Готові списки джерел за темами / Spinal loads

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Spinal loads"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 20 лютого 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Spinal loads"

1

Hwang, Jaejin, Gregory G. Knapik, Jonathan S. Dufour, and William S. Marras. "A Comparison of Performance Between Straight-Line Muscle and Curved Muscle Models." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601817.

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Анотація:
The straight-line muscle biomechanical models of the lumbar spine have been utilized to predict spinal loads to assess the potential risk of work-related injuries. The curved muscle paths have been suggested to realistically simulate muscles’ behavior in complex lumbar motions. However, the effect of curved muscle paths on the modeling performances and spinal loads in the lumbar spine model during complex lifting exertions has not been fully investigated. The objective of this study was to characterize the differences in modeling performances and spinal loads between the conventional straight-line muscle model and the curved muscle model of the lumbar spine. Twelve subjects (6 males and 6 females) participated in this study. Mean values and standard deviations of age, body mass, and height of all subjects were 26.6 (5.3) years, 73.6 (13.3) kg, and 172.7 (5.4) cm, respectively. Electromyographic (EMG) activities with surface electrodes (Motion Lab Systems MA300-XVI, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA) were collected over 10 trunk muscles (pair of the latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique) with 1000 Hz sampling rate. The OptiTrack optical motion capture system (NaturalPoint, Corvallis, OR, USA) with 24 Flex 3 infrared cameras was used to monitor whole body kinematics with 100 Hz sampling rate. A Bertec 4060A force plate (Bertec, Worthington, OH, USA) was used to measure ground reaction forces with 1000 Hz sampling rate. Customized Laboratory software via a National Instruments USB-6225 data acquisition board (National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA) was utilized to collect all signals simultaneously and efficiently run the model. Subjects performed complex lifting tasks by various load weight (9.1kg and 15.9kg), load origins (counterclockwise 90⁰, counterclockwise 45⁰, 0⁰, clockwise 45⁰, and clockwise 90⁰), and load height (mid-calf, mid-thigh, and shoulder). Both curved muscle model and straight-line muscle model were tested under same experiment conditions, respectively. The curved muscle model showed better model fidelity (average coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.83; average absolute error (AAE) = 14.4%) than the straight-line muscle model (R2 = 0.79; AAE = 20.7%), especially in upper levels of the lumbar spine. The curved muscle model showed higher R2 than the straight-line muscle model, and the T12/L1 level showed the biggest difference as 0.1. The curved muscle model had lower AAE than the straight-line muscle model, and the T12/L1 showed the biggest difference as 18%. The curved muscle model generally showed higher compression (up to 640N at T12/L1), lower anterior-posterior shear loads (up to 575N at T12/L1), and lower lateral shear loads (up to 521N at T12/L1) than the straight-line muscle model. The biggest difference in spinal loads between two models (especially in anterior-posterior shear and lateral shear loads) occurred at upper levels of the lumbar spine, which could be related to the amount of muscle curvatures at each spine level. The curved muscle model generally showed higher compression and lower anterior-posterior and lateral shear loads than the straight-line muscle model. It might be partially related to the muscle paths of the erector spinae (major power producing muscle). In curved muscle model, erector spinae was placed more parallel with the lumbar spine curvature than the straight-line muscle model. It could affect the spinal load distributions such as higher compression and lower shears loads in the curved muscle model compared to the straight-line muscle model. In conclusion, the improved performance of the curved muscle model indicated that the curved muscle approach would be advantageous to estimate precise spinal loads in complex lifting jobs compared to the straight-line muscle approach.
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2

Jorgensen, Michael J., William S. Marras, and Thomas R. Waters. "The Effect of a Variable Lumbar Erector Spinae Sagittal Plane Moment Arm on Predicted Spinal Loading." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 13 (September 2002): 1061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204601312.

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Recent research indicates that the sagittal plane moment arm of the erector spinae decreases at the L5/S1 level during torso flexion. The objective of this study was to assess the predicted L5/S1 spinal loading from a lifting task when allowing the erector spinae sagittal plane moment arm to vary during torso flexion. Nineteen male subjects lifted three loads from two origin locations to an upright neutral posture. Spinal loading was predicted from an EMG-assisted biomechanical model that allowed the erector spinae moment arm to vary during torso flexion. The predicted lateral, anterior-posterior shear and compression forces increased by 7.4%, 11.1% and 6.6%, respectively, when compared to using a biomechanical model that kept the erector spinae moment arm constant. These results suggest that models that account for the varying erector spinae moment arm predict greater spinal loads, especially for motions that involve a large degree of torso flexion.
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3

Rohlmann, A., R. Petersen, V. Schwachmeyer, F. Graichen, and G. Bergmann. "Spinal loads during position changes." Clinical Biomechanics 27, no. 8 (October 2012): 754–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2012.04.006.

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4

Rohlmann, Antonius, Friedmar Graichen, and Georg Bergmann. "Influence of load carrying on loads in internal spinal fixators." Journal of Biomechanics 33, no. 9 (September 2000): 1099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(00)00075-0.

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5

Rohlmann, A., G. Bergmann, F. Graichen, and U. Weber. "Loads on internal spinal fixation devices." Der Orthopäde 28, no. 5 (May 1999): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00003629.

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6

Afaunov, Asker Alievich, Vladimir Dmitryevich Usikov, Ali Ibragimovich Afaunov, Igor Mikhailovich Dunaev, Nikolay Sveridovich Gavryushenko, Aleksey Viktorovich Mishagin, and Karapet Karapetovich Takhmazyan. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ROTATIONAL STABILITY PARAMETERS OF TRANSPEDICULAR SPINAL FUSION IN EXPERIMENT." Hirurgiâ pozvonočnika, no. 3 (August 23, 2005): 025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14531/ss2005.3.25-32.

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Анотація:
Objectives. To estimate macroscopically the strength, rigidity and limit of elasticity in the “spinal segments – transpedicular fixator” system. versus similar characteristics of the intact spine under dislocating rotational loads. Material and Methods. Еxperiments with anatomic specimens of Th12–L2 segments were performed. Unstable damages of L1 and transpedicular fixation with 4 screw transpedicular spinal system were imitated. All specimens were exposed to the testing rotational load in universal test machine Zwick 1464. Results. It is established that under rotational load general strength of the injured Th12–L1–L2 spinal segments fused with transpedicular fixator is 20 % lower than that in a corresponding intact spine segment. Rigidity parameters of fused segments are 17.5 % lower than those of intact segments. Destabilization of «spinal segments – transpedicular fixator» system under rotational loads is caused by the compression of a bone substance in Th12 and L2 bodies with screws and a turn of screws around longitudinal rods due to a rod slip in anchoring elements. Conclusion. The performed study may serve a basis for following data analysis from a viewpoint of metal resistance and for development of optimal rehabilitation loads to the injured spine during postoperative period.
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7

Behjati, Mohamad, and Navid Arjmand. "Biomechanical Assessment of the NIOSH Lifting Equation in Asymmetric Load-Handling Activities Using a Detailed Musculoskeletal Model." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, no. 2 (September 17, 2018): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818795038.

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Objective: To assess adequacy of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Lifting Equation (NLE) in controlling lumbar spine loads below their recommended action limits during asymmetric load-handling activities using a detailed musculoskeletal model, that is, the AnyBody Modeling System. Background: The NIOSH committee employed simplistic biomechanical models for the calculation of the spine compressive loads with no estimates of the shear loads. It is therefore unknown whether the NLE would adequately control lumbar compression and shear loads below their recommended action limits during asymmetric load-handling activities. Method: Twenty-four static stoop lifting tasks at different load asymmetry angles, heights, and horizontal distances were performed by one normal-weight (70 kg) and one obese (93 kg) individual. For each task, the recommended weight limit computed by the NLE and body segment angles measured by a video-camera system (VICON) were prescribed in the participant-specific models developed in the AnyBody Modeling System that estimated spinal loads. Results: For both individuals, the NLE adequately controlled L5-S1 loads below their recommended action limits for all activities performed in upright postures. Both individuals, however, experienced compressive and/or shear L5-S1 loads beyond the recommended action limits when lifting was performed near the floor with large load asymmetry. Conclusion: The NLE failed to control spinal loads below the recommended limits during asymmetric lifting tasks performed near the floor. Application: The NLE should be used with caution for extreme tasks involving load handling near the floor with large load asymmetry.
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8

Afaunov, A. A., V. D. Usikov, A. I. Afaunov, and I. M. Dunaev. "Stability of Injured Spine in Relation to Bending Loads under Conditions of Transpedicular Osteosynthesis (Experimental Study)." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 11, no. 3 (September 15, 2004): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto200411323.

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Study of T9—L3 spinal segment blocks using anatomic preparations has showed that in instable injury of T12 the rigidity of T11—L1 segments under conditions of transpedicular osteosynthesis with four screws spinal system is on average 25% and 14.7% lower than the normal rigidity of the intact T11—L1 segments in relation to bending kyphotic loads and lateral bending loads, respectively. The rigidity of synthesized spinal segments to lateral bending loads is 1.9 times lower than the rigidity to sagittal bending loads. With use of metalwork the rigidity indices of the synthesized spinal segments are on average 1.2 times higher as compared with the rigidity of the intact spine.
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9

Izzo, R., A. A. Diano, F. Lacquaniti, F. Zeccolini, and M. Muto. "Biomechanics of the Spine II." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 18, no. 5-6 (December 2005): 592–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090501800511.

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Анотація:
Spine biomechanics represents a traditional area of research by orthopaedists, neurosurgeons, bioengineers and physicists. Working in an emergency setting and managing spinal traumas every day we began a study on extended literature devoted to biomechanics of the spine, to see beyond the usual static evaluation of neuroimaging patterns. After our earlier paper on biomechanics of the spine16, we have reviewed and broadened some topics such as the role of the ligaments and introduced the main mechanisms of primary spinal traumas and deformations. The spine is a multiarticular complex structure controlled by the muscles whose correct function presupposes its stability. Several “stability factors” ensure spinal stability and correct movements. A number of biomechanical studies analysed the contribution of individual bony and soft spinal elements to stability and the effects of traumas. Several theories have been derived from these studies to account for the distribution of loads and vector forces, including failure-producing loads, among the components of functional spinal units (FSU). Holdsworth's initial two column concept, the three column models by Louis and Denis up to most recent four column theory by Cartolari all represent evolutions in assessing the distribution of loads and the presence and degree of instability in spinal traumas. Whether acute or chronic spinal instability means a partial or complete loss of one or both functions of the spine: load-bearing and cord protection. The diagnosis of spinal instability is crucial to establish the most appropriate strategy of management, namely in acute conditions. Biomechanical concepts are fundamental to understand the factors deciding the type, location and extent of spinal traumas, possible instability and the primary mechanism of the main types of injuries.
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10

Rohlmann, Antonius, Thomas Zander, Friedmar Graichen, Hendrik Schmidt, and Georg Bergmann. "Spinal Loads during Cycling on an Ergometer." PLoS ONE 9, no. 4 (April 17, 2014): e95497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095497.

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Дисертації з теми "Spinal loads"

1

Dennis, Gary. "Spinal Loads in Team Lifting." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367181.

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In the first experiment, spinal loads during individual and two-person team lifting tasks were compared. Ten healthy male subjects performed symmetrical individual lifts with a box mass of 15, 20 and 25 kg and symmetrical two-person team lifts with 30, 40 and 50 kg from the floor to standing knuckle height. Results indicated that the torque and compression force experienced by the lumbar spine were approximately 20% lower during team lifts compared to the load-matched individual lifting tasks. The two main and equal contributing factors reducing spinal load during team compared to individual lifting tasks were: (i) the increased horizontal pulling force and (ii) the ability of the team to hold the load at the ends of the box, which reduced the moment arm of the load. The second experiment assessed the effect of relative team member height (matched versus unmatched) on lumbar spinal loads during two-person team lifting tasks. Twelve young healthy male subjects performed matched and unmatched team lifts with two box masses (30 and 60 kg) and three initial box heights (0, 20 and 40 cm). Matched team members had standing heights within 5%, whilst unmatched teams had an average standing height difference of 25 ± 2.5 cm. Although spinal loads were reduced for the shorter subjects and increased for the taller subjects at the end of the lift, no significant difference was found in the maximum spinal loads incurred during matched compared to unmatched lifting conditions. In the final experiment the relationship between load mass distribution and the relative spinal loads incurred by each of the individual team members during two-person team lifting tasks was examined. Two-person lifting teams were required to lift a box containing a mass of 30 kg or 60 kg from the floor to standing knuckle height. Adjusting the position of the centre of mass within the box by ± 15 cm and ± 7.5 cm relative to the evenly distributed position (0 cm) yielded three load mass distribution ratios (69:31, 59:41 and 50:50), which represented the percentage of the total mass lifted by each team member. Although the spinal load incurred by the team member lifting at the heavier end of the load was greater than for the person at the lighter end of the load, the difference between the spinal loads incurred by each team member was not as great as the difference in the asymmetric distribution of the load mass. Subsequent investigation of the factors influencing spinal load indicated that the spinal loads experienced by the team member at the heavier end of the load was less than expected because they generated a larger horizontal pulling force than their lifting partner. Consequently, during the lift the load translated toward the team member at the heavier end of the load, which combined with the larger horizontal pulling force reduced the extensor torque required at the lumbar spine. Overall, results from this study have demonstrated that: (i) the lifting strategy used by two-person teams is distinguished from individual lifts by a greater use of horizontal pulling forces applied to the load and a decreased distance between the load and the lumbar spine, (ii) both the horizontal pulling force and the position of the hands on the load in team lifting have a load relieving effect on the lumbar spine and (iii) two-person team lifts performed by team members of unmatched standing height and with asymmetrical load mass appear to be coordinated in a manner that partially mitigates the increased spinal loads for the team member at increased risk of spinal injury.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science
Griffith Health
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2

Boocock, Mark Graham. "An ergonomic appraisal of the mechanical loads imposed on the human spinal column during impact landing." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1992. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4942/.

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3

Wang, Xueke. "Does visual access when lifting unstable objects affect the biomechanical loads experienced by the spine and shoulders." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492722421190945.

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4

Jaafar, Kamal Rachid. "Spiral shear reinforcement for concrete structures under static and seismic loads." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616166.

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5

Wang, Tianjiao. "Feasibility for spinal muscles creating pure axial compressive load or follower load in the lumbar spine in 3-D postures." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1790.

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Анотація:
Previous in-vivo studies showed that compressive force acting on the spine may exceed 2600 N. However, the ligamentous lumbar spine becomes unstable when subjected to compressive loads less than 100 N. It is generally accepted that the ligamentous spine itself is unstable but can be stabilized by muscle forces (MFs) in vivo. Nevertheless, normal spinal muscle contraction patterns remain unknown. In recent in vitro studies, when the direction of the applied load was controlled along the spinal curvature so that the internal spinal load became perfect compressive follower loads (CFLs) at all lumbar levels, the ligamentous lumbar spine was found to withstand large compressive load (up to 1200 N) without buckling while maintaining its flexibility in neutral or flexed postures. The results of in-vivo animal studies also have shown that shear stress has a more detrimental effect on the rate of disc degeneration compared to compressive stress. These results suggest CFLs in the lumbar spine would be a normal spinal load whereas the transverse (or shear) load abnormal. An initial test of this postulation would be to investigate whether the spinal muscles can create perfect internal CFLs in the lumbar spine in all 3-D postures. In addition, small intrinsic muscles (SIMs) are crucial for better control of the direction of the internal spinal load along the spinal axis was also proposed. A finite element (FE) model together with an optimization model were used for this study. Both models consist of the trunk, sacrolumbar spine and 244 spinal muscles. Different from other studies, 54 SIMs were also included in the models. The FE model was validated by comparing the ROM of the spine with the literature data. Minimization of the summation of the spinal loads and moments was used as the cost function for the optimization model. The geometrical data obtained from the FE model was used as the input for the optimization model; it was then used to calculate the MFs required for creating the CFLs at all lumbar spine levels. The MFs determined in the optimization model were then imported back to the FE model as input loads to check the stability of the spine under this loading condition. Five different postures were studied: neutral, flexion 40°, extension 5°, lateral bending 30° and axial rotation 10°. Many optimization solutions for spinal muscle force combinations creating pure CFLs in the lumbar spine were found available in each posture. However, FE analyses showed that only muscle forces and patterns solved at FLPs along the curve in the vicinity of the baseline curve stabilized the lumbar spine. Stability was determined by small displacement of the trunk (less or equal to 5mm) due to small deformation of the lumbar spine. The magnitudes of joint reaction forces (JRFs) predicted from the optimization model were comparable to those reported in the literature. When the SIMs were removed, optimization solutions were still feasible in all five postures, but JRFs and trunk displacement were increased. This suggests the need of SIM inclusion in future spine biomechanics studies and clinically, damages to the SIMs may have a high risk of future spinal problems, such as spinal instability, early disc degeneration, deformity and/or early failure of spinal fixation devices. The results from this study supported the hypothesis that the perfect CFLs at all lumbar levels could be the normal physiological load under which the lumbar spinal column could support large load without buckling while allowing flexibility. SIMs played an important role in creating CFLs as by including SIMs in the models, the JRFs at all lumbar spine levels were lowered and the stability of the spine was increased.
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6

Bakker, E. W. P. "Spinal mechanical load. A risk factor for non-specific low back pain." [S.l.] : Rotterdam : [The Author] ; Erasmus University [Host], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1765/14715.

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7

Mokwa, Robert L. "Investigation of the Resistance of Pile Caps to Lateral Loading." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29152.

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Bridges and buildings are often supported on deep foundations. These foundations consist of groups of piles coupled together by concrete pile caps. These pile caps, which are often massive and deeply buried, would be expected to provide significant resistance to lateral loads. However, practical procedures for computing the resistance of pile caps to lateral loads have not been developed, and, for this reason, cap resistance is usually ignored. Neglecting cap resistance results in estimates of pile group deflections and bending moments under load that may exceed the actual deflections and bending moments by 100 % or more. Advances could be realized in the design of economical pile-supported foundations, and their behavior more accurately predicted, if the cap resistance can be accurately assessed. This research provides a means of assessing and quantifying many important aspects of pile group and pile cap behavior under lateral loads. The program of work performed in this study includes developing a full-scale field test facility, conducting approximately 30 lateral load tests on pile groups and pile caps, performing laboratory geotechnical tests on natural soils obtained from the site and on imported backfill materials, and performing analytical studies. A detailed literature review was also conducted to assess the current state of practice in the area of laterally loaded pile groups. A method called the "group-equivalent pile" approach (abbreviated GEP) was developed for creating analytical models of pile groups and pile caps that are compatible with established approaches for analyzing single laterally loaded piles. A method for calculating pile cap resistance-deflection curves (p-y curves) was developed during this study, and has been programmed in the spreadsheet called PYCAP. A practical, rational, and systematic procedure was developed for assessing and quantifying the lateral resistance that pile caps provide to pile groups. Comparisons between measured and calculated load-deflection responses indicate that the analytical approach developed in this study is conservative, reasonably accurate, and suitable for use in design. The results of this research are expected to improve the current state of knowledge and practice regarding pile group and pile cap behavior.
Ph. D.
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8

Richard, Leeland. "Spiral Welded Pipe Piles For Structures In Southeastern Louisiana." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1257.

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In an effort to obtain 100-year level hurricane protection for southeastern Louisiana, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has implemented design guidelines that both levees and structures shall be designed to. Historically, USACE has used concrete piles or steel H-piles as the foundations for these structures. Because of the magnitude of obtaining 100-year level hurricane protection, limited resources, and a condensed timeline, spiral welded pipe piles can be manufactured as an alternative to either the concrete piles or steel H-piles. This research will provide the necessary background for understanding pile foundations, will compare the behaviors of spiral welded pipe piles to that of other piles with respect to geotechnical concerns through a series of pile load tests, and will offer a current cost analysis. This background, testing, and cost analysis will show that spiral welded pipe piles are a viable alternative for USACE structures from a geotechnical and economic perspective.
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9

Ramsey, Todd R. "The Effects of Load-Positioning Material Handling Equipment on Spinal Loading During Manual Handling of Bulk Bags." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1368027435.

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10

Usman, Irfan-ur-rab. "Rotary-axial spindle design for large load precision machining applications." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30163.

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Normal stress electromagnetic actuators can be used as both an axial bearing and an in-feed motor in precision machine tool applications that require only millimeter-range axial stroke, such as silicon wafer face grinding or meso-machining. The rotary cutting stage may be integrated with the axially-feeding stage in a rotary-axial architecture. This typology allows the use of independent rotary and axial actuators acting on a single moving mass, rather than an axial actuator moving an entire rotary motor assembly in the feed direction as in typical machine tool architectures. Non-collocated resonances are therefore minimized and thrust and radial stiffness is increased through the elimination of intermediate lateral and thrust bearings, and achievable closed loop positioning performance is improved. This thesis presents the working principle, design, and analysis of radially-biased electromagnetic bearing/actuators for large load precision rotary-axial spindle applications, and the integration of such an actuator in a full scale prototype to be used as a silicon wafer face grinder. The experimental results indicate that the rotary-axial spindle with radially-biased thrust bearing/actuator is capable of achieving less than 7 nm resolution over a 1.5 mm axial stroke, a worst case load capacity of approximately 5000 N and a best case load capacity of over 8000 N, with rotary-axial coupling of less than 30 nm axial error at 3000 rpm.
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Книги з теми "Spinal loads"

1

Handschuh, Robert F. A method for thermal analysis of spiral bevel gears. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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2

Kumar, A. A procedure for 3-D contact stress analysis of spiral bevel gears. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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3

Kumar, A. A procedure for 3-D contact stress analysis of spiral bevel gears. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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4

Kumar, A. A procedure for 3-D contact stress analysis of spiral bevel gears. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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5

Handschuh, Robert F. Testing of face-milled spiral bevel gears at high-speed and load. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.

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6

Handschuh, Robert F. Testing of face-milled spiral bevel gears at high-speed and load. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.

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7

Handschuh, Robert F. Testing of face-milled spiral bevel gears at high-speed and load. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.

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8

Handschuh, Robert F. Testing of face-milled spiral bevel gears at high-speed and load. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.

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9

Hong, Youlian. Load carriage in school children: Epidemiology and exercise science. New York: Nova Science Pub., 2010.

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10

Martin, Colin A. Surface pressure measurements on the wing of a wind tunnel model during steady rotation. Melbourne, Australia: Aeronautical Research Laboratory, 1991.

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Частини книг з теми "Spinal loads"

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Marinou, Giorgos D., and Katja D. Mombaur. "Optimizing Active Spinal Exoskeletons to Minimize Low Back Loads." In Biosystems & Biorobotics, 455–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69547-7_73.

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Johnen, Laura, Alexander Mertens, Verena Nitsch, and Christopher Brandl. "An Evaluation of Numerical Integration Methods for Estimating Cumulative Loading Based on Discrete Spinal Loads." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 319–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51549-2_42.

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Makhsous, Mohsen, and Fang Lin. "A Finite-Element Biomechanical Model for Evaluating Buttock Tissue Loads in Seated Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury." In Bioengineering Research of Chronic Wounds, 181–205. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00534-3_8.

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Wu, J. S. S. "Dynamic Behaviors of Axisymmetric Poroelastic Finite Element Model of Spinal Motion Segments under Torsional and Bending Loads Using Mixed Procedures." In Computational Mechanics ’88, 1124–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61381-4_298.

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Hashemi, Mohammad Saber, and Navid Arjmand. "Estimation of Spinal Loads Using a Detailed Finite Element Model of the L4-L5 Lumbar Segment Derived by Medical Imaging Kinematics; A Feasibility Study." In IFMBE Proceedings, 791–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-9038-7_146.

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Chow, D. H. K., D. Z. Y. Ou, and A. Lai. "Effects of Load Carriage on Spinal Motor Control in Schoolchildren." In IFMBE Proceedings, 60–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14515-5_16.

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Shibata, Kyoko, Yu Suzuki, Hironobu Satoh, and Yoshio Inoue. "Structural Analysis of Spinal Column to Estimate Intervertebral Disk Load for a Mobile Posture Improvement Support System." In Human Systems Engineering and Design II, 780–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27928-8_119.

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Johnen, Laura, Alexander Mertens, Verena Nitsch, and Christopher Brandl. "Comparison of Dose Models for the Assessment of Spinal Load and Implications for the Calculation of Cumulative Loading." In Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021), 93–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74611-7_13.

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Krol, Oleg, and Volodymyr Sokolov. "Modification of the Spindle Head for a Milling Machine with Increased Load Capacity Drive." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 103–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00805-4_9.

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Nagel, D., J. Cordey, T. Koogle, E. Schneider, R. Hertel, and S. M. Perren. "In Vivo Measurement of Load on Harrington Distraction Rods in Sheep Spines with and without Fusion." In Biomechanics: Current Interdisciplinary Research, 507–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7432-9_74.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Spinal loads"

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Hollowell, James P., Srirangam Kumaresan, Narayan Yoganandan, and Frank A. Pintar. "Biomechanics of Human Cervical Spinal Column Under Physiologic Loads." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0491.

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Abstract The determination of the biomechanics of the human cervical spinal column under physiologic loads was a focus of the present study. The effects of pre-load on the load carrying capacity of spine were investigated. Structural morphology was divided into young, representing normal/non-degenerated, and old, representing abnormal/degenerated spines. Intact human cadaver cervical spinal columns were carefully isolated by maintaining the integrity of the ligamentous soft tissues. Fat and surrounding musculature were dissected. Radiographs of the specimens were obtained before the test. At each level of the cervical column, retroreflective targets were inserted into the bony articulations. Kinematic information was obtained from these targets. Principles of continuous motion analysis were used to determine the kinematics of the cervical column. A six-axis load cell was attached at the inferior end of the specimen. Flexion, extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending moments were applied. The specimens were tested with and without pre-load conditions. Results are presented with regard to variations in angular stiffness values as function of applied moment, pre-load, and spine condition. This study emphasizes the differing roles contributed by the load vector and specimen morphology on cervical spine biomechanics.
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Naserkhaki, Sadegh, Jacob L. Jaremko, Greg Kawchuk, Samer Adeeb, and Marwan El-Rich. "Investigation of Lumbosacral Spine Anatomical Variation Effect on Load-Partitioning Under Follower Load Using Geometrically Personalized Finite Element Model." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40231.

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The spinal load sharing and mechanical stresses developed in the spine segments due to mechanical loads are dependent on the unique spinal anatomy (geometry and posture). Variation in spinal curvature alters the load sharing of the lumbar spine as well as the stiffness and stability of the passive tissues. In this paper, effects of lumbar spine curvature variation on spinal load sharing under compressive Follower Load (FL) are investigated numerically. 3D nonlinear Finite Element (FE) models of three ligamentous lumbosacral spines are developed based on personalized geometries; hypo-lordotic (Hypo-L), normal (Normal-L) and hyper-lordotic (Hyper-L) cases. Analysis of each model is performed under Follower Load and developed stress in the discs and forces in the collagen fibers are investigated. Stresses on the discs vary in magnitude and distribution depending on the degree of lordosis. A straight hypo-lordotic spine shows stresses more equally distributed among discs while a highly curved hyper-lordotic spine has stresses concentrated at lower discs. Stresses are uniformly distributed in each disc for Hypo-L case while they are concentrated posteriorly for Hyper-L case. Also, the maximum force in collagen fibers is developed in the Hyper-L case. These differences might be clinically significant related to back pain.
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Xu, Ming, James Yang, Isador H. Lieberman, and Ram Haddas. "Comparison of Fatigue Behaviors of Spinal Implants Under Physiological Spinal Loads: A Finite Element Pilot Study." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67783.

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The fusion surgery is a standard treatment for scoliosis. Fatigue-related failure is one common cause for the fusion surgery implant. Due to the high cost of revision surgery, it is of clinical value to study the fatigue behaviors of the spinal implants under physiological spinal loads. In the literature, biomechanical tests and finite element (FE) methods have been used to study the fatigue of the spinal implants. Compared with biomechanical tests, FE analysis has the advantage of low cost and high efficiency. Due to the high computational cost, no FE study has been modeled the exact geometry of the pedicle screw (including the thread) in the screw-bone connection within the multi-level spine FE model. This study introduced a feasible FE-based method to predict the fatigue behaviors of the spinal implants with exact geometry of pedicle screw. One previously-validated FE spine model was utilized to provide physiological spinal loads and was bilaterally fused with pedicle screws and rods at L3-L4 spine levels. The exact geometry of the pedicle screw was simulated in this study for accurate stress prediction. The fused spine FE model was subjected to six loading directions (flexion/extension, left/right lateral bending, and left/right axial rotation). For each loading direction, a pure bending moment of 10 Nm was tested. First, FE analysis was performed for one loading cycle. Range of motion, maximum von Mises stress values of the spinal implants were recorded and compared for the six tested loading conditions. Then, based on the stress/strain history of the spinal implants for one loading cycle provided by the FE simulation, fatigue life cycles of the spinal implants were calculated using strain-based Smith-Watson-Topper equation. Flexion produced the largest range of motion at the adjacent level. Axial rotation produced the largest von Mises stress in the spinal implants. Except for lateral bending, the von Mises stress predicted in the screws fused at the superior vertebra was larger than that in the screws fused at inferior vertebra. The method introduced in this study will be used to study different screw fixation methods in the future work.
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Umale, Sagar, John R. Humm, and Narayan Yoganandan. "Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on Spinal Column Loads From Underbody Blast Loading." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73664.

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Abstract Combat-related spine injuries from improvised explosive devices are attributed to vertical loading transmitted from the seat to the pelvis to the torso and head-neck regions. The presence of personal protective equipment (PPE) adds to the weight of the torso, influencing the load transmission within the vertebral column. In this study, a detailed mid-size male finite element model from the Global Human Body Models Consortium was used to investigate the effect of PPE on spine kinematics, forces, and moments along the vertebral column. The model was positioned on a rigid seat, such that the posture represented an upright seated soldier. Once positioned, the model was updated with PPE. The models, with and without PPE were simulated under two high acceleration vertical loading pulses and the spine accelerations, forces and moments were investigated. The PPE increased the spinal loads, with reduced time to peak. The presence of PPE increased forces in the cervical and thoracic spines up to 14% and 9%, while it decreased the lumbar spine forces up to 7%. PPE increased cervical spine extension moment up to 104%, thoracic spine flexion moment up to 14%, and decreased the lumbar spine flexion moment up to 11%. The increase in thoracic spine compressive forces and flexion moments due to PPE suggest increased risk of injury in compression-flexion, such as anterior or burst fractures of the thoracic vertebrae with or without the distraction of posterior elements/ligaments. Whereas, the PPE may be effective in reducing the injury in lumbar spine, with reduced forces and moments. The pulse variation showed that the seat velocity along with the acceleration influence the spine kinematics and further parametric studies are needed to understand the effectiveness of PPE for varying seat velocities/accelerations. Spinal accelerations peaked earlier with PPE; however, their peak and morphologies were unchanged. This study delineates the kinetics of the spine injury during underbody blast loading and the role of PPE on potential injuries and injury mechanisms based on forces and moments.
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Shirazi-Adl, A., and M. Parnianpour. "How Is the Lumbar Spine Stabilized in Compression? Model Studies on Effect of Various Loading Configurations." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0089.

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Abstract The passive human lumbar spine exhibits instability (ie, hypermobility) under compression loads of less than 100N [1,2] which is only a small fraction of loads experienced during various recreational/occupational daily activities. The issue of the spinal stability under compression loads has been the focus of a number of studies [3–7]. The observation of changes in the posture (ie, pelvic tilt, lordosis) during loading/micro-gravity and in low-back population along with that of negligible muscle activities in erect postures with/without loads in hands suggest that the spinal posture is so adjusted as to stabilise the passive system with minimal muscle activation. In search of such plausible mechanisms, this work investigates the effect of alterations in load configurations and lumbar lordosis on the equilibrium/stability of the lumbar spine in moderate/large axial loads. Using a detailed nonlinear finite element model of the lumbar spine, the influence of sagittal/lateral moments on the equilibrium response in axial compression up to 2800N applied at the @L1 alone or distributed among lumbar vertebrae is studied for different lumbar curvatures. The effects of the application of the compression as a follower load on the L1 alone or L1-L5 vertebrae and a novel wrapping compression load that passes through the vertebral centres on the equilibrium/stability response is subsequently investigated using a simplified nonlinear beam model of the lumbar spine.
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Scifert, J., K. Totoribe, V. Goel, C. Clark, J. Reinhardt, and L. Bolinger. "Spinal Cord Stress and Strain Predictions in a Ligamentous C5-C6 Segment." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2569.

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Abstract Several spinal disorders and traumatic loading situations are known to inflict damage to neurovascular components of the cervical spinal cord. Studies have shown that damage to the spinal cord can occur regardless of significant damage to surrounding structures. To understand the mechanics of spinal cord injury, one needs to quantify stresses and strains within the spinal cord and its components in response to exterrnal loads applied to the bony spine. Experimental studies can not address this issue. This study presents a Finite Element (FE) model to quantify the physiologic strains and stresses in the cervical spinal cord placed in the ligamentous C5-C6 motion segment, with loads applied to the bony segment and not the the cord itself, as have been done in experimental studies reported in the literature.
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Gudavalli, Maruti R., and Robert M. Rowell. "Three-Dimensional Quantification of Multi-Point Contact Loads During Lumbar Spinal Manipulation." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59183.

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The objective of this study was to measure the complete three-dimensional loads at each of the support contacts namely both hand contacts, and the support loads at the rib cage and the pelvis during chiropractic treatments for low back pain. Two small force transducers were used to measure hand contact loads, and a specially instrumented force plate table was used for measuring support loads. A doctor of chiropractic delivered fourteen spinal manipulations to the lumbar spines of five subjects during a period of three weeks. The results showed that there are three dimensional loads at each of the four contact points. The loads at the thrusting hands reached as high as 382N. For the stabilizing hands the maximum loads were 160N. The support loads reached as high as 727N at the pelvic support and 660N at the rib cage support. This study reports for the first time data on the loads at each of the hand contact points and the support locations during chiropractic spinal manipulation.
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Shirazi-Adl, A., and M. Parnianpour. "Computational Biomechanics of Human Spine Under Wrapping Compression Loading." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1921.

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Abstract Computational biomechanics of the human spine under a novel compression loading that follows the curvature of the spine is performed by evaluation and comparison of the detailed response of the spine under various types of compression loading at different postures. The nonlinear finite element formulation of wrapping elements sliding without friction over solid body edges is developed and used to study the load-bearing capacity of thoracolumbar (T1-S1) and lumbosacral (L1-S1) spines under one or several wrapping compression forces. Follower load at the L1, axially-fixed compression at the L1, and combined axially-fixed compression plus constrained rotations are also considered for comparison. Moreover, for the detailed lumbosacral model, the effect of changes in the position of wrapping elements and in the lumbar curvature on results are considered. The idealized wrapping loading substantially stiffens the spine allowing it to carry very large compression loads without hypermobility. It diminishes local segmental shear forces and moments as well as tissue stresses. In comparison to fixed axial compression, therefore, the compression loading by wrapping elements that follow the spinal curvatures increases the load-bearing capacity in compression and provides a greater margin of safety against both instability and tissue injury. These findings suggest a plausible mechanism in which postural changes and muscle activation patterns could be exploited to yield a loading configuration similar to that of the wrapping loading. To alleviate hypermobility in compression, the wrapping loading could also allow for the application of meaningful compression loads in experimental as well as model studies of the multi-segmental spinal biomechanics.
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Doughty, Elizabeth S., and Nesrin Sarigul-Klijn. "Noninvasive In Vivo Characterization of Pediatric Human Spine: 3-D Finite Element Study." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62300.

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There are no full three-dimensional computational models of the pediatric spine to study the many diseases and disorders that afflict the immature spine using finite element analysis. To fully characterize the pediatric spine, we created a pediatric specific computational model of C1-L5 using noninvasive in vivo techniques to incorporate the differences between the adult and pediatric spines: un-fused vertebrae, lax ligaments, and higher water content in the intervertebral discs. Muscle follower loads were included in the model to simulate muscle activation for five muscles involved in spine stabilization. This paper is the first pediatric three-dimensional model developed to date. Due to a lack of experimental pediatric spinal studies, this 3-D computational model has the potential to become a surgical tool to ensure that the most appropriate technique is chosen for treating pediatric spinal dysfunctions such as congenital abnormalities, idiopathic scoliosis, and vertebral fractures.
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Shirazi-Adl, A., and M. Parnianpour. "On an Idealized Wrapping Loading of the Human Spine." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0478.

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Abstract The kinetic redundancy of the complex human spinal system presents a rather insurmountable obstacle in estimating the activation patterns and passive-active load sharing. A plausible hypothesis is that the spinal posture, at a given task and load level, is so adjusted as to maintain equilibrium and a sufficient margin of safety against instability while minimizing the need for muscle exertion. Our recent in vivo and model studies support the importance of the pelvic tilt and lumbar curvature in mechanics of the human spine (Shirazi-Adl and Parnianpour, 1996, 1999). In view of very low compression load-carrying capacity (i.e., stability) of the passive ligamentous spine, attempts have been made to investigate optimal path of applied compression loading that could both stabilize the passive system and result in lower stresses and higher margin of safety against tissue failure (Aspeden, 1989; Gracovetsky et al., 1989). Recent in vitro experimental and model studies on the lumbar spine has demonstrated that the passive ligamentous lumbar spine with no musculature is stable under compression loads that remain perpendicular to disc mid-height planes (i.e., wrapping or continuous follower loads) (Patwardhan et al., 1998; Shirazi-Adl and Parnianpour, 1998). In this work, the response of the lumbar and thoracolumbar spine under wrapping compression loads is investigated in order to study the stabilizing effect of this idealized loading configuration as well as its effect on internal tissue-level stress/strain values.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Spinal loads"

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Chess, K. Load on Trough Bellows Following an Argon Spill. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1031184.

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Qvist Eliasen, Søren, Louise Ormstrup Vestergård, Hjördís Rut Sigurjónsdóttir, Eeva Turunen, and Oskar Penje. Breaking the downward spiral: Improving rural housing markets in the Nordic Region. Nordregio, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/pb2020:4.2001-3876.

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Housing issues usually play a major role in urban studies, but are often overlooked as a factor in rural development. This policy brief explores aspects of the dynamics of the ‘frozen’ rural housing market in the Nordic Region, with a specific focus on the role of financing, the part played by municipalities and the potential benefits of a larger rental market.Housing is generally seen as a human right, a consumable that serves as the framework for our lives. However, at the same time, real estate is a financial commodity on the market. In many rural areas, the market value of houses is low – often considerably below the cost of construction. In consequence, it is very difficult to obtain loans to build or buy. This ‘freezes’ the market and has a strong impact on rural development overall, in effect acting as a boost to the trend towards urbanisation and the depopulation of rural areas. We will explore ways to counteract this dynamic.
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