Готові списки джерел за темами / String landscape

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "String landscape"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 12 жовтня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "String landscape"

1

Douglas, Michael R. "The String Theory Landscape." Universe 5, no. 7 (July 20, 2019): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5070176.

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Анотація:
String/M theory is formulated in 10 and 11 space-time dimensions; in order to describe our universe, we must postulate that six or seven of the spatial dimensions form a small compact manifold. In 1985, Candelas et al. showed that by taking the extra dimensions to be a Calabi–Yau manifold, one could obtain the grand unified theories which had previously been postulated as extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics. Over the years since, many more such compactifications were found. In the early 2000s, progress in nonperturbative string theory enabled computing the approximate effective potential for many compactifications, and it was found that they have metastable local minima with small cosmological constant. Thus, string/M theory appears to have many vacuum configurations which could describe our universe. By combining results on these vacua with a measure factor derived using the theory of eternal inflation, one gets a theoretical framework which realizes earlier ideas about the multiverse, including the anthropic solution to the cosmological constant problem. We review these arguments and some of the criticisms, with their implications for the prediction of low energy supersymmetry and hidden matter sectors, as well as recent work on a variation on eternal inflation theory motivated by computational complexity considerations.
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2

Schellekens, A. N. "The string theory landscape." International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 03 (January 30, 2015): 1530016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x15300161.

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Perhaps the most important way string theory has affected the perspective of particle physics phenomenology is through the "string theory landscape". We discuss the evidence supporting its existence, describe the regions of the landscape that have been explored, and examine what the string theory landscape might imply for most Standard Model problems.
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3

Bousso, Raphael, and Joseph Polchinski. "The String Theory Landscape." Scientific American Sp 15, no. 3 (January 2006): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0206-40sp.

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4

Gomis, Jaume, David Mateos, and Fernando Marchesano. "An open string landscape." Journal of High Energy Physics 2005, no. 11 (November 15, 2005): 021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2005/11/021.

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5

Bousso, Raphael, and Joseph Polchinski. "The String Theory Landscape." Scientific American 291, no. 3 (September 2004): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0904-78.

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6

Quevedo, Fernando. "The string-theory landscape." Physics World 16, no. 11 (November 2003): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/16/11/30.

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7

Zhai, Han-Yu, Jia-Yin Shen, and Xun Xue. "Effective quintessence from string landscape." Acta Physica Sinica 68, no. 13 (2019): 139501. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.68.20190282.

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8

Bena, Iosif, and Mariana Graña. "String cosmology and the landscape." Comptes Rendus Physique 18, no. 3-4 (March 2017): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2017.04.001.

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9

Frazer, Jonathan, and Andrew R. Liddle. "Exploring a string-like landscape." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2011, no. 02 (February 23, 2011): 026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2011/02/026.

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10

He, Yang-Hui. "Machine-learning the string landscape." Physics Letters B 774 (November 2017): 564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2017.10.024.

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Дисертації з теми "String landscape"

1

Sun, Zheng. "Supersymmetry breaking from string landscape /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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2

Valandro, Roberto. "Phenomenology from the Landscape of String Vacua." Doctoral thesis, SISSA, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11767/4275.

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Анотація:
This article is the author's PhD thesis. After a review of string vacua obtained through compactification (with and wothout fluxes), it presents and describes various aspects of the Landscape of string vacua. At first it gives an introduction and an overview of the statistical study of the set of four dimensional string vacua, giving the detailed study of one corner of this set (G2-holonomy compactifications of M-theory). Then it presents the ten dimensional approach to string vacua, concentrating on the ten dimensional description of the Type IIA flux vacua. Finally it gives two examples of models having some interesting and characteristic phenomenological features, and that belong to two different corners of the Landscape: warped compactifications of Type IIB String Theory and M-theory compactifications on G2-holonomy manifolds.
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3

Morisse, Alexander Marcel. "Landscape transistions [sic] in string theory flux vacua /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2009. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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4

Perkins, Tim. "Metta Vee : a stylistic journey through a landscape of string." Thesis, Birmingham City University, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.680523.

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Анотація:
The aim of Metta Vee is to explore stylistic metamorphosis in an extended cross-generic work for electroacoustic string ensemble which combines the rich vocabulary of string writing from the Western art tradition with that found in jazz, folk and rock music. In performance this is achieved by individually expressing and then fusing the associated playing styles. In a series of supporting works different aspects of cross-genre writing for strings are explored, both in scored and sonic pieces. The final composition, Metta Vee (a phonetic abbreviation of metamorphous violin) is an evolving landscape which travels through various styles whilst retaining cohesion in the overall design. It is, as expressed in the subtitle, a stylistic journey through a landscape of string. Two violin soloists, one acoustic and one electric, convey the more intricate details of stylistic fusion, exploiting the instrument’s technical capacities and broad repertoire. The electric solo part has been scored for a 5-string violin, incorporating the low viola C string in addition to the standard tuning. Opportunities for soloing and musical exchanges between the players have been designated within the main work to showcase the cross-stylistic performance aesthetic through a series of variations generated by repeated motifs. Metta Vee is a work that faces the challenge of mixing the tonal characteristics of the electric violin with the acoustic string world so the two may be not just individually showcased, but homogenized, creating a new sonority as well as stylistic fusion.
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5

Lanza, Stefano. "Exploring the Landscape of effective field theories." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425781.

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In this thesis we provide new tools to determine and explore the Landscape of four-dimensional effective field theories originating from string and M-theory. The main aim is to introduce, within four-dimensional effective descriptions, elements that are predicted from string theory. To this end, a hierarchy of forms is introduced within the four-dimensionalN=1 supergravity theories. The inclusion of gauge three-forms delivers a dynamical way to generate flux-induced superpotentials. Instead, gauge two-forms, dual descriptions of axions, may be eventually gauged by three-forms to generate a superpotential coupling between the different chiral multiplet sectors of the theory. The mutual constraints among the background fluxes, such as tadpole cancellations, are imposed by gauge four-forms. A hierarchy of objects, to which the gauge forms couple, is then introduced: four-dimensional BPS-strings, membranes and 3-branes enlarge the Landscape, allowing the background fluxes to consistently change transversing different spacetime regions. The Freed-Witten anomaly cancellations and the changing of tadpole cancellation conditions due to background sources are neatly expressed by BPS-junctions of membranes ending on strings and 3-branes ending on membranes. Membrane-mediated domain wall transitions are studied, which determine how the scalar fields flow connecting a vacuum to another of the Landscape. According to the perturbative regime that is scanned only some transitions are allowed, with a dramatic influence on the spectrum of objects that can be consistently incorporated in the four-dimensional description.
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6

Betzler, Philip [Verfasser], and Dieter [Akademischer Betreuer] Lüst. "Dualities, extended geometries and the string landscape / Philip Betzler ; Betreuer: Dieter Lüst." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1215499868/34.

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7

Mangat, Patrick [Verfasser], and Arthur [Akademischer Betreuer] Hebecker. "Axions, Wormholes and Inflation in the String Landscape / Patrick Mangat ; Betreuer: Arthur Hebecker." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1180985818/34.

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8

Broeckel, Igor <1990&gt. "Moduli Stabilisation and the Statistics of Low-Energy Physics in the String Landscape." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/10080/1/FINAL.pdf.

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Анотація:
In this thesis we present a detailed analysis of the statistical properties of the type IIB flux landscape of string theory. We focus primarily on models constructed via the Large Volume Scenario (LVS) and KKLT and study the distribution of various phenomenologically relevant quantities. First, we compare our considerations with previous results and point out the importance of Kähler moduli stabilisation, which has been neglected in this context so far. We perform different moduli stabilisation procedures and compare the resulting distributions. To this end, we derive the expressions for the gravitino mass, various quantities related to axion physics and other phenomenologically interesting quantities in terms of the fundamental flux dependent quantities $g_s$, $W_0$ and $\mathfrak{n}$, the parameter which specifies the nature of the non-perturbative effects. Exploiting our knowledge of the distribution of these fundamental parameters, we can derive a distribution for all the quantities we are interested in. For models that are stabilised via LVS we find a logarithmic distribution, whereas for KKLT and perturbatively stabilised models we find a power-law distribution. We continue by investigating the statistical significance of a newly found class of KKLT vacua and present a search algorithm for such constructions. We conclude by presenting an application of our findings. Given the mild preference for higher scale supersymmetry breaking, we present a model of the early universe, which allows for additional periods of early matter domination and ultimately leads to rather sharp predictions for the dark matter mass in this model. We find the dark matter mass to be in the very heavy range $m_{\chi}\sim 10^{10}-10^{11}\text{ GeV}$.
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9

Collazuol, Veronica. "Exploring infinite distance limits in string moduli spaces." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP068.

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Анотація:
Le paysage de la théorie des cordes est vaste et, à bien des égards, encore inexploré. Néanmoins, après compactification, il a été observé que des caractéristiques communes apparaissent, qui sont indépendantes de la compactification elle-même, et qui sont supposées être intrinsèquement liées aux effets de gravité quantique. Dans cette optique, le « Swampland program » vise à comprendre les conditions auxquelles une théorie effective des champs doit obéir afin d'être complétée de manière cohérente par la gravité quantique, pour laquelle la théorie des cordes est, à l'heure actuelle, le cadre le plus satisfaisant. Ces contraintes sont actuellement exprimées sous la forme d'une série de conjectures qui, à une énergie donnée, divisent l'espace des théories effectives en « Landscape » (à savoir, celles qui proviennent de la gravité quantique) et « Swampland » (celles qui, bien que cohérentes en tant que théories quantiques des champs, par exemple sans anomalie, ne peuvent pas être couplées de manière cohérente à la gravité quantique). Une caractéristique typique des compactifications de cordes est la présence de modules, des champs scalaires sans masse avec un potentiel plat dont le terme cinétique dans l'action de la supergravité joue le rôle d'une métrique dans l'espace paramétré par ces modules. Dans ce contexte, l'une des conjectures les plus largement acceptées, la « Distance Conjecture », stipule qu'en se déplaçant à une distance infinie dans l'espace des modules d'une théorie de la gravité quantique, une tour infinie d'états deviennent légers de façon exponentielle en la distance géodésique. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes concentrés sur certains aspects de cette conjecture dans des contextes spécifiques de la théorie des cordes. Tout d'abord, nous avons étudié comment ces états infiniment nombreux étendent les algèbres de symétrie dans les limites de décompactification des cordes hétérotiques et CHL sur des tores à d dimensions, qui correspondent à des théories de jauge de rang 16+d et 8+d, respectivement. Dans les deux cas, en utilisant la théorie sur la surface de la corde, nous avons montré qu'en allant à l'infini dans k ≤ d directions, les algèbres qui émergent sont la version affine de celles de la théorie de dimension supérieure 10-d+k vers laquelle nous décompactifions. De plus, nous montrons que la décompactification de la théorie CHL en théorie hétérotique, qui s'accompagne d'une augmentation du rang de la symétrie de jauge, est associée à la présence d'une version tordue de l'algèbre affine. Enfin, nous montrons que dans le cadre simple des espaces de modules symétriques (tels que ceux des compactifications toroïdales de la théorie M et de la théorie des cordes), il existe un lien naturel entre la géométrie de l'espace de modules et le spectre des cordes. Nous paramétrons la frontière de ces espaces de modules et caractérisons le comportement des géodésiques à l'infini, et en supposant un réseau d'états ainsi qu'en utilisant la complétude du spectre, nous prouvons la « Distance Conjecture » dans ces configurations
The string landscape is vast, and to many extents still unexplored. Nevertheless, in string compactifications it has been observed that common features appear, which are independent of the compactification itself, and that are believed to be deeply related to the quantum gravitational nature of the theory. Along these lines, the Swampland program aims to understand from a bottom-up perspective the conditions that an effective field theory should obey in order to be consistently UV completed to quantum gravity, for which string theory is, as of now, the most satisfactory framework. These constraints are currently expressed as a series of conjectures, which at a given energy divide the space of effective field theories into Landscape (namely, the ones that come from quantum gravity) and Swampland (the ones that despite being consistent as quantum field theories e.g. anomaly free, cannot be consistently coupled to quantum gravity). A typical feature of string compactifications is the presence of moduli, massless scalar fields with flat potential whose kinetic term in the supergravity action plays the role of a metric in a space parametrized by the moduli themselves, the so-called moduli space. Related to this, one of the most widely accepted conjectures, the Distance Conjecture, states that moving an infinite distance in the moduli space of a theory of quantum gravity, an infinite tower of states becomes exponentially light in the geodesic distance. In this thesis, we focused on some aspects of this conjecture in specific string theory settings. Firstly, we studied how these infinitely many states enhance the symmetry algebras in decompactification limits of Heterotic and CHL strings on d-dimensional tori, which correspond to gauge theories of rank 16+d and 8+d, respectively. In both cases, using the worldsheet theory we showed that taking k ≤ d radii to infinity, the algebras that emerge are the affine version of the ones in the higher 10-d+k dimensional theory we are decompactifying to. Moreover, we show that the decompactification of the CHL theory to the Heterotic one, which is accompanied by rank enhancement of the gauge symmetry, is associated with the presence of a twisted version of the affine algebra. Finally, we show that in the simple setting of symmetric moduli spaces (such as those of toroidal M- and string theory compactifications), there is a natural connection between the geometry of the moduli space and the string spectrum. We parametrize the boundary of these moduli spaces and characterize the behaviour of the geodesics at infinity, and assuming a lattice of states as well as using completeness of the spectrum we prove the Distance Conjecture in these setups
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10

Wasnik, Vaibhav Hemant. "Phenomenological Analysis of Heterotic Strings: Non-abelian Constructions and Landscape Studies." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195116.

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String theory offers the unique promise of unifying all the known forces in nature. However, the internal consistency of the theory requires that spacetime have more than four dimensions. As a result, the extra dimensions must be compactified in some manner and how this compactification takes place is critical for determining the low-energy physical predictions of the theory. In this thesis we examine two distinct consequences of this fact.First, almost all of the prior research in string model-building has examined the consequences of compactifying on so-called ``abelian'' orbifolds.However, the most general class of compactifications, namely those onnon-abelian orbifolds, remains almost completely unexplored. This thesis focuses on the low-energy phenomenological consequences of compactifying strings on non-abelian orbifolds. One of the main interests in pursuing these theories is that they can, in principle, naturally give rise tolow-energy models which simultaneously have N=1 super symmetry along with scalar particles transforming in the adjoint of the gauge group. These features,which are exceedingly difficult to achieve through abelian orbifolds,are exciting because they are the key ingredients in understanding how grand unification can emerge from string theory.Second, the need to compactify gives rise to a huge ``landscape'' of possible resulting low-energy phenomenologies. One of the goals of the landscape program in string theory is then to extract information about the space of string vacua in the form of statistical correlations between phenomenological features that are otherwise uncorrelated in field theory. Such correlations would thus represent features of string theory that hold independently of a vacuum-selection principle. In this thesis, we study statistical correlations between two features which are likely to be central to any potential description of nature at high-energy scales: gauge symmetries and spacetime supersymmetry. We analyze correlations between these two kinds of symmetry within the context of perturbative heterotic string vacua, and find a number of striking features. We find, for example, that the degree of spacetime supersymmetry is strongly correlated with the probabilities of realizing certain gauge groups, with unbroken supersymmetry at the string scale tending to favor gauge-group factors with larger rank. We also find that nearly half of the heterotic landscape is nonsupersymmetric and yet tachyon-free at tree level; indeed, less than a quarter of the tree-level heterotic landscape exhibits any supersymmetry at all at the string scale.
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Книги з теми "String landscape"

1

Hebecker, Arthur. Naturalness, String Landscape and Multiverse. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65151-0.

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2

Reynolds, Roger. Coconino--a shattered landscape: String quartet. New York: C.F. Peters, 1989.

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3

Reynolds, Roger. Coconino--a shattered landscape: String quartet. New York: C.F. Peters, 1989.

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4

Susskind, Leonard. The Cosmic Landscape. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2008.

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5

Susskind, Leonard. Cosmic landscape: String theory and the illusion of intelligent design. New York: Little, Brown and Co., 2005.

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6

Ahlqvist, Stein Pontus. Exploring the String Landscape: The Dynamics, Statistics, and Cosmology of Parallel Worlds. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2013.

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7

Viggo, Mortensen, and Perez Pilar, eds. Strange familiar: The work of Georg Guðni. Santa Monica, CA: Perceval Press, 2005.

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8

Duncan, Catherine. Paul Strand: The world on my doorstep : an intimate portrait. New York, N.Y: Aperture, 1994.

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9

Eckerle, Kate. Capriccio For Strings: Collision-Mediated Parallel Transport in Curved Landscapes and Conifold-Enhanced Hierarchies Among Mirror Quintic Flux Vacua. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2017.

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10

Rüegg, Niklaus. Spuk: Thesen gegen den Frühling. Zurich, Switzerland]: Edition Fink, 2004.

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Частини книг з теми "String landscape"

1

Hebecker, Arthur. "String Theory: Bosonic String." In Naturalness, String Landscape and Multiverse, 85–116. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65151-0_3.

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2

Hebecker, Arthur. "The Flux Landscape." In Naturalness, String Landscape and Multiverse, 187–221. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65151-0_6.

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3

Hebecker, Arthur. "String Theory: Interactions and Superstring." In Naturalness, String Landscape and Multiverse, 117–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65151-0_4.

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4

Banks, Tom. "Strings in a Landscape." In String Theory: From Gauge Interactions to Cosmology, 3–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3733-3_1.

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5

Hebecker, Arthur. "Eternal Inflation and the Measure Problem." In Naturalness, String Landscape and Multiverse, 223–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65151-0_7.

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6

Hebecker, Arthur. "Concluding Remarks and Some Alternative Perspectives." In Naturalness, String Landscape and Multiverse, 255–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65151-0_8.

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7

Hebecker, Arthur. "Summary." In Naturalness, String Landscape and Multiverse, 283–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65151-0_9.

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8

Hebecker, Arthur. "10d Actions and Compactification." In Naturalness, String Landscape and Multiverse, 145–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65151-0_5.

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9

Hebecker, Arthur. "Supersymmetry and Supergravity." In Naturalness, String Landscape and Multiverse, 41–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65151-0_2.

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10

Hebecker, Arthur. "The Standard Model and Its Hierarchy Problem(s)." In Naturalness, String Landscape and Multiverse, 1–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65151-0_1.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "String landscape"

1

Pal, Sushanta Kumar, and Leslie A. Rusch. "Tight Focusing of Obstructed Radially-Azimuthally Polarized Higher Order Poincaré Sphere Beams." In Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides, JTu1A.42. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bgpp.2024.jtu1a.42.

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We study the intensity landscapes of obstructed radially-azimuthally polarized higher order Poincaré sphere beams under tight focusing conditions. These optical fields can be used to achieve strong longitudinal and transverse components at the focal plane.
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2

Dienes, Keith R., and Michael Lennek. "Floating Correlations on the String Landscape." In SUSY06: THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUPERSYMMETRY AND THE UNIFICATION OF FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2735234.

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3

DENEF, F., and M. R. DOUGLAS. "Complexity and Landscape in String Theory." In Proceedings of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812832467_0003.

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4

Mersini-Houghton, L. "Cosmological Implications of the String Theory Landscape." In THE DARK SIDE OF THE UNIVERSE: 2nd International Conference on The Dark Side of the Universe DSU 2006. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2409103.

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5

Susskind, Leonard. "The Landscape and its Physics Foundations How String Theory Generates the Landscape." In Proceedings of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812832467_0006.

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Halverson, James, and Paul Langacker. "TASI Lectures on Remnants from the String Landscape." In Theoretical Advanced Study Institute Summer School 2017 "Physics at the Fundamental Frontier". Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.305.0019.

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Leontaris, Georgios K., and Pramod Shukla. "Seeking de Sitter vacua in the string landscape." In Corfu Summer Institute 2022 "School and Workshops on Elementary Particle Physics and Gravity". Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.436.0058.

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Carta, Federico, Cumrun Vafa, and Theodore Daniel Brennan. "The String Landscape, the Swampland, and the Missing Corner." In Theoretical Advanced Study Institute Summer School 2017 "Physics at the Fundamental Frontier". Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.305.0015.

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DINE, MICHAEL. "IS THERE A STRING THEORY LANDSCAPE? SOME CAUTIONARY REMARKS." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702340_0056.

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YAMAUCHI, DAISUKE, ANDREI LINDE, ATSUSHI NARUKO, MISAO SASAKI, and TAKAHIRO TANAKA. "EVOLUTIONARY EFFECTS IN ONE-BUBBLE OPEN INFLATION FOR STRING LANDSCAPE." In Proceedings of the MG12 Meeting on General Relativity. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814374552_0449.

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Звіти організацій з теми "String landscape"

1

Pawlowski, Wojtek P., and Avraham A. Levy. What shapes the crossover landscape in maize and wheat and how can we modify it. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600025.bard.

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Meiotic recombination is a process in which homologous chromosomes engage in the exchange of DNA segments, creating gametes with new genetic makeup and progeny with new traits. The genetic diversity generated in this way is the main engine of crop improvement in sexually reproducing plants. Understanding regulation of this process, particularly the regulation of the rate and location of recombination events, and devising ways of modifying them, was the major motivation of this project. The project was carried out in maize and wheat, two leading crops, in which any advance in the breeder’s toolbox can have a huge impact on food production. Preliminary work done in the USA and Israeli labs had established a strong basis to address these questions. The USA lab pioneered the ability to map sites where recombination is initiated via the induction of double-strand breaks in chromosomal DNA. It has a long experience in cytological analysis of meiosis. The Israeli lab has expertise in high resolution mapping of crossover sites and has done pioneering work on the importance of epigenetic modifications for crossover distribution. It has identified genes that limit the rates of recombination. Our working hypothesis was that an integrative analysis of double-strand breaks, crossovers, and epigenetic data will increase our understanding of how meiotic recombination is regulated and will enhance our ability to manipulate it. The specific objectives of the project were: To analyze the connection between double-strand breaks, crossover, and epigenetic marks in maize and wheat. Protocols developed for double-strand breaks mapping in maize were applied to wheat. A detailed analysis of existing and new data in maize was conducted to map crossovers at high resolution and search for DNA sequence motifs underlying crossover hotspots. Epigenetic modifications along maize chromosomes were analyzed as well. Finally, a computational analysis tested various hypotheses on the importance of chromatin structure and specific epigenetic modifications in determining the locations of double-strand breaks and crossovers along chromosomes. Transient knockdowns of meiotic genes that suppress homologous recombination were carried out in wheat using Virus-Induced Gene Silencing. The target genes were orthologs of FANCM, DDM1, MET1, RECQ4, and XRCC2.
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2

Tinsley, Brian, Sarah Cacicio, Zohal Shah, Daniel Parker, Odelia Younge, and Christina Luke Luna. Micro-credentials for Social Mobility in Rural Postsecondary Communities: A Landscape Report. Digital Promise, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/151.

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This landscape report explores the impact of earning micro-credentials on the social mobility of rural learners. Through four in-depth case studies, we show how earning micro-credentials may lead to credential attainment, workforce entry, promotions, and/or economic improvements (e.g., salary increase, prioritizing learners impacted by poverty), particularly for Black, Latino, and Indigenous populations, as well as women. All of the initiatives emphasize the need for strong regional partnerships across educational sectors and deeper efforts to engage communities of color to lead to greater impact. Preliminary research indicates that micro-credentials can—and in some cases, do—lead to job promotions, higher wages, and an increase in self-confidence for rural learners.
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3

Kiarie, Wanjiku, Prithika Mohan, Daniel Mogere, Wairimu Muthike, Zeena Oberoi, and Laura Schun. Can cultural understanding, strong relational values, and effective communication, create stronger, longer lasting, strategic alliances in agribusiness? Busara, October 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62372/fpre5689.

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Strengthening strategic alliances between smallholder farmers and agribusiness by emphasizing cultural understanding, strong relational values and effective communication. In which we scanned the prevailing collaboration landscape in agriculture in East Africa, understanding cooperation strategies through a review of existing literature and key informant interviews to create a framework that guides partners on the ground by incorporating essential elements such as cultural understanding, strong relational values, and effective communication.
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4

Saad, Saed, Sonja Read, and Ben Mountfield. Linking Cash and Voucher Assistance with Social Protection: A case study in Gaza. Oxfam, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.9387.

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In the Gaza Strip, 80% of the population receives humanitarian assistance. The level of need is overwhelming, and the political and socio-economic context has crippled the traditional social protection system. Efforts to build a stronger social protection system are under way, and cash interventions are on the rise. This report explores the humanitarian cash assistance landscape in the Gaza Strip and how it interacts with social protection. It sets out a vision for a social protection architecture that supports coherence, protection, accountability and the building of resilient systems, and achieves complementarity between actors and programmes. The report also provides recommendations on how the implementation of programmes can be improved.
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5

Just, David, and Amir Heiman. Building local brand for fresh fruits and vegetables: A strategic approach aimed at strengthening the local agricultural sector. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600039.bard.

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Abstract The debate about whether to reduce import barriers on fresh produce in order to decrease the cost of living and increase welfare or to continue protecting the local agricultural sector by imposing import duties on fresh vegetables and fruits has been part of the Israeli and the US political dialog. The alternative of building a strong local brand that will direct patriotic feelings to support of the agricultural sector has been previously discussed in the literature as a non-tax barrier to global competition. The motivation of consumers to pay more for local fresh fruits and vegetables are better quality, environmental concerns, altruism, and ethnocentrism. Local patriotic feelings are expected to be stronger among national-religious consumers and weaker among secular left wing voters. This project empirically analyzes consumers’ attitude toward local agricultural production, perceptions of the contribution of the agricultural sector to society and how these perceptions interact with patriotic beliefs and socio-political variables perhaps producing an ethnocentric preference for fruits and vegetables. This patriotic feeling may be contrasted with feelings toward rival (or even politically opposing) countries competing in the same markets. Thus geo-political landscape may help shape the consumer’s preferences and willingness to purchase particular products. Our empirical analysis is based on two surveys, one conducted among Israeli shoppers and one conducted among US households. We find strong influences of nationalism, patriotism and ethnocentrism on demand for produce in both samples. In the case of Israel this manifests itself as a significant discount demanded for countries in conflict with Israel (e.g., Syria or Palestine), with the discount demanded being related to the strength of the conflict. Moreover, the effect is larger for those who are either more religious, or those who identify with right leaning political parties. The results from the US are strikingly similar. For some countries the perception of conflict is dependent on political views (e.g., Mexico), while for others there is a more agreement (e.g., Russia). Despite a substantially different religious and political landscape, both right leaning political views and religiosity play strong roles in demand for foreign produce.
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6

Willis, Craig, Will Hughes, and Sergiusz Bober. ECMI Minorities Blog. National and Linguistic Minorities in the Context of Professional Football across Europe: Five Examples from Kin-State Situations. European Centre for Minority Issues, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/sbcm3981.

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A strong aspect of civil society, football clubs are often a visible marker of identity and this can be especially so in regions with a distinct culture or language. In a follow-up blogpost to their piece on five football clubs in non-kin state settings, the authors expand to analyse five clubs from kin-state settings across Europe. Looking at the political landscape in which the clubs operate as well as the visible linguistic difference from the majority population, the blogpost offers a variety of examples ranging in their degrees of salience. The kin-state aspect brings in a third actor alongside the minority and majority population, with the extent to which the kin is actively involved being one of the differing variables identified. In addition, this blogpost also features extended conclusionary paragraphs which bring in the comparative dimension of kin-state/non-kin-state across the ten clubs analysed in the two blogposts.
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7

Mulligan, Cian. Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi Arabia: A Value Chain Analysis. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2023-dp15.

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Localization and local content mandates are an increasing presence in the global investment landscape, and the development of local content policy in Saudi Arabia will be an important factor in the lasting legacy of Vision 2030. While virtually all industries are targeted by local content mandates in Saudi Arabia, a sector tipped for strict targets and maximum local value added is renewable energy production. This is no surprise, as the abundant natural resources of sun and wind make the Kingdom well placed to be globally competitive in the sector, and as the industry is still in its infancy, an opportunity exists to localize from the ground up. This paper looks at the employment possibilities across the value chain of solar PV and onshore wind and, applying the unique characteristics of the Saudi labor force, investigates where localization mandates should target in order to optimize the benefits to the Saudi economy.
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8

Abasse, Tougiani, Moussa Massaoudou, Habou Ribiou, Soumana Idrissa, and Dan Guimbo Iro. Farmer managed natural regeneration in Niger: the state of knowledge. Tropenbos International, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55515/byiz5081.

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Faced with environmental degradation and strong land pressure, farmers in south-central Niger have intensified their agricultural production systems. Since the 1980s, farmers in the regions of Zinder, Maradi and Tahoua have increased the number of trees and shrubs on their fields, creating new agroforestry parklands over about 5 million hectares. This regreening is not based on tree planting, however, but on farmers protecting and managing natural regeneration of woody species on their crop lands. This has been well documented over the years, but until now, there has not been a thorough review of all of the published peer-referenced as well as grey literature. This report presents the first comprehensive state of knowledge of farmer managed natural regeneration (FMNR) in Niger. Studies show the scale and dynamics of FMNR as well as its multiple impacts. It has increased crop yields (+31 kg/ha to +350 kg/ha), and that supports family food security even in drought years. FMNR has increased the income of all social categories, even the most vulnerable women, men and youth, through the sale of fuelwood and service wood. The pruning of trees in fields has also reduced the distances travelled by women to collect fuelwood. FMNR increased the availability of fodder from trees to farmers and agropastoralists, with households practising FMNR harvesting 30-45 kg of fodder per day. Economists have not calculated all the multiple impacts in monetary terms, but studies on the costs and benefits all indicate that it is economically rational for farmers to invest their labour in FMNR. The costs are modest (no equipment and little labour), and the benefits are substantial, also helping smallholder farmers adapt to climate change, while sequestering millions of tonnes carbon. As a consequence of FMNR, tree cover has been sustained without external incentives (e.g. food or cash-for-work), an outcome that distinguishes this farmer-driven practice from large-scale tree planting projects where farmers’ stewardship ended when the external incentives ended. Agroforestry landscapes are thus being created at scale due to decisions made by hundreds of thousands of individual farmers. It is hoped that information in this report that shows the clear benefits of FMNR in Niger will encourage policy makers in Africa’s drylands to invest in the promotion of FMNR. This foundational practice must form the backbone of landscape wide initiatives if the ambitious targets of the Great Green Wall, AFR100 and similar ambitious restoration initiatives are to be achieved. FMNR is a low cost sustainable land use management practice with a considerable potential for scaling, which can and must be adopted and scaled immediately.
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9

Munoz, Laura, Giulia Mascagni, Wilson Prichard, and Fabrizio Santoro. Should Governments Tax Digital Financial Services? A Research Agenda to Understand Sector-Specific Taxes on DFS. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.002.

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Анотація:
Digital financial services (DFS) have rapidly expanded across Africa and other low-income countries. At the same time, low-income countries face strong pressures to increase domestic resource mobilisation, and major challenges in taxing the digital economy. A growing number are therefore advancing or considering new taxes on DFS. These have generated much debate and there are significant disagreements over the rationale for the taxes and their likely impacts. This paper examines three key questions that could help governments and other stakeholders to better understand the rationale for, and impacts of, different decisions around taxing DFS – and to arrive at policies that best meet competing needs. First, what is the rationale for imposing specific taxes on money transfers or mobile money in particular? Second, and most importantly, what is the likely impact of DFS taxes? Third, how do the policy processes through which taxes on DFS and money transfers are introduced function in practice? The paper looks at the core principles of good taxation and presents the existing debate around whether taxes on DFS observe them. It explains why understanding the landscape of financial services is essential to designing suitable tax policies and lays out a framework for developing the necessary analysis of the impacts of taxes on DFS. It also highlights the importance of better understanding the processes that give rise to these taxes.
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10

DeMetri, Olga, Samuel Moreno, and Gerardo Funes. Seizing the Market Opportunity of the Growing Latino and Caribbean Community in the United States. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005199.

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This study examines the transformative influence of the rapidly growing Latino and Caribbean community in the United States, both as a demographic and an economic powerhouse. Accounting for nearly one in five U.S. residents, this community is reshaping the nation's social, economic, and cultural landscapes. In 2019 alone, the economic output of Latinos in the U.S. was $2.7 trillion, marking them as a global economic force. The report highlights the community's role in enhancing trade and economic relations with Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), including its influence on foreign direct investment (FDI) and diaspora direct investment (DDI). Remittances to LAC countries remain strong, further solidifying economic ties. Culturally and politically, the Latino and Caribbean community is becoming mainstream in the U.S., as evidenced by its growing impact on music, food, and voter participation. The study includes case studies from Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, and New York to underline the community's diverse contributions across various sectors. In summary, the Latino and Caribbean community is not just growing in numbers but is a formidable force that is shaping the U.S. and strengthening its international ties with LAC. This growth presents numerous opportunities for both domestic and international economic and cultural collaborations.
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