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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Storm wate"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Storm wate"

1

Molina, Rosa, Giorgio Manno, Carlo Lo Re, Giorgio Anfuso, and Giuseppe Ciraolo. "Storm Energy Flux Characterization along the Mediterranean Coast of Andalusia (Spain)." Water 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030509.

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This paper investigates wave climate and storm characteristics along the Mediterranean coast of Andalusia, for the period 1979–2014, by means of the analysis of wave data on four prediction points obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Normally, to characterize storms, researchers use the so-called “power index”. In this paper, a different approach was adopted based on the assessment of the wave energy flux of each storm, using a robust definition of sea storm. During the investigated period, a total of 2961 storm events were recorded. They were classified by means of their associated energy flux into five classes, from low- (Class I) to high-energetic (Class V). Each point showed a different behavior in terms of energy, number, and duration of storms. Nine stormy years, i.e., years with a high cumulative energy, were recorded in 1980, 1983, 1990, 1992, 1995, 2001, 2008, 2010, and 2013.
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2

Vennell, Ross. "Long Barotropic Waves Generated by a Storm Crossing Topography." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 2809–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jpo3687.1.

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Abstract Storms crossing topography are shown to radiate long surface gravity waves. The waves are transients generated by changes in the depth-dependent amplitude of the atmospherically forced pressure wave beneath a storm. This generation mechanism for long waves, known as “meteorological tsunamis” or rissaga, does not appear to have been previously discussed. The transients have periods equal to the passage time of the storm, of order 30 min for small fast-moving storms. A 1D model is used to give the amplitudes of the transient waves generated by a small fast-moving storm crossing a topographic step on to a continental shelf and across a ridge. Large transients are generated by storms whose translation speed is subcritical in deep water and supercritical in shallow water, that is, faster than the shallow-water wave speed. Surprisingly, when the depth difference between the deep water and the continental shelf is large, a gentle transition from deep to shallow water over 10 storm widths only slightly reduces the amplitudes of the transients. The influence of a finite-width shelf on the enhancement of coastal storm surge is also discussed. A 2D numerical model illustrates the topographic transients generated by sub- and supercritical storms moving across a ridge. Topographic transients are suggested as a source of energy for seiches on shelves and within embayments. The energy may come from a storm crossing the adjacent continental slope and possibly from distant open-ocean storms crossing multiple ridges and seamounts.
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3

Wissmeier, Ulrike, and Robert Goler. "A Comparison of Tropical and Midlatitude Thunderstorm Evolution in Response to Wind Shear." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 2385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas2963.1.

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Abstract The influence of vertical wind shear on storm development within a tropical environment is studied with the aid of two numerical models and compared with that in simulations of midlatitude storms. The simulations show that larger wind shears are required in a tropical environment than in a midlatitude environment for a storm of given updraft velocity to split. This finding is supported by the experience of forecasters at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Regional Forecasting Centre in Darwin that the operational storm forecasting tools developed for midlatitude storms overforecast supercells within the tropics. That tropical storms require higher shears to split can be attributed either to the larger gust front speed or to the earlier gust front occurrence compared to those in the midlatitudes. A fast gust front cuts off the storm from the warm moist inflow and the updraft has little or no time to split. In the cases where the midtropospheric relative humidity is larger in the tropics or comparable with that in the midlatitudes, the total liquid water and ice content within the deeper tropical storms is larger than in the midlatitude storms, causing a stronger downdraft. In other words, the main contribution to the negative buoyancy of the downdraft is the water loading rather than the evaporative cooling. When a tropical storm is simulated in an environment with smaller midtropospheric relative humidity than in the midlatitudes, the amount of liquid water and ice within the storm is comparable to that within the midlatitude storm. Intense evaporation within the tropical storm then leads to a stronger negative buoyancy than in the midlatitude storm, causing a stronger downdraft and thus an earlier or a faster-spreading gust front. At higher shears in the tropics, entrainment reduces the storm depth and thus water loading, resulting in a delayed gust front initiation and/or reduction of the gust front speed, which then allows storm splitting to occur.
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Smolders, S., Y. Plancke, S. Ides, P. Meire, and S. Temmerman. "Role of intertidal wetlands for tidal and storm tide attenuation along a confined estuary: a model study." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 7 (July 30, 2015): 1659–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1659-2015.

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Abstract. Coastal lowlands and estuaries are subjected to increasing flood risks during storm surges due to global and regional changes. Tidal wetlands are increasingly valued as effective natural buffers for storm surges by dissipating wave energy and providing flood water storage. While previous studies focused on flood wave attenuation within and behind wetlands, this study focuses on the effects of estuarine wetland properties on the attenuation of a storm tide that propagates along the length of an estuary. Wetland properties including elevation, surface area, and location within the estuary were investigated using a numerical model of the Scheldt estuary (Belgium, SW Netherlands). For a spring tide lower wetland elevations result in more attenuation of high water levels along the estuary, while for a higher storm tide higher elevations provide more attenuation compared to lower wetland elevations. For spring and storm tide a larger wetland surface area results in a better attenuation along the estuary up to a threshold wetland size for which larger wetlands do not further contribute to more attenuation. Finally a wetland of the same size and elevation, but located more upstream in the estuary, can store a larger proportion of the local flood volume and therefore has a larger attenuating effect on upstream high water levels. With this paper we aim to contribute towards a better understanding and wider implementation of ecosystem-based adaptation to increasing estuarine flood risks associated with storms.
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Smolders, S., Y. Plancke, S. Ides, P. Meire, and S. Temmerman. "Role of intertidal wetlands for tidal and storm tide attenuation along a confined estuary: a model study." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 5 (May 8, 2015): 3181–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-3181-2015.

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Анотація:
Abstract. Coastal lowlands and estuaries are subjected to increasing flood risks during storm surges due to global and regional changes. Tidal wetlands are increasingly valued as effective natural buffers for storm surges by dissipating wave energy and providing flood water storage. While previous studies focused on flood wave attenuation within and behind wetlands, this study focuses on the effects of estuarine wetland properties on the attenuation of a storm tide that propagates along the length of an estuary. Wetland properties including elevation, surface area, and location within the estuary were investigated using a numerical model of the Scheldt estuary (Belgium, SW Netherlands). For a spring tide lower wetland elevations result in more attenuation of high water levels along the estuary, while for a higher storm tide higher elevations provide more attenuation compared to lower wetland elevations. For spring and storm tide a arger wetland surface area results in a better attenuation along the estuary up to a threshold wetland size for which larger wetlands do not further contribute to more attenuation. Finally a wetland of the same size and elevation, but located more upstream in the estuary, can store a larger proportion of the local flood volume and therefore has a larger attenuating effect on upstream high water levels. With this paper we aim to contribute towards a better understanding and wider implementation of ecosystem-based adaptation to increasing estuarine flood risks associated with storms.
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6

Watts, L. G., and A. Calver. "Effects of Spatially-Distributed Rainfall on Runoff for a Conceptual Catchment." Hydrology Research 22, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1991.0001.

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A physically-based rainfall-runoff model is used to investigate effects of moving storms on the runoff hydrograph of throughflow dominated idealised catchments. Simulations are undertaken varying the storm speed, direction, intensity, the part of the catchment affected by rainfall, and the spatial definition of rainfall zones. For a 100 km2 catchment, under the circumstances investigated, an efficient spatial resolution of rainfall data is around 2.5 km along the path of the storm. Storms moving downstream produce earlier, higher peaks than do storms moving upstream. Error is most likely to be introduced into lumped-rainfall predictions for slower storm speeds, and the likely direction of this error can be specified. Differences in magnitude of peak response between downstream and upstream storm directions reach a maximum at a storm speed and direction similar to the average peak channel velocity. These results are qualitatively similar to those reported for overland flow dominated catchments, but differences in peak runoff between downstream and upstream storm directions are much smaller where rainfall inputs are modified by a period of hillslope throughflow.
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7

Basco, David R., and Nader Mahmoudpour. "THE MODIFIED COASTAL STORM IMPULSE (COSI) PARAMETER AND QUANTIFICATION OF FRAGILITY CURVES FOR COASTAL DESIGN." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (December 15, 2012): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.66.

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Анотація:
A coastal storm-strength parameter, the Coastal Storm Impulse (COSI) parameter was introduced at the ICCE 2006 (San Diego) and further discussed in the ICCE 2008 (Hamburg) and ICCE 2010 (Shanghai) proceedings. COSI is based on the conservation of linear, horizontal momentum to combine storm surge, wave dynamics, and currents over the storm duration. Both tropical storms (hurricanes) and extra-tropical storms (low-pressure fronts) can produce similar COSI parameters. Analysis of coastal storms over a 10 year period (1994-2003) of measured data at the Corps of Engineers, Field Research Facility (FRF), Duck, NC showed the need to modify the original method to (1) use the mean, nonlinear wave momentum flux, and (2) use only the spikes in storm surge when elevated water levels are above the mean high water level of the tide. This paper presents the full details of how to calculate the modified COSI parameter; the modified results for the 10-yr Duck data set and suggest possible applications to develop fragility curves for coastal engineering design. Clearly, fragility curves are needed to quantify risk and hence resilience in coastal systems design. The intensity of the “load” or “disturbance”, i.e. the severity of the coastal storm must be quantified to develop fragility curves. Excess water levels (storm surge), wave conditions (height, period, direction) and storm duration all contribute to the intensity of a coastal storm. How to combine these three factors has long been a concern of coastal scientists and engineers.
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Scharffenberg, Kevin C., Dustin Whalen, Shannon A. MacPhee, Marianne Marcoux, John Iacozza, Gail Davoren, and Lisa L. Loseto. "Oceanographic, ecological, and socio-economic impacts of an unusual summer storm in the Mackenzie Estuary." Arctic Science 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/as-2018-0029.

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With increased warming and open water due to climate change, the frequency and intensity of storm surges is expected to increase. Although studies have shown that strong storms can negatively impact Arctic ecosystems, the impact of storms on Arctic marine mammals is relatively unknown. In July 2016, an unusually large storm occurred in the Mackenzie Delta while instrumented seabed moorings equipped with hydrophones and oceanographic sensors were in place to study environmental drivers of beluga habitat use during their summer aggregation. The storm lasted up to 88 h, with maximum wind speeds reaching 60 km/h; historical wind data from Tuktoyaktuk revealed a storm of similar duration has not occurred in July in at least the past 28 years. This provided a unique opportunity to study the impacts of large storms on oceanographic conditions, beluga habitat use, and the traditional subsistence hunt that occurs annually in the delta. The storm resulted in increased water levels and localized flooding as well as a significant drop in water temperature (∼10 °C) and caused belugas to leave the area for 5 days. Although belugas returned after the storm ended, the subsistence hunt was halted resulting in the lowest beluga harvest between 1978 and 2017.
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Van Gent, Marcel R. A., Suzanna A. A. Zwanenburg, and Jan Kramer. "EFFECTS OF WATER LEVEL VARIATIONS ON THE STABILITY OF ROCK ARMOURED SLOPES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.papers.44.

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Physical model tests on the stability of rock armoured slopes have been performed to demonstrate the importance of water level variations during a storm, due to a tide or a storm surge. For the stability of rock armoured slopes also the importance of the sequence of storms at various water levels has been studied. The test results indicate that a smooth sinusoidal water level variation leads to an increase in damage compared to the same wave conditions at a constant water level. Furthermore, a stepwise approach of the sinusoidal water level elevation leads to other results than the approach with a continuous water level variation, whereas the continuous water level variation resembles the peak of a storm or the tidal water level variation better than a stepwise approach. If storms with different water levels attack the armour layer, the damage is generally smaller than if all storms attack the armour layer at the same water level. Furthermore, the results have been discussed based on earlier analyses where the statistics of rock armoured slopes have been addressed and the importance of the length effect has been illustrated using a method to apply results from physical model tests to real structures.
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Shisler, Matthew P., and David R. Johnson. "Comparison of Methods for Imputing Non-Wetting Storm Surge to Improve Hazard Characterization." Water 12, no. 5 (May 16, 2020): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051420.

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Joint probability methods for characterizing storm surge hazards involve the use of a collection of hydrodynamic storm simulations to fit a response surface function describing the relationship between storm surge and storm parameters. However, in areas with a sufficiently low probability of flooding, few storms in the simulated storm suite may produce surge, resulting in a paucity of information for training the response surface fit. Previous approaches have replaced surge elevations for non-wetting storms with a constant value or truncated them from the response surface fitting procedure altogether. The former induces bias in predicted estimates of surge from wetting storms, and the latter can cause the model to be non-identifiable. This study compares these approaches and improves upon current methodology by introducing the concept of “pseudo-surge,” with the intent to describe how close a storm comes to producing surge at a given location. Optimal pseudo-surge values are those which produce the greatest improvement to storm surge predictions when they are used to train a response surface. We identify these values for a storm suite used to characterize surge hazard in coastal Louisiana and compare their performance to the two other methods for adjusting training data. Pseudo-surge shows potential for improving hazard characterization, particularly at locations where less than half of training storms produce surge. We also find that the three methods show only small differences in locations where more than half of training storms wet.
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Дисертації з теми "Storm wate"

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Максименко, Олена Аркадіївна. "Сучасні підходи до питання раціонального використання зливових вод". Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/39310.

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У статті зроблено оцінку методів очищення зливових стоків з метою раціонального використання природних вод і забезпечення екологічної безпеки.
The article presents the methods of cleaning storm water with the aim of rational use of natural waters and ensuring environmental safety.
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Andersson, Josefin. "Hållbar Dagvattenhantering på Kvartersmark : En utvärdering av hur väl den planerade dagvattenhanteringen fungerar i verkligheten." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-219431.

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Storm water management in residential areas is facing tough challenges. Climate change, with its altered precipitation patterns, in combination with an increasing development rate, results in higher risk of flooding with its complications. EU-Water Framework Directive (WFD) and its environmental quality standards, set to achieve good chemical and biological status in all waters, got a more strict interpretation after the implementation of the ruling of Weserdomen. This means that no activity is allowed that cannot prove not to endanger prevailing environmental quality standards. This complicates the planning process and infrastructure development since some form of WFD assessment needs to be performed.   This master´s thesis is of importance since it identifies common occurring problems within the planning- and construction process and highlights ways to achieve a more sustainable storm water management, where environmental quality standards are not jeopardized, in the future. An evaluation is performed in terms of interviews, a literature review and by using a storm water model called StormTac applied on two case studies. Results of this thesis show that lack of communication, vague directives, inadequate design and maintenance of storm water facilities are reasons that a sustainable storm water management is not achieved.   Results from modeling the storm water situation prior to construction of the residential areas were set as benchmarks, which were not to be exceeded by results from modeling areas after construction. The purpose of this was to not endanger the current storm water state and thereby not risk violating prevailing environmental quality standards. The result from modeling the storm water situation after construction shows that both case studies exceed the flow and pollution load benchmarks. Because of this, solutions to the current storm water situation was created and modeled to achieve the study aim.   StormTac can be applied as a tool for comparison of flow and pollution load prior to and after construction, given that the same land uses are used in both cases. Land use choices should be evaluated and the degree of uncertainty should be considered when interpreting the results.
Dagvattenhantering på kvartersmark står inför stora utmaningar. Klimatförändringar medför ändrade nederbördsmönster med intensivare skyfall som i kombination med en allt högre exploateringsgrad ökar risken för översvämningar och dess negativa konsekvenser. EU:s ramdirektiv för vatten och beslutade miljökvalitetsnormer anger att god status ska uppnås i samtliga vattenförekomster. Införande av Weserdomen resulterar i en strängare tolkning av försämringsförbudet, som råder vid statusklassificeringen, vilket i sin tur gör att befintlig dagvattensituation inte får försämras. Detta gör att planeringsskede, anläggning och faktisk funktion hos implementerade dagvattenlösningar fått ett allt mer hållbart fokus.   Detta examensarbete är av vikt då det identifierar problem i plan- och byggprocessen samt belyser hur dessa kan undvikas för att uppnå en mer hållbar dagvattenhantering i framtiden. En utvärdering är utförd i form av intervjuer och litteraturstudie samt dagvattenmodellering i modelleringsverktyget StormTac av två fallstudier. Resultat visar att kommunikation, otydliga direktiv, bristfällig utformning och skötsel av dagvattenanläggningar är orsaker till att dagvattenhanteringen inte uppnår rening- och flödesutjämningsbehov enligt miljömål och – krav.   Resultat från modellering av dagvattensituationen före exploatering sattes som referensvärden som inte får överskridas vid modellering av området efter exploatering, för att befintlig dagvattensituation skulle säkerställas att inte försämras. Resultat av modellering efter exploatering överskred referensvärden i båda fallstudierna och därmed modellerades scenarier med dagvattenhanteringsförslag för att uppnå målsättning.   StormTac fungerar som ett verktyg för att jämföra flödes- och föroreningsbelastning före och efter exploatering, förutsatt att samma markanvändningstyper används. Val av markanvändning bör ses över och osäkerheter hos resulterande flödes- och föroreningsmängder bör tas hänsyn till.
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Sangameswaran, Sivaramakrishnan. "Water quality modeling of a storm water channel." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2003. http://louisdl.louislibraries.org/u?/NOD,52.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of New Orleans, 2003.
Title from electronic submission form. "A thesis ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Engineering"--Thesis t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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4

Weaver, Robert J. "Effect of wave forces on storm surge." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0003304.

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Hoffa, Samantha. "Storm water build-out analysis Amberley Village /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=ucin1085698416.

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Ringler, Simon. "First Flush Characterization of Storm Water Runoff." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2007. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/537.

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This proposed research focused on the characterization of first flush in storm water runoff from elevated roadways, to assist the establishment of a storm water program and to facilitate the selection of treatment technology. Storm water runoff from highways transports a significant load of contaminants, especially heavy metals and particulate matter, to receiving waters. Heavy metals, either in dissolved or particulate bound phases, are unique in the fact that unlike organic compounds, they are not degraded in the environment. The objective was to develop a mass loading based diagram of the "first flush." In order to achieve this goal, a general characterization of the most important variables affecting “first flush” from elevated highways was necessarily. Also point this study is the requirement of a “first flush” treatment associated with storm water runoff from elevated highways. The test site was selected at the intersection of the Interstate-10 and Interstate- 610, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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Pleiman, Erin. "INTERNSHIP WITH AN EMERGING STORM WATER UTILITY." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1082664649.

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HOFFA, SAMANTHA. "STORM WATER BUILD-OUT ANALYSIS: AMBERLEY VILLAGE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1085698416.

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Peng, Yang Amy, and 彭阳. "Living with water: decentralized storm water management in urban village." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50707048.

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Peacock, Steven. "Storm Water System Monitoring for the Small Municipality Under Phase II of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4298/.

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Анотація:
Storm water quality can have a significant impact on receiving water bodies. The chief recipients of these impacts are aquatic life in the receiving water body and downstream water users. Over the last few decades, legislation, regulations, institutions and facilities have evolved to recognize the impact of urban storm water on receiving streams. This increased emphasis has caused contaminants in storm water to be identified as a major concern. This developing concern has generated an increased interest in the water quality of our streams and lakes and emphasized the need for more monitoring efforts. With the passage of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Phase II requirements, small municipalities are responsible for storm water impacts on receiving waters within their jurisdiction. For the purposes of NPDES Phase II requirements, small municipalities are identified as these municipalities that are typically composed of 10,000 but less than 100,000 in population. The purpose of this dissertation is to develop a manual for use by the staff of small municipalities in meeting the requirements prescribed by changes initiated in the NPDES Phase II regulations. Attempts were made to comply with these requirements within a very limited manpower and budget framework and to develop procedures that would allow for permit compliance using testing equipment that was both reliable and robust. The users' manual provides valuable guidance in the establishment of a knowledge base for characterization of the watersheds selected for study. Chapter 3 of the dissertation contains a users' manual, designed for use by municipal staff members in their efforts to comply with the NPDES Phase II requirements. Using the techniques and equipment capabilities developed during the writing of the users' manual a characterization of three watersheds within Denton County, Texas was developed. Non-storm water samples were taken from each of the streams and a baseline analysis was established. The three watersheds represented agricultural, suburban and urban settings. Storm water samples were obtained from multiple storms within all three watersheds and data analysis used to determine the character and impact of urban runoff. Determination of the constituents for analysis was based on monitoring requirements of the NPDES Phase I and II requirements for owners and operators of municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4) and on the Texas Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (TPDES) Multi-Sector General Permit (MSGP). The three watersheds were determined to have multiple statistically significant differences for some parameters between their Base Flows and Storm Flows. The impact of urban runoff on the receiving waters of these three drainage systems was clearly demonstrated throughout the testing period.
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Книги з теми "Storm wate"

1

Ling, Peter. Storm water. Long Preston: Magna Large Print Books, 1995.

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2

Ling, Peter. Storm water. London: Knight, 1999.

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3

Storm-wake. New York: Chicken House, 2018.

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4

Urban storm water design. Highlands Ranch, Colo: Water Resources Publications, 2003.

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5

Urban storm water management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011.

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6

Hlavínek, Petr, and Martina Zeleňáková, eds. Storm Water Management. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25835-5.

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7

Waschbusch, Robert J. Evaluation of the effectiveness of an urban stormwater treatment unit in Madison, Wisconsin, 1996-97. Middleton, Wis: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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8

Waschbusch, Robert J. Evaluation of the effectiveness of an urban stormwater treatment unit in Madison, Wisconsin, 1996-97. Middleton, Wis: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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9

Pike, Dag. Storms and wild water. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Sheridan House, 2009.

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10

Pike, Dag. Storms and wild water. London: Adlard Coles Nautical, 2009.

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Частини книг з теми "Storm wate"

1

Borgman, Leon E., James Allender, Herald Krogstad, Stephen Barstow, and Tore Audunson. "Conditional Simulation of Ocean Wave Kinematics and Comparisons with Storm Field Measurements." In Water Wave Kinematics, 247–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0531-3_15.

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2

Mangangka, Isri R., An Liu, Ashantha Goonetilleke, and Prasanna Egodawatta. "Storm Water Treatment." In SpringerBriefs in Water Science and Technology, 1–14. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1660-8_1.

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3

Yang, Jianming. "Storm Water Drainage." In Environmental Management in Mega Construction Projects, 173–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3605-7_15.

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4

Hlavínek, Petr. "Storm Water Quality." In Springer Hydrogeology, 27–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25835-5_3.

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5

Montestruque, Luis A. "An Agent-Based Storm Water ManagementSystem." In Smart Water Grids, 151–68. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2018. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21948-6.

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McNabb, David E. "Managing Storm, Flood, and Runoff Water." In Water Resource Management, 263–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54816-6_11.

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7

Pupyrev, E. I. "Urban Drainage Water and Storm Water Management." In Urban Water Management: Science Technology and Service Delivery, 59–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0057-4_6.

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8

Canfield, Evan, and Richard H. Hawkins. "Storm Water Management in Exurbia." In The Planner¿s Guide to Natural Resource Conservation:, 199–213. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-98167-3_11.

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9

Obarska-Pempkowiak, Hanna, Magdalena Gajewska, Ewa Wojciechowska, and Janusz Pempkowiak. "Storm Water Treatment in TWs." In GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences, 105–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13794-0_6.

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10

Rossano, George S., Ray W. Russell, David K. Lynch, Ted K. Tessensohn, David Warren, and Peter Jenniskens. "Observations of Leonid Meteors Using a Mid-Wave Infrared Imaging Spectrograph." In Leonid Storm Research, 81–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2071-7_7.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Storm wate"

1

Laface, Valentina, Felice Arena, and Carlos Guedes Soares. "On Variability of Mean Wave Direction During Severe Storms." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24633.

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The paper deals with the directional analysis of severe storms in some European locations, in the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea. The analysis is carried out by considering significant wave height and wave direction time series, from the HIPOCAS project database. At each considered location, all storms in the data set are identified. Then, for each storm, variability of direction during sea states is investigated. The results of this analysis show how direction during storms varies within well-defined sectors identified from the main directions from which the strongest storms occur plus or minus a certain angle Δϑ, and from one or more secondary sectors. The variation of direction during storms is evaluated in terms of standard deviation of direction, either by considering all sea states during storm, or only sea states during the part of the storm above a fixed threshold h of significant wave height. The results show that standard deviation of direction decreases as the threshold h increases and it is due to the fact that variability of direction near the storm peak is smaller than in the full storm.
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2

Laface, Valentina, Anne Karin Magnusson, Elzbieta M. Bitner-Gregersen, Magnar Reistad, Alessandra Romolo, and Felice Arena. "Equivalent Storm Model for Long-Term Statistics of Sea Storms Off Norway." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78747.

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The paper deals with long-term analysis of ocean storms off Norway. Sixty years of wave model time series are considered for the analysis. The input data provide spectral characteristics of both wind and swell seas. The availability of global and partitioned significant wave heights enables the possibility of investigating how swell seas influence the storm shape in terms of growing and decay stages and on how this aspect affects the long-term estimates. The analysis is conducted by means of equivalent storm approach which consists of substituting the sequence of actual storms at a given site with a sequence of equivalent storms whose shape is fixed (such as triangular, power or exponential) and then calculating return periods of storm with given characteristics via analytical solutions derived on the basis of storm shape assumed. This is possible due to statistical equivalence between actual and equivalent storms which in turn leads to the equality of wave risk between actual and equivalent storm sequences at a given site. The equivalent storm associated with an actual one is defined by means of two parameters, related to the storm intensity and duration. The equivalent storm intensity is given by the maximum significant wave height in the actual storm history, while the duration is determined via an iterative procedure. In this paper the exponential shape is considered which is referred as equivalent exponential (EES) storm model. Some aspects related with the storm shape and its influence on return values estimate via EES model are investigated. Further, a sensitivity analysis of EES model to the storm threshold is proposed.
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3

Arena, Felice, and Valentina Laface. "On Sampling Between Data of Significant Wave Height for Long-Term Analysis With Equivalent Triangular Storm Model." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11241.

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This work proposes an analysis of storms in Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, which is carried out by applying the Boccotti’s Equivalent Triangular Storm (ETS) model. The ETS model represents any actual storm by means of two parameters. The former gives the storm intensity, which is equal to the maximum significant wave height during the actual storm; the latter represents the storm duration and it is such that the maximum expected wave height is the same in the actual storm and in the equivalent triangular storm. Data from buoys of the NOAA-NDBC (National Data Buoy Center, USA) are used in the applications, by considering different sampling Δt between two consecutive records, which varies between 1 and 6 hours. The sensitivity of the ETS model with the variation of Δt is investigated for the long-term modeling of severe storms. The results show that the structure of storms is strongly modified as Δt increases: both the intensity and the duration may change significantly. The effects of this results for long term statistics are investigated by means of the return period R(Hs > h) of a storm in which the maximum significant wave height exceeds the threshold h, which is evaluated by using data with different sampling Δt between two consecutive records. Finally for different values of the return period R, the return value of significant wave height and the mean persistence Dm(h), giving the mean time during which the significant wave height is greater than fixed threshold (in the storms where the threshold is exceeded), are calculated.
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4

Laface, Valentina, Felice Arena, Christophe Maisondieu, and Alessandra Romolo. "On Long Term Statistics of Ocean Storms Starting From Partitioned Sea States." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61750.

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The paper proposes an analysis of ocean storms carried out starting from significant wave height time series of HOMERE sea-states hindcast database based on WAVEWATCH III model. Considering that wave spectra often exhibit multiple peaks due to the coexistence of wind waves and swells, here sea states are described by partitioned sea states that can be interpreted physically as representing independent wave systems. The analysis presented here in the paper deals with the contribution of swells to the storm peaks and on how they influence the long term statistics. The sensitivity of return values of significant wave height to swell contribution is investigated via an application of the Equivalent Triangular Storm Model (ETS). The ETS model provides analytical solution for the calculation of the return period R(Hs>h) of a sea storm whose maximum significant wave height exceeds a given threshold h. The approach of ETS consists in substituting each actual storm with an ETS described by two parameters: the storm intensity, that is the triangle height and it is equal to the maximum significant wave height during the actual storm; the storm duration, that is achieved imposing the equality between the maximum expected wave height of actual and equivalent storms. It has been experimentally proved that the actual storm and associated ETS are statistically equivalent because they have the same maximum significant wave height and the same probability P(Hmax>H) that the maximum wave height exceeds a given threshold H. The sequence of ETSs obtained in this way represents the equivalent sea, while the sequence of actual storms is the actual sea. The equivalent and actual seas present the same wave risk because they are characterized by the same number of storm events, each of them with the same intensity and the same P(Hmax>H). For the proposed analysis a set of four points from open sea to the coast is considered in area of the Gulf of Biscay (France). The results show that the contribution of swells is more significant for the storms of small and medium intensity and decreases for increasing storm intensities. Further return values variability neglecting swell is less than 7% at any point for return periods up to 100 years.
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5

Bernardino, Mariana, Alexander Boukhanovsky, and C. Guedes Soares. "Alternative Approaches to Storm Statistics in the Ocean." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-58053.

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The classical approach to storm statistics in the ocean is an Eulerian analysis of wave time series at a given location, in which the wave data can be observations or results of wave models. The information obtained from this approach is storm frequency, duration and intensity, from which extremes at the particular location can be estimated. The availability of spatial information of wave characteristics at successive time intervals, which is available from large scale forecasts or hindcast allows the follow-up of storm evolution in space and time. Using this data it is possible to study the spatial evolution of storms, i.e to provide a Lagrangean description of storm characteristics. In this paper the principles for spatio-temporal identification and statistical analysis of storm variability are formulated. Using ten years of wave data the HIPOCAS North Atlantic hindcast data, storms were identified using both approaches and two different sets of storm characteristics were obtained. The enhanced information that is possible to obtain from the Lagrangean approach in comparison to the Eulerian is illustrated.
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6

Ewans, Kevin, and Philip Jonathan. "The Effect of Directionality on Northern North Sea Extreme Wave Design Criteria." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29657.

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The characteristics of hindcast data for extreme storms at a Northern North Sea location are shown to depend on storm direction, reflecting storm strength and fetch variability. Storm peak HS over threshold is modelled using a generalised Pareto distribution, the parameters of which are allowed to vary smoothly with direction using a Fourier form. A directionally-varying extreme value threshold is incorporated. The degree of smoothness of extreme value shape and scale with direction is regulated by roughness-penalised maximum likelihood; the optimal value of roughness selected by cross-validation. The characteristics of 100-year storm peak HS, estimated using the directional model differ from those estimated when ignoring the directionality of storms. In particular, the extreme right hand tail of omnidirectional HS100 is longer using the directional model, indicating in this case that ignoring directionality causes underestimation of design criteria. Although storm peak data alone are used for extreme value modelling, the influence of a storm, in directional design sectors other than that containing its storm peak direction, is incorporated by estimating the storm’s directional dissipation directly from the data. An automated approach to selection of directional design sectors is described. Directional design criteria are developed using three different approaches, all consistent with an omni-directional storm peak HS non-exceedence probability of 0.5. We suggest a risk-cost criterion, which minimises design cost for a given omni-directional design specification, as an objective basis for optimal selection of directional criteria.
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7

Reilly, Jill A., and Thomas C. Piechota. "Actual Storm Events Outperform Synthetic Design Storms: A Review of SCS Curve Number Applicability." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40792(173)95.

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8

Fedele, Francesco, Felice Arena, and M. Aziz Tayfun. "Space-Time Extremes in Sea Storms." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49048.

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We present a stochastic model of sea storms to predict the maximum height of the wave surface over a given area during storms. To do so, we exploit the theory of Euler Characteristics of random excursion sets combined with a generalization of Boccotti’s equivalent triangular storm model (Boccotti, 2000) that describes an actual storm history in the form of a generic power law (Fedele and Arena, 2010). An analytical solution for the return period of extreme wave events over a given area and the associated statistical properties are given. We then assess the relative validity of the new model and its predictions by analyzing wave measurements retrieved from NOAA-NODC buoys moored offshore of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.
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Laface, Valentina, Elzbieta M. Bitner-Gregersen, Felice Arena, and Alessandra Romolo. "A Parameterization of DNV GL Storm Profile for Long-Term Analysis of Ocean Storms: Trapezoidal Storm Model." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95880.

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Abstract The paper introduces a parameterization of the DNV GL storm profile for developing an analytical model for calculations of the return period of a storm whose peak exceeds a given threshold. The DNV GL storm evolution is represented via an isosceles trapezoidal shape in which the minor base represents the storm peak duration, the major base the total storm duration and the height is half of the highest significant wave height in the actual storm. In this representation, the storm duration is not related to the storm intensity and it is fixed constant and equal to 42 hours, while the peak duration is assumed to be 6 hours. The parameterization proposed in the paper consists in expressing the peak duration as a fraction of the total storm duration allowing to investigate the effects of storm peak duration on long term estimates. The analytical solution for the return period is derived by following the classical approach of Equivalent Storm Models that is referring to the equivalent storm sequence, with the only difference that all the Trapezoidal Storm durations are identical whatever the storm intensity is. This assumption leads to significant simplification on the model development and potential employment as well. Further, a closed form solution is achieved for the return period which is also a generalization of the triangular shape. Finally, data analysis with NDBC buoys data is carried out for validating the model and elucidating analogies and differences with respect to classical Equivalent Storm approach. Results have shown that the Trapezoidal Model can be thought as a triangular one with a prudential factor on the storm peak duration which results in a reasonable overestimation of maximum expected wave height and return values.
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10

Fedele, Francesco, Felice Arena, and M. Aziz Tayfun. "Extreme Waves of Sea Storms." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20187.

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We present a stochastic model of sea storms for describing long-term statistics of extreme wave events. The formulation generalizes Boccotti’s equivalent triangular storm model (Boccotti 2000) by describing an actual storm history in the form of a generic power law. The latter permits the derivation of analytical solutions for the return periods of extreme wave events and associated statistical properties. Finally, we assess the relative validity of the new model and its predictions by analyzing wave measurements retrieved from two NOAA-NODC buoys in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Storm wate"

1

Melby, Jeffrey, Thomas Massey, Abigail Stehno, Norberto Nadal-Caraballo, Shubhra Misra, and Victor Gonzalez. Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay, TX Pre-construction, Engineering and Design (PED) : coastal storm surge and wave hazard assessment : report 1 – background and approach. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41820.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District, is executing the Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay Coastal Storm Risk Management (CSRM) project for Brazoria, Jefferson, and Orange Counties regions. The project is currently in the Pre-construction, Engineering, and Design phase. This report documents coastal storm water level and wave hazards for the Port Arthur CSRM structures. Coastal storm water level (SWL) and wave loading and overtopping are quantified using high-fidelity hydrodynamic modeling and stochastic simulations. The CSTORM coupled water level and wave modeling system simulated 195 synthetic tropical storms on three relative sea level change scenarios for with- and without-project meshes. Annual exceedance probability (AEP) mean values were reported for the range of 0.2 to 0.001 for peak SWL and wave height (Hm0) along with associated confidence limits. Wave period and mean wave direction associated with Hm0 were also computed. A response-based stochastic simulation approach is applied to compute AEP runup and overtopping for levees and overtopping, nappe geometry, and combined hydrostatic and hydrodynamic fluid pressures for floodwalls. CSRM structure crest design elevations are defined based on overtopping rates corresponding to incipient damage. Survivability and resilience are evaluated. A system-wide hazard level assessment was conducted to establish final recommended system-wide CSRM structure elevations.
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2

Stehno, Abigail, Jeffrey Melby, Shubhra Misra, Norberto Nadal-Caraballo, and Victor Gonzalez. Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay, TX Pre-construction, Engineering and Design (PED) : coastal storm surge and wave hazard assessment : report 2 – Port Arthur. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41901.

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Анотація:
The US Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District, is executing the Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay Coastal Storm Risk Management (CSRM) project for Brazoria, Jefferson, and Orange Counties regions. The project is currently in the Pre-construction, Engineering, and Design phase. This report documents coastal storm water level and wave hazards for the Port Arthur CSRM structures. Coastal storm water level (SWL) and wave loading and overtopping are quantified using high-fidelity hydrodynamic modeling and stochastic simulations. The CSTORM coupled water level and wave modeling system simulated 195 synthetic tropical storms on three relative sea level change scenarios for with- and without-project meshes. Annual exceedance probability (AEP) mean values were reported for the range of 0.2 to 0.001 for peak SWL and wave height (Hm0) along with associated confidence limits. Wave period and mean wave direction associated with Hm0 were also computed. A response-based stochastic simulation approach is applied to compute AEP values for overtopping for levees and overtopping, nappe geometry, and combined hydrostatic and hydrodynamic fluid pressures for floodwalls. CSRM crest design elevations are defined based on overtopping rates corresponding to incipient damage. Survivability and resilience are evaluated. A system-wide hazard level assessment was conducted to establish final recommended system-wide elevations.
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3

Melby, Jeffrey, Thomas Massey, Fatima Diop, Himangshu Das, Norberto Nadal-Caraballo, Victor Gonzalez, Mary Bryant, et al. Coastal Texas Protection and Restoration Feasibility Study : Coastal Texas flood risk assessment : hydrodynamic response and beach morphology. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41051.

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Анотація:
The US Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District, is executing the Coastal Texas Protection and Restoration Feasibility Study coastal storm risk management (CSRM) project for the region. The project is currently in the feasibility phase. The primary goal is to develop CSRM measures that maximize national net economic development benefits. This report documents the coastal storm water level and wave hazard, including sea level rise, for a variety of flood risk management alternatives. Four beach restoration alternatives for Galveston Island and Bolivar peninsula were evaluated. Suites of synthetic tropical and historical non-tropical storms were developed and modeled. The CSTORM coupled surge-and-wave modeling system was used to accurately characterize storm circulation, water level, and wave hazards using new model meshes developed from high-resolution land and sub-aqueous surveys for with- and without-project scenarios. Beach morphology stochastic response was modeled with a Monte Carlo life-cycle simulation approach using the CSHORE morphological evolution numerical model embedded in the StormSim stochastic modeling system. Morphological and hydrodynamic response were primarily characterized with probability distributions of the number of rehabilitations and overflow.
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4

Stehno, Abigail, Jeffrey Melby, Shubhra Misra, Norberto Nadal-Caraballo, and Victor Gonzalez. Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay, TX Pre-construction, Engineering and Design (PED) : coastal storm surge and wave hazard assessment : report 4 – Freeport. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41903.

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Анотація:
The US Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District, is executing the Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay Coastal Storm Risk Management (CSRM) project for Brazoria, Jefferson, and Orange Counties regions. The project is currently in the Pre-construction, Engineering, and Design phase. This report documents coastal storm water level (SWL) and wave hazards for the Freeport CSRM structures. Coastal SWL and wave loading and overtopping are quantified using high-fidelity hydrodynamic modeling and stochastic simulations. The CSTORM coupled water level and wave modeling system simulated 195 synthetic tropical storms on three relative sea level change scenarios for with- and without-project meshes. Annual exceedance probability (AEP) mean values were reported for the range of 0.2 to 0.001 for peak SWL and wave height (Hm0) along with associated confidence limits. Wave period and mean wave direction associated with Hm0 were also computed. A response-based stochastic simulation approach is applied to compute AEP values for overtopping for levees and overtopping, nappe geometry and combined hydrostatic and hydrodynamic fluid pressures for floodwalls. CSRM crest design elevations are defined based on overtopping rates corresponding to incipient damage. Survivability and resilience are evaluated. A system-wide hazard level assessment was conducted to establish final recommended system-wide elevations.
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5

Stehno, Abigail, Jeffrey Melby, Shubhra Misra, Norberto Nadal-Caraballo, and Victor Gonzalez. Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay, TX Pre-construction, Engineering and Design (PED) : coastal storm surge and wave hazard assessment : report 3 – Orange County. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41902.

Повний текст джерела
Анотація:
The US Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District, is executing the Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay Coastal Storm Risk Management (CSRM) project for Brazoria, Jefferson, and Orange Counties regions. The project is currently in the Pre-construction, Engineering, and Design phase. This report documents coastal storm water level (SWL) and wave hazards for the Orange County CSRM structures. Coastal SWL and wave loading and overtopping are quantified using high-fidelity hydrodynamic modeling and stochastic simulations. The CSTORM coupled water level and wave modeling system simulated 195 synthetic tropical storms on three relative sea level change scenarios for with- and without-project meshes. Annual exceedance probability (AEP) mean values were reported for the range of 0.2 to 0.001 for peak SWL and wave height (Hm0) along with associated confidence limits. Wave period and mean wave direction associated with Hm0 were also computed. A response-based stochastic simulation approach is applied to compute AEP values for overtopping for levees and overtopping, nappe geometry, and combined hydrostatic and hydrodynamic fluid pressures for floodwalls. CSRM crest design elevations are defined based on overtopping rates corresponding to incipient damage. Survivability and resilience are evaluated. A system-wide hazard level assessment was conducted to establish final recommended system-wide elevations.
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6

Torres, Marissa, and Norberto Nadal-Caraballo. Rapid tidal reconstruction with UTide and the ADCIRC tidal database. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41503.

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Анотація:
The quantification of storm surge is vital for flood hazard assessment in communities affected by coastal storms. The astronomical tide is an integral component of the total still water level needed for accurate storm surge estimates. Coastal hazard analysis methods, such as the Coastal Hazards System and the StormSim Coastal Hazards Rapid Prediction System, require thousands of hydrodynamic and wave simulations that are computationally expensive. In some regions, the inclusion of astronomical tides is neglected in the hydrodynamics and tides are instead incorporated within the probabilistic framework. There is a need for a rapid, reliable, and accurate tide prediction methodology to provide spatially dense reconstructed or predicted tidal time series for historical, synthetic, and forecasted hurricane scenarios. A methodology is proposed to combine the tidal harmonic information from the spatially dense Advanced Circulation hydrodynamic model tidal database with a rapid tidal reconstruction and prediction program. In this study, the Unified Tidal Analysis program was paired with results from the tidal database. This methodology will produce reconstructed (i.e., historical) and predicted tidal heights for coastal locations along the United States eastern seaboard and beyond and will contribute to the determination of accurate still water levels in coastal hazard analysis methods.
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7

Hesser, Tyler J., Mary A. Cialone, and Mary E. Anderson. Lake St. Clair: Storm Wave and Water Level Modeling. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada583025.

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8

Bryant, Duncan, Mary Bryant, Jeremy Sharp, Gary Bell, and Christine Moore. The Response of Vegetated Dunes to Wave Attack. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41580.

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Анотація:
Vegetation is believed to increase the stability of dunes during wave attack, but limited data is available. A physical model study was performed to evaluate changes in the dune stability with and without biomass, both above and belowground. The above and belowground biomass was modeled using wooden dowels and coir fibers, respectively. For both the collision and overwash storm impact regimes, the results of this study clearly demonstrate that the inclusion of biomass in the model dune reduces the erosion and overwash. The combination of both above and belowground biomass was the most effective at reducing erosion followed by belowground biomass, with aboveground biomass providing the smallest benefit regardless of the wave condition and water level. Additionally, the overwash of sediment and water was decreased with the inclusion of biomass, following the same trends as the erosion. As the dune eroded, the storm impact regime transitioned from collision to overwash. The inclusion of biomass delays this transition in storm impact regime, providing greater protection to coastal communities. This study highlights the need to consider dune vegetation for dune construction and coastal planning.
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Garcia-Chang, Santana. Storm Water Individual Permit Water Quality Improvement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1089477.

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Veenis, Steven John. 2017 Storm Water Control Installation Update. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1416268.

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