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Статті в журналах з теми "Strategy of foreign economic activity development"
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Azarenkova, Galyna, Olena Golovko, Kateryna Oryekhova, and Sergii Yavorsky. "Implementation of strategic analysis methods to choose a development strategy for the enterprise’s foreign economic activity." Geopolitics under Globalization 3, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/gg.03(1).2020.01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article considers stages and methods of strategic management of the enterprise’s foreign economic activity. PEST analysis, SWOT analysis and SPACE analysis of foreign economic activity are used on the basis of a particular enterprise. PEST analysis has highlighted political and legal, economic, social and technological factors influencing the foreign economic activity of the analyzed enterprise. SWOT analysis has allowed identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the enterprise. SPACE analysis has revealed that in the absence of growth in the services market, the use of a strategy for the enterprise diversification is acceptable. This strategy involves the creation and development of new services. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly monitor the activity of the enterprise in the international economic environment.
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Romankova, Tatyana. "FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE MOGILEV REGION: EVALUATION AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY." Drukerovskij vestnik, no. 4 (September 2019): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17213/2312-6469-2019-4-321-331.
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Halas, Lesia. "Strategy of foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises: concept and its main functions." INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, no. 1-2 (2021): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2021.1-2.9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose. The aim of the article is to research the main interpretations of the definition of “strategy of foreign economic activity” and derivation of the optimal meaning of this concept for agricultural enterprises on the basis of functions performed by the strategy for efficient and competitive entry into foreign markets and further activity of these enterprises in the market. Methodology of research. The following general scientific methods are used in the research process: historical and genetic, statistical and method of analysis and synthesis ‒ to study the theoretical foundations of the strategy of foreign economic activity in the field of agriculture of Ukraine; comparison, description and generalization ‒ to determine the functions of the strategy of foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises. Findings. The main approaches to the concept of “strategy of foreign economic activity of the enterprise” are studied. The concept of “strategy of foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises” is developed and substantiated and its main functions for the effective functioning of the agricultural enterprise in foreign markets of goods and services are derived. Originality. Own interpretation of the concept of “strategy of foreign economic activity” is proposed. It should be understood as an effective tool for the enterprise to enter foreign markets of goods and services, which will ensure the implementation of any type of foreign economic activity based on legislation of trade countries and basic strategic management methods on the development of the internal and external environment of the enterprise in order to establish partnerships and trade relations and increase competitive advantages. Practical value. The obtained results of the research are the basis for solving the strategic tasks of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine and are aimed at optimizing the strategic development of enterprises. Key words: strategy of foreign economic activity, agricultural enterprises, functions of strategy of foreign economic activity, planning, control, motivation.
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Halas, Lesya I. "Competitive advantages in development of agricultural enterprises’ foreign economic activity." Regional Economy, no. 1(99) (March 2021): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2021-1-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A necessary condition for a market economy is the existence of a competitive environment between economic entities, especially when agricultural enterprises enter foreign market. This problem is clear because the foreign economic activity of enterprises provides them with a competitive advantage allowing enterprises to enter a competitive market and occupy their positions in the world market of goods and services. The choice of strategies for a particular enterprise in the field of foreign economic activity is a long-term process that involves the choice of strategies from possible behaviors and coordination of actions of all structural units. Unfortunately, the loss of agricultural enterprises is one of the negative factors preventing them from performing management tasks related to the implementation of the chosen competitive strategy. In this case, the company may not focus on any strategy at all, and will not solve operational problems related to the economic efficiency of economic activity. In general, the essence of strategic management of enterprises engaged in foreign economic activity is to form a concept of benefits and prospects that can bring the international market and its actions. When implementing the company's strategic management in the international market, it is inevitable to avoid assessing short-term, medium-term and long-term risks and prospects. The competitiveness of agricultural enterprises should be based on the following aspects: improving the quality of enterprise management, development and compliance with standards of strategic competitiveness of agriculture and food; formulation of proposals for the formation of various strategies for enterprises; improvement of innovative organizations, introduction of information technology, and the presence of merchants in the commodity market provides information support; improves the organizational and technical level of support for agriculture; develops logistics and marketing systems.
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Stepanov, Evgeniy, Dmitri Pletnev, and Van Duc Pham. "Assessment of sustainable foreign economic activity strategies of Russian corporations." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 06017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125806017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In modern economic literature, several strategies for the development of enterprises are considered at the theoretical level. However, as an independent form of strategy, foreign economic activity strategy is not considered, or not enough attention is paid to it. The purpose of the article is to identify the strategies of foreign economic activity of Russian enterprises in the oil and gas, metallurgical industries, and the food industry, based on their annual reports and ratings of Russian analytical agencies. The objectives of the study are, firstly, the development of a methodology for assessing the results of strategies for foreign economic activity, and secondly, the analysis of strategies for foreign economic activity, as a result of their commodity market, resource market, technological, integration, and financial investment strategies. As a result of the study, the features of Russian corporations’ strategies of foreign economic activity have been revealed. Their trajectories are shown in the “commodity item - country” coordinate system.
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OVESHNIKOVA, LYUDMILA V., and ELENA V. SIBIRSKAYA. "FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF A MACROREGION AS AN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY THAT CONTRIBUTES TO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND FAVORABLE CONDITIONS FOR ATTRACTING INVESTMENT." Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 228, no. 2 (2021): 424–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2021-228-2-424-450.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The foreign economic activity of macroregions acts as a form of competition, ьallows the use of economies of scale, expands the access of regional producers and consumers to world resources and markets, becomes an incentive for economic activity and an instrument for implementing the strategy of territorial development. The article studies the spatial characteristics and foreign economic potential of the Central Black Earth macroregion. The effectiveness of foreign trade activities of the macroregion is analyzed, the competitive positions of the foreign economic complex of the subjects of the Chernozem region are revealed. Particular attention is paid to attracting foreign capital and the development of innovative projects in the macro-region, as factors of economic activity and the expansion of foreign economic activity. The analysis made it possible to highlight the problems and determine the priority areas for ensuring the foreign trade self-sufficiency of the macroregion, which include the development of transport infrastructure, improving the investment climate, increasing the export potential, establishment of international cooperation in innovative projects of the macroregion.
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KLEPIKOVA, Svitlana, Mariia YATSYNA, and Olena DRUHOVA. "Peculiarities of foreign economic activity management of enterprises." Economics. Finances. Law 11, no. - (November 26, 2021): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2021.11.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. The paper is devoted to the problems of research of features and modern mechanisms of economic regulation of foreign economic activity of enterprises in Ukraine. The purpose of the paper is to improve the scientific and methodological basis for stimulating the development of foreign economic activity of enterprises and substantiation of the theoretical foundations of foreign economic activity of enterprises in order to further their development in the today's globalized world. Results. It is determined that one of the problems of foreign economic activity of enterprises is the problem of inefficient management system, lack of strategic and marketing approaches to enterprise management, and enterprises more often use the technique of short-term adaptation. An enterprise focused on the development of foreign economic activity should develop approaches to improve international marketing, especially in terms of making effective management decisions based on the processing of a significant amount of information data and assessing the factors of the international market environment. The main condition for the adaptation of enterprises to the rapidly changing external environment may be the formation of a system of strategic planning, which provides a more rational use of limited resources, promotes consistent development and implementation of management decisions, focuses on sustainable development in market conditions. The management staff should clearly formulate the principles of strategic research in order to intensify foreign trade in industrial enterprises, and most importantly – formed a marketing strategy for foreign trade. The main means of increasing the potential of foreign economic activity of enterprises are the formation of such economic conditions that would allow due to modernization of production to increase domestic production and services, introduce innovative technologies. Conclusion. In order to improve the foreign economic activity of Ukrainian enterprises, it is proposed to implement a policy aimed at increasing merchandise exports by introducing innovative developments to improve the quality of domestic products, which must meet international norms and standards necessary to create a sufficient level of competitiveness in domestic markets.
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FURSOVA, Viktoriia, Nelia KARATSEVA, and Maryna RUBAN. "Classification of factors influencing the foreign economic activity of enterprises." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 12/1 (December 28, 2019): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2019.12(1).2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. While providing foreign economic activity, enterprises have many problems, which can lead to loss of their financial stability and even bankruptcy. That is why, especially in periods of crisis it is very important to identify factors that affect the efficiency of foreign economic activity of companies. The purpose of the work is to systematize the modern researches and to improve the classification of factors influencing the foreign economic activity of economic entities to ensure their sustainable development. Results. The article is devoted to the study of the factors influencing the foreign economic activity of enterprise. Based on the systematization of the views of the majority of authors, it was determined that today there is no generally accepted classification of factors affecting foreign economic activity. Most researchers divide impacts on foreign economic activity on the external and internal, the difference is only in the number and types of factors. Due to the critical analysis of the modern researches, the authors identified a number of advantages and disadvantages in the classifications of factors affecting foreign economic activity. According to the results of the study, a classification of factors of influence on foreign economic activity is proposed, which contains 5 criteria: source of origin, management capability, type of foreign economic activity, the specificity of the impact, the nature of the impact on foreign economic activity effectiveness. Conclusion. Other classification criteria such as time lag, degree of predictability, coverage, etc. should also be taken into account by management during the formulating a strategy for the development of foreign economic activity enterprises, but these characteristics do not reveal the specifics of foreign economic activity of economic entities. The proposed classification can be the basis for further research, that identified the types of risks of foreign economic activity. The generalization and systematization of the theoretical foundations on this issue is of practical value and will help to identify the main ways of forming an effective strategy for the development of enterprises in foreign markets.
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PETRYSHYN, Nataliia, Yuliia CHYRKOVA, and Mariana BORTNIKOVA. "Features of the SPACE method using for the optimal choice making of strategy development of foreign economic activity." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 11/2 (November 27, 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.11(2).4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. Activation of international business requires the formation of a strategy for the development of foreign economic activity, because its implementation allows to increase competitiveness and flexibility under conditions of the business environment changes. Nowadays, the problems of developing the foreign economic strategy of the enterprise become especially relevant, because the modern conditions of commercial activity require fundamentally new standards, management methods and stages of international business organizing. The purpose of the paper is to study the peculiarities of the application of the method of strategic analysis SPACE for the implementation of the optimal choice of development strategy of domestic enterprises on the example of Electroprylad SPE LLC. Results. The SPACE method is to develop an assessment of the strategic position and strategic actions of the enterprise. This is a comprehensive method of strategic analysis, which allows you to identify and characterize the competitive position in the market in order to select the best strategy for the enterprise to act at the market. The introduction of the SPACE method for the implementation of the optimal choice of development strategy of Electroprylad SPE LLC provides for the implementation of successive stages: analysis of financial strength; determination of competitive positions in foreign markets; assessing the attractiveness of potential foreign markets; assessment of prospects for potential stability in foreign markets; selection of the optimal strategy for the development of foreign economic activity of the enterprise based on the results of the SPACE method. The SPACE method allowed to form a group of priority characteristics and parameters of Electroprylad SPE LLC activity, which were previously identified from all existing variety, allowed to organize them and determine the complex impact on the management decision-making process by validity, as well as to choose the best foreign economic development strategy. Conclusion. Implementation of the SPACE method for selecting the strategy of foreign economic activity development of Electroprylad SPE LLC is connected with the mandatory involvement leading specialists in the strategic analysis in order to perform the necessary tasks related to the methodology of strategic analysis. The set of criteria is determined taking into account the internal priorities of work and external strategic goals of foreign economic activity. The parameters of the production and financial strength of Electroprylad SPE LLC must be fully taken into account.
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Chernyshov, V. V. "Working-out the Development of Investment Activities of Enterprises." Modern Economics 26, no. 1 (June 20, 2021): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v26(2021)-25.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Introduction. In modern conditions of transformation of the national economy the development of investment activity, which influences the interests of a growing number of enterprises, becomes relevant. Effective implementation of investment activities at the present stage is the basis for the development of Ukraine's economy, ensuring the possibility of its integration into the European socio-economic space, which will further enhance the competitiveness of enterprises and improve the investment climate. Purpose. It has been proved that investment activity requires decision-making on investing financial resources to expand production. It has been established that the investment strategy of any enterprise is an integral part of its overall economic strategy, which allows to fully assess the investment potential for foreign investors. Results. An analysis of business entities based on indicators of investment activity in the selection of strategic development priorities. There are three clusters: first class: normal investment activity; second class: moderate investment activity; and third grade: critical investment activity. The analysis of investment activity of business entities of the machine-building industry in Ukraine indicates the need to attract investment resources. Conclusions. Hierarchies of choice of strategic priorities directions of development for attraction of foreign economic sources of financing have been offered and its economic efficiency has been established. The hierarchy of communication of the choice of directions of strategic development priorities for attracting foreign economic sources of financing has been obtained, which has six levels, where the highest level is to ensure the development and promotion of products of economic entities in international markets. Implementation of 6 levels of the hierarchy of choice of strategic development priorities to attract foreign economic sources of financing of economic entities, these are comprehensive actions that will enhance investment attractiveness in international markets and address some issues related to the development of strategic priorities of economic entities.
Дисертації з теми "Strategy of foreign economic activity development"
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Plakhtynska, V. V. "Economic development strategy of foreign economic activity." Master's thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81374.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
У роботі досліджено теоретичні та методологічні засади та розробка практичних рекомендацій щодо вдосконалення системи зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємства. Цілі та основні принципи зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємства.The theoretical and methodological principles and develop practical recommendations for improving the system of foreign economic activity of the enterprise. The objectives and basic principles of foreign economic activity of the enterprise.
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Опанасенко, Д. І. "Розробка механізму оцінки потенціалу міжнародного розвитку ТОВ "Укрнафтозапчастина"". Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/71516.
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У роботі досліджено теоретико-методичны основи оцінки потенціалу міжнародного розвитку підприємства. Оцінено потенціал міжнародного розвитку ТОВ «Укрнафтозапчастина». Запропоновано доповнити механізм оцінки потенціалу ТОВ «Укрнафтозапчастина» урахуванням впливу коефіцієнта конкурентоспроможності.The research studies the set of methodological, organizational and practical issues for assessing the potential of international development of the enterprise. estimates potential of international development of LLC «Ukrnaftozapchastyna». Also it suggestes to supplement the mechanism of estimation of potential of LLC «Ukrnaftozapchastyna» by taking into account the influence of the competitiveness coefficient.
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Шопенська, О. В. "Механізми підвищення ефективності зовнішньоекономічної діяльності сучасного бізнесу". Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/71120.
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Ціль дипломної роботи - полягає у обґрунтуванні перспектив виходу на зовнішні ринки, розробці механізму впровадження заходів щодо завоювання нових ринків збуту на основі підприємства філія «Сумський молочний завод» ДП «Аромат».
У першому розділі роботи: “Теоритичні основи зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємств” присвячений розкриттю сутності предмету дослідження, розгляду основних теоретичних засад ролі зовнішньоекономічного фактора як напряму розвитку підприємств України, висвітлено зміст та поняття зовнішньоекономічної діяльності.
У другому розділі роботи: “ Аналіз стану виробництва при виході підприємства на зовнішні ринки ” - приведені організаційно-економічна характеристика, організаційна структура та структура управління, здійснено аналіз економічної ефективності виробництва молочної продукції та основних аспектів зовнішньоекономічної діяльності.
У третьому розділі роботи: “ Вдосконалення управління експортними операціями на підприємстві ” на основі проведених досліджень визначені проблеми у здійсненні зовнішньоекономічної діяльності, здійснено SWOT-аналіз підприємства.
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Костюченко, Надія Миколаївна, Надежда Николаевна Костюченко, Nadiia Mykolaivna Kostiuchenko, and L. Borisova. "The role of foreign economic activity in regional sustainable development." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2004. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/23016.
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Shrestha, Sushma. "Devaluation and aggregate economic activity in Asian developing countries /." View online, 2008. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131464729.pdf.
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Larka, L. S. "SMART-evaluation of economic decisions complexes of the enterprise." Thesis, National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/42052.
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Philander, Graig Henry. "How can Africa attract foreign direct investment, with specific reference to an investment strategy within Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research focused primarily on certain bilateral agreements as well as relevant multilateral agreements that govern the world's investment system. Attention is given to governance in the world of foreign direct investment and the aims and objectives of the integration initiative, as well as to the centrality of investment law in the scheme. The role of investment and the effect this have on the development of Africa is also a focal point of this paper. The central objective of the integration initiative is also looked at against the backdrop of investment-rating agencies and investment flows around the world.
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Kovalenko, Yulia, Diana Stepanova, Юлія Олександрівна Коваленко, and Діана Степанова. "Management of foreign economic relations of the enterprise on the basis of sustainable development." Thesis, National aviation university, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/53446.
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Коваленко Ю., Степанова Д. Управління зовнішньоекономічними зв'язками підприємства на основі сталого розвитку // Сучасні проблеми менеджменту: матеріали XVII Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції. - Національний авіаційний університет. - Київ, 2021. - С. 38-39Foreign economic activity is one of the most important factors in the development of the national economy. No country in the world will be able to independently develop its own production processes, ensure economic growth without effectively using the benefits of the international division of labor and the combined international scientific and technological potential. This is especially relevant in modern conditions when the processes of international economic integration, the international division of labor, globalization of the world economy are developing intensively. Foreign economic activity promotes the development of promising areas of export potential. It is due to foreign economic activity that our country solves the problem of lack of energy, new machines, and equipment, technologies, some consumer goods.
Зовнішньоекономічна діяльність є одним з найважливіших факторів розвитку національної економіки. Жодна країна у світі не зможе самостійно розвивати власні виробничі процеси, забезпечувати економічне зростання без ефективного використання переваг міжнародного поділу праці та об'єднаного Міжнародного науково-технічного потенціалу. Це особливо актуально в сучасних умовах, коли інтенсивно розвиваються процеси міжнародної економічної інтеграції, міжнародного поділу праці, глобалізації світової економіки. Зовнішньоекономічна діяльність сприяє розвитку перспективних напрямків експортного потенціалу. Саме за рахунок зовнішньоекономічної діяльності наша країна вирішує проблему нестачі енергії, нових машин і обладнання, технологій, деяких споживчих товарів.
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Ighoavodha, Frederick J. O. (Frederick J. Ofuafo). "International Political Economy of External Economic Dependence and Foreign Investment Policy Outputs as a Component of National Development Strategy: Nigeria 1954-1980." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331233/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examined the effects and expectations of external economic dependence on foreign investment policy outputs with particular reference to the Nigerian experience between 1954 and 1980. Three basic kinds of external economic dependence were studied: foreign investment, the penetration of the Nigerian economy by foreign capital through the agency of the multinational corporations (MNCs); foreign trade, a measure of the Nigerian economy's participation in the world market; and foreign aid (loans and grants), a measure of Nigeria's reliance on financial assistance from governments and international financial inst itutions. For the most part, the level of Nigeria's economic dependence was very high. However, economic dependency is not translated into changes in foreign investment policy in favor of the foreign investors in Nigeria as is predicted by the dependency paradigm. The Nigerian case casts doubt on the dependency paradigm as a framework for fully explaining factors that may determine foreign direct investment policy changes that occur in a less developed Third World country. In other words, the dependency paradigm has a limited explanatory power; there is a factor independent of the economic factor operating out of the control of global capitalism (the center of the center in alliance with the center of the periphery); and that factor is the political process in Nigeria. The web of the Nigerian political process involves the various aspects of its internal functioning such as the manner in which needs, interests and demands are conveyed from the individuals and groups in the country to those performing state duties. Thus, Nigerian policy makers were more influenced by those elements than pure economic considerations treated in isolation.
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Hernández-Rodríguez, Víctor Manuel. "Why not Mexico? Policy Recommendations for a Globally-Oriented Economic Strategy." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1968.
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Mexico, one of the world’s largest economies and an increasingly relevant actor in international affairs, is at a crucial point in defining its future policy course. Given the uncertainty surrounding the global economy, as well as the political situation in Mexico, it is important to have a clear vision for policy going forward. This thesis offers a foundation for a national economic strategy with a long-term vision, upon which future administrations can build as appropriate to maximize on the country’s economic potential. The task is undertaken through a three-part approach. First, a thorough and analytical overview of the country’s economic history provides context and lessons from which to learn. Second, key economic issues to be addressed are identified through an evaluation of the current context and economic outlook. Finally, an evaluation of successful policy implementation, domestically and abroad, provides a basis that can be adapted to address the issues identified as they affect Mexico. The result is a series of six policy recommendations along two axes aimed at tackling the aforementioned key issues. These recommendations are by no means exhaustive, nor are they meant to be. The expectation is that they may serve to align national policy to global economic trends, underlying a plausible strategy to realize Mexico’s productive potential.
Книги з теми "Strategy of foreign economic activity development"
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Desai, Mihir A. Foreign direct investment and domestic economic activity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.
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Desai, Mihir A. Foreign direct investment and domestic economic activity. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.
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Development, United States Agency for International. Swaziland: Limited country development strategy statement, FY 1991. Washington, D.C: Agency for International Development, 1989.
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Rhee, Yung W. From nuclear to global: Transforming North Korea's development strategy. Seoul: Haenam Pub. Co., 2008.
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Canada. Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Sustainable development strategy 2004-2006: Agenda 2006. [Ottawa]: Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 2004.
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Developmental macroeconomics: New developmentalism as a growth strategy. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
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Kicking away the ladder: Development strategy in historical perspective. London: Anthem, 2002.
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Zhang, Si. Multinationals in China: Business strategy, technology and economic development. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
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1943-, Pearce Robert D., ed. Multinationals in China: Business strategy, technology and economic development. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
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utviklingshjelp, Norway Direktoratet for. Strategy towards 2010. [Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, 2006.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Strategy of foreign economic activity development"
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Birkinshaw, Julian. "Multinational Corporate Strategy and Organization: An Internal Market Perspective." In The Globalization of Multinational Enterprise Activity and Economic Development, 55–79. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230599161_3.
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Olena, Akymenko, Nadiia Reznik, and Skrytskiy Dmytro. "Organizational and Economic Mechanism of the Development of Foreign Economic Activity of Industrial Production." In The Importance of New Technologies and Entrepreneurship in Business Development: In The Context of Economic Diversity in Developing Countries, 1011–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69221-6_77.
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Nakamura, Futoshi. "Introduction." In Ecological Research Monographs, 1–7. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6791-6_1.
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AbstractWorldwide, Green Infrastructure (GI) has mainly been discussed from an adaptation strategy perspective in cities and urban areas. However, we believe that GI can also function in rural and suburban areas where depopulation is prominent. From 2015 to 2021, my colleagues and I have launched two projects, titled “Green Infrastructure with a Declining Population and Changing Climate: Assessment of Biodiversity, Disaster Prevention, and Social Values” and “Complementary Role of Green and Gray Infrastructures: Evaluation from Disaster Prevention, Environment, and Social and Economic Benefit,” which were supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Funds (4-1504 and 4-1805) of the Ministry of the Environment of Japan. This volume introduces some of our achievements in the projects. Additionally, I invited active foreign scientists from the United Kingdom and the United States to contribute their experiences and knowledge to this volume. As suggested by the studies, one of the important characteristics of GI is multifunctionality, which maintains biodiversity and traditional landscapes. Using a natural and seminatural GI network in a watershed, we are able to adapt to elevated disaster risks in a changing climate while sustaining traditional land use and restoring natural ecosystems that provide a suite of ecosystem services and human welfare.
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Lavrynenko, Svitlana, and Nataliia Kravchuk. "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT: REGIONAL ASPECT." In Priority areas for development of scientific research: domestic and foreign experience. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-049-0-7.
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In the context of Ukraine's orientation to the European community, taking an active part in global integration processes and strengthening sustainable socio-economic development, the issue of substantiating the essence, identifying features and factors that affect the sustainable development of regions is extremely important. There is a need to develop a new strategy for the development of the national economy, which would help to improve the quality of the ecosystem and provide society with the necessary amount of all resources. The purpose of the study is to form a set of scientific and methodological provisions for determining the content, concepts, factors and principles of effective management of sustainable development of the regions of Ukraine. The subject of the study are the principles, methods, tools for sustainable development of the regions of Ukraine. The methodology of the study of sustainable development is to form conceptual approaches to justify the importance of raising the sustainable development of regions. Sustainable development means any progressive changes, especially in the economic sphere. The essence of sustainable development is substantiated, which consists in a complex-system approach to the consideration of economic, social and ecological values in the process of functioning of economic systems. From the standpoint of taking into account natural values, economic activity should ensure economic, social and environmental development with minimal destruction of natural and surrounding ecosystems. t is proved that the management of sustainable development of the region is a complex systemic process that is related to the economic, social and environmental aspects of the region. The implementation of the management mechanism of sustainable development of the region is to ensure the balanced development of all areas of its economy on the basis of balanced management of the use of resources to address economic, social and environmental problems.
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Viadrova, Inna, and Irina Bitner. "MODERN METHODS OF THE BANK`S INVESTMENT DEVELOPMENT BASED ON THE PAIR TRADING MODELS." In Priority areas for development of scientific research: domestic and foreign experience. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-049-0-5.
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The article deals with the problem of analysis of banking activity and modern methods of investment development of the bank based on pairs trading models. The essence of the pair trading method as one of the most popular and qualitative methods of investment paper quality analysis is disclosed. The basis of the pairing trading method is defined as the beta-neutral portfolio strategy, which consists of creating a portfolio with a beta coefficient equal to zero, and the main advantage of which is the complete independence of the final paper yield from the market yield, it is only dependent on the future ratio of the value of one security to another. For the successful introduction of this method in banking activity, a clear algorithm for the construction of a paired trading model based on economic-mathematical methods and models is proposed. The proposed algorithm contains three stages in which the following steps are to be taken: analysis and selection of securities; development of a pairing trading model; development and regulation of the selected strategy. The implementation of the proposed algorithm begins with the selection of statistical data on the prices of securities, provides for the verification of data on stationarity, as well as the identification of a system for combining series, and the analysis of coefficients of the matching between prices of securities. As a result of the steps taken, pairs of securities are selected that are more closely related and a full economic analysis of the pairs is made, and the parameters of co-integration equations to pairs of paper are selected, evaluated and analyzed then the errors of the co-integration model are checked for stationary. In the work models of pairs trading are constructed for the realization of an aggressive strategy of trade spreads. In order to build an effective strategy for pairing trading, data on prices of securities, which are the most attractive to Ukrainian banks, namely, US Treasury bonds, have been examined. The hypothesis being tested in the paper is that it is necessary to identify a pair of securities with a sufficiently strong dependency where one should have a rapid growth or decline relative to the other, after which the sale of the revalued security and the purchase of the undervalued security is mandatory. The study found that for each pair of Treasury bonds, the ratio was satisfactory. This indicates that the resultant securities pairs are suitable as an investment that, with a well-designed strategy, will allow the bank to obtain optimum returns. The final step of the algorithm is the analysis of the results obtained, which includes a comprehensive analysis of the conducted research and effective decision-making. The application of the proposed algorithm will allow banks to make informed decisions on the choice and regulation of the strategy in exchange market changes in order to obtain a low level of risk and a high level of profit.
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Yurchenko, Nataliia. "METHODICAL APPROACHES TO EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY OF FUNCTIONING OF INTEGRATION PROCESSES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY." In Priority areas for development of scientific research: domestic and foreign experience. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-049-0-14.
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The article summarizes the approaches to assessing the effectiveness of integration presented in the economic literature and tested in world practice, argues the feasibility of creating integrated structures, highlights the main conceptual approaches to qualitative assessment of the effectiveness of integration of economic entities, namely: approaches based on the environment; transaction cost theory; assessment of the achievement of competitive advantages; assessing the benefits of long-term business relationships; theories of financial management; assessment of the interaction of shareholders and managers. In order to ensure the efficient functioning of the food industry, prevent further decline of all its industries and to ensure the competitiveness of domestic products in domestic and foreign markets, it is necessary to move to an innovative type of development and diversify the products of the food industry. In modern conditions, diversification acquires a slightly deeper meaning and can be defined as a variety of activities of the enterprise in the production, financial and marketing spheres. The strategy of diversification of agricultural enterprises, which consists of expanded specialization and activities, vertical integration, renewal of ties and new initiatives, in the crisis can ensure stable business results. It is believed that diversification provides: resource competitive advantages (advantages that increase the consumer effect associated with price characteristics), technological competitive advantages (advantages that are due to the availability and operation of mass production technologies), innovative competitive advantages (advantages that allow to provide updating of the nomenclature and range), partnership competitive advantages (advantages which are connected with formation of social, economic standards of economic activity and their realization. Therefore it is extremely necessary to focus on research of methodical provisions by means of which it is possible to analyze diversification measures at the enterprises).
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Voloshyna, Oksana. "APPLICATION OF MODERN PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES WHEN TEACHING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN THE NON-LINGUISTIC HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION." In Development of scientific, technological and innovation space in Ukraine and EU countries. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-151-0-6.
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Rapid globalization processes, formation and development of innovation-oriented economy, Ukraine’s integration into the global financial and economic space, which lead to intensification of cooperation with foreign partners, are reflected in all areas of activity and cause new demands for the competence of future professionals, and foreign language communicative competence holds a substantial position. To implement these tasks, the main strategy for the development of the higher education system is the adaptation of curricula to the international level, inclusion of international aspects at all levels of educational and research activities of higher education institutions. Pedagogical technologies are active teaching methods based on the interaction of the teacher with students. When conducting classes with the use of pedagogical technologies, the teacher acts as an organizer, and his main task is to direct the process of information exchange between the students, namely, consolidation of previously learned material, identifying different points of view, increasing student’s activity, combining theoretical knowledge and practical skills. When teaching a foreign language in the non-linguistic higher education institution, pedagogical technologies are distributed according to the type of organization and management of cognitive activity, namely: structural and logical, integrative, game-based, computer-based, dialogue-based, and – training ones. Organization of the educational process with the use of pedagogical technologies allows students to get more professionally oriented information, allows them to ask questions with their subsequent solution. When learning a foreign language in a non-linguistic higher education institution, pedagogical technologies targeted at the development of intercultural foreign language communication of students are used, namely: structural and logical (work in small groups, aquarium); integrative (cluster, cinquain); game-based (Brownian motion, sparring partnership, puzzle); dialogue-based (large circle, carousel); training (decision tree, brainstorming, case method, project method). Harmonious formation of personal and professional self-esteem is an important condition for achieving professional competence of the future specialist. The main objectives of pedagogical technologies in foreign language learning are as follows: social (ability to cooperate, ability to solve problems in different professional situations, mutual understanding skills, active participation, social and professional values and skills, communication skills, mobility, ability to identify personal roles in a professional team), motivational (ability to learn, ingenuity, skills to adapt and be mobile, ability to succeed in professional activities, desire to improve professional level, interests and intrinsic motivation, personal practical abilities, ability to make individual choices and set personal goals), functional (linguistic competence, professional and scientific competence, ability to operate knowledge in professional activities and self-study, ability to use sources of information for the personal development). Mastering a foreign language by the students is the basis for many special disciplines in a non-linguistic higher education institution. Practical skills of foreign language communication cannot exist separately from theoretical knowledge, and this contradiction helps to solve the use of pedagogical technologies, the main of which are practice-oriented teaching methods. Practice-oriented teaching methods help to engage students in professional activities without being excluded from classes. The essence of practice-oriented learning involves organization of the educational process on the basis of the harmony of operational and activitybased components; assimilation of new information and acquisition of skills of practical experience and use of theoretical knowledge when solving vital tasks; awareness of the importance and significance of learning. A practiceoriented learning should be based on practical approach. The purpose of the practical approach is to develop students’ ability to act, and the means of learning for the students should be knowledge that are currently required in various fields of social and professional practice, forming an understanding of where and under what circumstances this knowledge may be useful.
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Poliakova, Juliia, Oksana Shaida, and Andriy Stepanov. "PRIORITIES AND DIRECTIONS OF INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT OF EXPORT ACTIVITIES OF UKRAINE." In Anti-Crisis Management: State, Region, Enterprise. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-020-9-5.
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Prospects for the implementation of the Export Strategy of Ukraine are analysed. Specific features of institutional support of export activities, which are carried out by state institutions and public and non-governmental organizations, are studied. The activity of the State Institution “Export Promotion Office of Ukraine” is examined. The Office is designed to strengthen the export potential of Ukrainian enterprises, promote Ukrainian goods and services abroad, establish cooperation and partnership between domestic and foreign businesses. The paper investigates the work of the institutions aimed at promoting the export activities of domestic enterprises, including the Exporters and Investors Council under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, the Ukrainian Venture Capital and Private Equity Association, the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Development Office, the Investment Promotion Office, the State Finance Institution for Innovations, Ukrainian Startup Fund, etc. A set of measures to stimulate domestic exports has been developed. A characteristic of innovation activity in Ukraine is presented and its influence on the formation of export potential is revealed. The priority directions of export stimulation are outlined, which envisage the application of technological platforms by Ukrainian exporters, establishment of a system of institutional support as a complex of interaction for consulting, information, marketing and technical support of exports, use of economic incentives for innovative enterprises.
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Gakhovich, Natalia, Oksana Kushnirenko, and Liliia Venger. "OVERCOMING THE CONSEQUENCES OF UKRAINIAN MANUFACTURING DEINDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION." In European vector of development of the modern scientific researches. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-077-3-30.
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In the paper, we investigate the main causes and consequences of de-industrialization manufacturing and identify important factors influencing the structural transformation of the industrial sector through the prism of global technological challenges. Important challenges identified include environmental challenges of the threatening impact of climate change, digitalization in all spheres of public life, the technological leadership of developed countries in context field of Industry 4.0, changes in the geopolitical landscape and trade conflicts between countries; migration and population aging; changes in competencies and retraining of employees to acquire digital skills; cybersecurity and volatility threats; quarantine amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The current structural imbalances of Ukrainian industrial development are considered and the current state and dynamics of structural changes in the Ukrainian economy in technological, reproduction, sectoral and foreign economic dimensions are analyzed. Crisis trends in the Ukrainian industry developed long before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic: comparing the structure of Ukrainian industry by type of economic activity, a decrease in the share of the manufacturing industry, a loss of production potential for a number of high-tech industries (automotive industry, instrument making, shipbuilding) and a decrease in added value in manufacturing industry with Ukraine's establishment as an independent state in which profound political, social and economic reforms have begun to take place. The analysis made it possible to determine further opportunities for industrial development, taking into account harmonization with European trends in digital and green transformations in industry. Based on the research results, complex directions for solving structural imbalances in industry at interrelated levels are proposed: state, regional and local levels. Overcoming the consequences of Ukrainian manufacturing deindustrialization in the context of European integration is dependent on developing and implementing relevant policy of manufacturing modernization and principles of the "circular economy"; integration into strategic value chains; creating conditions for training personnel with digital competencies; development of an innovative infrastructure – scientific, industrial, technological parks, innovation clusters and business-incubators. This will lead to the development and introduction of domestic innovation in production, which in turn should inspire further progress in the innovation structural transformation in Ukrainian economy and help to enhance national competitiveness and achieve sustained economic growth.
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Aspe, Pedro. "Mexico: Foreign Debt and Economic Growth." In Mexico’s Search for a New Development Strategy, 123–39. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429043154-14.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Strategy of foreign economic activity development"
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Ishmanova, Dinora. "Investment Projects in Oil and Gas Industry in Uzbekistan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02064.
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In recent years, the oil and gas industry of Uzbekistan has been developing very fast, and oil and gas production has grown significantly. Uzbekistan achieved oil independence. Natural gas fields in the Republic are being exported to foreign countries as well as satisfying the needs of all types of industrial enterprises and population. Growth of oil and gas extraction is achieved by opening up of new oil and gas constructions and fields, increasing the efficiency of mining operations, and applying new methods of increasing the level of resource utilization. Determining the ultimate goal of socio-economic transformations in our country is the starting point of the current reform strategy. At the same time, the focus is on ensuring the dynamic development of the fuel and energy complex, increasing oil and gas extraction and processing, and gaining energy independence of the republic. LUKOIL is one of the world's largest vertically -Integrated companies engaged in the extraction and processing of oil and gas, manufacturing of petroleum products and petrochemicals. The main areas of its activity, the Company holds a leading position in the Russian and global markets.
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Burksaitiene, Daiva, and Kristina Garskaite-Milvydiene. "Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions Factors in Joining the European Union Countries." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) are increasingly being used in the business world, and this process plays an important role in economic theory and lays the foundations for sustainable business development. The global recovery in foreign direct investment (FDI) was strong in 2015, with global FDI flows jumping by 38%, their highest level since the global economic and financial crisis of 2008–2009. A surge in cross-border M&As to $721 billion, from $432 billion in 2014, was the principal factor behind the global rebound. These M&As were partly driven by very large corporate reconfigurations by multinational enterprises (MNEs), i.e. changes in legal or ownership structures, including shifting their headquarters for strategic reasons and tax inversions. This paper examines the key M&As stimulating strategic objectives and causes, and ways of this process, as well as the cross-border M&As market activity. The objective of this paper is to identify ways, purposes and reasons of M&As transactions, and to present the factors influencing this process and market activity. The object of this research is the M&As transactions market. Research methodology of this paper is based on scientific literature and statistical information systematic, comparative, logical and econometric analysis.
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Zaychikova, N. A. "Factors Affecting Regional Foreign Economic Activity In Russia." In Global Challenges and Prospects of The Modern Economic Development. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.04.02.177.
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Khomenko, L. M., and S. M. Semenko. "Improving the management system of foreign economic activity." In Actual question of management of sustainable development in today’s society: problems and prospects. Kremenchuk Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi National University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30929/2227-3549.2021.10.26-28.
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Yan, Xiong. "The Development of Regional Economic Integration and Chinars Foreign Regional Economic Strategy." In 2018 4th International Conference on Economics, Social Science, Arts, Education and Management Engineering (ESSAEME 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/essaeme-18.2018.24.
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Fedorenko, R. V. "Customs And Logistics Framework Of Foreign Economic Activity: Conceptual Basis." In 18th International Scientific Conference “Problems of Enterprise Development: Theory and Practice”. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.04.29.
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Sukhanova, E. I. "Modeling And Forecasting Of Russian Foreign Economic Activity Indicators: Econometric Approach." In Global Challenges and Prospects of The Modern Economic Development. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.04.02.150.
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Bareiko, S. N. "Development of foreign economic activity as a factor of competitiveness domestic entrepreneurship." In НАУКА РОССИИ: ЦЕЛИ И ЗАДАЧИ. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sr-10-10-2018-26.
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Artemenko, T. V. "THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COMPANY'S FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: THEORY AND PRACTICE." In New forms of production and entrepreneurship in the coordinates of neo-industrial development of the economy. PD of KSUEL, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/978-5-7823-0731-8-2020-081-090.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article considers various options for determining the significance of the foreign economic activity of an enterprise, including the implementation of the main functions or development strategies of an enterprise, depending on the motives of foreign economic activity. Six levels of manifestation of the effect of the foreign economic activity of a single enterprise are identified: the level of the enterprise, regional, sectoral, national, supranational levels, the level of the world economy. Briefly characterized are the areas of manifestation of the effect of the foreign economic activity of the enterprise, such as budget, production, investment, social, other. The nature of the manifestation of the effect (direct, indirect) and its orientation (positive, negative) are indicated.
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Shutova, Tatiana V., Aleksey A. Kostin, and Dmitriy A. Kozlov. "Digitalization of Administration of Foreign Economic Transactions of Industrial Enterprises." In International Scientific and Practical Conference Strategy of Development of Regional Ecosystems “Education-Science-Industry” (ISPCR 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220208.062.
Повний текст джерелаЗвіти організацій з теми "Strategy of foreign economic activity development"
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Elizur, Abigail, Amir Sagi, Gideon Hulata, Clive Jones, and Wayne Knibb. Improving Crustacean Aquaculture Production Efficiencies through Development of Monosex Populations Using Endocrine and Molecular Manipulations. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613890.bard.
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Background Most of Australian prawn aquaculture production is based on P. monodon. However, the Australian industry is under intense competition from lower priced overseas imports. The availability of all-female monosex populations, by virtue of their large size and associated premium prize, will offer competitive advantage to the industry which desperately needs to counteract competitors within this market. As for the redclaw production in Israel, although it is at its infancy, the growers realized that the production of males is extremely advantageous and that such management strategy will change the economic assumptions and performances of this aquaculture to attract many more growers. Original objectives (as in original proposal) Investigating the sex inheritance mechanism in the tiger prawn. Identification of genes expressed uniquely in the androgenic gland (AG) of prawns and crayfish. The above genes and/or their products will be used to localize the AG in the prawn and manipulate the AG activity in both species. Production of monosex populations through AG manipulation. In the prawn, production of all-female populations and in the crayfish, all-male populations. Achievements In the crayfish, the AG cDNA library was further screened and a third AG specific transcript, designated Cq-AG3, had been identified. Simultaneously the two AG specific genes, which were previously identified, were further characterized. Tissue specificity of one of those genes, termed Cq-AG2, was demonstrated by northern blot hybridization and RNA in-situ hybridization. Bioinformatics prediction, which suggested a 42 amino acid long signal anchor at the N-terminus of the deduced Cq-AG2, was confirmed by immunolocalization of a recombinant protein. Cq-IAG's functionality was demonstrated by dsRNA in-vivo injections to intersex crayfish. Cq-IAGsilencing induced dramatic sex-related alterations, including male feature feminization, reduced sperm production, extensive testicular apoptosis, induction of the vitellogeningene expression and accumulation of yolk proteins in the ovaries. In the prawn, the AG was identified and a cDNA library was created. The putative P. monodonAG hormone encoding gene (Pm-IAG) was identified, isolated and characterized for time of expression and histological localization. Implantation of the AG into prawn post larvae (PL) and juveniles resulted in phenotypic transformation which included the appearance of appendix masculina and enlarged petasma. The transformation however did not result in sex change or the creation of neo males thus the population genetics stage to be executed with Prof. Hulata did not materialized. Repeated AG implantation is currently being trialed. Major conclusions and Implications, both scientific and agricultural Cq-IAG's involvement in male sexual differentiation had been demonstrated and it is strongly suggested that this gene encodes an AG hormone in this crayfish. A thorough screening of the AG cDNA library shows Cq-IAG is the prominent transcript within the library. However, the identification of two additional transcripts hints that Cq-IAG is not the only gene mediating the AG effects. The successful gene silencing of Cq-IAG, if performed at earlier developmental stages, might accomplish full and functional sex reversal which will enable the production of all-male crayfish populations. Pm-IAG is likely to play a similar role in prawns. It is possible that repeated administration of the AG into prawn will lead to the desired full sex reversal, so that WZ neo males, crossed with WZ females can result in WW females, which will form the basis for monosex all-female population.
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Allan, Duncan, and Ian Bond. A new Russia policy for post-Brexit Britain. Royal Institute of International Affairs, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784132842.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The UK’s 2021 Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy describes Russia as ‘the most acute direct threat to [the UK’s] security’ in the 2020s. Relations did not get this bad overnight: the trend has been negative for nearly two decades. The bilateral political relationship is now broken. Russian policymakers regard the UK as hostile, but also as weaker than Russia: a junior partner of the US and less important than Germany within Europe. The consensus among Russian observers is that Brexit has reduced the UK’s international influence, to Russia’s benefit. The history of UK–Russia relations offers four lessons. First, because the two lack shared values and interests, their relationship is fragile and volatile. Second, adversarial relations are the historical norm. Third, each party exaggerates its importance on the world stage. Fourth, external trends beyond the UK’s control regularly buffet the relationship. These wider trends include the weakening of the Western-centric international order; the rise of populism and opposition to economic globalization; and the global spread of authoritarian forms of governance. A coherent Russia strategy should focus on the protection of UK territory, citizens and institutions; security in the Euro-Atlantic space; international issues such as non-proliferation; economic relations; and people-to-people contacts. The UK should pursue its objectives with the tools of state power, through soft power instruments and through its international partnerships. Despite Brexit, the EU remains an essential security partner for the UK. In advancing its Russia-related interests, the UK should have four operational priorities: rebuilding domestic resilience; concentrating resources on the Euro-Atlantic space; being a trusted ally and partner; and augmenting its soft power. UK decision-makers should be guided by four propositions. In the first place, policy must be based on clear, hard-headed thinking about Russia. Secondly, an adversarial relationship is not in itself contrary to UK interests. Next, Brexit makes it harder for the UK and the EU to deal with Russia. And finally, an effective Russia policy demands a realistic assessment of UK power and influence. The UK is not a ‘pocket superpower’. It is an important but middling power in relative decline. After Brexit, it needs to repair its external reputation and maximize its utility to allies and partners, starting with its European neighbours.
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Husson, Scott M., Viatcheslav Freger, and Moshe Herzberg. Antimicrobial and fouling-resistant membranes for treatment of agricultural and municipal wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598151.bard.
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This research project introduced a novel membrane coating strategy to combat biofouling, which is a major problem for the membrane-based treatment of agricultural and municipal wastewaters. The novelty of the strategy is that the membrane coatings have the unique ability to switch reversibly between passive (antifouling) and active (antimicrobial) fouling control mechanisms. This dual-mode approach differs fundamentally from other coating strategies that rely solely on one mode of fouling control. The research project had two complementary objectives: (1) preparation, characterization, and testing of dual-mode polymer nanolayers on planar surfaces and (2) evaluation of these nanolayers as membrane modifiers. The first objective was designed to provide a fundamental understanding of how polymer nanolayer chemistry and structure affect bacterial deposition and to demonstrate the reversibility of chemical switching. The second objective, which focused on membrane development, characterization, and testing, was designed to demonstrate methods for the production of water treatment membranes that couple passive and active biofouling control mechanisms. Both objectives were attained through synergistic collaboration among the three research groups. Using planar silicon and glass surfaces, we demonstrated using infrared spectroscopy that this new polymer coating can switch reversibly between the anti-fouling, zwitterion mode and an anti-microbial, quaternary amine mode. We showed that switching could be done more than 50 times without loss of activity and that the kinetics for switching from a low fouling zwitterion surface to an antimicrobial quaternary amine surface is practical for use. While a low pH was required for switching in the original polymer, we illustrated that by slightly altering the chemistry, it is possible to adjust the pH at which the switching occurs. A method was developed for applying the new zwitterionic surface chemistry onto polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes. Bacteria deposition studies showed that the new chemistry performed better than other common anti-fouling chemistries. Biofilm studies showed that PESultrafiltration membranes coated with the new chemistry accumulated half the biomass volume as unmodified membranes. Biofilm studies also showed that PES membranes coated with the new chemistry in the anti-microbial mode attained higher biofilm mortality than PES membranes coated with a common, non-switchablezwitterionic polymer. Results from our research are expected to improve membrane performance for the purification of wastewaters prior to use in irrigation. Since reduction in flux due to biofouling is one of the largest costs associated with membrane processes in water treatment, using dual-mode nanolayer coatings that switch between passive and active control of biofouling and enable detachment of attached biofoulants would have significant economic and societal impacts. Specifically, this research program developed and tested advanced ultrafiltration membranes for the treatment of wastewaters. Such membranes could find use in membrane bioreactors treating municipal wastewater, a slightly upgraded version of what presently is used in Israel for irrigation. They also may find use for pretreatment of agricultural wastewaters, e.g., rendering facility wastewater, prior to reverse osmosis for desalination. The need to desalinate such impaired waters water for unlimited agricultural use is likely in the near future.
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Davies, Will. Improving the engagement of UK armed forces overseas. Royal Institute of International Affairs, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The UK government’s Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy, published in March 2021 alongside a supporting defence command paper, set a new course for UK national security and highlighted opportunities for an innovative approach to international engagement activity. The Integrated Review focused principally on the state threats posed by China’s increasing power and by competitors – including Russia – armed with nuclear, conventional and hybrid capabilities. It also stressed the continuing risks to global security and resilience due to conflict and instability in weakened and failed states. These threats have the potential to increase poverty and inequality, violent extremism, climate degradation and the forced displacement of people, while presenting authoritarian competitors with opportunities to enhance their geopolitical influence. There are moral, security and economic motives to foster durable peace in conflict-prone and weakened regions through a peacebuilding approach that promotes good governance, addresses the root causes of conflict and prevents violence, while denying opportunities to state competitors. The recent withdrawal from Afghanistan serves to emphasize the complexities and potential pitfalls associated with intervention operations in complex, unstable regions. Success in the future will require the full, sustained and coordinated integration of national, allied and regional levers of power underpinned by a sophisticated understanding of the operating environment. The UK armed forces, with their considerable resources and global network, will contribute to this effort through ‘persistent engagement’. This is a new approach to overseas operations below the threshold of conflict, designed as a pre-emptive complement to warfighting. To achieve this, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) must develop a capability that can operate effectively in weak, unstable and complex regions prone to violent conflict and crises, not least in the regions on the eastern and southern flanks of the Euro-Atlantic area. The first step must be the development of a cohort of military personnel with enhanced, tailored levels of knowledge, skills and experience. Engagement roles must be filled by operators with specialist knowledge, skills and experience forged beyond the mainstream discipline of combat and warfighting. Only then will individuals develop a genuinely sophisticated understanding of complex, politically driven and sensitive operating environments and be able to infuse the design and delivery of international activities with practical wisdom and insight. Engagement personnel need to be equipped with: An inherent understanding of the human and political dimensions of conflict, the underlying drivers such as inequality and scarcity, and the exacerbating factors such as climate change and migration; - A grounding in social sciences and conflict modelling in order to understand complex human terrain; - Regional expertise enabled by language skills, cultural intelligence and human networks; - Familiarity with a diverse range of partners, allies and local actors and their approaches; - Expertise in building partner capacity and applying defence capabilities to deliver stability and peace; - A grasp of emerging artificial intelligence technology as a tool to understand human terrain; - Reach and insight developed through ‘knowledge networks’ of external experts in academia, think-tanks and NGOs. Successful change will be dependent on strong and overt advocacy by the MOD’s senior leadership and a revised set of personnel policies and procedures for this cohort’s selection, education, training, career management, incentivization, sustainability and support.
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Monetary Policy Report - October 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr4.-2020.
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Recent data suggest that the technical staff’s appraisals of the condition and development of economic activity, inflation and the labor market have been in line with current trends, marked by a decline in demand and the persistence of ample excess productive capacity. A significant projected fall in output materialized in the second quarter, contributing to a decline in inflation below the 3% target and reflected in a significant deterioration of the labor market. A slow recovery in output and employment is expected to continue for the remainder of 2020 and into next year, alongside growing inflation that should remain below the target. The Colombian economy is likely to undergo a significant recession in 2020 (GDP contraction of 7.6%), though this may be less severe than projected in the previous report (-8.5%). Output is expected to have begun a slow recovery in the second half of this year, though it is not projected to return to pre-pandemic levels in 2021 amid significant global uncertainty. The output decline in the first half of 2020 was less severe than anticipated, thanks to an upward revision in first-quarter GDP and a smaller contraction in the second quarter (-15.5%) than had been projected (-16.5%). Available economic indicators suggest an annual decline in GDP in the third quarter of around 9%. No significant acceleration of COVID-19 cases that would imply a tightening of social distancing measures is presumed for the remainder of this year or in 2021. In that context, a gradual opening of the economy would be expected to continue, with supply in sectors that have been most affected by the pandemic recovering slowly as restrictions on economic activity continue to be relaxed. On the spending side, an improvement in consumer confidence, suppressed demand for goods and services, low interest rates, and higher expected levels of foreign demand should contribute to a recovery in output. A low base of comparison would also help explain the expected increase in GDP in 2021. Based on the conditions laid out above, economic growth in 2020 is expected to be between -9% and -6.5%, with a central value of -7.6%. Growth in 2021 is projected to be between 3% and 7%, with a central value of 4.6% (Graph 1.1). Upward revisions compared to the July report take into account a lower-than-expected fall in first-semester growth and a somewhat faster recovery in the third quarter in some sectors. The forecast intervals for 2020 and 2021 growth tightened somewhat but continue to reflect a high degree of uncertainty over theevolution of the pandemic, the easures required to deal with it, and their effects on global and domestic economic activity.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.
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Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor