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Статті в журналах з теми "Storm and flood events":
1
Dougherty, Erin, and Kristen L. Rasmussen. "Climatology of Flood-Producing Storms and Their Associated Rainfall Characteristics in the United States." Monthly Weather Review 147, no. 11 (October 10, 2019): 3861–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-19-0020.1.
Анотація:
Abstract Floods are one of the deadliest weather-related natural disasters in the continental United States (CONUS). Given that rainfall intensity and the amount of CONUS population exposed to floods is expected to increase in the future, it is critical to understand flood characteristics across the CONUS. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a flood-producing storm climatology over the CONUS from 2002 to 2013 to better understand rainfall characteristics of these storms and spatiotemporal differences across the country. Flood reports from the NCEI Storm Events Database are grouped by causative meteorological event and are merged with a database of stream-gauge-indicated floods to provide a robust indication of significant hydrologic events with a meteorological linkage. High-resolution Stage IV rainfall data were matched to 5559 flood episodes across the CONUS to identify rainfall characteristics of flood-producing storms in a variety of environments. This storm climatology indicates that flash flood–producing storms frequently occur with high rainfall accumulations in the summer east of the Rockies. Slow-rise flood-producing storms frequently occur in the spring–early summer (winter), with high rainfall accumulations over the northern and central CONUS (Pacific Northwest) due to rain-on-snowmelt, synoptic systems, and mesoscale convective systems (atmospheric rivers). Hybrid flood-producing storms, sharing characteristics of flash and slow-rise floods, frequently occur in spring–summer and have high rainfall accumulations in the central CONUS, Northeast, and mid-Atlantic. Results from this climatology may provide useful for emergency managers, city planners, and policy makers seeking efforts to protect their communities against risks associated with flood-producing storms.
2
Yang, Long, James Smith, Mary Lynn Baeck, and Efrat Morin. "Flash Flooding in Arid/Semiarid Regions: Climatological Analyses of Flood-Producing Storms in Central Arizona during the North American Monsoon." Journal of Hydrometeorology 20, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 1449–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-19-0016.1.
Анотація:
Abstract Flash flooding in the arid/semiarid southwestern United States is frequently associated with convective rainfall during the North American monsoon. In this study, we examine flood-producing storms in central Arizona based on analyses of dense rain gauge observations and stream gauging records as well as North American Regional Reanalysis fields. Our storm catalog consists of 102 storm events during the period of 1988–2014. Synoptic conditions for flood-producing storms are characterized based on principal component analyses. Four dominant synoptic modes are identified, with the first two modes explaining approximately 50% of the variance of the 500-hPa geopotential height. The transitional synoptic pattern from the North American monsoon regime to midlatitude systems is a critical large-scale feature for extreme rainfall and flooding in central Arizona. Contrasting spatial rainfall organizations and storm environment under the four synoptic modes highlights the role of interactions among synoptic conditions, mesoscale processes, and complex terrains in determining space–time variability of convective activities and flash flood hazards in central Arizona. We characterize structure and evolution properties of flood-producing storms based on storm tracking algorithms and 3D radar reflectivity. Fast-moving storm elements can be important ingredients for flash floods in the arid/semiarid southwestern United States. Contrasting storm properties for cloudburst storms highlight the wide spectrum of convective intensities for extreme rain rates in the arid/semiarid southwestern United States and exhibit comparable vertical structures to their counterparts in the eastern United States.
3
Warburton, J., and C. R. Fenn. "Unusual flood events from an Alpine glacier: observations and deductions on generating mechanisms." Journal of Glaciology 40, no. 134 (1994): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000003956.
Анотація:
AbstractObservations are presented on a particularly unusual sequence of flood events witnessed at Bas Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland, in July 1987. The sequence was triggered by heavy rain storms, and involved a supraglacial “overflow event” (water cascading from moulins over the snout of the glacier) succeeded, following a series of “mini-floods”, by a subglacial “outburst event”. Available hydrological and geomorphological data are used to assess the significance of the floods and to deduce likely explanations for each phase of the flood-event sequence. Bottom-up surcharging of a poorly developed subglacial drainage system is the preferred explanation for the overflow event. The subglacial outburst is explained as an extreme “spring event”. Hydraulic jacking is implicated, but not proven, during both events. Whilst the flood sequence was triggered by an intense storm, englacially stored waters are believed to have contributed most of the flood waters.
4
Warburton, J., and C. R. Fenn. "Unusual flood events from an Alpine glacier: observations and deductions on generating mechanisms." Journal of Glaciology 40, no. 134 (1994): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000003956.
Анотація:
AbstractObservations are presented on a particularly unusual sequence of flood events witnessed at Bas Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland, in July 1987. The sequence was triggered by heavy rain storms, and involved a supraglacial “overflow event” (water cascading from moulins over the snout of the glacier) succeeded, following a series of “mini-floods”, by a subglacial “outburst event”. Available hydrological and geomorphological data are used to assess the significance of the floods and to deduce likely explanations for each phase of the flood-event sequence. Bottom-up surcharging of a poorly developed subglacial drainage system is the preferred explanation for the overflow event. The subglacial outburst is explained as an extreme “spring event”. Hydraulic jacking is implicated, but not proven, during both events. Whilst the flood sequence was triggered by an intense storm, englacially stored waters are believed to have contributed most of the flood waters.
5
Fu, Chao-chen, Jia-hong Liu, Hao Wang, Chen-yao Xiang, Xiao-ran Fu, and Qing-hua Luan. "Urban Storm Flooding: Characteristics and Management in Beijing." MATEC Web of Conferences 246 (2018): 01042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824601042.
Анотація:
Beijing is located on the North China Plain with five rivers, which belong to the Hai River Basin. Its continental monsoon climate with uneven precipitation distribution is extreme likely lead to serious urban flood disasters. According to the disaster results, urban storm flood in Beijing can be classified into four types. Here typical extreme storm flood events and their characteristics in Beijing were analyzed in detail. It showed that storm flood events in recently decades had a trend, which centered in a relatively small area with high intensity and short duration. The main reasons of urban storm flood disaster were urbanization and basic facilities with low flood and drainage standard. Urbanization means land utilization significantly altering hydraulic processes, and extreme storm can easily exceed those facilities capacity. In order to deal with urban storm flood, Beijing government have taken four measurements, which were upgrading and reconstruction of rainwater pumping stations, improving projects of small and medium rivers, building sponge city, and implementing the West Suburb Storm-water Regulation Project. In addition, the flood warning and emergency management system has been established. Furthermore, some measurements were pointed to be done in the future, including improvement of the flood control management system, improvement of flood control plans, strengthening flood warning system, and strengthening social management and public awareness of flood prevention. With these improvements of management and engineering measurements, it can be more secure under intensive storms in Beijing. These experiences of flood control in Beijing can provide references for other cities.
6
Meslard, Florian, Yann Balouin, Nicolas Robin, and François Bourrin. "Assessing the Role of Extreme Mediterranean Events on Coastal River Outlet Dynamics." Water 14, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 2463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14162463.
Анотація:
River mouths are highly dynamic environments responding very rapidly to changes in wave energy or river floods. While the morphological response during floods or during marine storm events has been widely documented in the literature, little is known about the mechanisms acting during the co-occurrence of fluvial and marine hazards. This concomitance of river flood and marine storm is quite common in the western Mediterranean Sea, and was the case for the Gloria event, considered to be the most extreme event in recent decades. During this event, monitoring of hydrodynamics and morphological evolution was implemented, making it possible to better understand the impact of concomitant marine storm and fluvial flood during an extreme meteorological event on spit breaching of a small Mediterranean river mouth. Monitoring using a combination of high-resolution hydrodynamic measurements, topographic and bathymetric surveys, and sediment cores was used before, during, and after the storm “Gloria”. The results suggest an amplification of the morphological impact of the events and a different morphogenic response than if each of the events had acted independently on the system. The marine storm, occurring first, weakened the spit and initiated its breaching, which was continued by the extreme fluvial flood, thus leading to the complete destruction of the mouth. The destruction of the spit acted as a sediment source for subaqueous large delta deposition amounting to 50% of the total volume. The contribution of the river, estimated at 30%, was quite low for an exceptional event, showing the importance of locating rainfall in a catchment area controlled by a dam. For this event, extreme morphological evolution was observed, as well as the importance of water levels in the river mouth, which probably increased flood hazards, demonstrating the importance of including the compounding effect of extreme coastal water levels in river flood risk management.
7
Johnson, E. S. "ASSESSING FLOOD IMPACTS IN RURAL COASTAL COMMUNITIES USING LIDAR." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 24, 2016): 1135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-1135-2016.
Анотація:
Coastal communities are vulnerable to floods from storm events which are further exacerbated by storm surges. Additionally, coastal towns provide specific challenges during flood events as many coastal communities are peninsular and vulnerable to inundation of road access points. Publicly available lidar data has been used to model areas of inundation and resulting flood impacts on road networks. However, these models may overestimate areas that are inaccessible as they rely on publicly available Digital Terrain Models. Through incorporation of Digital Surface Models to estimate bridge height, a more accurate model of flood impacts on rural coastal residents can be estimated.
8
Johnson, E. S. "ASSESSING FLOOD IMPACTS IN RURAL COASTAL COMMUNITIES USING LIDAR." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 24, 2016): 1135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-1135-2016.
Анотація:
Coastal communities are vulnerable to floods from storm events which are further exacerbated by storm surges. Additionally, coastal towns provide specific challenges during flood events as many coastal communities are peninsular and vulnerable to inundation of road access points. Publicly available lidar data has been used to model areas of inundation and resulting flood impacts on road networks. However, these models may overestimate areas that are inaccessible as they rely on publicly available Digital Terrain Models. Through incorporation of Digital Surface Models to estimate bridge height, a more accurate model of flood impacts on rural coastal residents can be estimated.
9
Iliadis, Christos, Vassilis Glenis, and Chris Kilsby. "Cloud Modelling of Property-Level Flood Exposure in Megacities." Water 15, no. 19 (September 27, 2023): 3395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15193395.
Анотація:
Surface water flood risk is projected to increase worldwide due to the growth of cities as well as the frequency of extreme rainfall events. Flood risk modelling at high resolution in megacities is now feasible due to the advent of high spatial resolution terrain data, fast and accurate hydrodynamic models, and the power of cloud computing platforms. Analysing the flood exposure of urban features in these cities during multiple storm events is essential to understanding flood risk for insurance and planning and ultimately for designing resilient solutions. This study focuses on London, UK, a sprawling megacity that has experienced damaging floods in the last few years. The analysis highlights the key role of accurate digital terrain models (DTMs) in hydrodynamic models. Flood exposure at individual building level is evaluated using the outputs from the CityCAT model driven by a range of design storms of different magnitudes, including validation with observations of a real storm event that hit London on the 12 July 2021. Overall, a novel demonstration is presented of how cloud-based flood modelling can be used to inform exposure insurance and flood resilience in cities of any size worldwide, and a specification is presented of what datasets are needed to achieve this aim.
10
de Kraker, A. M. J. "Flooding in river mouths: human caused or natural events? Five centuries of flooding events in the SW Netherlands, 1500–2000." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 6 (June 9, 2015): 2673–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2673-2015.
Анотація:
Abstract. This paper looks into flood events of the past 500 years in the SW Netherlands, addressing the issue of what kind of flooding events have occurred and which ones have mainly natural causes and which ones are predominantly human induced. The flood events are classified into two major categories: (a) flood events that were caused during storm surges and (b) flood events which happened during warfare. From both categories a selection of flood events has been made. Each flood event is discussed in terms of time, location, extent of the flooded area and specific conditions. Among these conditions, specific weather circumstances and how long they lasted, the highest water levels reached and dike maintenance are discussed as far as flood events caused during storm surges are concerned. Flood events during warfare as both offensive and defensive strategies are relevant; the paper demonstrates that although the strategic flood events obviously were man-made, the natural feature, being the use of fresh water or sea water, of these events also played a major role. Flood events caused during storm surge may have an obvious natural cause, but the extent of the flooding and damage it caused was largely determined by man.
Дисертації з теми "Storm and flood events":
1
Jobin, Erik. "An Urban Rainfall Storm Flood Severity Index." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24124.
Анотація:
Extreme rainfall statistics are important for the design and management of the water resource infrastructure. The standard approach for extreme rainfall event severity assessment is the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) method. However, this approach does not consider the spatial context of rainfall and consequently does not properly describe rainfall storm severity, nor rarity. This study provides a critical account of the current standard practice and presents an approach that takes into consideration both the spatial context of rainfall storms, and indirectly incorporates runoff to produce a representative approach to assessing urban rainfall storm severity in terms of flood potential. A stepwise regression analysis was performed on a dataset of individual rainfall storm characteristics to best represent documented basement floodings in the City of Edmonton. Finally, the urban rainfall storm flood severity index was shown to be most representative of the documented basement floodings' severity when compared to that of the IDF method.
2
Anderson, Ian. "Improving Detection And Prediction Of Bridge Scour Damage And Vulnerability Under Extreme Flood Events Using Geomorphic And Watershed Data." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/823.
Анотація:
Bridge scour is the leading cause of bridge damage nationwide. Successfully mitigating bridge scour problems depends on our ability to reliably estimate scour potential, design safe and economical foundation elements that account for scour potential, identify vulnerabilities related to extreme events, and recognize changes to the environmental setting that increase risk at existing bridges.
This study leverages available information, gathered from several statewide resources, and adds watershed metrics to create a comprehensive, georeferenced dataset to identify parameters that correlate to bridges damaged in an extreme flood event. Understanding the underlying relationships between existing bridge condition, fluvial stresses, and geomorphological changes is key to identifying vulnerabilities in both existing and future bridge infrastructure. In creating this comprehensive database of bridge inspection records and associated damage characterization, features were identified that correlate to and discriminate between levels of bridge damage.
Stream geomorphic assessment features were spatially joined to every bridge, marking the first time that geomorphic assessments have been broadly used for estimating bridge vulnerability. Stream power assessments and watershed delineations for every bridge and stream reach were generated to supplement the comprehensive database. Individual features were tested for their significance to discriminate bridge damage, and then used to create empirical fragility curves and probabilistic predictions maps to aid in future bridge vulnerability detection. Damage to over 300 Vermont bridges from a single extreme flood event, the August 28, 2011 Tropical Storm Irene, was used as the basis for this study. Damage to historic bridges was also summarized and tabulated. In some areas of Vermont, the storm rainfall recurrence interval exceeded 500 years, causing widespread flooding and damaging over 300 bridges. With a dataset of over 330 features for more than 2,000 observations to bridges that were damaged as well as not damaged in the storm, an advanced evolutionary algorithm performed multivariate feature selection to overcome the shortfalls of traditional logistic regression analysis. The analysis identified distinct combinations of variables that correlate to the observed bridge damage under extreme food events.
3
Ranalli, Philip Anthony. "Small Drainage Basins and the Probable Maximum Flood: A Flood Inundation Study of an Anticipated Extreme Storm Event in West Central Florida." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000367.
4
Many, Gael. "Impacts of storm and flood events on suspended particulate matter dynamics in the Gulf of Lions. Contributions of gliders to a multi-platform approach." Thesis, Perpignan, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PERP0033/document.
Анотація:
La dynamique des matières en suspension joue un rôle primordial au sein de la zone côtière en étant le principal vecteur de matière particulaire depuis les sources (rivières) vers les puits (marges continentales, canyons sous-marins, océan profond). Le suivi de cette dynamique, notamment pendant les évènements de crues des fleuves et des tempêtes, est primordial afin d’estimer les budgets sédimentaires des marges continentales, de suivre l’évolution des habitats benthiques et de déterminer le rôle de cette dynamique dans le transport de contaminants. Cette thèse a pour objet l’étude des impacts de tels évènements sur la dynamique des particules en suspension au sein du Golfe du Lion (Méditerranée). Une approche multiplateforme, couplant les différentes plateformes de mesures existantes (campagne en mer, glider, satellite, mouillage, bouée côtière) et basée sur la mesure de la turbidité en terme quantitatif et qualitatif a été adoptée. Les résultats ont permis de décrire 1) la dynamique des néphéloïdes en fonction des forçages (vents, vagues, courants) durant des évènements de crue du Rhône et de tempête marine, 2) la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de l’assemblage particulaire lors de ces mêmes évènements par une caractérisation in situ et 3) de montrer le rôle des plateformes autonomes du type gliders dans le suivi de la dynamique des matières en suspension en zone côtièreCoastal suspended particulate matter dynamics play a main role in the fate of land-derived material from the source (rivers) to sink (continental margins, submarine canyons, deep sea). The monitoring of this dynamic, especially during flooding and storm conditions, is decisive to understand factors impacting sedimentary budgets of continental margins, health of benthic habitats and spread of contaminants. The aim of this PhD is to study the impacts of such events on the suspended particles dynamics over the shelf of the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediteranean). A multi-platform approach, combining existing observation platforms (survey, glider, satellite, mooring and coastal buoy) and based on the measurement of the turbidity was adopted. Results enabled to describe 1) the impacts of forcings (winds, waves, currents) on the dynamics of nepheloid layers during flooding and storm conditions, 2) the variability of the particle assemblage during such events through an in situ characterization and 3) the role of gliders in the monitoring of suspended particles dynamics within the coastal zone
5
Ilahee, Mahbub. "Modelling Losses in Flood Estimation." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16019/.
Анотація:
Flood estimation is often required in hydrologic design and has important economic significance. For example, in Australia, the annual spending on infrastructure requiring flood estimation is of the order of $650 million ARR (I.E. Aust., 1998). Rainfall-based flood estimation techniques are most commonly adopted in practice. These require several inputs to convert design rainfalls to design floods. Of all the inputs, loss is an important one and defined as the amount of precipitation that does not appear as direct runoff. The concept of loss includes moisture intercepted by vegetation, infiltration into the soil, retention on the surface, evaporation and loss through the streambed and banks. As these loss components are dependent on topography, soils, vegetation and climate, the loss exhibits a high degree of temporal and spatial variability during the rainfall event. In design flood estimation, the simplified lumped conceptual loss models were used because of their simplicity and ability to approximate catchment runoff behaviour. In Australia, the most commonly adopted conceptual loss model is the initial losscontinuing loss model. For a specific part of the catchment, the initial loss occurs prior to the commencement of surface runoff, and can be considered to be composed of the interception loss, depression storage and infiltration that occur before the soil surface saturates. ARR (I. E. Aust., 1998) mentioned that the continuing loss is the average rate of loss throughout the remainder of the storm. At present, there is inadequate information on design losses in most parts of Australia and this is one of the greatest weaknesses in Australian flood hydrology. Currently recommended design losses are not compatible with design rainfall information in Australian Rainfall and Runoff. Also design losses for observed storms show a wide variability and it is always difficult to select an appropriate value of loss from this wide range for a particular application. Despite the wide variability of loss values, in the widely used Design Event Approach, a single value of initial and continuing losses is adopted. Because of the non-linearity in the rainfall-runoff process, this is likely to introduce a high degree of uncertainty and possible bias in the resulting flood estimates. In contrast, the Joint Probability Approach can consider probability-distributed losses in flood estimation. In ARR (I. E. Aust., 1998) it is recommended to use a constant continuing loss value in rainfall events. In this research it was observed that the continuing loss values in the rainfall events were not constant, rather than it decays with the duration of the rainfall event. The derived loss values from the 969 rainfall and streamflow events of Queensland catchments would provide better flood estimation than the recommended design loss values in ARR (I. E. Aust., 1998). In this research, both the initial and continuing losses were computed using IL-CL loss model and a single median loss value was used to estimate flood using Design Event Approach. Again both the initial and continuing losses were considered to be random variables and their probability distribution functions were determined. Hence, the research showed that the probability distributed loss values can be used for Queensland catchments in near future for better flood estimate. The research hypothesis tested was whether the new loss value for Queensland catchments provides significant improvement in design flood estimation. A total of 48 catchments, 82 pluviograph stations and 24 daily rainfall stations were selected from all over Queensland to test the research hypothesis. The research improved the recommended design loss values that will result in more precise design flood estimates. This will ultimately save millions of dollars in the construction of hydraulic infrastructures.
6
Ilahee, Mahbub. "Modelling Losses in Flood Estimation." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16019/1/Mahbub_Ilahee_Thesis.pdf.
Анотація:
Flood estimation is often required in hydrologic design and has important economic significance. For example, in Australia, the annual spending on infrastructure requiring flood estimation is of the order of $650 million ARR (I.E. Aust., 1998). Rainfall-based flood estimation techniques are most commonly adopted in practice.
These require several inputs to convert design rainfalls to design floods. Of all the inputs, loss is an important one and defined as the amount of precipitation that does not appear as direct runoff. The concept of loss includes moisture intercepted by vegetation, infiltration into the soil, retention on the surface, evaporation and loss through the streambed and banks. As these loss components are dependent on
topography, soils, vegetation and climate, the loss exhibits a high degree of temporal and spatial variability during the rainfall event.
In design flood estimation, the simplified lumped conceptual loss models were used because of their simplicity and ability to approximate catchment runoff behaviour. In Australia, the most commonly adopted conceptual loss model is the initial losscontinuing loss model. For a specific part of the catchment, the initial loss occurs prior to the commencement of surface runoff, and can be considered to be composed
of the interception loss, depression storage and infiltration that occur before the soil surface saturates. ARR (I. E. Aust., 1998) mentioned that the continuing loss is the average rate of loss throughout the remainder of the storm.
At present, there is inadequate information on design losses in most parts of Australia and this is one of the greatest weaknesses in Australian flood hydrology. Currently recommended design losses are not compatible with design rainfall information in Australian Rainfall and Runoff. Also design losses for observed storms show a wide variability and it is always difficult to select an appropriate value of loss from this wide range for a particular application. Despite the wide variability of loss values, in the widely used Design Event Approach, a single value of initial
and continuing losses is adopted. Because of the non-linearity in the rainfall-runoff process, this is likely to introduce a high degree of uncertainty and possible bias in the resulting flood estimates. In contrast, the Joint Probability Approach can consider probability-distributed losses in flood estimation.
In ARR (I. E. Aust., 1998) it is recommended to use a constant continuing loss value in rainfall events. In this research it was observed that the continuing loss values in the rainfall events were not constant, rather than it decays with the duration of the rainfall event. The derived loss values from the 969 rainfall and streamflow events of Queensland catchments would provide better flood estimation than the recommended design loss values in ARR (I. E. Aust., 1998). In this research, both the initial and continuing losses were computed using IL-CL loss model and a single median loss value was used to estimate flood using Design Event Approach. Again both the initial and continuing losses were considered to be random variables and their probability distribution functions were determined. Hence, the research showed that
the probability distributed loss values can be used for Queensland catchments in near future for better flood estimate.
The research hypothesis tested was whether the new loss value for Queensland catchments provides significant improvement in design flood estimation. A total of 48 catchments, 82 pluviograph stations and 24 daily rainfall stations were selected from all over Queensland to test the research hypothesis. The research improved the recommended design loss values that will result in more precise design flood estimates. This will ultimately save millions of dollars in the construction of hydraulic infrastructures.
7
Lewis, Matthew. "Uncertainties within future flood risk storm surge inundation modelling." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601160.
Анотація:
Key uncertainties within inundation modelling of storm tide overflow were investigated for two regions. A northern Bay of Bengal LISFLOOD-FP inundation model was developed from freely available data sources, and forced with a storm surge model (IIDT) hind-cast of the 2007 cyclone Sidr flood event because no quality water-level records exist. Validation showed inundation prediction accuracy, with a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) on predicted water-level of...., 2 rn, which was similar in magnitude to the forcing water-level uncertainty. Indeed, when observed natural variability within five key cyclone parameters was propagated through the IID-T storm surge model, extreme water-level uncertainty was found to be very high in the Bay of Bengal, and should be considered in future work (and flood risk managers). Future flood hazard mapping uncertainty is much less in the data rich UK; however, when some key uncertainties were propagated through a North Somerset LISFLOOD•FP inundation model of the 1981 historic flood, storm tide spatial variability was found to significantly affect flood risk estimates, second only to sea level rise. A new method for prescribing the still peak water-level along a coastline was developed (Method C), which characteristics the spatial variability using a relatively short record of modelled extreme water-level events, relative to a tide gauge. Good agreement (RMSE 36 cm) was found between Method C predicted water-levels and tide gauge observations for two historic flood events in East Anglia (1953 and 2007). Furthermore, remotely sensed storm tide observations along the North Somerset coast indicated the accuracy of Method C between tide gauge observations; however, fine-scale wave and bathymetry effects need to be resolved for accurate coastal flood risk estimates in the UK. Indeed, the quantification of uncertainty, and the characterisation of natural variability, is necessary for a robust flood risk prediction.
8
Baynes, Edwin Richard Crews. "Constraining bedrock erosion during extreme flood events." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15962.
Анотація:
The importance of high-magnitude, short-lived flood events in controlling the evolution of bedrock landscapes is not well understood. During such events, erosion processes can shift from one regime to another upon the passing of thresholds, resulting in abrupt landscape changes that can have a long lasting legacy on landscape morphology. Geomorphological mapping and topographic analysis document the evidence for, and impact of, extreme flood events within the Jökulsárgljúfur canyon (North-East Iceland). Surface exposure dating using cosmogenic 3He of fluvially sculpted bedrock surfaces determines the timing of the floods that eroded the canyon and helps constrain the mechanisms of bedrock erosion during these events. Once a threshold flow depth has been exceeded, the dominant erosion mechanism becomes the toppling and transportation of basalt lava columns and erosion occurs through the upstream migration of knickpoints. Surface exposure ages allow identification of three periods of rapid canyon cutting during erosive flood events about 9, 5 and 2 ka ago, when multiple active knickpoints retreated large distances (> 2 km), each leading to catastrophic landscape change within the canyon. A single flood event ~9 ka ago formed, and then abandoned, Ásbyrgi canyon, eroding 0.14 km3 of rock. Flood events ~5 and ~2 ka ago eroded the upper 5 km of the Jökulsárgljúfur canyon through the upstream migration of vertical knickpoints such as Selfoss, Dettifoss and Hafragilsfoss. Despite sustained high discharge of sediment-rich glacial meltwater (ranging from 100 to 500 m3 s-1); there is no evidence for a transition to an abrasion-dominated erosion regime since the last erosive flood: the vertical knickpoints have not diffused over time and there is no evidence of incision into the canyon floor. The erosive signature of the extreme events is maintained in this landscape due to the nature of the bedrock, the discharge of the river, large knickpoints and associated plunge pools. The influence of these controls on the dynamics of knickpoint migration and morphology are explored using an experimental study. The retreat rate of knickpoints is independent of both mean discharge, and temporal variability in the hydrograph. The dominant control on knickpoint retreat is the knickpoint form which is set by the ratio of channel flow depth to knickpoint height. Where the knickpoint height is five times greater than the flow depth, the knickpoints developed undercutting plunge pools, accelerating the removal of material from the knickpoint base and the overall retreat rate. Smaller knickpoints relative to the flow depth were more likely to diffuse from a vertical step into a steepened reach or completely as the knickpoint retreated up the channel. These experiments challenge the established assumption in models of landscape evolution that a simple relationship exists between knickpoint retreat and discharge/drainage area. In order to fully understand how bedrock channels, and thus landscapes, respond and recover to transient forcing, further detailed study of the mechanics of erosion processes at knickpoints is required.
9
Dunn, Catherine. "How Unusual is Tropical Storm Irene? A Case Study of Storm Deposition in Littleville Lake, Huntington, MA." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1400777365.
10
Abdullah, Rozi. "Rainfall forecasting algorithms for real time flood forecasting." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296151.
Анотація:
A fast catchment response usually leads to a shorter lag time, and under these conditions the forecast lead time obtained from a rainfall-runoff model or correlation between upstream and downstream flows may be infeasible for flood warning purposes. Additional lead time can be obtained from short-term quantitative rainfall forecasts that extend the flood warning time and increase the economic viability of a flood forecasting system. For this purpose algorithms which forecasts the quantitative rainfall amounts up to six hours ahead have been developed, based on lumped and distributed approaches. The lumped forecasting algorithm includes the essential features of storm dynamics such as rainband and raincell movements which are represented within the framework of a linear transfer function model. The dynamics of a storm are readily captured by radar data. A space-time rainfall model is used to generate synthetic radar data with known features, e.g. rainband and raincell velocities. This enables the algorithm to be assessed under ideal conditions, as errors are present in observed radar data. The transfer function algorithm can be summarised as follows. The dynamics of the rainbands and raincells are incorporated as inputs into the transfer function model. The algorithm employs simple spatial cross-correlation techniques to estimate the rainband and raincell velocities. The translated rainbands and raincells then form the auxiliary inputs to the transfer function. An optimal predictor based on minimum square error is then derived from the transfer function model, and its parameters are estimated from the auxiliary inputs and observed radar data in real-time using a recursive least squares algorithm. While the transfer-function algorithm forecasts areal rainfalls, a distributed approach which performs rainfall forecasting at a fine spatial resolution (referred to as the advection equation algorithm) is also evaluated in this thesis. The algorithm expresses the space-time rainfall on a Cartesian coordinate system via a partial differential advection equation. A simple explicit finite difference solution scheme is applied to the equation. A comparison of model parameter estimates is undertaken using a square root information filter data processing algorithm, and single-input single-output and multiple-input multiple-output least squares algorithms.
Книги з теми "Storm and flood events":
1
Ian, Wilson. Before the flood: Understanding the biblical flood story as recalling a real-life event. London: Orion, 2001.
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Ian, Wilson. Before the flood: Understanding the biblical Flood story as recalling a real-life event. London: Orion, 2001.
3
India. Central Board of Irrigation and Power., ed. Unusual storm events and their relevence to dam safety and snow hydrology. New Delhi: Central Board of Irrigation and Power, 1993.
4
Driscoll, Daniel G. Thunderstorms and flooding of August 17, 2007, with a context provided by a history of other large storm and flood events in the Black Hills area of South Dakota. Reston, Va: U.S. Geological Survey, 2010.
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Inc, Press Enterprise. Tropical Storm Lee flood, September 2011. Bloomsburg, PA]: Press Enterprise, 2011.
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Zevenbergen, C. Urban flood management. Leiden, The Netherlands: CRC Press/Balkema, 2010.
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Geological Survey (U.S.). Coastal storm monitoring in Virginia. Reston, Virginia]: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2014.
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Leigh, Skaggs L., McDonald Frank L, and U.S. Army Engineer Institute for Water Resources, eds. National economic development procedures manual: Coastal storm damage and erosion. Fort Belvoir, Va: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Water Resources Support Center, Institute for Water Resources, 1991.
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U.S.-China Bilateral Symposium on the Analysis of Extraordinary Flood Events (1985 Nanjing). Analysis of extraordinary flood events: [papers from the] U.S.-China Bilateral Symposium on the Analysis of Extraordinary Flood Events. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987.
10
Demissie, Misganaw. Sediment load during flood events for Illinois streams. Onalaska, Wis: National Biological Survey, Environmental Management Technical Center, 1995.
Частини книг з теми "Storm and flood events":
1
Waeles, Benoit, Xavier Bertin, Damien Chevaillier, Jean-François Breilh, Kai Li, and Baptiste Le Mauff Dorn. "Limitation of High Water Levels in Bays and Estuaries During Storm Flood Events." In Advances in Hydroinformatics, 439–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-615-7_30.
2
Sharma, Ashish, and Fiona M. Johnson. "Latest Advances and Challenges in Extreme Flood 3D Simulation." In Arts, Research, Innovation and Society, 25–36. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56114-6_3.
Анотація:
AbstractThis chapter canvasses the latest developments in the modelling and communication of environmental extremes, with a focus on floods. Three scenarios are explored. The first refers to real-time prediction, including the current modelling basis that is adopted, and the visualisation/communication strategies in place. The second refers to an environmental extreme event that is conditional to a failure scenario, as is the case when an existing infrastructure (i.e. levee or spillway in an extreme flood) fails. The third, more complex scenario is the occurrence of a compound or joint extreme, possibly in the future, where extreme storms will intensify. A compound extreme here could represent a flood event that follows from an incident of rare storm conditions on a fire-damaged landscape. While the modelling challenges are significant, visualisation is even more challenging, as the scenario occurs under a hypothetical future. Demonstrating how coupled models can support the anticipation of extreme event scenarios, the chapter considers implications for risk assessment and communication that can support future preparedness and resilience. Surveying knowledge gaps that still need to be bridged, the authors formulate a list of key requirements in the fields of data availability, processing and representation.
3
Olaniyan, Olumide A., Vincent O. Ajayi, Kamoru A. Lawal, and Ugbah Paul Akeh. "Impact of Moisture Flux and Vertical Wind Shear on Forecasting Extreme Rainfall Events in Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1127–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_98.
Анотація:
AbstractThis chapter investigates extreme rainfall events that caused flood during summer months of June–September 2010–2014. The aim is to determine the impact of horizontal moisture flux divergence (HMFD) and vertical wind shear on forecasting extreme rainfall events over Nigeria. Wind divergence and convective available potential energy (CAPE) were also examined to ascertain their threshold values during the events. The data used include rainfall observation from 40 synoptic stations across Nigeria, reanalyzed datasets from ECMWF at 0.125° × 0.125° resolution and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) dataset at resolution of 0.25° × 0.25°. The ECMWF datasets for the selected days were employed to derive the moisture flux divergence, wind shear, and wind convergence. The derived meteorological parameters and the CAPE were spatially analyzed and superimposed on the precipitation obtained from the satellite data. The mean moisture flux and CAPE for some northern Nigerian stations were also plotted for 3 days prior to and 3 days after the storm. The result showed that HMFD and CAPE increased few days before the storm and peak on the day of the storms, and then declined afterwards. HMFD values above 1.0 × 10−6 g kg−1 s−1 is capable of producing substantial amount of rainfall mostly above 50 mm while wind shear has a much weaker impact on higher rainfall amount than moisture availability. CAPE above 1000 Jkg−1 and 1500 Jk−1 are favorable for convection over the southern and northern Nigeria, respectively. The study recommends quantitative analysis of moisture flux as a valuable short-term severe storm predictor and should be considered in the prediction of extreme rainfall.
4
Olaniyan, Olumide A., Vincent O. Ajayi, Kamoru A. Lawal, and Ugbah Paul Akeh. "Impact of Moisture Flux and Vertical Wind Shear on Forecasting Extreme Rainfall Events in Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_98-1.
Анотація:
AbstractThis chapter investigates extreme rainfall events that caused flood during summer months of June–September 2010–2014. The aim is to determine the impact of horizontal moisture flux divergence (HMFD) and vertical wind shear on forecasting extreme rainfall events over Nigeria. Wind divergence and convective available potential energy (CAPE) were also examined to ascertain their threshold values during the events. The data used include rainfall observation from 40 synoptic stations across Nigeria, reanalyzed datasets from ECMWF at 0.125° × 0.125° resolution and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) dataset at resolution of 0.25° × 0.25°. The ECMWF datasets for the selected days were employed to derive the moisture flux divergence, wind shear, and wind convergence. The derived meteorological parameters and the CAPE were spatially analyzed and superimposed on the precipitation obtained from the satellite data. The mean moisture flux and CAPE for some northern Nigerian stations were also plotted for 3 days prior to and 3 days after the storm. The result showed that HMFD and CAPE increased few days before the storm and peak on the day of the storms, and then declined afterwards. HMFD values above 1.0 × 10−6 g kg−1 s−1 is capable of producing substantial amount of rainfall mostly above 50 mm while wind shear has a much weaker impact on higher rainfall amount than moisture availability. CAPE above 1000 Jkg−1 and 1500 Jk−1 are favorable for convection over the southern and northern Nigeria, respectively. The study recommends quantitative analysis of moisture flux as a valuable short-term severe storm predictor and should be considered in the prediction of extreme rainfall.
5
Sousounis, Peter J., Roger Grenier, Jonathan Schneyer, and Dan Raizman. "Climate Change Impacts to Hurricane-Induced Wind and Storm Surge Losses for Three Major Metropolitan Regions in the U.S." In Hurricane Risk in a Changing Climate, 161–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08568-0_8.
Анотація:
AbstractClimate change is expected to have increasingly significant impacts on U.S. hurricane activity through this century (Hayhoe et al., Our changing climate. In: Reidmiller DR, Avery CW, Easterling DR, Kunkel KE, Lewis KLM, Maycock TK, Stewart BC (eds) Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: fourth national climate assessment, volume II. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, pp 72:144. https://doi.org/10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH, 2018). A key concern for private insurers is how the relative contributions to loss from wind and water may change because damage from flood is not typically covered in the residential market. This study addresses the concern by considering how climate change by 2050 under an extreme climate scenario may impact hurricane frequency and damage. Using a stochastic catalog of 100,000 years of possible events that can occur in today’s climate, and available information on how hurricane frequency and intensity may change, multiple catalogs of events are created to reflect future hurricane activity. Climate change impacts on precipitation rate are not accounted for here, although sea level rise is included to understand how much worse storm surge may become. Relative changes to wind loss and coastal flood loss are examined for three economically significant and hurricane prone urban locations: Houston-Galveston, Miami, and New York. Results show that relative changes in wind loss may pale in comparison to relative changes in storm surge loss. Houston shows large increases in relative contribution of surge to total loss because the contribution is currently small, New York shows the least significant increases because contributions are currently large, and Miami is in the middle.
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Boyd, Ezra, Marc Levitan, and Ivor van Heerden. "Improvements in Flood Fatality Estimation Techniques Based on Flood Depths." In Wind Storm and Storm Surge Mitigation, 126–39. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784410813.ch11.
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Ajmar, Andrea, Piero Boccardo, Marco Broglia, Jan Kucera, Fabio Giulio-Tonolo, and Annett Wania. "Response to Flood Events." In Geophysical Monograph Series, 211–28. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119217930.ch14.
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Guo, James C. Y. "Storm sewer system design." In Urban Flood Mitigation and Stormwater Management, 329–72. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2017]: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21972-12.
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Fournier, Marie. "Flood Governance in France." In Facing Hydrometeorological Extreme Events, 125–39. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119383567.ch9.
10
Tsai, Y. J. "Statistical Analysis of Storm Tide Elevations for New England Coastal Communities." In Flood Hydrology, 249–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3957-8_21.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Storm and flood events":
1
Gourbesville, Philippe, and Masoud Ghulami. "Deterministic modeling for extreme flood events - Application to the Alex storm." In Proceedings of the 39th IAHR World Congress From Snow to Sea. Spain: International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/iahr-39wc2521711920221402.
2
Prime, Thomas. "Relocatable Tide Prediction and Storm Surge Forecasting." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77926.
Анотація:
The marine environment represents a large and important resource for communities around the world. However, the marine environment increasingly presents hazards that can have a large negative impact. One important marine hazard results from storms and their accompanying surges. This can lead to coastal flooding, particularly when surge and astronomical high tides align, with resultant impacts such as destruction of property, saline degradation of agricultural land and coastal erosion. Where tide and storm surge information are provided and accessed in a timely, accurate and understandable way, the data can provide: 1. Evidence for planning: Statistics of past conditions such as the probability of extreme event occurrence can be used to help plan improvements to coastal infrastructure that are able to withstand and mitigate the hazard from a given extreme event. 2. Early warning systems: Short term forecasts of storm surge allow provide early warnings to coastal communities enabling them to take actions to allow them to withstand extreme events, e.g. deploy flood prevention measures or mobilise emergency response measures. Data regarding sea level height can be provided from various in-situ observations such as tide gauges and remote observations such as satellite altimetry. However, to provide a forecast at high spatial and temporal resolution a dynamic ocean model is used. Over recent decades the National Oceanography Centre has been a world leading in developing coastal ocean models. This paper will present our progress on a current project to develop an information system for the Madagascan Met Office. The project, C-RISC, being executed in partnership with Sea Level Research Ltd, is translating the current modelling capability of NOC in storm surge forecasting and tidal prediction into a system that will provide information that can be easily transferred to other regions and is scalable to include other hazard types The outcome, an operational high-resolution storm surge warning system that is easy to relocate, will directly benefit coastal communities, giving them information they need to make effective decisions before and during extreme storm surge events.
3
Webster, T., and D. Stiff. "The prediction and mapping of coastal flood risk associated with storm surge events and long-term sea level changes." In RISK ANALYSIS 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/risk080141.
4
Hisamatsu, Rikito, Sooyoul Kim, and Shigeru Tabeta. "Estimation of Expected Loss by Storm Surges Along Tokyo Bay Coast." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95336.
Анотація:
Abstract In Japan, the fundamental disaster management plan was modified after a heavy rainfall event in 2015. According to the updated plan, the transfer of flood disaster risk to non-life insurance is promoted by the Japanese government. Thus, the importance of flood risk modeling for the insurance industry has increased. Winds are expected to become even stronger, resulting in higher storm surges, when the central pressure of the typhoon is intensified. Furthermore, it is possible for an insurance system to experience peak risk when such damage occurs simultaneously. Hence, refining the assessment method of storm surge risk is very important. An insurance company to which storm surge risk is transferred needs to assess not only the infrequent risks, for managing the risk of the company, but also the expected value of the estimated loss, for evaluating the insurance premium. However, only a few studies have assessed storm surges by stochastic approaches. In this study, storm surge losses along the coast of Tokyo Bay are predicted using the output of a stochastic typhoon model for 10,000 years. Storm surge losses due to 600 typhoons potentially causing storm surge damage for 10,000 years are calculated. Exceedance probability curves (EP curves) of estimated storm surge loss for each asset are created. Expected loss and the loss of representative return periods are evaluated based on these EP curves. We successfully determined the expected loss with a small calculation load.
5
Pham, Lam, Ekambaram Palaneeswaran, and Rodney Stewart. "Role of Maintenance in Reducing Building Vulnerability to Extreme Events." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.1452.
Анотація:
<p>The paper is to assess contribution of maintenance toward reducing building vulnerability to extreme weather events such as high wind, wild fire and flood. The aims are to gather technical knowledge to develop policy recommendations and guidelines for practice in Australia. Reducing building vulnerability to extreme events is one way of improving building resilience that is partly under the control of the building owners/occupiers. The performance of buildings will decease overtime without effective maintenance and their vulnerabilities to extreme events will increase. What are the opportunities to reduce building vulnerability via maintenance is the key question. Lack of consideration for maintenance during the design phase and lack of proper as-built documentation at completion of construction are the two main deficiencies of the Australian building system. The paper reviews the impacts of weather events in Australia. Losses due to storms, cyclones, wildfires and floods accounted for 96% to total losses due to disasters. Emerging risks for Australia are due to climate change, changes to construction practice and the introduction of new construction products without appropriate control. Maintenance activities currently carried out in Australia include (i) maintenance of essential safety measures, (ii) maintenance for habitability and</p><p>(iii) preventive maintenance for extreme events. Maintenance is considered as a post-construction activity and a responsibility for States and Territories governments. Opportunities for reducing building vulnerability vary with the types of events. For storms and cyclones, water penetration remains a recurring and costly issue. For floods, the opportunities for the owners/occupiers are mainly in preparation of the buildings before the floods and subsequent clean up and repairs. For wildfires, the main opportunity is in reducing the risk of ignition due to embers action with appropriate maintenance measures for the buildings and surrounding areas. The main recommendation of the research is to establish a building maintenance manual for each building with prescribed information including (i) as-built construction details relevant to maintenance, (ii) required preventive maintenance checklist.</p>
6
Bodda, Saran Srikanth, Harleen Kaur Sandhu, and Abhinav Gupta. "Fragility of a Flood Defense Structure Subjected to Multi-Hazard Scenario." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60508.
Анотація:
The March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant disaster has highlighted the significance of maintaining the integrity of flood protection systems in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant. In the US, Oyster Creek nuclear plant was shut down when high storm surge during hurricane Sandy threatened its water intake and circulation systems. A gravity dam located upstream of a power plant can undergo seismic failure or flooding failure leading to flooding at the nuclear plant. In this paper, we present the results from a study on evaluating the fragilities for failure of a concrete gravity dam under both the flooding and the seismic events. Finite element analysis is used for modeling the seismic behavior as well as the seepage through foundation. A time-dependent analysis is considered to account for appropriate nonlinearities. Failure of dam foundation is characterized by rupture, and the failure of dam body is characterized by excessive deformation for the flooding and seismic loads respectively. The study presented in this paper has focused on a concrete gravity dam because of the need of validation of models which exist in prior studies only for concrete gravity dams. However, the concepts are directly applicable to any concrete flood defense structure.
7
Douglas, S. Caleb, and Tyrel G. Wilson. "Integrated Emergency Construction and Engineering Response to 2013 Colorado Storm Damage." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5686.
Анотація:
Union Pacific Railroad’s Moffat Tunnel Subdivision, west of Denver, Colorado, was significantly impacted by an approximately 500 to 1,000 year storm event that occurred between September 9, 2013 and September 13, 2013. As a result of this historic event, washouts, earth slides, and debris flows severely impacted track infrastructure by eroding track embankments, destabilizing surrounding native slopes, and overwhelming stormwater infrastructure. Emergency response activities performed to restore track operations at Milepost (MP) 25.65 and MP 22.86 required the integration of civil, hydraulic, environmental and geotechnical engineering disciplines into emergency response and construction management efforts. Additionally, support from UPRR’s Real Estate Division was required when addressing private ownership and site access issues. The following text summarizes how coordinated efforts between various groups worked together in a pressure setting to restore rail service. The most significant damage occurred at MP 25.65 in a mountainous slot canyon between two tunnels accessible only by rail and consisted of a washout, approximately 200 feet (61 m) in length with a depth of 100 feet (30 m). MP 22.86 experienced slides on both sides of the track resulting in an unstable and near vertical track embankment which required significant fill and rock armoring. In addition to the embankment failures at MP 22.86, flood flows scoured around the underlying creek culvert, further threatening the geotechnical stability of the track embankment. The storm event highlighted the vulnerability of fill sections, where original construction used trestles. The repair plan engineered for MP 25.65 was developed to restore the lost embankment fill to near pre-flood conditions while limiting environmental impacts in order to minimize regulatory permitting requirements. Fill replacement performed during the initial emergency response was completed within 22 days, notwithstanding site remoteness and difficult access. Repair of the embankment required the placement of approximately 90,000 cubic yards (68,800 cubic meters) of fill and installation of four 48-inch (122-cm) culverts. Repair of embankment sloughing and scour damage at MP 22.86 was accomplished without the need for environmental permits by working from above the ordinary high water mark, using a “one track in – one track out” approach while restoring infrastructure to pre-flood conditions. A new headwall to address flow around the culvert inlet received expedited permit authorization from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers by limiting the construction footprint through implementation of best management practices and minimizing placement of fill below the ordinary high water mark. Service interruptions, such as those at MP 22.86 and MP 25.65, require sound engineering practices that can be quickly and efficiently implemented during emergency response situations that often occur in less than ideal working environments. Track outages not only impact the efficiency of a railroad’s operating network, but also impact interstate and global commerce as transportation of goods are hindered. The need to have a team of experienced engineering and construction professionals responding to natural disasters was demonstrated by this storm event.
8
Iddamalgoda, I. D. M. P., and E. Warusavitharana. "Investigation of application of green infrastructure practices for storm water management in urban areas: a case study of Diyatha Uyana." In Independence and interdependence of sustainable spaces. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2022.26.
Анотація:
With rapid urbanization, uncontrolled storm water runoff is one of the major problems facing urban areas at the present. Therefore, it can be seen as inducing flash flood events and water quality degradation in urban areas. In the Sri Lankan context, this same problem can be seen in urban areas. One of the issues facing urban areas is inadequate storm water drainage systems and limited space. At present, most urban areas have broadly used Green Infrastructure (GI) to reduce this situation in developing countries as an innovative and sustainable SWM approach. This Research is basically focused to examine the capability of reducing the impact of surface runoff using GI considering before- after situations (2005, 2021) in Diyatha Uyana and its surrounding as a case study area. When examining the research question, is explained the result with runoff retention index, runoff volume per watershed (m3), and runoff retention volume per pixel (m3) of the study area. Under various rainfall depths can be seen as a high retention index rather than before-situation of Diyatha Uyan
9
Savery, Timothy. "NYC Transit Flood Resiliency: Case Studies of Recently Completed Mitigation Strategies." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.2616.
Анотація:
<p>MTA New York City Transit (NYCT) suffered significant damage from Hurricane Sandy in 2012, and hired Arup to design flood mitigation strategies for various system vulnerabilities.</p><p>Arup developed innovative permanent solutions to mitigate the various system vulnerabilities identified, including working with specialty fabricators to develop products for these specific purposes in order to provide the required protection of up to 14 feet of flood depth.</p><p>These efforts have resulted in innovate, new, purpose driven methods of flood mitigation that were not previously available on the market. These new systems result in dramatically reduced deployment time ahead of a storm event as well as a significant increase in the performance of the mitigation including reduced leakage rates.</p><p>This paper reviews various system vulnerabilities present in transit systems and presents case studies for the various mitigation strategies that were developed.</p>
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Dethier, Evan N., Francis J. Magilligan, and Carl E. Renshaw. "TIMESCALES OF RESPONSE TO A CATASTROPHIC FLOOD: QUANTIFYING “EVENT” AND “POST-EVENT” EFFECTS TO ASSESS STREAM RECOVERY FOLLOWING TROPICAL STORM IRENE." In 54th Annual GSA Northeastern Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019ne-328625.
Звіти організацій з теми "Storm and flood events":
1
Ramos-Santiago, Efrain, Norberto Nadal-Caraballo, Fabian Garcia-Moreno, Luke Aucoin, Meredith Carr, Madison Yawn, and Jeffrey Melby. Statistical analysis of storm surge and seiche hazards for Lake Erie. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48590.
Анотація:
Storm surge and seiche events are generally forced by severe storms, initially resulting in a wind-driven super elevation of water level on one or more sides of a lake (surge) followed by a rebound and periodic oscillation of water levels between opposing sides of the lake (seiche). These events have caused flooding along Lake Erie and significant damages to coastal communities and infrastructure. This study builds upon statistical analysis methods initially developed for the 2012 federal interagency Great Lakes Coastal Flood Study. Using the Coastal Hazards System's stochastic Storm Simulation (StormSim) suite of tools, including the Probabilistic Simulation Technique (PST), and regional frequency model, historical extreme events were assessed in a local frequency analysis and a regional frequency analysis to quantify the annual exceedance frequency (AEF) of WLD events specific to Lake Erie. The objective of this study was to quantify AEFs of storm surge and seiche hazards to provide a better understanding of these events to aid flood mitigation and risk reduction for lakeside properties.
2
Giovando, Jeremy, Chandler Engel, Steven Daly, Michael Warner, Daniel Hamill, and Evan Heisman. Wintertime snow and precipitation conditions in the Willow Creek watershed above Ririe Dam, Idaho. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40479.
Анотація:
The Ririe Dam and Reservoir project is located on Willow Creek near Idaho Falls, Idaho, and is important for flood risk reduction and water supply. The current operating criteria is based on fully storing a large winter runoff event. These winter runoff events are generally from large storm events, termed atmospheric rivers, which produce substantial precipitation. In addition to the precipitation, enhanced runoff is produced due to frozen soil and snowmelt. However, the need for additional water supply by local stakeholders has prompted the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to seek to better understand the current level of flood risk reduction provided by Ririe Dam and Reservoir. Flood risk analysis using hydrologic modeling software requires quantification of the probability for all of the hydrometeorologic inputs. Our study develops the precipitation, SWE, and frozen ground probabilities that are required for the hydrologic modeling necessary to quantify the current winter flood risk.
3
Ayala, David, Ashley Graves, Colton Lauer, Henrik Strand, Chad Taylor, Kyle Weldon, and Ryan Wood. Flooding Events Post Hurricane Harvey: Potential Liability for Dam and Reservoir Operators and Recommendations Moving Forward. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.floodingpostharvey.
Анотація:
When Hurricane Harvey hit the Texas coast as a category 4 hurricane on August 25, 2017, it resulted in $125 billion in damage, rivaling only Hurricane Katrina in the amount of damage caused. It also resulted in the deaths of 88 people and destroyed or damaged 135,000 homes. Much of that devastation was the result of flooding. The storm dumped over 27 trillion gallons of rain over Texas in a matter of days. Some parts of Houston received over 50 inches of rainfall. The potential liability that dam and reservoir operators may face for decisions they make during storm and flooding events has now become a major concern for Texas citizens and its elected officials. Law suits have now been instituted against the federal government for its operation of two flood control reservoirs, as well as against the San Jacinto River Authority for its operation of a water supply reservoir. Moreover, the issues and concerns have been placed on the agenda of a number of committees preparing for the 2019 Texas legislative session. This report reviews current dam and reservoir operations in Texas and examines the potential liability that such operators may face for actions and decisions taken in response to storm and flooding events. In Section III, the report reviews dam gate operations and differentiates between water supply reservoirs and flood control reservoirs. It also considers pre-release options and explains why such actions are disfavored and not recommended. In Section IV, the report evaluates liabilities and defenses applicable to dam and reservoir operators. It explains how governmental immunity can limit the exposure of state and federally-run facilities to claims seeking monetary damages. It also discusses how such entities could be subject to claims of inverse condemnation, which generally are not subject to governmental immunity, under Texas law as well as under the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In addition, the Section discusses negligence and nuisance claims and concludes that plaintiffs asserting either or both of these claims will have difficulty presenting successful arguments for flooding-related damage and harm against operators who act reasonably in the face of storm-related precipitation. Finally, Section V offers recommendations that dam and reservoir operators might pursue in order to engage and educate the public and thereby reduce the potential for disputes and litigation. Specifically, the report highlights the need for expanded community outreach efforts to engage with municipalities, private land owners, and the business community in flood-prone neighborhoods both below and above a dam. It also recommends implementation of proactive flood notification procedures as a way of reaching and alerting as many people as possible of potential and imminent flooding events. Finally, the report proposes implementation of a dispute prevention and minimization mechanism and offers recommendations for the design and execution of such a program.
4
O'Donnell, Emily. Delivering multiple co-benefits in Blue-Green Cities. Royal Geographical Society (with IBG), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55203/pclw1513.
Анотація:
Global cities face a range of water challenges, driven by increasingly frequent and extreme storm events, drier summers, accelerating urbanisation and reductions in public green space. Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) and Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are increasingly being used to address challenges across the full water spectrum while tackling social, economic and environmental issues. In April 2021, the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) hosted an online knowledge exchange event to explore the multiple co-benefits of Blue-Green Cities, and how these can overcome the biophysical, socio-political and societal barriers to innovation in urban flood and water management. This briefing paper draws together discussion from that event, framed by geographical research in the Blue-Green Cities (www.bluegreencities.ac.uk) and Urban Flood Resilience (www.urbanfloodresilience.ac.uk) projects, to give recommendations to enable greater implementation of BGI in policy and practice.
5
Walterscheid, J. C. September 2013 Storm and Flood Assessment Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1233253.
6
Gravens, Mark, and Dylan Sanderson. Identification and selection of representative storm events from a probabilistic storm data base. Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (U.S.), January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/26341.
7
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