean nor subsurface eastward flow (the ob served spring and summer "undercurrent") requires easterly winds; they can be gener ated by equatorial adjustment due to Kelvin (Rossby) waves generated at the western (eastern) boundary. • The biweekly variability in the EqlO is associated with forced mixed Rossby-gravity (MRG) waves generated by intraseasonal variability of winds. The biweekly MRG wave in has westward and upward phase propagation, zonal wavelength of 3000-4500 km and phase speed of 4 m s"1; it is associated with deep off equatorial upwelling/downwelling. Intraseasonal SST anomalies are forced mainly by net heat flux anomalies in the central and eastern EqlO; the large northward propagating SST anomalies in summer in the Bay of Bengal are due to net heat flux anomalies associated with the monsoon active-break cycle. Coherent variability in the atmosphere and ocean suggests air-sea interaction.
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7

Senan, Retish. "Intraseasonal Variability Of The Equatorial Indian Ocean Circulation." Thesis, Indian Institute Of Science, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/297.

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Анотація:
Climatological winds over the equatorial Indian Ocean (EqlO) are westerly most of the year. Twice a year, in April-May ("spring") and October-December ("fall"), strong, sustained westerly winds generate eastward equatorial jets in the ocean. There are several unresolved issues related to the equatorial jets. They accelerate rapidly to speeds over lms"1 when westerly wind stress increases to about 0.7 dyne cm"2 in spring and fall, but decelerate while the wind stress continues to be westerly; each jet is followed by westward flow in the upper ocean lasting a month or longer. In addition to the semi-annual cycle, the equatorial winds and currents have strong in-traseasonal fluctuations. Observations show strong 30-60 day variability of zonal flow, and suggest that there might be variability with periods shorter than 20 days in the central EqlO. Observations from moored current meter arrays along 80.5°E south of Sri Lanka showed a distinct 15 day oscillation of equatorial meridional velocity (v) and off-equatorial zonal velocity (u). Recent observations from current meter moorings at the equator in the eastern EqlO show continuous 10-20 day, or biweekly, oscillations of v. The main motivation for the present study is to understand the dynamics of intraseasonal variability in the Indian Ocean that has been documented in the observational literature. What physical processes are responsible for the peculiar behavior of the equatorial jets? What are the relative roles of wind stress and large scale ocean dynamics? Does intraseasonal variability of wind stress force intraseasonal jets? What is the structure and origin of the biweekly variability? The intraseasonal and longer timescale variability of the equatorial Indian Ocean circulation is studied using an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) and recent in Abstract ii situ observations. The OGCM simulations are validated against other available observations. In this thesis, we document the space-time structure of the variability of equatorial Indian Ocean circulation, and attempt to find answers to some of the questions raised above. The main results are based on OGCM simulations forced by high frequency reanalysis and satellite scatterometer (QuikSCAT) winds. Several model experiments with idealized winds are used to interpret the results of the simulations. In addition to the OGCM simulations, the origin of observed intraseasonal anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern EqlO and Bay of Bengal, and related air-sea interaction, are investigated using validated satellite data. The main findings of the thesis can be summarized as: • High frequency accurate winds are required for accurate simulation of equatorial Indian Ocean currents, which have strong variability on intraseasonal to interannual time scales. • The variability in the equatorial waveguide is mainly driven by variability of the winds; there is some intraseasonal variability near the western boundary and in the equatorial waveguide due to dynamic instability of seasonal "mean" flows. • The fall equatorial jet is generally stronger and longer lived than the spring jet; the fall jet is modulated on intraseasonal time scales. Westerly wind bursts can drive strong intraseasonal equatorial jets in the eastern EqlO during the summer monsoon. • Eastward equatorial jets create a westward zonal pressure gradient force by raising sea level, and deepening the thermocline, in the east relative to the west. The zonal pressure force relaxes via Rossby wave radiation from the eastern boundary. • The zonal pressure force exerts strong control on the evolution of zonal flow; the decel eration of the eastward jets, and the subsequent westward flow in the upper ocean in the presence of westerly wind stress, is due to the zonal pressure force. • Neither westward currents in the upper ocean nor subsurface eastward flow (the ob served spring and summer "undercurrent") requires easterly winds; they can be gener ated by equatorial adjustment due to Kelvin (Rossby) waves generated at the western (eastern) boundary. • The biweekly variability in the EqlO is associated with forced mixed Rossby-gravity (MRG) waves generated by intraseasonal variability of winds. The biweekly MRG wave in has westward and upward phase propagation, zonal wavelength of 3000-4500 km and phase speed of 4 m s"1; it is associated with deep off equatorial upwelling/downwelling. Intraseasonal SST anomalies are forced mainly by net heat flux anomalies in the central and eastern EqlO; the large northward propagating SST anomalies in summer in the Bay of Bengal are due to net heat flux anomalies associated with the monsoon active-break cycle. Coherent variability in the atmosphere and ocean suggests air-sea interaction.
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8

Wachenfeld, David R. "Aspects of the behaviour and ecology of Red Sea and Indian Ocean triggerfishes (Balistidae)." Thesis, University of York, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359305.

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9

Hamilton, Brett Russell. "Analysis and characterisation of ciguatoxins present in fish of the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and the Caribbean Sea /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17143.pdf.

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10

Preston, Anthony. "Southern African rainfall variability and Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures : an observational and modelling study." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411052.

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Книги з теми "Survival at sea – Indian Ocean"

1

Bailer, Darice. Indian Ocean tsunami: Survival stories. Mankato, MN: The Childs World Inc, 2016.

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2

Ballard, G. A. Rulers of the Indian Ocean. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1998.

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3

Survival at sea. London: Franklin Watts, 2009.

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4

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and FAO FishFinder (Programme), eds. Deep sea cartilaginous fishes of the Indian Ocean. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2014.

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5

Wickremeratne, Shanti. The law of the sea and the Indian Ocean. [Nairobi]: Programme Activity Centre for Oceans and Coastal Areas of the United Nations Environment Programme, 1991.

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6

Spilsbury, Louise. How to survive in the ocean. New York: PowerKids Press, 2013.

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7

Denise, Militzer, and Hambantota District Chamber of Commerce, eds. Rhythm of the sea. Hambantota: Hambantota District Chamber of Commerce, 2007.

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8

1953-, Myers Robert F., ed. Coral reef fishes: Caribbean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, including the Red Sea. London: HarperCollins, 1994.

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9

Kiefner, Ralf. Whales & dolphins: Cetacean world guide : Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, Arctic, Antarctic. Frankfurt, Germany: IKAN, 2002.

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10

editor, Rumley Dennis 1947, Indian Ocean Rim (Association), and Indian Ocean Research Group, eds. The political economy of Indian Ocean maritime Africa. New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2015.

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Частини книг з теми "Survival at sea – Indian Ocean"

1

Stone, Kristy. "Indian Ocean sea beans." In Hydrofeminist Thinking With Oceans, 101–17. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003355199-7.

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2

Mukherjee, Rila. "India’s Arabian Sea World." In India in the Indian Ocean World, 121–59. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6581-3_5.

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3

Roxy, M. K., C. Gnanaseelan, Anant Parekh, Jasti S. Chowdary, Shikha Singh, Aditi Modi, Rashmi Kakatkar, et al. "Indian Ocean Warming." In Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region, 191–206. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4327-2_10.

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Abstract Sea surface temperature (SST) and upper ocean heat content (OHC, upper 700 m) in the tropical Indian Ocean underwent rapid warming during 1950–2015, with the SSTs showing an average warming of about 1 °C. The SST and OHC trends are very likely to continue in the future, under different emission scenarios. Climate models project a rise in tropical Indian Ocean SST by 1.2–1.6 °C and 1.6–2.7 °C in the near (2040–2069) and far (2070–2099) future across greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, relative to the reference period of 1976–2005. Indian Ocean warming has very likely resulted in decreasing trend in oxygen (O2) concentrations in the tropical Indian Ocean, and declining trends in pH and marine phytoplankton over the western Indian Ocean. The observed trends in O2, pH and marine phytoplankton are projected to increase in the future with continued GHG emissions.
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4

Roonwal, G. S. "Ores in the Deep Sea: Manganese Nodules." In Indian Ocean Resources and Technology, 17–30. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315105697-2.

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5

Roonwal, G. S. "Seabed Mineral Exploration and Deep-Sea Mining Technology." In Indian Ocean Resources and Technology, 145–66. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315105697-10.

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6

Bancroft, Sarah. "Places We Can Go: Some Notes on Sea/Knowledge." In Knowledge and the Indian Ocean, 19–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96839-1_2.

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7

Roonwal, G. S. "Ores in the Deep Sea: Cobalt- and Platinum-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts." In Indian Ocean Resources and Technology, 31–38. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315105697-3.

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8

Roonwal, G. S. "Ores in the Deep Sea: Seafloor Massive Sulfides and Metalliferous Mud." In Indian Ocean Resources and Technology, 39–62. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315105697-4.

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9

Mukherjee, Rila. "Contrasting Indian and Chinese Visions of the Sea." In India in the Indian Ocean World, 313–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6581-3_11.

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10

Chakravarti, Ranabir. "Knowing the Sea: Thalassographies to Thalassology of the Indian Ocean (up to c. 1500 CE)." In Knowledge and the Indian Ocean, 29–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96839-1_3.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Survival at sea – Indian Ocean"

1

Guegan, Loic, Nour Mohammad Murad, Jean Mickael Lebreton, and Sylvain Bonhommeau. "Integrating over sea radio channel for sea turtles localization in the Indian Ocean." In 2017 IEEE Radio and Antenna Days of the Indian Ocean (RADIO). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/radio.2017.8242222.

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2

Андрианова, О., O. Andrianova, А. Батырев, A. Batyrev, Р. Белевич, and R. Belevich. "TRENDS OF THE INTERANNUAL FLUCTUATIONS IN THE WORLD OCEAN LEVEL DURING THE LAST CENTURY." In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce386bb7293.29087345.

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The changes of the sea level in the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Oceans and the whole World Ocean for the period from 1880 till 2010 years were examined. The estimates of the values of the sea level increasing for that time period in each of the oceans and on the west and east coasts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans were made. For this purpose, the annual sea level data were averaged over years for 68 stations in the Atlantic Ocean, 71 stations – in the Pacific and 33 stations – the Indian. Analysis of the temporary distributions of the sea level shows that increasing of the Atlantic sea level during that period (131 years) is 24,2 cm. Sea levels of Pacific and Indian Oceans during the same period increased on smaller value, 14,5 and 12,4 cm respectively. The reason for difference between the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean in values of sea level rising, as it seems, is significant rising of the land (raising of the East coast of the Asian continent), which was occurred in about half of the stations on the west coast of the Pacific. In the Indian Ocean the zero level of water posts was not correct for many stations, and in some cases there were low quality data. The highest maxima in the sea level in the generalized curves of the temporary distributions appear with about 10-year cycles on the sea level of all oceans that is in good correlation with El Niño years.
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3

Khan, Sartaj, Shengchun Piao, Yang Song, Shazia Khan, Bingchen Xu, and Zeeshan Babar. "Seasonal Evolution of Sea Surface Salinity in the Northwestern Indian Ocean: Argo Data Study." In 2021 OES China Ocean Acoustics (COA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coa50123.2021.9519918.

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4

Hirawake, Toru, Hiroo Satoh, Tsutomu Morinaga, Takashi Ishimaru, and Motoaki Kishino. "In-water algorithms for estimation of chlorophyll a and primary production in the Arabian Sea and the eastern Indian Ocean." In Ocean Optics XIII, edited by Steven G. Ackleson and Robert J. Frouin. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.266458.

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5

"Variability of sea surface temperature differences between western Pacific Ocean and eastern Indian Ocean related to ENSO events." In Proceeding of Marine Safety and Maritime Installation. Clausius Scientific Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/msmi.2018.82619.

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6

Karaev, V. Yu, M. A. Panfilova, Yu A. Titchenko, Eu M. Meshkov, and G. N. Balandina. "Remote sensing of the sea waves by the dual-frequency precipitation radar: First results." In 2015 IEEE Radio and Antenna Days of the Indian Ocean (RADIO). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/radio.2015.7323413.

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7

Bunnik, Tim, and Jule Scharnke. "Statistical Variation Of The 3-Hour Maximum Crest Height in a Survival Sea State." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-79045.

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Abstract Due to the random nature of extreme waves, wave impacts follow a highly stochastic pattern. To reduce the statistical uncertainties that are naturally arising in estimates of design loads related to extreme waves, sufficient data must be gathered. The first step in a design load analysis is the realization of a set of realistic (typically 3-hour) waves which is large enough to describe the randomness in the impact in sufficient detail, such that the probability of exceedance of the maximum 3-hour load levels can be predicted accurately. In this paper we will investigate if Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is capable of predicting realistic random 3-hour extreme waves. Since the maximum 3-hour load is driven by the highest and steepest waves we will look into the distribution of the maximum 3-hour crest height and the corresponding wave steepness of these events. A comparison is made with wave flume measurements in which 100 random realizations of an extreme wave (Hs = 16.7m, Tp = 15.9s) with a 10,000-year return period were generated and measured.
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8

Titchenko, Yu A., V. Yu Karaev, M. A. Panfilova, E. M. Zuykova, E. M. Meshkov, M. V. Osipov, and V. A. Khlusov. "Experimental study of the microwave radar doppler spectrum backscattered from the sea surface at small incidence angles." In 2015 IEEE Radio and Antenna Days of the Indian Ocean (RADIO). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/radio.2015.7323374.

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9

Subrahmanyam, B., V. S. N. Murty, and J. J. O'Brien. "New sea surface salinity product in the tropical Indian Ocean estimated from Outgoing Longwave Radiation." In Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492). IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.2003.178166.

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10

Han, Zhen, Wenjuan Huo, and Song Wang. "Retrieval of Sea Surface Temperature from AMSR-E and MODIS in the Northern Indian Ocean." In 2012 2nd International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2012.6260714.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Survival at sea – Indian Ocean"

1

Jabado, Rima, Peter Kyne, Emiliano Garcia-Rodriguez, Ryan Charles, Asia Armstrong, Theophile Mouton, Adriana Gonzalez-Pestana, Amanda Battle-Morera, and Christoph Rohner. WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: A REGIONAL COMPENDIUM OF IMPORTANT SHARK AND RAY AREAS. IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59216/ssg.isra.2023.r7.

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The third Important Shark and Ray Areas (ISRA) regional expert workshop was held in hybrid mode (in person and online) in Durban, South Africa from 11–15 September 2023. The goal was to identify and delineate three-dimensional and discrete portions of habitat that are critical to the survival of sharks, rays, and chimaeras (hereafter ‘sharks’), and that have the potential to be managed for conservation. The region covered was the Western Indian Ocean. This scientific collaboration amongst regional and global experts resulted in the identification of 125 Important Shark and Ray Areas, 1 candidate ISRA, and 45 Areas of Interest. Identified ISRAs range in size from small areas of 0.03 km2 at depths of 0–40 m (Maroshi Thila in the Maldives) to very large areas of 1,454,950 km2 (Western Agulhas Front which is completely in areas beyond national jurisdiction [ABNJ]) from surface waters to a depth of 180 m.
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2

Chen, Shuyi S. Aircraft Measurements for Understanding Air-Sea Coupling and Improving Coupled Model Predictions Over the Indian Ocean. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada574026.

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3

Chen, Shuyi S. Aircraft Measurements for Understanding Air-Sea Coupling and Improving Coupled Model Predictions Over the Indian Ocean. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada575526.

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4

Chen, Shuyi S. Aircraft Measurements for Understanding Air-Sea Coupling and Improving Coupled Model Predictions Over the Indian Ocean. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada597982.

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5

Moum, James N. Subsurface Fluxes Beneath Large-Scale Convective Centers in the Indian Ocean: Coupled Air-Wave-Sea Processes in the Subtropics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada574114.

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6

Fernando, H. J. ASIRI: Air-Sea Interactions in Northern Indian Ocean (and Its Relation to Monsoonal Dynamics of the Bay of Bengal). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada590509.

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7

Moum, James N. Subsurface Fluxes Beneath Large-Scale Convective Centers in the Indian Ocean: Coupled Air-Wave-Sea Processes in the Subtropics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada597978.

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8

Melville, W. K. Ship-Based UAV Measurements of Air-Sea Interaction in Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Processes in the Equatorial Indian Ocean. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada598312.

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9

Moum, James N. Subsurface Fluxes Beneath Large-Scale Convective Centers in the Indian Ocean ONR DRI: Coupled Air-Wave-Sea Processes in the Subtropics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada597816.

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10

Idris, Iffat. LGBT Rights and Inclusion in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.067.

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This review looks at the extent to which LGBT rights are provided for under law in a range of Small Island Developing States (SIDS), and the record on implementation/enforcement, as well as approaches to promote LGBT rights and inclusion. SIDS covered are those in the Caribbean, Pacific, and Atlantic-Indian Ocean-South China Sea (AIS) regions. The review draws on a mixture of grey literature (largely from international development agencies/NGOs), academic literature, and media reports. While the information on the legal situation of LGBT people in SIDS was readily available, there was far less evidence on approaches/programmes to promote LGBT rights/inclusion in these countries. However, the review did find a number of reports with recommendations for international development cooperation generally on LGBT issues. Denial of LGBT rights and discrimination against LGBT people is found to varying extents in all parts of the world. It is important that LGBT people have protection in law, in particular the right to have same-sex sexual relations; protection from discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation; and the right to gender identity/expression. Such rights are also provided for under international human rights conventions such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, while the Sustainable Development Goals are based on the principle of ‘leave no one behind'.
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