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Статті в журналах з теми "Sports – Hong Kong – History"

1

Chow, Bik C. "Moving on? Elite Hong Kong Female Athletes and Retirement from Competitive Sport." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 10, no. 2 (October 2001): 47–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.10.2.47.

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The purpose of the research was to study the transitional experiences of elite female athletes who are going through the process of athletic retirement. Using a life history approach, six former and six current athletes in Hong Kong were interviewed. Semi-structured interviews were utilized based on the Schlossberg’s (1981, 1984) transition model. Data were analyzed using typology and constant comparison methods. Diversity and commonality in the experiences of women withdrawing from elite sports competition were found. The life history approach was effective in illustrating the ways in which Hong Kong female athletes feel and think about career end, with a transition from competition to retirement evident as part of career passing. Content analysis of interviews revealed several salient themes related to sports retirement. Key distinctions across projected and experienced retirement were associated with a woman’s being an immigrant athlete, entering early into sport, and pursuing an education. Athlete status also affected transition to retirement and lifestyle after an elite sports career.
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2

NG, Patrick. "Disabled Sports: Hong Kong & International Perspective." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2003): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.91277.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Disability covers a wide spectrum of groups including physical, visual, hearing, intellectual and psychiatric. In this article physical disability is the core for description. Disabled sports are therefore deliberated basing on the history and achievement of the Hong Kong Sports Association for the Physically Disabled (SAP) in the last 3 decades and the involvement and impact of international federations, namely the FESPIC (Far East & South Pacific) Federation and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) on SAP.「傷殘人士」的含義很廣泛,包括體障、視障、失聰、智障、精神病患等。本文旨在探討傷殘人士體育運動的發展,並以香港傷殘人士體育協會過去三十年的歷史及成績為骨幹,展示遠南運動聯會及國際傷殘奧委會在其發展中的影響。
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Yip Siu-Fai, Henry. "History of the Journal, the Hong Kong College of Orthopaedic Surgeons and the Hong Kong Orthopaedic Association." Journal of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Rehabilitation 14, no. 2 (December 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jotr.2010.09.001.

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4

Li, Jingyi. "A Comparative Study and Analysis of the History and Recent Development of Real Estate in Hong Kong and the Mainland." Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies 6, no. 2 (March 11, 2024): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2024.6.2.4.

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Since the resumption of customs between Hong Kong and the Mainland, exchanges between the two places have become increasingly close. With the stabilisation of connectivity between the two places and the recovery of the Mainland economy, the transaction volume of Hong Kong's real estate market has been rising. This paper compares and analyzes the real estate development in Hong Kong and the mainland, on the one hand, analyzes the real estate development history of the two places, in particular, focuses on the impact of key historical events and policies on Hong Kong's real estate, and on the other hand, compares the development status of real estate in the two places in recent years, so as to understand the characteristics and development trends of the real estate markets in the two places, and provides reference for policy formulation and investment decision-making in the context of the close connection between the real estate in the two places after the reopening of the border. At the same time, it looks forward to the development trend of real estate in Hong Kong and mainland China, predicts possible challenges and opportunities, and puts forward reasonable policy suggestions and coping strategies. The results of the study show that the development of real estate in the Mainland is more affected by the political environment and is different from that of Hong Kong in terms of economy, policy and society; the lack of land supply has become an inevitable trend in both places, and it is necessary to solve the problem in a multi-faceted manner.
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5

Brooke, Mark. "The Language of Dragon Boating in Hong Kong and Singapore." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 32 (December 15, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2019.32.03.

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This research draws on elements of systemic functional linguistics to conduct a discourse analysis of dragon-boating in Asia, predominantly in the commercial areas of Hong Kong and Singapore, where this sport has both a long history and strong culture today. It seeks to understand how experiential and interpersonal meanings are related to this sport in a variety of online texts ranging from local news media sites, corporation team websites, sites from dragon boat companies specialising in training corporations, dragon boat paddlers’ websites and other popular sources such as ‘expatliving’. Findings demonstrate that dragon boating has certain unique characteristics which help to give it significance in this region. With the Duanwu Festival held annually, the sport is steeped firmly in mythology and legend. Additionally, the nature of the boat as a synchronised machine is exploited by corporations and linked to competitive performance. As an intense sport, physical and mental attributes such as ‘strength’ and ‘tenacity’ are associated with it; the upper body requirements of the practice also gives it a unique trait for breast cancer survivors. ‘Tragedy’ is also a part of dragon boat’s modern history with a fatal accident for the Singapore men’s team during an international race in Cambodia. In sum, the sport of dragon boating can be seen to have a rich schema of semiotic associations in Hong Kong and Singapore.
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Bridges, Brian. "Maintaining a Minority Sport: Cricket in Post-Colonial Hong Kong." International Journal of the History of Sport 33, no. 11 (July 23, 2016): 1242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2016.1264391.

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7

Nicholson, Rashna Darius. "Decolonization and Theatre History." New Theatre Quarterly 39, no. 4 (November 2023): 355–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x2300026x.

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‘Decolonization’ has superseded ‘postcolonial’ as the most compelling catchword of the present moment. Broadly speaking, the term possesses two parallel genealogies: African decolonization and Latin American decoloniality. But where are Asian territories such as India and Hong Kong, and, more specifically, fields such as theatre history, located in the debate? This article analyzes the stakes and struggles, inner contradictions and blind spots, involved in decolonizing or decentring the curriculum. It asks whether the decolonial temporalities of our time constitute an adequate lens to theorize theatre history by firstly examining the term’s misuse by popular historians, media, and government; and, second, by interrogating a spectrum of positions on ‘Indian Theatre’ from the nineteenth century onwards. Through this double focus, the article probes the scholarly possibilities for undoing the dominant mode when the ‘decolonization trope itself becomes a tool for colonization’.
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8

Yang, Qingling, Qi Sun, Alice Yuen Loke, Chun Hao, Harry Haoxiang Wang, Jing Qin, Lin Yang, and Yao Jie Xie. "Cohort profile: migraine exposures and cardiovascular health in Hong Kong Chinese women (MECH-HK)." BMJ Open 14, no. 7 (July 2024): e084228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-084228.

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PurposeEvidence about the associations of migraine features with cardiovascular risk profiles in Chinese population is lacking. The Migraine Exposures and Cardiovascular Health in Hong Kong Chinese Women (MECH-HK) cohort was constructed to investigate longitudinal migraine features and their cardiovascular implications in Hong Kong Chinese women.ParticipantsWe enrolled 4221 Hong Kong Chinese women aged 30 years or above from October 2019 to December 2020. Demographics, reproductive information, lifestyle factors, disease history, blood lipids and glucose, anthropometrics and body compositions were measured during baseline and follow-up. Migraine diagnosis followed the International Classification of Headache Disorders-3 criteria. Migraine features were longitudinally tracked using a migraine diary and summarised by a wide range of epidemiological metrics. Cardiovascular health was assessed using the Framingham risk score (FRS).Findings to dateFrom October 2021 to June 2023, 3455 women completed the first follow-up measurement. The retention rate was 81.9%. The average age at baseline was 54.40 years. The mean blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were 6.44 mmol/L, 65.06 mg/dL and 102.40 mg/dL, respectively. The average FRS was 0.06. Participants had a 10.3% prevalence of migraine or probable migraine. After 1.27 years of follow-up, the median migraine attack frequency was 0.99 attacks/month, with an incidence rate of 2.55 attacks/person-month and a median duration of 7.70 hours/attack. Sleep problems (64.7%) and stress (54.0%) were the top triggers, while prevalent accompanying symptoms were nausea (67.4%), photophobia (39.9%), phonophobia (30.0%) and vomiting (26.2%). Migraine auras included blurred visions (59.6%), flashing lights (41.3%), blind spots (33.0%), pins and needles (6.4%) and halo (1.8%).Future plansThe follow-up for the cohort will be implemented every 2 years. MECH-HK will provide unique longitudinal data on migraine features in Hong Kong women. The linkage between migraine features and cardiovascular disease risk progression will be identified by a long-term observation.
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Zou, Yizheng. "English Newspaper and Sport: TheSouth China Morning Post's Lawn Bowls Reporting in British Colonial Hong Kong." International Journal of the History of Sport 30, no. 3 (February 2013): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2012.755348.

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Yu, Ruby, Jean Woo, Ruth Chan, Aprille Sham, Suzanne Ho, Annette Tso, Bernard Cheung, Tai Hing Lam, and Karen Lam. "Relationship between dietary intake and the development of type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population: the Hong Kong Dietary Survey." Public Health Nutrition 14, no. 7 (April 5, 2011): 1133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001100053x.

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AbstractObjectiveTo study the relationship between dietary intake and the development of type 2 diabetes among Chinese adults.DesignA prospective cohort study. Dietary assessment was carried out using a validated FFQ. Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. Dietary glycaemic load and variety of snacks were also calculated.SettingA hospital-based centre at the Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong SAR, China.SubjectsA total of 1010 Chinese adults aged 25–74 years who participated in a territory-wide dietary and cardiovascular risk factor prevalence survey in 1995–1996 were followed up for 9–14 years for the development of diabetes.ResultsA total of 690 (68·3 %) individuals completed follow-up during 2005–2008 and seventy-four cases of diabetes were identified over the follow-up period. Four dietary patterns were identified (‘more snacks and drinks’, ‘more vegetables, fruits and fish’, ‘more meat and milk products’ and ‘more refined grains’). After adjustment for age, sex, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, smoking, alcohol intake, participation in exercise/sports and family history of diabetes, the more vegetables, fruits and fish pattern was associated with a 14 % lower risk (OR per 1 sd increase in score = 0·76; 95 % CI 0·58, 0·99), whereas the more meat and milk products pattern was associated with a 39 % greater risk of diabetes (OR per 1 sd increase in score = 1·39; 95 % CI 1·04, 1·84). Dietary glycaemic load, rice intake, snack intake and variety of snacks were not independently associated with diabetes.ConclusionsThe more vegetables, fruits and fish pattern was associated with reduced risk and the more meat and milk products pattern was associated with an increased risk of diabetes.
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Дисертації з теми "Sports – Hong Kong – History"

1

Chan, Fat-tim, and 陳發添. "Hong Kong natural history museum." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31982761.

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Chan, Fat-tim. "Hong Kong natural history museum." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25948398.

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Yip, Wai-chi Albert. "The reform of sports administration in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31967668.

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Yip, Wai-chi Albert, and 葉偉枝. "The reform of sports administration in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31967668.

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Mok, Kar-kei Sampson, and 莫嘉祈. "Extreme sport park in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47152552.

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In the past two decades, the popularity of Extreme Sport (X-Sport) has rapidly increased in Hong Kong. “Exploration of Excitement” would be the main reason why teenagers and young adults would like to play X-Sport. Unlike other sports, X-Sport does not require any rules, restrictions or physical requirements for its players, which provides more freedom and creativity. However, the general public does not agree with this particular interest group due to their misunderstanding with limited knowledge of the X-Sport. Also, there are only few existing X-Sport park and related facilities in Hong Kong and most of them are located at unwanted spaces with poor environmental and facilities qualities, which leads X-Sport player would play at local parks and unused space in their neighbourhood. Damages on landscape feature are normally appeared in these local parks recreational spaces. Due to the lack of societal supports and deficiencies in government, there are only six existing X-Sport park in Hong Kong, where they are all inaccessible and far apart. This thesis aims to promote X-Sport by using an X-Sport park as a median to integrate both young and old generations in physical and social aspects, not just exists as a functional space for X-Sport players. A roundabout site, Chai Wan Roundabout Garden, in major transport interchange in Hong Kong Island is selected for the development of this concept. Three stages design process has been incorporated. The first design stage has developed based on the primary site-observation and comprehensive site analysis. The second design stage is to conduct a special study of a landscape technique with both local and international case studies. The third design stage is to combine both first and second stages development and formulate the final design solution. Comments from first and second juries has been addressed and amended accordingly.
published_or_final_version
Architecture
Master
Master of Landscape Architecture
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Tran, Chanh Duong, and 陳鎮揚. "Evaluation of sports mouthguards." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31973073.

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Cheung, Francis. "Bilingual legislation for Hong Kong." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6519.

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Leung, Timothy Tin-ming. "History of Counseling Services in Hong Kong." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331420/.

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The purpose of this study was to trace the development of the counseling movement in Hong Kong from its beginning to the present and to examine future directions confronting those who work in the counseling field in Hong Kong. Originating from social unrest in 1966 and 1967, the counseling movement began as an attempt to meet the society's developmental needs of self-expression and direction. Although not a formal program, the first known counseling service in Hong Kong was offered by Ben Fong in 1967 at the Yang Memorial Social Service Center. In 1969 the Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups established the first formal counseling service in Hong Kong. Institutions of higher education and foreigners played a major role in the development of early counseling services in Hong Kong. In 197 0, Peter Whyte, an Australian, organized a counseling service at the University Hong Kong. In 1971, Ken Locke, an American, established a counseling service at the Hong Kong Baptist College. Counseling services grew rapidly in the early 1970s, and a 1975 survey identified fifty-five agencies which reported providing counseling services. In the mid-1970s, helping professionals were struggling with the issue of "What is counseling?" A significant developmental step was the establishment of a master's degree program in counseling at the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1977. The first professional counseling organization, the Association of Psychological and Educational Counselors of Asia-Hong Kong Branch, was organized in 1979 and the first counseling journal was published in 1980. In 1984, the Education Department of the Hong Kong Government established guidance services in secondary schools. The challenge for the counselors of Hong Kong in the 1990s relates to two foreseeable changes in the Hong Kong community, the Chinese recovery of the sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997 and the aging of the population.
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Wong, Wai-yan Dorothy. "Negotiating masculinities the story of Hong Kong young basketballers /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43224350.

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Chan, Wai Kwan. "The making of Hong Kong society : a sociological study of class formation in Hong Kong, 1841-1922." Thesis, University of Essex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328619.

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Книги з теми "Sports – Hong Kong – History"

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Morris, Jan. Hong Kong. New York: Random House, 1988.

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Morris, Jan. Hong Kong. New York: Random House, 1988.

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Wong, Man-Kong, and Chi-Man Kwong, eds. Hong Kong History. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2806-1.

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Torres, John Albert. Hong Kong. Hockessin, Del: Mitchell Lane Publishers, 2010.

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Morris, Jan. Hong Kong. New York: Vintage Books, 1989.

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Morris, Jan. Hong Kong. Franklin Center, Pa: Franklin Library, 1988.

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7

Gao, Tianqiang. Serving Hong Kong: The Hong Kong volunteers. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence, 2004.

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8

Epistola, S. V. Hong Kong junta. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1996.

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Old Hong Kong. 5th ed. Hong Kong: FormAsia, 1997.

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Bartlett, Magnus. Over Hong Kong. London: Deutsch, 1988.

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Частини книг з теми "Sports – Hong Kong – History"

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Kwong, Chi-Man. "Military History." In Hong Kong History, 39–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2806-1_2.

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Lee, Chun-Wing. "Football." In Hong Kong History, 217–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2806-1_9.

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Law, Yuen-Han. "Public Health and Infectious Diseases (1842–1970)." In Hong Kong History, 261–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2806-1_11.

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Chu, Wai-Li. "Cold War and Decolonisation." In Hong Kong History, 83–113. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2806-1_4.

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Wong, Man-Kong. "Politics and Public Administration." In Hong Kong History, 1–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2806-1_1.

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Ho, Lawrence Ka-Ki. "Policing." In Hong Kong History, 59–81. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2806-1_3.

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Barber, Lachlan B. "Built Heritage." In Hong Kong History, 115–35. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2806-1_5.

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Yung, Kenneth Kai-Chung. "China’s Intellectuals and Chinese Culture in Hong Kong." In Hong Kong History, 137–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2806-1_6.

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Chan, Catherine S. "Culture and Identity." In Hong Kong History, 157–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2806-1_7.

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Law, Lok-Yin. "Re-thinking Popular Culture." In Hong Kong History, 181–215. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2806-1_8.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Sports – Hong Kong – History"

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Li, Dennis. "Street Names and the History of Hong Kong Island." In 10th Asia Pacific Transportation Development Conference. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413364.017.

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Hu, Xueqiong, and Mengnan Sun. "Evaluation of Active Hong Kong Equity Funds Performance." In Proceedings of the 2018 6th International Education, Economics, Social Science, Arts, Sports and Management Engineering Conference (IEESASM 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ieesasm-18.2019.18.

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Tracy, Liu Chunxi, and Luk Wai Lam Noah. "The Memory Of Street Hong Kong: History, Culture, Memory And Post-Humanism." In 2022 IEEE VIS Arts Program (VISAP). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/visap57411.2022.00015.

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Li, Chao, and Sha Chen. "Reflection on the Earthquake Design Practice in Hong Kong through a Time History Analysis." In Structures Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41031(341)297.

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Lin, Jason Cong. "Educating for Diverse Identities in East Asia: Minority Representation in Hong Kong History Education." In 2019 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1430898.

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Ma, Chao. "A content analysis of Chinese and American media's report on qOccupy Centralq incident in Hong Kong." In 2017 2nd International Conference on Education, Sports, Arts and Management Engineering (ICESAME 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icesame-17.2017.79.

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Segal, Jonathan, Alan Askari, Susan Clark, Ailsa Hart, and Omar Faiz. "IDDF2018-ABS-0055 The natural history of terminal ileal resection in crohn’s disease." In International Digestive Disease Forum (IDDF) 2018, Best Abstracts, Hong Kong, 9–10 June 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2018-iddfbestabstracts.12.

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Stevens, Quentin. "A History of Protest Memorials in Three Democratic East-Asian Capital Cities: Taipei, Hong Kong and Seoul." In The 39th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. PLACE NAME: SAHANZ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a5043pmsjd.

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This paper examines a range of grassroots protest memorials erected over the past 60 years within public spaces in the capital cities of three ‘Asian Tigers’: Taiwan, Hong Kong and South Korea. These cities grew quickly as their polities rapidly democratized in the 1980s after long periods of foreign and local authoritarian rule. The paper explores the complex relationships between these memorials and their various urban settings, and how these reflect the wider evolution of political authority, social history and values in each host territory. Drawing on documentary research, interviews, discourse analysis and site analysis of over 20 projects, the paper examines two key aspects of the planning and design of grassroots memorials in Taipei, Hong Kong and Seoul. Firstly, it discusses how these memorials’ designs communicate and critique the struggles of civil society against the cities’ authoritarian rulers. Secondly, it analyses the kinds of sites where these grassroots memorials have been erected, which contrast with the cities’ more prominent, government-endorsed commemorative sites. The paper identifies key formal types, commonalities and differences, and historical changes in the ways that citizens in each capital city have developed a post-colonial, post-authoritarian representation of local history through protest memorials in urban spaces.
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Jia, Zhiliang. "Construction of an Evaluation Index System for the Enforcement effects of Campus Football Teacher Training in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area." In 2021 International Conference on Health Big Data and Smart Sports (HBDSS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hbdss54392.2021.00050.

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Liao, Zicen, and Lu Li. "Gray Correlation Research between China's Growing Sports Sector and the Improvement of the Country's Consumer Structure." In DEAI 2024: 2024 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Conference on Digital Economy and Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3675417.3675418.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Sports – Hong Kong – History"

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Ffrench-Davis, Ricardo, and Robert Devlin. Towards an Evaluation of Regional Integration in Latin America in the 1990s. Inter-American Development Bank, December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011085.

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The decade of the 1990s has witnessed a wave of regional integration initiatives in Latin America: more than 14 agreements -free trade areas or customs unions- since 1990 with a handful more in varying degrees of negotiation (see Table 1). However, this was not just a Latin American phenomenon, as regionalism has more than ever become a global trend (Mistry [1996]). Indeed, now Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong are the only World Trade Organization (WTO) members which are not signatories to at least one preferential trade agreement (WTO [1995]). Regional integration is not new to Latin America. Economic integration played an important role in the region¿s early Post-War economic history. The 1960s and 1970s saw a number of very ambitious initiatives inspired by the successful Western European experience (Ffrench-Davis, Muñoz and Palma [1994]). Indeed, at its peak in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the topic of integration was hard to avoid in the discussion of Latin American development. However, disillusionment with integration processes had clearly set in by the late 1970s and the discussion of regional integration was all but silenced by the external crisis of the early 1980s.
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2

Tcha, MoonJoong. From Potato Chips to Computer Chips: Features of Korea's Economic Development: Knowledge Sharing Forum on Development Experiences: Comparative Experiences of Korea and Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007002.

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When considering countries of phenomenal economic development and growth, Korea is among the top tiers. While there are other economies with similar economic growth, including those of Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, the economic growth of Korea is exceptional considering that the country lacked basic economic foundation in the past. R. Lucas Jr. (1993), a Nobel Laureate in economics and also a renowned scholar of the respective field, praised the country's economic success, by stating that "I do not think it is in any way an exaggeration to refer to this continuing transformation of Korean society as a miracle". As an evidence for his argument, he asserted "Never before have the lives of so many people undergone so rapid an improvement over so long a period, nor is there any sign that this progress is near its end". Yet, the history of Korea is more than just its outcome; it is the history of continuous national ordeal, a series of challenges and crisis that required people to toil night and day to overcome the situation. If it were not for today's splendid economic success, it would have been more appropriate to describe the history of Korea as that of wretchedness and misery. The fact that South Korea became one of the leading nations in the world is nothing less than a miracle, considering that it underwent many hardships after its independence such as fratricidal Korean War, a long period of dictatorship, 4.19 revolution as a reactionary to the dictatorship, 5.16 military coup, the engagement in the Vietnam War, two oil crises, another military coup afterwards, civil revolutions, a foreign exchange crisis, and the global economic crisis. Economic growth means value-added increase in a certain period of time. To boost this value-added increase, the elements of production such as labor, capital, and land must be both accumulated and invested. Furthermore, it requires the effective use of these elements by combining them when necessary, so that the best value can be drawn out. In other words, the vital factor in economic growth is raising productivity. Then, given similar situations, how come some countries show different performance in factor accumulation or productivity improvement? The accumulation of resources and increase of productivity depend on economic incentive. Proper institution in an economy that provides incentives for economic agents enables factors to flow and to be accumulated where productivity is high. It also gives motivation for innovation and improvement of productivity. Competition in product markets and acquisition of resources and raw materials with low cost through an open-door policy can induce the accumulation of elements and improvement of technology, where in a broader perspective, open-door policy can also be considered as a part of institution.The growth of the Korean economy is unique since only a few economies could demonstrate compatibly high growth rates for a long period. However, at the same time, Korea's case is never unique as its success story is based on factor accumulation, productivity enhancement and, most of all, a fundamental called institution. Its growth was possible due to the fact that there was a proper functioning of market backed by the establishment of proper institutions. The Korean government indeed worked favorably towards the establishment of institution and running of economy in a market-friendly manner. Some features of its growth pattern are worthwhile to be illustrated as there are still a large number of developing countries and high income countries with unstable institutions worldwide, which could gain from a part of Korea's story, at least, and collect substantial knowledge for their future growth.
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