Готові списки джерел за темами / Steel 40x

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Steel 40x"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Steel 40x"

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Kubich, V. I. "INFLUENCE OF BORINATION, BORON CEMENTATION OF STEEL 45 AND VISCOSITY OF A LUBRICANT ON THE PARAMETERS OF ADHESION BOND IN THE STEEL 45 - 40X SYSTEM." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 18, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021no2/67-75.

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Анотація:
In the work, the regularities of changes in the shear strength of the adhesive bond τ and the piezoelectric coefficient β in the metal systems "steel 45 - 40X", "steel 45+В-40Х", "steel 45+ВС-40Х" were obtained during physical modeling of the materials I-20A, Wolf 10W-40, TAD-17i, Litol-24 with distinctive dynamic viscosities using the additional equipment of the SMTs-2 friction machine. It has been established that a twofold increase in the shear rate causes a decrease in the piezoelectric coefficient in the "steel 45+VS - 40X" system by a factor of 1.2-1.6 for Wolf 10W-40, TAD-17i, Litol-24 lubricants and its relative similarity independent of dynamic viscosity. At the same time, a twofold increase in the shear rate in the "steel 45+B-40X" system also causes a decrease in the piezoelectric coefficient by a factor of 1.16-1.38 for all tested lubricants and its alignments, as in the "steel 45+VS" system, does not observed. It was found that the clearly expressed regularity of the effect of the equivalent dynamic viscosity on the strength of the adhesive bond at p = 0 MPa is not revealed, and the nature of the manifestation is predetermined by a possible change in the mechanism of intermolecular interaction, which depends on the structure of the molecules of lubricants. It was determined that the piezoelectric coefficient naturally decreases with an increase in dynamic viscosity in the entire considered range of normal pressures.
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2

Haretski, H. P., N. F. Solovey, S. L. Shenets, A. V. Tereshchenko, S. V. Avdeev, A. I. Pokrovskii, and O. I. Tolkacheva. "Structure and characteristics of boron-containing steels for fasteners." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2020-1-25-30.

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Анотація:
According to TU 14-1-4486-88 and TU 14-1-5490-2004, in accordance with international standards DIN EN 10263-4, OJSC «BSW – Management Company of the Holding «BMC» produces hot-rolled products of the following grades of steel: 20Г2Р, 30Г1Р, 20MnB4, 30MnB4 and 32CrB4 microalloyed with boron. They are used for the manufacture of fasteners instead of previously used steels 35X, 38X and 40X. The use of boron-containing steels reduces the surface defects of hardware; to increase the stability of the mechanical properties of bolts, screws, studs, strength class 8.8 and 10.9 by GOST 1759.4-87; to achieve a high level of toughness at negative temperatures. It is shown that steel 20Г2Р provides stable mechanical properties of products up to M27 (in contrast to steel grades 35X, which are designed exclusively for bolts of class M16 8.8). The boron-containing steels in the delivery state with the structure of granular perlite have high technological plasticity – in the cold, the bolt head is formed and the thread is rolled without tearing in the thread hollows, as is the case with chromium steels of type 40X. It was found that their ductility increases due to the low content of carbon and chromium, as well as the formation of dispersed carbonitride-boride phases of a globular form.
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Cheremnykh, S., and M. Kuzhin. "SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM OF STABILITY OF 40X STEEL SHELL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1425 (December 2019): 012191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1425/1/012191.

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4

Pachurin, G. V., and A. A. Filippov. "Economical preparation of 40X steel for cold upsetting of bolts." Russian Engineering Research 28, no. 7 (July 2008): 670–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x08070095.

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5

Ryabchikov, A. I., Tran My Kim An, T. V. Koval, D. O. Sivin, P. S. Anan’in, and O. S. Korneva. "Nitriding of steel 40x with a high-intensity ion beam." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1115 (November 2018): 032019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1115/3/032019.

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Pachurin, G. V., and A. A. Filippov. "Rational reduction of hot-rolled 40X steel before cold upsetting." Steel in Translation 38, no. 7 (July 2008): 522–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s096709120807005x.

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Myl’nikov, V. V., D. I. Shetulov, O. B. Kondrashkin, E. A. Chernyshov, and A. I. Pronin. "CHANGES IN FATIGUE RESISTANCE OF STRUCTURAL STEELS AT DIFFERENT LOADING SPECTRA." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 10 (November 3, 2019): 796–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-10-796-802.

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Анотація:
Fatigue strength of widely used engineering structural steels was studied at various frequencies of loading according to the scheme of cantilever bending of the rotating cylindrical samples. Fatigue resistance index is tangent of angle of inclination of fatigue curve to axis of longevity. It is established that 40 and 45 steels belong to the group of materials in which decrease in frequency of loading leads to cyclic softening and decrease in fatigue resistance, which is numerically expressed by increasing slope of fatigue curve. Tests of the samples made of 40X steel had shown that increase in frequency of loading cycles leads to a noticeable decrease in slope of fatigue curve parameter, i.e. to an increase in fatigue resistance. Decrease in fatigue resistance parameter is associated with an increase in hardening of material of the samples (parts) surface layers which reduces fatigue damage to the surface itself. Dependence of the fatigue curve slope tangent on surface damage at changing loading cycles frequency is shown and it is stated that, regardless of frequency, damage of material surface layers increases along the slope of fatigue curve. For each of these groups mathematical relations are defined. The correlation coefficient providing degree of convergence of experimental results with the constructed fatigue curve was adopted as a criterion of cyclic behavior stability of steels. It is revealed that increase in behavior stability of 40X steel is observed with increase in cyclic deformation rate. Tests of 45 steel have shown that decrease in cyclic strength with increase in loading frequency does not affect fatigue stability of material. Increased dispersion of experimental results was observed in 40 steel at low loading frequency, despite the high values of cyclic strength at given loading frequency. On the basis of conducted experiments, dynamics of behavior of real machine parts and structures subjected to cyclic loads operating was determined in the studied loading spectrum.
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Tarelnyk, Viacheslav, Ievgen Konoplianchenko, Oksana Gaponova, and Bogdan Sarzhanov. "Assessment of Hydroabrasive Wear Resistance of Construction Materials with Functional Coatings, which are Formed by Resource-Saving and Environmentally Friendly Technologies." Key Engineering Materials 864 (September 2020): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.864.265.

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Анотація:
The work presented in this paper is devoted to the formation of thick-layer wear-resistant coatings by technologies based on electrospark alloying, an example of essential components hardening for the heavy-duty processing equipment operating under hydroabrasive wear conditions. The aim of the paper is to improve the manufacturing and repairing technologies for the helical surfaces of the screws made of 65Г, 30X13 and 40X steels and corrosion-resistant stainless steel 12X18H10T. The above aim has been achieved owing to applying the new environmentally friendly technologies for the formation of the surface layers, and also due to the choice of the surface layers that are most resistant against hydroabrasive wear, which choice being provided for by conducting the comparative tests on the samples made of the above said steel grades and strengthened in various ways. The analysis results of the hydroabrasive wear resistance of the samples made of steel and provided with protective coatings is presented.
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9

Ryabov, A. V. "Mastering of production of lead-free ecologically clean free-machining steels." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 3 (June 27, 2019): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-3-337-343.

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Анотація:
Both in the domestic and world steel industry alternative ecologically clean free-cutting steels, having cutting machinability characteristics and mechanicalproperties, comparable with lead-containing steels, but voided of their drawbacks,are actively searched. First ofall the alternative steels should not be not so ecologically harmful. Scientific and technological aspects of lead-free free-machining steels production, alloyed by bismuth, calcium, tin, boron and nitrogen presented. Solubility of bismuth in iron and iron alloys with chromium, manganese, nickel, tungsten, vanadium, cobalt,phosphor, sulphur, aluminum, carbon and other elements at the temperature of 1550–1650 ºСdetermined. Parameters of interaction of the first and second order calculated. Study of bismuth behavior and tin spherical samples in 40X steel melt accomplished. The study done at the high temperature facility with controlled atmosphere and X-ray TV observation system. Simulation of phase compositions multicomponent alloys of steel АВЦ40ХГНМaccomplished by application of a program package FactSage. Within the study,a production technology of lead-free, ecologically clean free-machining, steels elaborated and masteredat OJSC “Zlatoust electro-metallurgical works”. Free-machining corrosion-resistant steels (АВЦ19ХГН, АВЦ40Х, АВЦ40ХГНМ, АВЦ12Х18Н10, АВЦ40Х13, АВЦ14Х17Н2) alloyed by bismuth and calcium, steels (АО40Х, АО30ХМ) alloyed by tin, and steels (А38ХГМАРand А30ХМАР) containing BN were the objects of the study. The steels samples were in the form of forged billet of 10, 20 and 80 mm diameter and ingots of 18 and 500 kg (round 345 mm). Steel quality characteristics determined such as mechanicalproperties in longitudinal and cross directions of ingots, uniformity of distribution of fusible elements, carbon and Sulphur along the axis zone and in billet transverse sections. Pictures of ingots macrostructure by height and section obtained. Estimation of hardenability and steel contamination by non-metallic inclusions, austenitic grain size, steel machinability by cutting, surfacequality of re-worked billet and steel macrostructure accomplished. Comparable ecological studies of atmosphere contamination during the steel alloying also accomplished.
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Pimonov, M. V., D. A. Romanov, and H. Chen. "The structure of the surface layer of 0.4C-1Cr structural steel after finishing stages of machining by cutting." Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment 4 (2020): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2020-4-17-30.

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Анотація:
The microstructure and local fields of internal stresses arising in the surface layer of 0.4C-1Cr structural alloy steel (40X type) samples after machining by cutting are investigated. Before treatment, the samples were subjected to recrystallization annealing at a temperature of 600°C for 60 min. Sample processing was carried out in three modes: finishing (mode 1), sequential combination of roughing and semi-finishing (mode 2), sequential combination of roughing, semi-finishing and finishing (mode 3). With 1, 2 and 3 processing modes, chips are removed to a depth of 0.25, 1.5 and 1.75 mm, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the amplitude of the curvature-torsion of the crystal lattice of the forming phases, the excess density of dislocations, and the amplitude of internal stresses. It has been established that the main phase components in 40X steel after cutting are lamellar pearlite with different morphology and fragmented and unfragmented ferrite.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Steel 40x"

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Яременко, Денис Олегович. "Формування функціональних покриттів на сталі 40Х електроіскровим легуванням хромом та ніобієм". Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2021. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/43127.

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Анотація:
Об’єкт дослідження – поверхневі шари сталі 40Х, отримані електроіскровим легуванням анодами хромом та ніобієм на повітрі. Мета роботи – встановити вплив послідовності ЕІЛ хромом і ніобієм на мікроструктуру, фазовий склад і мікротвердість поверхневих шарів сталі 40Х. Методи дослідження – гравіметричний, мікроструктурний, мікродюрометричний та рентгенофазовий. Показана можливість формування зміцнених покриттів (мікротвердістю 9,5 ГПа – 14,5 ГПа і товщиною 20 мкм – 35 мкм) електроіскровим легуванням Cr та Nb сталі 40Х при різній послідовності нанесення матеріалів анодів. Встановлено вплив нанесення хрому та ніобію під час електроіскрового легування сталі 40Х на поверхневу мікротвердість, фазовий склад та мікроструктуру модифікованого шару. Виявлено, що найбільшу мікротвердість (14,5 ГПа) має легований шар після ЕІЛ сталі Nb, а найбільшу товщину (35 мкм) – при пошаровому ЕІЛ у послідовності Cr- Nb. Практичне значення: одержані в роботі результати та з’ясовані закономірності формування структури та характеристик модифікованих шарів під час електроіскрового легування можуть бути застосовані для подовження строку експлуатації деталей машин та механізмів.
The object of the study is the surface layers of 40X steel, obtained by electrospark doping with chromium and niobium anodes in air. The aim of the work is to establish the influence of EIL chromium and niobium sequences on the microstructure, phase composition and microhardness of 40X steel surface layers. Research methods - gravimetric, microstructural, microdyurometric and X-ray phase. The possibility of forming reinforced coatings (microhardness 9.5 GPa – 14.5 GPa and thickness 20 μm – 35 μm) by electrospark alloying of Cr and Nb steel 40X with different sequence of anode materials application is shown. The influence of chromium and niobium deposition during electrospark alloying of 40X steel on the surface microhardness, phase composition and microstructure of the modified layer was established. It was found that the alloyed layer has the highest microhardness (14.5 GPa) after the EIL of Nb steel, and the greatest thickness (35 μm) - with layered EIL in the Cr-Nb sequence. Practical significance: the results obtained in the work and the regularities of the formation of the structure and characteristics of the modified layers during electrospark alloying can be used to extend the service life of machine parts and mechanisms.
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Bierbrauer, Frank. "Mathematical modelling of water-droplet impact on hot galvanised steel surfaces." School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics - Faculty of Informatics, 2004. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/400.

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Анотація:
Hot-dip galvanising is commonly used in industry to increase the corrosion resistance of cold-rolled steel products for commercial use such as roofing and walling of buildings. Traditionally, the zinc coated steel surface is characterised by a relatively smooth surface with large spangle relief which is detrimental to corrosion resistance. One of the techniques to modify the surface appearance consists of a water-mist spray solution which allows for the creation of a large number of nucleation sites giving rise to micro rather than macro spangles, thereby producing a much smoother surface. In addition, controlling the spray parameters allows the hot, zinc coated, steel surface to be ‘roughened’ facilitating its bonding to concrete or for lamination. The proper control of water droplet impact parameters such as impact velocity, droplet diameter and crater size is essential for a successful implementation of this technique. Certain aspects of the second of these processes, the production of rough, non-skid galvanised steel sheet surfaces, has been addressed by this thesis.Although an experimental investigation of the effect of such water droplet parameters on the formation of zinc surface characteristics such as crater diameter and depth would provide a great deal of valuable data it is fraught with difficulties. The presence of hot metal surfaces exceeding 450oC and the boiling and evaporation of water droplets taking place at very small timescales (microseconds) all combine to make an experimental study difficult to implement not to say unsafe. On the other hand computer simulations with a properly constructed mathematical model are a valuable tool for the investigation of these parameters.A comprehensive modelling of the process would include the process of heat transfer: such as conduction through a vapour layer, internal droplet and vapour convection, radiation from the hot surface, solidification of the zinc liquid layer; as well as the fluid dynamical aspects: such as surface tension at the droplet-air, droplet-zinc and zinc-air interfaces, the droplet impact phenomena such as spreading and splashing and the formation of impact craters and wave propagation in a thin viscous zinc layer. As a first stage in the modelling exercise this thesis will concentrate on an investigation of single water droplet impact on a thin liquid zinc layer with a steel substrate which provides a simplified and computationally tractable model of the spraying process.The objectives of this thesis are twofold: firstly, the development and construction of an accurate, robust mathematical model and, secondly, the solution of the model for the impact of a single water droplet onto a thin liquid layer of zinc on a steel substrate. This model must be able to deal with rapidly deforming moving interfaces and maintain stability in the presence of very large density and viscosity ratios. This moving boundary problem requires the tracking of three fluid interfaces while also maintaining incompressibility. The Godunov-Marker-Particle Projection Scheme developed in this thesis is able to satisfy these requirements. Through a combination of approximate projection methods, Godunov convective differencing, Marker-Particle interface tracking and velocity filters the method is able to treat viscous, multi-fluid free surface flows. The modelling of free surface flows with more than two separate immiscible fluids, to the author’s knowledge not yet published in the literature, is a secondary aim of the thesis. A major part of the thesis deals with the thorough testing of each aspect of the combination of numerical methods used: firstly, the Poisson solver with discontinuous coefficients and homogeneous boundary conditions used in the approximate projection method, analytical solutions for the construction of an initial solenoidal velocity field, testing of the projection and velocity filters and kinematic tests of the Marker-Particle method for tracking of fluid interfaces; secondly, dynamical tests of the viscous incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for: an exact solution, the Lid-Driven Cavity and the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The combined method is also successfully tested on the limited two-fluid droplet-solid and droplet-liquid impact problems before solving the thesis problem.It is shown that, for the impact of a single water droplet onto a thin liquid zinc layer, impact crater growth, diameter and depth, are linearly dependent on impact velocity. For a given impact velocity, crater diameter is not effected by increasing zinc layer depth although crater depth is linearly dependent. The time at which the droplet commences penetration of the zinc layer is inversely dependent on impact velocity and the maximum crater diameter and depth are nonlinearly dependent on impact velocity. The model shows that, within the convective timescale, droplet impact on thin liquid zinc layers can be approximately described by droplet spreading on a solid zinc surface. The droplet is shown to spread preferentially to the zinc layer splashing after completion of spreading. This shows that adjustment of the droplet impact velocity or zinc layer depth can vary the surface roughness appropriately.
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3

DeArdo, Ian A. "Mechanical behavior of IF 409 ferritic stainless steel." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21287.

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Анотація:
IF 409 stainless steel is a common industrial steel grade used in automotive exhaust systems. It combines a high formability with the corrosion resistance associated with stainless steels. Two particular grades of IF 409 were used in these experiments: a titanium stabilized and a titanium-niobium stabilized. The current work explores the mechanical behavior Of this grade with emphasis on the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization. Hot torsion tests were performed over a range of temperatures and strains to determine the behavior. The tests were analyzed using the flow curves, optical microscopy and texture measurements. The optical micrographs indicated that dynamic recrystallization was occurring. The texture results confirmed that the titanium stabilized steel dynamically recrystallized around 1000°C and the titanium-niobium grade recrystallized around 1200°C. In addition, the effects of strain and temperature were quantified. The results allow the feasibility of dynamic recrystallization in industrial applications to be determined.
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4

DeArdo, Ian A. "Mechanical behavior of IF 409 ferritic stainless steel." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0025/MQ50600.pdf.

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5

Chan, Phillip. "Jet impingement boiling heat transfer at low coiling temperatures." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/401.

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Анотація:
The production of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) for use in the automotive and construction industries requires complex control of runout table (ROT) cooling. Advanced high strength steels require coiling at temperatures below 500 °C in order to produce a complex multi-phase microstructure. The research described here will investigate the boiling conditions that occur for moving plate experiments when steel is cooled towards low coiling temperatures. Experiments were performed on a pilot-scale ROT located at the University of British Columbia using industrially supplied steel plates. Tests were performed for four different speeds (0.3, 0.6, 1.0 and 1.3 m/s) and three different initial plate temperatures(350, 500 and 600 °C). Each plate was instrumented with thermocouples in order to record the thermal history of the plate. The results show that cooling is more effective at slower speeds within the stagnation zone for surface temperatures over 200 °C. Outside the stagnation zone regardless of speed cooling is primarily governed by air convection and radiation with minor effects from latent heat caused by splashing water. The maximum peak heat flux value increases with decreasing speed and occurs at a surface temperature of approximately 200 °C, regardless of speed. Below a surface temperature of 200 °C, speed has a negligible effect on peak heat flux. The maximum integrated heat flux seems to vary with speed according to a second order polynomial.
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6

Moses, Robert. "Precipitation behaviour of IF 409 ferritic stainless steels." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22665.

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Анотація:
Five slightly different IF 409 ferritic stainless steels were investigated by means of continuous cooling compression (CCC) testing. These compression test were performed at a constant strain rate of $1.8 times10 rm sp{-4}s sp{-1}$ over a 600$ sp circ$C temperature range (i.c. from 1200$ sp circ$C- 600$ sp circ$C) at four different cooling rates (0.25, 0.5. 1.0 and 2.0$ sp circ$C/sec). The reheating temperature and time were varied and the effect of this on precipitation is discussed.
The analysis of the CCC test results, and the optical microscopy observations, indicated that neither solute drag nor phase transformation is responsible for the deviations observed in these flow curves. TEM bright field images were used to verify the presence of precipitates, and to calculate the strengthening influence of these particles on the flow curve. It is shown that, in the niobium bearing materials, the precipitation of carbonitrides is responsible for the increase in flow stress. Conversely, in the titanium bearing materials, the titanium carbonitride precipitates were determined to have no effect on the flow stress.
It was discovered that increasing the solution temperature and time resulted in the occurrence of precipitation at higher temperatures, and that these precipitates were coarsened to a greater extent. Also, when the holding temperature and/or the holding time was decreased, the amount of niobium put into solution decreased, which led to precipitation starting at lower temperatures.
A method was developed for determining the precipitation start and finish temperatures from the CCC results. These temperatures were converted to precipitation start and finish times for each of the four cooling rates. This revealed that the precipitation start and finish times increase with decreasing cooling rate in both the 0.2% Nb and 0.1% Nb + 0.1% Ti stainless steels. Finally, a continuous cooling precipitation diagram was constructed for the two niobium bearing materials using these start and finish times.
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7

Tojal, Thaise Lima. "Contribuição ao estudo da aderência de barras de aço em concreto autoadensável reforçado com fibras metálicas." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2011. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/402.

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Анотація:
One of the conditions of existence assigned to the concrete as a building material is the adhesion between the concrete and steel. This adhesion has been the subject of several research studies that give rise to models that mathematically describe the behavior of adhesion; present testing techniques and in analysis of the influence of different factors that affect the concrete-steel adhesion. With the technological advancement of the concrete there were some special concrete compositions which contain chemical additives and minerals, and fiber, as is the case of self compacting concrete and concrete reinforced with fibers. These special concretes have shown different behavior compared to conventional concrete, contributing to an improved system of steel-concrete adhesion. Thus, this study used the pullout test of a steel bar of a massive concrete, following the standard model of RILEM-CEB-FIP (1973) known as Pull Out Test (Steel Reinforced Bond Test) were used conventional concrete, self compacting concrete and self compacting concrete with the addition of 1% steel fibers and steel bars used were 10mm and 16mm od diameter. The analyses were based on curves that describe the behavior of the loss of adhesion between the concrete and steel, the tension of pullout of the steel rod and the characteristics presented by the massive concrete during and at the end of the research. The self compacting concrete had a gain of lead capacity in the loss of adhesion compared to conventional concrete, and the addition of steel fibers in this concrete promoted a significant increase in the load required to pull the steel bar of the massive concrete, and this had less damage essay, compared to other specimens of concrete.
Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas
Uma das condições de existência atribuídas ao concreto armado como material de construção é a aderência existente entre o concreto e o aço. Essa aderência tem sido motivo de estudos em várias pesquisas que dão origem aos modelos que descrevem matematicamente o comportamento da aderência; apresentam técnicas de ensaios e fazem análise da influência de diferentes fatores que interferem na ligação concreto-aço. Com o avanço tecnológico do concreto surgiram alguns concretos especiais cujas composições contêm o uso de aditivos químicos e minerais, além de fibras, como é o caso dos concretos autoadensáveis e dos concretos reforçados com fibras. Esses concretos especiais têm demonstrado comportamento diferenciado em relação aos concretos convencionais, contribuindo para uma melhora do sistema de ligação concreto-aço. Neste sentido, este estudo utilizou o ensaio de arrancamento de uma barra de aço de um maciço de concreto, seguindo o modelo padrão da RILEM-CEB-FIP (1973) conhecido como Pull Out Test (Bond Test Reinforced Steel), foram utilizados o concreto convencional, o concreto autoadensável e o concreto autoadensável com a incorporação de 1% de fibras metálicas e as barras de aço utilizadas foram as de diâmetro de 10mm e 16mm. As análises foram baseadas nas curvas que descrevem o comportamento da perda da aderência entre o concreto e o aço, das tensões de arrancamento da barra de aço do maciço de concreto e das características apresentadas pelos corpos de prova no decorrer e no final do ensaio. O concreto autoadensável apresentou ganho de capacidade de carga na perda da aderência em relação ao concreto convencional, e a adição das fibras metálicas a este concreto autoadensável promoveu um significativo aumento da carga necessária para arrancar a barra de aço do maciço de concreto, e este apresentou menos avarias ao final deste ensaio se comparado aos corpos de prova dos outros concretos.
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Berton, Elisiane Maria. "Efeito das temperaturas de têmpera e de revenido na resistência à corrosão da camada martensítica de alto nitrogênio produzida por SHTPN sobre o aço AISI 409." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/958.

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CNPq, CAPES, FINEP
Devido à alta resistência a corrosão, os aços inoxidáveis possuem uma larga aplicabilidade em diversos setores industriais, seja indústria química, petroquímica ou alimentícia. Buscando atender solicitações ainda mais severas, métodos que melhorem a relação resistência à corrosão e propriedades mecânicas destes aços tem sido objeto de estudo de diversos pesquisadores. Com o objetivo de aumentar a resistência mecânica, dureza superficial e resistência à corrosão dos aços inoxidáveis propôs-se a introdução de nitrogênio em solução sólida pelo processo de SHTPN (Solution Heat Treatment after Plasma Nitriding), em desenvolvimento no GrMaTS/UTFPR. O nitrogênio apresenta algumas vantagens como a redução da tendência à precipitação, e a estabilização da camada passiva. Além disso, o nitrogênio reage na área anódica, o que neutraliza o efeito da acidez melhorando assim a resistência a corrosão. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a resistência à corrosão do aço inoxidável ferrítico AISI 409, após a obtenção de uma camada martensítica enriquecida com nitrogênio em solução solida por meio do processo SHTPN. Em seguida foram avaliados os efeitos da temperatura de revenimento (200, 400 e 600 °C) e da temperatura de austenitização (950 e 1050 °C) na microestrutura, dureza e resistência à corrosão da camada martensítica obtida. A resistência à corrosão foi avaliada pela técnica de polarização cíclica em solução de NaCl 0,5 mol/L e os perfis de dureza obtidos por medição de dureza Vickers com carga de 0,05 Kgf (0,49 N). A microestrutura foi avaliada por Microscopia Óptica, Eletrônica de Varredura e por Difração de Raios-X. Os resultados indicam que o tratamento de SHTPN promoveu a formação de uma camada martensítica de nitrogênio, com consequente acréscimo de dureza de 160 HV para 580 HV. O tratamento têmpera após SHTPN não afetou significativamente a dureza do aço, contudo, refinou e melhorou a distribuição da martensita de nitrogênio. Os resultados de corrosão para as condições tratadas e revenidas a 200 °C indicam resistência à corrosão superior ou equivalente à da ferrita do material não tratado (AISI 409). Já as amostras revenidas nas temperaturas de 400 e 600 °C apresentaram um decréscimo na resistência à corrosão, bem como foi observada uma diminuição da dureza da amostra revenida a 600 °C.
Due to high corrosion resistance, stainless steels have a wide applicability in many industrial sectors, such as, chemical, petrochemical and food industries. With the demand for corrosion resistance materials becoming more stringent, methods that improve the relation corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of these steels has been studied by many researchers. In order to increase the mechanical strength, surface hardness and corrosion resistance of stainless steels we proposed the introduction of nitrogen in solid solution by the process of SHTPN (Solution Heat Treatment after Plasma Nitriding), under development in GrMaTS/UTFPR . Nitrogen in solid solution has some advantages over materials that have only carbon in the structure such lower tendency for precipitation and stabilization of the passive layer. In addition, the nitrogen reacts in the anodic area, which neutralizes the effect in the acidity thus improving the corrosion resistance. This research evaluate the corrosion resistance of ferritic stainless steel AISI 409, after obtaining a martensitic layer enriched with nitrogen, in solid solution, by SHTPN process. Effects of tempering temperature (200, 400 and 600 °C) and austenitization temperature (950 to 1050 °C) in the microstructure, hardness and corrosion resistance of martensitic layer obtained. Corrosion resistance was evaluated by cyclic polarization technique, with a NaCl solution 0.5 mol/L, and hardness profiles obtained by measuring the Vickers hardness with a load of 0.05 kgf (0.49 N). Samples microstructure was investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X- ray diffraction. Results indicate that the treatment of SHTPN promoted the formation of a martensitic nitrogen layer, with consequent increase of hardness of 160 HV to 580 HV on sample surface. Tempering treatments, realized after SHTPN did not significantly affect the hardness of steel, however, has refined and improved the distribution of nitrogen martensite. Corrosion results of sample treated and annealed at 200 °C indicate higher or equal resistance to that of the untreated ferrite materials (AISI 409) corrosion. Samples that were annealed at temperatures of 400 and 600 °C showed a decrease in the corrosion resistance as well as a decrease in hardness was observed in the sample tempered at 600 °C.
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Assumpção, Roberto Luís de. "Resistência a corrosão da camada martensitica formada na superfície do aço inoxidável ferrítico 409 tratado por SHTPN." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/681.

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CNPq
Os aços inoxidáveis são amplamente utilizados nas indústrias químicas, petroquímicas, nucleares, de geração de energia, biomédica e de processamento de alimentos. Em geral os aços inoxidáveis apresentam boa resistência à corrosão, entretanto a aplicabilidade destes aços pode ser restringida pela dureza ou pela resistência a corrosão. Usualmente os aços de alta resistência e dureza apresentam elevados teores de carbono, apresentando uma estrutura martensítica, com consequente redução da resistência à corrosão. Por outro lado os aços com maior resistência a corrosão apresentam menor dureza e consequente menor resistência ao desgaste. Diversas soluções têm sido implementadas no sentido de melhorar a resistência a corrosão e ao desgaste simultaneamente desses materiais. Dentre estas a adição de nitrogênio na superfície através da nitretação a plasma, implantação iônica, tratamento térmico de solubilização após nitretação a plasma (SHTPN – Solution Heat Treatment after Plasma Nitriding). Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar os parâmetros de SHTPN que possibilite obter martensita de nitrogênio na superfície do aço AISI 409, bem como, a avaliação de sua resistência à corrosão. Foi possível verificar uma melhora na resistência à corrosão das condições tratadas por SHTPN, assim como um aumento na resistência mecânica, avaliado pelo perfil de dureza da camada superficial tratada.
Stainless steels are widely used on chemical, petrochemical, nuclear, energy generation, biomedical and food processing industries. In general, stainless steels present good corrosion resistance. However, the application of these materials can be restrained by the hardness and the corrosion resistance. Usually, high strength steels present high carbon content and martensitic structure, what can consequently cause a reduction on corrosion resistance. On the other hand, high corrosion resistance steels present low hardness and weak wear properties. Thereby, many solutions have been made to improve simultaneously wear properties and corrosion resistance of these materials, specially related to the introduction of nitrogen on the surface, through plasma nitriding, ion implantation and SHTPN (Solution Heat Treatment after Plasma Nitriding) processes. The aim of this paper is to determine SHTPN parameters that can form nitrogen martensite on the surface of AISI 409 stailess steel, as well as the evaluation of its corrosion resistance. It was verified an improve on corrosion resistance conditions of SHTPN treated samples. Aditionally, there was an improve on mechanical resistance showed by hardness profiles.
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10

Souza, Juliana Sarango de. "Estudo da corrosão por pite do aço AISI 409." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2016.

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Orientador: Prof. Dr. Renato Altobelli Antunes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Materiais Avançados, 2016.
Os aços inoxidáveis são susceptíveis à corrosão por pite quando expostos à ambiente contendo íons agressivos. Esse fenômeno ocorre devido à quebra do filme passivo. O material estudado neste trabalho foi o aço inoxidável AISI 409. O comportamento de corrosão e a estabilidade do filme passivo foram investigados por ensaios eletroquímicos, utilizando as técnicas de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, polarização potenciodinâmica, análise de Mott-Schotky e cronoamporometria. Os testes foram realizados em solução de 0,1 M de NaCl. Os pites formados foram visualizados por microscopia confocal a laser e tiveram suas dimensões medidas. Análise com MEV da amostra antes e após o ensaio de polarização foi realizado e locais de ocorrência dos pites foi registrado. Foram analisadas amostras na condição como-recebida e na condição solubilizada. O tratamento de solubilização foi realizado na temperatura de 1100 °C por 30 minutos, com o objetivo de homogeneizar a microestrutura dos materiais. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados e discutidos, dando ênfase para a compreensão do processo de corrosão por pite do aço inoxidável AISI 409 nas condições comorecebida e solubilizada. Foi verificada a presença de precipitados ricos em titânio nas amostras. Na amostra como-recebida, os precipitados compostos por Ti (C,N) colaboraram para o início da corrosão localizada. Na amostra solubilizada os precipitados foram identificados como TiN e a ocorrência da corrosão por pite foi dificultada.
Stainless steels are susceptible to pitting corrosion when exposed to environment containing aggressive ions. This phenomenon occurs due to the breakdown of the passive film. Stainless steel AISI 409 was studied in this work. The corrosion behavior and the stability of the passive film were investigated by electrochemical tests, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, Mott-Shottky analysis and choronoamperometry measurements. The tests were carried out in NaCl 0.1 M solution. The pits formed were observed and measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy. SEM images were carried out before and after the potentiodynamic polarization and the regions associated with pitting formation were recorded. Samples were analyzed in the as-received and solutionized conditions. The solution annealing treatment was performed at 1100 °C for 30 minutes in order to homogenize the microstructure of the materials. The results obtained were analyzed and discussed, giving emphasis to the understanding of the pitting corrosion behavior of the AISI 409 stainless steel in the as-received and solutionized states. The presence of titanium-rich precipitates in the samples was checked. In the as-received state, Ti (C,N) precipitates have contributed to the onset of pitting corrosion. For the solution annealed samples the precipitates were identified as TiN and the occurrence of pitting corrosion was difficult.
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Книги з теми "Steel 40x"

1

United States International Trade Commission. Light-walled rectangular pipes and tubes from Argentina and Taiwan: Determination of the commission in investigations nos. 731-TA-409-410 (preliminary) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigations. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1988.

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Light-walled rectangular pipes and tubes from Argentina and Taiwan: Determination of the commission in investigations nos. 731-TA-409-410 (preliminary) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigations. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1988.

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United States International Trade Commission. Light-walled rectangular pipes and tubes from Argentina and Taiwan: Determination of the commission in investigations nos. 731-TA-409-410 (preliminary) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigations. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1988.

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4

Commission, United States International Trade. Light-walled rectangular pipes and tubes from Argentina and Taiwan: Determination of the commission in investigations nos. 731-TA-409-410 (preliminary) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigations. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1988.

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5

United States International Trade Commission. Light-walled rectangular pipes and tubes from Argentina and Taiwan: Determination of the commission in investigations nos. 731-TA-409-410 (preliminary) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigations. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1988.

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6

Certain light-walled rectangular pipes and tubes from Argentina: Determination of the Commission in investigation no. 731-TA-409 (final) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigation. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1989.

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7

United States International Trade Commission. Certain light-walled rectangular pipes and tubes from Argentina: Determination of the Commission in investigation no. 731-TA-409 (final) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigation. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1989.

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United States International Trade Commission. Certain light-walled rectangular pipes and tubes from Argentina: Determination of the Commission in investigation no. 731-TA-409 (final) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigation. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1989.

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Commission, United States International Trade. Certain light-walled rectangular pipes and tubes from Argentina: Determination of the Commission in investigation no. 731-TA-409 (final) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigation. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1989.

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Commission, United States International Trade. Certain light-walled rectangular pipes and tubes from Argentina: Determination of the Commission in investigation no. 731-TA-409 (final) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigation. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1989.

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Частини книг з теми "Steel 40x"

1

Khidhair, M. "Influence of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Steel Type (40X)." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 83–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05203-8_12.

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Favergeon, Jérôme, Gérard Moulin, Amine Makni, and Laurent Lahoche. "The Effect of Oxide Scale on the Mechanical Behavior of Low Alloyed Steel at High Temperature." In High-Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion 2005, 401–8. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-409-x.401.

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3

Chen, Rex Y., and W. Y. Daniel Yuen. "The Effects of Steel Composition on the Oxidation Kinetics, Scale Structure, and Scale-Steel Interface Adherence of Low and Ultra-Low Carbon Steels." In High-Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion 2005, 451–60. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-409-x.451.

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Calixte, R., L. Davenne, and L. Jason. "Refined and simplified modelling of steel-concrete-steel (SCS) composite beams." In Computational Modelling of Concrete and Concrete Structures, 332–40. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003316404-40.

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Ibrahim, Jimoh, Christoph Loch, and Kishore Sengupta. "The Ajaokuta Steel Project." In How Megaprojects Are Damaging Nigeria and How to Fix It, 187–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96474-0_11.

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AbstractThe Ajaokuta Steel Project has been a widely visible symbol of Nigerian industrialization through steel production for 50 years. At the writing of this book, at least $5 billion have been spent, and a workforce of 3000 people live and work on site to maintain it, but not one ton of steel has been produced.The project started as an ambitious industrialization project in 1971, awarded to a Soviet contractor. After delays from limited financial and manpower capacity, it was stopped by a new government in 1983 under corruption charges and lay fallow for 17 years. In 2000, civilian President Obasanjo restarted the project that he had initiated in 1971 as military president, now in a public–private partnership (PPP) scheme. But this again fell apart because of corruption charges and then lawsuits from the firm that had purchased the licence and did not want to be pushed out. Today, the government is looking for a new private partner. The case also discusses the fundamental question of whether the idea of industrialization through steel (rather than other technologies) is still sufficiently relevant to justify the reviving of equipment that was designed 40 years ago.
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Kobayashi, Akio, Kazuhiro Seto, Toshiaki Urabe, Katsumi Yamada, and Kaoru Sato. "Effect of Scale Microstructure on Scale Adhesion of Low Carbon Sheet Steel." In High-Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion 2005, 409–16. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-409-x.409.

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Taniguchi, Shigeji, Yuki Hanamoto, and Junji Nakata. "Influence of Cooling Rate and Steel Composition on the Scale Failure Characteristics during Cooling of Si-Containing Low Carbon Steels." In High-Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion 2005, 505–12. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-409-x.505.

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Theisen-Womersley, Gail. "Prevalence of PTSD Among Displaced Populations—Three Case Studies." In Trauma and Resilience Among Displaced Populations, 67–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67712-1_3.

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AbstractAs explored in chapter two, displaced populations face a myriad of traumatic events, throughout the migration process. It comes as no surprise than, that two landmark, systematic meta-reviews found prevalence rates among refugee populations of 40% (Turrini et al., .International Journal of Mental Health Systems 11:51, 2017) and 30.6% (Steel et al., .JAMA 302:537–549, 2009) respectively.
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Chen, Hengchao. "Performance-based seismic performance analysis of steel frame structures." In Advances in Energy Science and Equipment Engineering II, 1045–49. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315116174-40.

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Kukla, D., and A. Kozłowski. "Analysis of steel bolted end-plate joints under accidental situation." In Modern Trends in Research on Steel, Aluminium and Composite Structures, 321–27. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003132134-40.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Steel 40x"

1

Anh, Chan Mi Kim, and T. V. Koval. "MODELING THE NITRIDING OF STEEL 40X HIGH-INTENSITY FOCUSED ION BEAM." In Plasma emission electronics. Buryat Scientific Center of SB RAS Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/978-5-7925-0524-7-2018-173-177.

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Koval, N. N., I. V. Lopatin, O. V. Krysina, Yu H. Ahmadeev, D. Yu Ignatov, A. I. Ryabchikov, and D. O. Sivin. "NITRIDING OF STEEL 40X IN THE DEPENDENT PLASMA ARC DISCHARGE WITH INCANDESCENT CATHODE IN A PULSED ION EXPOSURE." In Plasma emission electronics. Buryat Scientific Center of SB RAS Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/978-5-7925-0524-7-2018-122-125.

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Choe, Lisa, Amit H. Varma, and Andrea Surovek. "Behavior of Steel Columns under Fire Loading." In Structures Congress 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41171(401)40.

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Cam, Maria Emilia, Walter Priesnitz Filho, Suzana Leitao Russo, Angela Isabel dos Santos Dullius, and Eric Dorion. "Study of the layout of a steel manufacturing industry." In Industrial Engineering (CIE-40). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccie.2010.5668228.

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Rambo-Roddenberry, Michelle, John C. Lyons, W. Samuel Easterling, and Thomas M. Murray. "Performance and Strength of Welded Shear Studs." In Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete IV Conference 2000. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40616(281)40.

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Eliseev, A. A., and V. E. Rubtsov. "MANUFACTURE OF ALUMINUM-STEEL BIMETAL BY FRICTION STIR WELDING." In International Workshop "Multiscale Biomechanics and Tribology of Inorganic and Organic Systems" ; Mezhdunarodnaja konferencija "Perspektivnye materialy s ierarhicheskoj strukturoj dlja novyh tehnologij i nadezhnyh konstrukcij" ; VIII Vserossijskaja nauchno-prakticheskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem, posvjashhennaja 50-letiju osnovanija Instituta himii nefti "Dobycha, podgotovka, transport nefti i gaza". Tomsk State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/9785946218412/402.

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Shimamura, Junji, Shusaku Ota, Tomoyuki Yokota, and Ryuji Muraoka. "Effect of Initial Bainite Microstructure on Tensile Properties After Long-Term Exposure at Elevated Temperature." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78551.

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In the oil sand production field in Canada, steel pipes are used for injecting steam into the sands. Pipes for steam distribution are subjected to high operating temperature such as 350 degrees C for a long time. In this study, in order to insure the reliability of high strength pipe for steam distribution, long-term heating tests were conducted for X80 grade UOE pipe. To simulate the long-term operation at 350 degrees C for 40 years, accelerated tests were conducted at 400 degrees C for up to 4400 hours. The effect of initial bainite microstructure on tensile properties after long-term heat treatment was investigated by using two kinds of steel pipes with different bainite microstructure. One is accelerated cooling (ACC) type, and the other is heating on-line process (HOP) type just after accelerated cooling in plate manufacturing process. It was revealed that strength decrease in ACC type steels produced by only accelerated cooling was mainly governed by decomposition of hard phase MA (Martensite-Austenite constituent) and recovery of dislocations. On the other hand, HOP type steels had small amount of MA and nanometer-sized carbides by applying HOP after accelerated cooling. The HOP type steels had almost the same initial strength in spite of small amount of MA. Fine niobium carbides gave enough precipitation strengthening. Formation of fine niobium carbides was promoted by the addition of niobium. The precipitates were stable after long-term heat treatment at 400 degrees C. It is confirmed that the fine niobium carbides in HOP type steels remained even after long-term heat treatment. The suppression of initial MA also lead to minimize the strength decrease by MA decomposition. Therefore, HOP type steels tend to have higher resistance to the strength decrease after long-term heat treatment.
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8

Kawaguchi, Jun, Shosuke Morino, Takanori Sato, and Kazuyuki Ohara. "Structural Characteristics of CFT Frames Consisting of Reusable Members." In Fifth International Conference on Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40826(186)40.

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9

Bursi, Oreste S., Fabio Ferrario, Raffaele Pucinotti, and Riccardo Zandonini. "Seismic-Induced Fire Analysis of Steel-Concrete Composite Beam-to-Column Joints: Bolted Solutions." In International Conference on Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41142(396)40.

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10

Li, Kun, and Kaichang Sun. "Stochastic Parameters Analyze for Steel Highway Bridge Members." In GeoHunan International Conference 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/47630(409)24.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Steel 40x"

1

Corona, Edmundo, Christopher Laursen, and Carter Fietek. Response of 304L stainless steel and 6061-T651 aluminum alloy at -40 C. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1775054.

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2

Noell, Philip, Priya Pathare, Zachary Casias, Todd Huber, John Laing, and Jay Carroll. Mechanical testing of PH13-8Mo H950 Steel for Xue-Wierzbicki Fracture Criterion Determination at 20 C and -40 C. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1814080.

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3

Wakai, E., N. Hashimoto, and L. T. Gibson. Microstructural evolution of austenitic stainless steels irradiated to 17 dpa in spectrally tailored experiment of the ORR and HFIR at 400{degrees}C. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/543212.

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4

Kopfer, G. Study of the temperature dependence of the mechanical characteristics of the steels GX 5 CrNi 13 4 and GGG 40 in tensile and bending tests. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7769229.

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5

Kuhnt, Matthias, Tilman Reitz, and Patrick Wöhrle. Arbeiten unter dem Wissenschaftszeitvertragsgesetz : Eine Evaluation von Befristungsrecht und -realität an deutschen Universitäten. Technische Universität Dresden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.132.

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Анотація:
Wissenschaftlich Beschäftigte ohne Professur sind vielerorts nicht gut gestellt. In Deutschland kommen zwei Besonderheiten hinzu: Der Anteil befristet beschäftigter Wissenschaftler*innen liegt hier deutlich höher als in anderen Hochschulsystemen, und ihre Stellung wird seit dem Jahr 2007 durch ein eigenes Sonderbefristungsrecht festgeschrieben – das Wissenschaftszeitvertragsgesetz. Das Gesetz wurde nach seiner Einführung evaluiert und u. a. angesichts der Ergebnisse 2016 novelliert; eine weitere Evaluierung ist gesetzlich vorgesehen und für dieses Jahr angekündigt. Die Debatte zur Lage befristet beschäftigten wissenschaftlichen Personals, besonders im sogenannten Nachwuchs, geht jedoch so weit über die amtlich beauftragten Evaluationen hinaus, dass es nötig scheint, das Gesetz unabhängig von den Fragestellungen des zuständigen Ministeriums zu evaluieren. Diese Arbeit legen wir hier vor. In unserer Studie werden Kernargumente zum WissZeitVG und zur in ihm kodifizierten Praxis mit einer detaillierten Befragung der Betroffenen genauer nachvollzogen und überprüfbar gemacht. In einer breit angelegten Online-Befragung haben wir wissenschaftliche Beschäftigte an 23 Universitäten erreicht; 4620 von ihnen haben den Fragebogen auswertbar ausgefüllt. Unsere Analyse zielt auf vier grundlegende Aspekte, die das Sonderbefristungsrecht in der Wissenschaft insgesamt zu beurteilen ermöglichen: 1. Welche Beschäftigungslagen, Qualifikations- und Karriereverläufe werden durch das WissZeitVG typischerweise hergestellt oder unterstützt? 2. Wie wirken sich diese Bedingungen auf Arbeits- und Lebensqualität der Beschäftigten aus? 3. Welche wissenschaftlichen (und nichtwissenschaftlichen) Tätigkeiten und Haltungen werden durch das WissZeitVG befördert? 4. Wie beurteilen die Betroffenen den gesetzlichen Rahmen ihrer Tätigkeit? Mit dieser relativ umfassenden Perspektive heben wir uns von Studien ab, die spezifischer untersucht haben, inwiefern das WissZeitVG Befristungen in der Wissenschaft praktikabel macht und inwieweit seine Novellierung die üblichen Vertragslaufzeiten verlängert hat. Stattdessen ermöglicht unsere Analyse die Grundsatzfrage zu stellen, ob ein Sonderbefristungsrecht in der Wissenschaft überhaupt zu rechtfertigen ist. Folgende Ergebnisse sind besonders hervorzuheben: 1. Unsere Studie bestätigt und vertieft den bekannten Befund, dass das WissZeitVG für das nichtprofessorale wissenschaftliche Personal atypische Beschäftigung zur Norm macht. Sie lässt sich bei weitem nicht nur in den verbreiteten, bei uns zumindest umrisshaft erfassten außertariflichen Arbeitsverhältnissen feststellen. Unter den Befragten herrschen befristete Arbeitsverträge vor (mit 82 %, ähnlich wie in der amtlichen Statistik), und die mittleren Vertragslaufzeiten sind relativ kurz – 23 Monate, mit einem Median von 17 Monaten. Laufzeiten von zwölf Monaten und weniger bilden weiterhin keine Seltenheit. Kettenverträge müssen sogar als Normalfall gelten; im Lauf der vom WissZeitVG gewährten Zwölfjahresfrist sammeln die Befragten durchschnittlich acht Verträge an, bereits nach drei bis sechs Jahren sind es durchschnittlich vier Verträge, oft an derselben Hochschule. Hinzu kommt ein hoher Anteil von Teilzeit-Arbeitsverhältnissen (37 %), die in mindestens der Hälfte der Fälle nicht auf einem Teilzeitwunsch der Beschäftigten beruhen. Beschäftigte auf diesen Stellen arbeiten auch besonders viel mehr als vertraglich vereinbart (im Durchschnitt 13 Stunden pro Woche); bei allen befragten Gruppen stellt Mehrarbeit die Regel dar. 2. Trotz der vielen Arbeit ist festzustellen, dass die Befristung den Qualifikationserwerb oft nicht befördert, sondern erschwert. Ein wichtiger Faktor sind die Vertragsdauern. Sie liegen bei Promovierenden zumeist weit unter der durchschnittlichen Gesamtdauer einer Promotion, bei 39 % dieser Gruppe sogar bei zwei Jahren und weniger. Fast die Hälfte der Befragten, deren Qualifikationsziel ein formaler Abschluss ist, berichtet, dass die Vertragslaufzeit für ihn nicht ausreichen wird. Unter den offiziell zur Habilitation Eingestellten ist dies sogar bei mehr als der Hälfte der Fall, und 23 % von ihnen berichten, faktisch keine Habilitation anzustreben. Der Befund, dass die steil gestiegene Anzahl von Qualifizierungsbeschäftigungen fast keinen Zuwachs wirklicher Qualifikationen hervorbringt (vgl. Gassmann 2020, 44 – ​46), lässt sich damit deutlich besser erklären. 3. Sachlich hängen die Defizite faktischer Qualifikationstätigkeit auch damit zusammen, dass andere, teilweise wissenschaftsfremde Tätigkeiten großen Raum einnehmen. Bei den häufig ausgeübten Arbeiten folgt auf Forschung und Lehre unmittelbar die Angabe ›Verwaltung‹ (während die ›akademische Selbstverwaltung‹ eine geringere Rolle spielt), auch Aufbau und Pflege von Netzwerken, Projektanträge und -berichte sind breit vertreten. Ohne Befristung würden die Befragten die meisten dieser Tätigkeiten in geringerem Umfang ausüben, und viele geben an, dass sie für ihre Vorgesetzen Aufgaben erfüllen, für die ihrer Ansicht nach keine vertragliche Grundlage besteht. Für solche Aufgaben (neben Verwaltung und Organisation etwa technische Dienstleistungen oder Zuarbeit zu Lehre und Publikationen) wenden 15 % der Befragten mit Vorgesetzten bis zu drei Stunden, insgesamt 13 % sogar vier bis zwölf Stunden wöchentlich auf. Die Zeit für Qualifizierung schrumpft damit, und 9 % der Promovierenden und Habilitierenden sowie 17 % mit anderem Qualifizierungsziel gaben an, dass ihre faktische Tätigkeit nichts mit dem offiziellen Ziel zu tun hat. 4. Die umrissene Beschäftigungslage beeinträchtigt die Arbeits- und Lebensqualität des wissenschaftlichen Personals. Die kurzen Vertragslaufzeiten, die schlechten Aussichten auf eine Professur und der ›Druck, sich um Anschlussprojekte zu kümmern‹, werden von den befristet Beschäftigten mehrheitlich als ›störend‹ oder ›sehr störend‹ eingeschätzt; ein großer Teil von ihnen (29 %) empfindet so auch die ›Abhängigkeit von Vorgesetzten‹. Auch beim Personal mit unbefristetem Arbeitsvertrag ist in diesen Punkten Unzufriedenheit verbreitet, die Werte sind hier allerdings jeweils merklich geringer. In der Sicht der allermeisten Befragten lassen sich die Befristungen zudem schlecht mit Freundschaften, Partnerschaft und Kinderbetreuung vereinbaren. Für die Zeit nach der Promotion schreiben ihnen über 90 % einen negativen Einfluss auf das Privatleben zu. Das ist auch handlungsrelevant. Mehr als ein Drittel der Befragten hat bereits einmal aufgrund der Beschäftigungslage einen Kinderwunsch zurückgestellt, bei den Beschäftigten mit Kindern hat eine Mehrheit häufig oder sehr häufig Betreuungsschwierigkeiten, und 19 % berichten, dass während ihrer Elternzeit bereits einmal ein Arbeitsverhältnis ausgelaufen ist. 5. Das WissZeitVG beeinträchtigt darüber hinaus die Qualität wissenschaftlicher Praxis. Das lässt sich nicht allein am berichteten Ausmaß wissenschaftsfremder Tätigkeiten ablesen, sondern auch daran, welchen Faktoren die Befragten Bedeutung für ihr berufliches Fortkommen zumessen: Am häufigsten wurden hier Netzwerke und Kontakte genannt, neben Publikationen spielten auch Konferenzteilnahmen und das Einwerben von Projektgeldern eine sehr wichtige Rolle. Zugleich bedroht die fortgesetzte Unsicherheit und Abhängigkeit den Kern wissenschaftlicher Kommunikation. Auf die Frage, ob sie sich fallweise mit wissenschaftlicher Kritik zurückhalten, um ihre Stellung nicht zu gefährden, antworteten die befristet Beschäftigten zu insgesamt 40 % mit ›teilweise‹, ›häufig‹ oder sogar ›immer‹ – während bei den unbefristet Beschäftigten nur 24 % diese Antworten gaben. Persönliches und wissenschaftliches Fehlverhalten wird unter den bestehenden Bedingungen oft nicht gemeldet (35 % der Befragten haben dies schon einmal unterlassen); hier lässt sich allerdings keine starke Korrelation zur Befristung erkennen. 6. Angesichts dieser Erfahrungen verwundert es nicht, dass die Befragten das WissZeitVG und die durch es ermöglichte Praxis mehrheitlich ablehnen. Oft behauptete positive Effekte befristeter Beschäftigungsverhältnisse werden (besonders für die Zeit nach der Promotion) überwiegend bestritten. Anders als die Kanzler der deutschen Hochschulen sind die Befragten mehrheitlich nicht der Ansicht, dass diese Verhältnisse die ›erforderliche personalpolitische Flexibilität‹ schaffen, die ›Produktivität wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens‹ steigern oder die ›Innovationskraft der Wissenschaft‹ erhöhen. Verbesserungen würden für die meisten Befragten daher deutliche Korrekturen erfordern. Für viele wäre es hilfreich, wenn Qualifikationsziele genauer bestimmt oder Befristungsdauern verlängert würden. Mit besonders großer Mehrheit bejahen sie schließlich zwei grundlegende Änderungen: 76 % wären für eine ›Abschaffung des Sonderbefristungsrechts in der Wissenschaft‹ und 86 % dafür, eine unbefristete Beschäftigung ab der Promotion zur Regel zu machen. Für die Novelle bzw. Ersetzung des WissZeitVG liegen damit klare Kriterien vor.
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