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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Sulfate pulping process Costs"

1

Theliander, Hans, and Urban Greiz. "A system analysis of the chemical recovery plant of the sulfate pulping process." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 1, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-1986-01-03-p032-040.

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2

Theliander, Hans, and Urban Grén. "A system analysis of the chemical recovery plant of the sulfate pulping process." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 1, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-1986-01-03-p041-046.

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3

Theliander, Hans, and Urban Grh. "A system analysis of the chemical recovery plant of the sulfate pulping process." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 2, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-1987-02-03-p101-108.

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4

Theliander, Hans, and Urban Grén. "A system analysis of the chemical recovery plant of the sulfate pulping process." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 2, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-1987-02-03-p109-115.

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5

Theliander, Hans. "A system analysis of the chemical recovery plant of the sulfate pulping process." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 3, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-1988-03-02-p060-067.

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6

Theliander, Hans, and Oystein Aksnes. "A system analysis of the chemical recovery plant of the sulfate pulping process." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 4, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-1989-04-04-p263-271.

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7

He, Jie, and Bing Yue Liu. "Acid Extracting Pectin from Guangyechu White Bast and Subsequent Ammonium Sulfate Pulping." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 1301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.1301.

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In this paper, the process of acid extracting pectin from Guangyechu white bast and subsequent ammonium sulfate pulping was optimized by condition test. Under optimal conditions, the pectin yield was 3.99%, the screened pulp yield was 52.61%, KMnO4 value was 9.84 and whiteness was 51.7%ISO. And chemical compositions of Guangyechu white bast in each treatment stage were compared and analyzed.
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8

Rintala, J., J. L. Sanz Martin, and G. Lettinga. "Thermophilic Anaerobic Treatment of Sulfate-Rich Pulp and Paper Integrate Process Water." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1991): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0471.

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Anaerobic treatment of sulfate - rich (COD/SO4 ratio 1.4-2.1) clarified Whitewater from a thermomechanical pulping (TMP) process was studied in three laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors at 55°C and in batch digesters at 55° and 65°C. Different seed materials were used in the UASB reactors. The highest COD removal efficiency (effluent sulfide stripped) achieved was approximately 65 % in the UASB reactors. About 55 % COD removal efficiency was obtained at a loading rate of about 41 kgCODm−3d−1 in the UASB reactor seeded with thermophilic sludge cultivated with volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The total sulfide present in the liquid phase after anaerobic treatment accounted for approximately 65-78 % and 15-61 % of the removed COD in the batch digesters and the UASB reactors, respectively. Sulfate reduction was almost complete in the batch digesters, whereas about 24-64 % of sulfate was reduced in the UASB reactors. Acetate utilization for sulfate reduction was apparent in the batch digesters, whereas that could not be demonstrated in the UASB reactors. Sulfate reduction in the UASB reactors was obviously substrate limited. In conclusion, thermophilic anaerobic treatment is an alternative for the treatment of warm sulfate rich TMP process water.
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9

Felissia, Fernando E., Maria C. Area, Olga M. Barboza, and Dora I. Bengoechea. "Anti-scaling agents in kraft pulping." BioResources 2, no. 2 (May 4, 2007): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.2.2.252-264.

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Scale formation in the digester during kraft pulping represents a great problem in pulp mills. Scaling reduces pulping control and efficiency, increasing energy costs and leading to cleaning breakdowns, with subsequent losses in productivity. The kraft process promotes CaCO3 scaling due to high calcium ion and carbonate concentrations, as well as high alkalinity and temperature levels, which increase the speed with which liquors reach a state of supersaturation. This work examines the action of diethylene triamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMPA), either alone or combined with commercial anti-scaling agents, as an inhibitor of calcium carbonate precipitation in the kraft pulping of Pinus taeda. The theoretical amount of calcium deposited in the digester was obtained by mass balance. Soluble calcium was stable throughout cooking when using the phosphonates alone or combined with anti-scaling agents. When adding only DTPMPA, calcium stays in the pulp, rather than forming deposits.
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Qiu, Rongchu, J. F. Ferguson, and M. M. Benjamin. "Sequential Anaerobic and Aerobic Treatment of Kraft Pulping Wastes." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0014.

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A study of sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment was conducted with combinations of kraft evaporator condensate (KEC) and caustic extraction (CE) stage bleaching effluent. In addition to conventional measures of treatment efficiency, the transformations and removal of sulfur compounds from the KEC and changes in molecular size fraction of organic carbon and organic chlorine were measured. A large fraction of the BOD in the combined waste could be removed in the anaerobic stage at loadings of up to at least 15 kg COD/m3-d. The overall process produced an effluent with <30 mg/l BOD and SS and with varying amounts of COD, depending on the CE fraction being treated. Fractional removals of organic carbon and COD were approximately equal and were significantly greater than that of organic chlorine. Removal efficiencies were higher for the low molecular weight fraction. One third of the influent sulfur was removed as H2S gas in the anaerobic stage. The remaining sulfur was largely oxidized to sulfate in the aerobic stage, with nearly complete elimination of odors.
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Дисертації з теми "Sulfate pulping process Costs"

1

Qiao, Ming. "Fundamental study of kraft pulp kappa uniformity /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5603.

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2

Zou, Haixuan. "Effect of Kraft Pulping on Oxygen Delignification." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/ZouH2002.pdf.

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3

Smith, Gregory Douglas. "Sulfur Diffusion Into Softwood Chips." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7631.

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Environmental concerns and cost reduction have been the focus of pretreatment and extended delignification in Kraft pulping for some time now. Previous work has looked at the diffusion of tritiated water into softwood chips. This thesis looks at the diffusion of Na2S into southern pine softwood chips. Two size fractions were used. The measured diffusion data were compared to the equilibrium of mixing between the HS ion and water alone. Since pine is porous, effective diffusivities were calculated for each size fraction using a 1-dimensional model. Tortuosities were then calculated for the HS / pine wood system. These diffusivities are compared to values previously obtained for tritiated water.
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4

Sen, Gupta Supriya Kumar. "Oxidation of sodium thiosulfate in weak kraft black liquor." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66124.

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5

Chandra, Yusup. "Alkaline pulping deadload reduction studies in chemical recovery system /." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-11162004-132752/unrestricted/Chandra%5FYusup%5F200412%5Fmast.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005.
Empie, Jeff, Committee Chair ; Banerjee, Sujit, Committee Member ; Deng, Yulin, Committee Member. Includes bibliographical references.
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6

Chen, Dezhi 1982. "The role of surfactants in kraft pulping of different wood species /." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112562.

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A unique penetration instrument has been developed to evaluate the role of surfactants in kraft pulping process. This instrument can screen surfactants which can improve the wood impregnation more effectively and much faster than pilot-plant experiment. The role of surfactants in wood penetration has been explored. Surfactants can improve wood impregnation by dispersing the extractives in the wood structure and optimizing the interfacial properties between wood surface and kraft liquor. The addition of two blends of anionic and nonionic surfactants into kraft pulping process results in a significant reduction of the screen rejects and an increase of screened yield at the same delignification rate.
Six wood species were tested in this study including both non-resinous and resinous wood species. Both sapwood and heartwood of these species were tested. Surfactants were found to have no improvement on sapwood, but a significant improvement on heartwood. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of surfactants in kraft liquor were determined. The best dosages of surfactants based on CMC were also determined in this study.
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7

Dang, Zheng. "Pulp Pretreatments for Improved Selectivity and Extended Oxygen Delignification." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/DangZ2002.pdf.

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8

Euhus, Daniel D. "Nucleation in bulk solutions and crystal growth on heat-transfer surfaces during evaporative crystallization of salts composed of Na₂CO₃ and Na₂SO₄." Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04082004-180136/unrestricted/euhus%5Fdaniel%5Fd%5F200312%5Fphd.pdf.

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9

Lightle, Roy William Krishnagopalan Gopal A. "Application of near infrared spectroscopy to pulp yield and kappa number estimation." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Theses/LIGHTLE_ROY_53.pdf.

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10

Sozen, Gulgun. "The autocausticizing of sodium carbonate with colemanite." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25138.

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Autocausticizing, a new method to regenerate sodium hydroxide from the sodium carbonate, is intended to replace the conventional Kraft Recovery System which uses calcium hydroxide produced in a lime kiln for this purpose. It is defined as the self-induced expulsion of carbon dioxide bound in the smelt by using certain amphoteric oxides. Thus autocausticizing can eliminate the need for a lime cycle and hence reduce the Kraft process capital and operating costs. The reactions between sodium carbonate and a number of amphoteric oxides have been reported in the literature. Patents have been issued on the use of titanium dioxide, iron oxide and sodium borates for this purpose. The sodium borates have the advantage of a high reaction rate, but are totally soluble and must be carried throughout the whole Kraft cycle. In this research colemanite (calcium borate) which is mined as a cheap mineral in California and in Turkey was studied as an autocausticizing agent. Since it is partially soluble and most likely can be recycled, it would eliminate the problems associated with the use of soluble borates. Experiments were performed both isothermally and under constant heating rate conditions. Isothermal studies were made with Ti0₂, alumina and colemanite to compare their performances as autocausticizing agents at 900°C and 1000°C for various reaction times in an electric furnace. The second group of experiments was made using a differential Chermogravimetric (TG) analyzer. In these experiments mixtures with 20 to 80 weight percent colemanite in sodium carbonate were heated at a constant heating rate of 10°K/min in the range of 190-1000°C. The results indicate that two reaction were involved. Above the stoichiometric colemanite concentration the colemanite and sodium carbonate had reacted completely by a temperature of about 700°C. Above that temperature the impurities in the colemanite appeared to catalyze the decomposition of sodium carbonate if the colemanite concentration was less than the stoichiometric amount needed. TG data were analyzed for the first and second reactions between the temperature ranges of 190-700°C and 700-1000°C respectively. Kinetic models were developed In terms of the reaction order, activation energy and frequency factor. The first reaction was found to be zero order on sodium carbonate concentration. The results also showed that the activation energy and frequency factor were functions of the colemanite concentration in the mixtures. As a result the rate was affected by the amount of colemanite used. The same was true for the second reaction except the reaction was first order. The concentrations predicted for the isothermal tests by the model were compared with the results of the isothermal study for various colemanite concentrations. Reasonable agreement was found except for the values at lower conversions, which might be due to the Increased importance of the diffusion of CO₂ from the mixtures in the case of Isothermal runs. It was also found that it is possible to obtain conversions as high as 85 percent with 40 percent colemanite in 20 minutes. Promising results were obtained from the recycle tests as well.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Книги з теми "Sulfate pulping process Costs"

1

Company, Sandwell and. Dead load reduction in the Kraft pulping process. Ottawa, Ont., Canada: Environment Canada, 1986.

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2

Agneta, Mimms, ed. Kraft pulping: A compilation of notes. 2nd ed. Atlanta, GA: Tappi Press, 1993.

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3

Bezúch, Bohuslav. Structure of hardwood lignin and its behaviour in kraft pulping. Bratislava: Paper and Pulp Research Institute, 1987.

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4

Lindgren, Torbjörn. Modelling of cellulose and pulp processes using spectroscopy. Umeå, Sweden: Umeå Universitet, 1995.

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5

Fricke, Arthur L. Physical properties of kraft black liquor: Interim report, phase II. Washington, D.C: [U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information], 1985.

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6

Kraft Pulping Short Course (1996 Portland, OR). 1996 Kraft pulping short course: Red Lion Hotel - Columbia River, Portland, OR, May 5-8. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press, 1996.

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7

Kraft Pulping Short Course (1999 Vancouver, B.C.). 1999 Kraft Pulping Short Course: Sheraton Wall Centre Hotel, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, May 2-5, 1999. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press, 1999.

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8

Kraft Pulping Short Course (2001 Louisville, Kentucky). 2001 Kraft Pulping Short Course: Seelbach Hilton Hotel, Louisville, KY, May 7-10, 2001. Atlanta, Georgia: TAPPI Press, 2001.

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9

Karhu, Jouni. Equilibria and balances of metal ions in kraft pulping. Åbo: Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Technology, 2008.

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10

International, Chemical Recovery Conference (1985 New Orleans La ). 1985 International Chemical Recovery Conference, New Orleans Marriott, New Orleans, LA, April 28-May 1. Atlanta, GA (P.O. Box 105113, Atlanta 30348): Tappi Press, 1985.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Sulfate pulping process Costs"

1

Leshchinskaya, Alexandra. "A. Leshchinskaya. MICROWAVE WOOD CHIP TREATMENT USE IN CHEMICAL PULP MANUFACTURING (TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC ASSESMENT)." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9706.

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MICROWAVE WOOD CHIP TREATMENT USE IN CHEMICAL PULP MANUFACTURING (TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC ASSESMENT) A. Leshchinskaya Plekhanov Russian University of Economics. 36 Stremyannyy Pereulok, 115093 Moscow, Russia, e-mail: alixfl@mail.ru] Keywords: chemical pulping, microwave wood modification, pulp, softwood, wood chips. Large volumes of cellulose are produced from wood chips by chemical methods. Low permeability of many wood species causes problems in the chemical pulp industry. These include: very long cooking times, high chemical consumption, large material losses, high energy consumption, and environmental pollution. New microwave (MW) wood modification technology can provide an increase in wood permeability for liquids and gases, which solves many of these problems. The technology works by applying intensive MW power to green wood, which generates steam pressure within wood cells. High internal pressure destroys weak elements of wood structure, opens pores and forms micro and macro cracks. A several thousand-fold increase in wood permeability can be achieved in species previously found to be impermeable to liquids and gases. It allows a significant increase in the speed of pulp cooking and improves a production processes. The study of the technology showed radical potential improvements in the pulp industry through: increase in mill throughput significant reduction of chemical consumptionreduction of energy consumption • increase in pulp quality and yield improvement of environmental performance. Pulp manufacturing process includs timber chipping, microwave chip treatment, steaming, cooking, washing, and pulp making. The use of MW wood chip treatment in pulp mills with outputs of 50,000 to 500,000 air dry tons (ADT) per year requires MW equipment with power from 1000 to 10,000 kW. Economic modelling of this technology used in different pulp mill conditions allowed assessment of the effect of capital costs, electricity costs, labour costs and other cost components to specific total costs of MW chip processing. Economic assessment of MW technology application showed that specific costs of softwood chip processing at electricity costs of 0.08 - 0.12 US$/kWh are 25.4 -33.7 US$/ADT of pulp. Electricity costs form the most significant part of the total specific costs of MW processing and form 51-69% shear in the total specific costs. Under the same conditions capital costs form 15-20% shear, and labour costs form 5-18% shear of the total specific costs. The electricity cost increase from $0.04 to $0.24/kWh provides specific MW processing cost rise by 2.7 to 3.1 times at pulp mill output range 50,000 to 500,000 ADT/year. New technology use allows benefits up to 7 – 22 Mil US$ per year for pulp mills with output of more than 200,000 ADT/year. The technology can be used by pulp mills with batch and continuous digesting and is not limited by mill throughput. Ecological impacts and high economic advantages of this MW technology application in pulp and paper industry provide good opportunity for commercialisation.
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2

Consonni, Stefano, Eric D. Larson, and Ryan Katofsky. "An Assessment of Black Liquor Gasification Combined Cycles: Part A — Technological Issues and Performance Comparisons." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53179.

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Black liquor gasification (BLG) technologies are under active commercial development in the United States and Europe. BLG has been proposed as a future replacement for Tomlinson boilers to provide more efficient, safer, environmentally-friendlier, and more cost-competitive chemical and energy recovery at kraft pulp and paper mills. Also, some pulping process improvements are more readily implemented with BLG than with black liquor combustion. This is Part A of a two-part paper summarizing results of a large study supported by the US Department of Energy, the American Forest and Paper Association, the Southern Company, and the Tennessee Valley Authority to assess performances, emissions, costs and overall benefits of black liquor gasification combined cycle (BLGCC) technology for the U.S. kraft pulp and paper industry. Part A discusses the status of leading black liquor gasification technologies and presents detailed mass and energy balances for BLGCC integrated with a pulp and paper mill producing 1725 metric tons per day of uncoated freesheet paper. The corresponding nominal flow of black liquor solids is 6 million 1bs/day (or 438 MW of contained energy). Mass and energy balances are also presented at a comparable level of detail for state-of-the-art and advanced Tomlinson systems. Tomlinson performances are compared with that for three BLGCC configurations: (i) low-temperature, indirectly-heated gasifier coupled with a medium-power output heavy-duty gas turbine; (ii) high-temperature, oxygen-blown gasifier coupled with a medium-power output gas turbine; (iii) same high-temperature gasifier coupled with a utility-scale gas turbine, where the extra fuel input required to fully load the gas turbine is supplied by natural gas. With state-of-the-art Tomlinson technology, the integrated mill must import approximately 36 MW from the electric grid, which can be reduced to 11.5 MW with an advanced Tomlinson design. Medium-scale BLGCC allows export of 15–20 MW to the grid. This increases to 125 MW when the gasifier is coupled to the utility-scale gas turbine. The superior thermodynamic features of BLGCC are evidenced by the high ratio (0.5–0.9) of extra electricity generated by the BLGCC to extra fossil fuel purchased (higher heating value basis).
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Kunanz, Hartwig, and Sylvia Wölfel. "Scale Removal with Ultrasonic Waves." In SPE International Oilfield Scale Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169770-ms.

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Abstract Today, ultrasound is a widely used technology for a number of industrial applications, from processing liquids and slurries, cleaning of optical lenses and jewellery, purification of water, enhancement of mechanical and physical properties of metals, welding, dispersing, humidifiers, to material testing. In the oil and gas industry the ultrasonic technology is typically used for measurement applications. This paper describes first test and research results using ultrasonic waves to remove scaling in the borehole. So far most standard scaling treatments involve the use of chemicals. With ultrasonic treatment, it may be possible to reduce or even substitute the chemical applications. This transgression from a chemical to a physical cleaning process would most likely save costs and reduce the environmental impact. Scaling from calcium carbonate, gypsum/anhydrite or barium/strontium sulfate is considered a major issue with oil and gas production, causing the industry enormous efforts on prevention and removal. To assess the usability of ultrasound for scaling removal, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted, starting with gypsum due to its easy handling and continuing with the more critical calcium carbonate scaling. The cleaning effects could be proven and the main factors influencing the ultrasonic cleaning efficiency could be identified in the laboratory. This paper will present and discuss the findings so far and will give an outlook on future research issues with ultrasonic scale removal.
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Enzien, Michael, Sadie Starustka, Michael Gurecki, Trinity Fincher-Miller, Bryce Kuhn, Carly Sowecke, Kody Jones, Kevin O'Sullivan, Kyle Norris, and Jason Stidham. "Metagenomics Microbial Characterization of Production and Process Fluids in the Powder River Basin: Identification and Sources of Problematic Microorganisms Associated with SWD Facilities." In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204335-ms.

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Abstract Inconsistent bacterial control and monitoring led to variability in Salt Water Disposal (SWD) well performance and injectivity creating excess costs in biocide applications and remedial work. A metagenomics study using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) was conducted to determine the source(s) of problematic microorganisms throughout the process life cycle: Freshwater> Drilling> Completion> Flowback> Produced water> SWD. A total of 30 metagenomes were collected from the 6 process stages and identification and quantification of the major microbial taxa from each of these stages were identified. "Taxonomy to Function" associations were identified for all the major taxa found in the SWD fluids. WGS was performed on positive Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) and Acid Producing Bacteria (APB) media bottles inoculated in the field for a Flowback sample. Four of the six major taxa found in SWD samples are considered groups of microorganisms known to cause microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC): Clostridia, methanogens, SRB and Iron Reducing bacteria. Thermovirga and Thermotagae, were the two most abundant taxa found in SWD samples, both thermophilic halophilic fermenting bacteria. The Fe reducing bacteria Shewanella was only detected in Drilling and SWD fluids suggesting its source was Drilling fluids. Completion fluid metagenome profiles from two separate sites followed similar patterns. During middle of completions Proteobacteria phyla were dominant taxa represented mostly by Pseudomonas. Other abundant phyla were all characteristic of polymer degrading bacteria. None of these taxa were dominant populations identified in SWD waters. Fresh water only shared similar taxa with Drilling and Completion fluids. A few minor taxa from Drilling and Completion stages show up as significant taxa in SWD fluids. The majority of taxa found in SWD samples appear to originate from Flowback and Produced waters, although at lower abundances than found in SWD samples. It cannot be determined if the microorganisms found in Flowback and Produced waters were endemic to the formation or come from contaminated source waters, i.e. process equipment used to store and transport water sources. Petrotoga mobilis was the dominant population of bacteria that grew in both media bottles, 96% and 77% for SRB and APB, respectively, while Petrotoga was detected at 14% in the field sample. The most abundant bacteria detected in field sample were Clostridia (38%) while only 2.7% were detected in APB media. SRB media bottle had 0.18% SRB detected by WGS; APB media had 9% SRB population abundance. No SRB were detected in corresponding field sample or below detectable limits (BDL) for WGS methods (<0.01%). WGS was forensically used to successfully identify type and source of problematic microorganism in SWD facilities. Results from media bottle and field sample comparisons stress the importance of developing improved field monitoring techniques that more accurately detect the dominant microorganisms.
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