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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Spawn run"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 20 лютого 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Spawn run"

Pal, Joginder, Ranjna Sharma, Manohar Lal, and B. C. Suman. "Effect of different spawn rates and substrate supplementation on yield of Indian Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1375.

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A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different spawn rates and substrate supplementation on yield of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. Among six spawn rates viz., 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%, respectively tried on wheat straw substrate, the spawn run was fastest (10.50 days) when spawn dose was 8%, followed by 6%, 4%, 2%, 1% and 0.5%, respectively. The pinheads appeared in 12.27 days by using spawn @ 8%, which proved to be the best spawn dose followed by 6%, 4%, 2%, 1% and 0.5%, respectively. Highest yield of 168.7 per 200g dry substrate was achieved @ 8% spawn rate. Lesser yields were recorded when spawn rate was reduced. The results also reveals the significantly highest biological efficiency of 84.33% at 8% spawn rate followed by 6%, 4%, 2%, 1% and 0.5%, respectively. It was concluded that spawn run was rapid at higher spawn rate but there was not much difference in yield when spawn dose was increased from 4 to 8%. Considering spawn cost and performance shown by different doses, 2-4% was found optimum dose for its cultivation.In case of substrate supplementation, wheat straw supplemented with cotton seed meal supported maximum mycelial growth (10.50 days of inoculation) and took mini-mum time for pinheads initiation (13.67 days). Similarly, maximum yield (155.3g) with biological efficiency of 77.65% was recorded on wheat straw supplemented with cotton seed meal followed by supplementation of saw dust, wheat straw (control), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), ammonium nitrateand urea, respectively. These studies will help to mushroom growers for selecting the most suitable spawn rate and also opens viable option of supplementation as wheat straw + cotton seed meal for better growth behaviour and optimum yield potential of Pleurotus pulmonarius as well as other oyster mushrooms cultivation.

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Upamanya, G. K., R. Brahma, R. Sarma, P. Sharma, and K. Das. "Effect of Different Bag Opening Methods of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on Growth Parameter, Yield and Benefit Cost Ratio." International Journal of Economic Plants 8, no. 4 (November 28, 2021): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2021.0430a.

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Oyster mushroom growers are generally confused about the scientific basis of the cultivation technology with regard to the best bag opening method after a spawn run. The present study was undertaken to find out the effect of four different methods of bag opening on yield, benefit cost ratio (BCR) and biological efficiency of oyster mushrooms during November, 2020 to March, 2021. The results indicated that treatment-2 (retaining the polythene bag for the entire cultivation period) exhibited significantly the highest yield (1644.61 g bed-1) followed by treatment-3 (opening top part of the polythene bag after spawn run) (1536.62 g bed-1), and treatment-1 (opening top and bottom part of the polythene bag (1468.82 g bed-1) and treatment-4 (complete removal of the polythene bag) (1111.19 g). The BCR was also found to be the highest (4.39) in treatment-2 followed by treatment-3 (4.09), treatment-1 (3.96) and treatment-4 (2.98). Retaining the polythene bag during the entire cultivation period was found to be the best method of cultivation with regard to biological efficiency (82.23%). Opening the top part of the polythene bag after the spawn run showed the biological efficiency of 76.83% which was followed by the treatment with opening the polythene bag from the top and bottom part of the bed (73.44%).The lowest biological efficiency (55.56%) was observed in the treatment in which the entire polythene bag was removed after a spawn run in darkroom. Mushroom growers may retain the polythene bag surrounding the mushroom bed during the entire cultivation period for better economic return.

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Beacham, Terry D., Clyde B. Murray, and L. Walter Barner. "Influence of photoperiod on the timing of reproductive maturation in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and its application to genetic transfers between odd- and even-year spawning populations." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 826–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-112.

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Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) embryos were obtained in April 1991 from the first generation of a 1989 brood line, which had been induced to spawn 6 months earlier than wild populations, which spawn in October. These embryos and subsequent juveniles were reared at a development temperature and under a photoperiod regime that induced some fish from this second generation to mature in October 1992, the correct time of year for spawning of wild populations. Other captive groups of pink salmon also matured in April 1993, permitting a comparison of fecundity, egg fertility, and egg size among female spawners in different photoperiods. Although the wild population spawns only in odd years, the captive population, originally derived from odd-year spawners, has been manipulated to spawn in even years. This shifting of the spawning time of the captive population may permit a transplant of odd-year genes into an even-year line, perhaps allowing the development of a run of even-year pink salmon in the Fraser River, British Columbia.

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Devi, Sapna, and Geeta Sumbali. "Suitability of three different cereal grains for spawn development and their impact on the growth and yield of Macrocybe gigantea (Massee) Pegler & Lod." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2547.

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Mushroom cultivation is an economical biotechnological process for the conversion of various unused lignocellulosic wastes into protein rich food. The present study was conducted to assess the suitability of three different cereal grains viz., bajra (Pennisetum glaucum L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) for spawn production of Macrocybe gigantea (Massee) Pegler & Lod. and further its cultivation on two agrowastes (wheat straw and paddy straw) for assessing biological efficacy. It was observed that among the three cereal grains tested, bajra grains took significantly (P?0.05) less time for spawn development. Moreover, a minimum period of spawn run (16.3 days), highest sporophore yield (343.6g/500g of dry substrate) and biological efficiency (68.7%) were also recorded from substrate bags inoculated with bajra grain spawn. These results suggest the use of bajra grain spawn for quick and successful cultivation of M. gigantea.

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Zied, Diego Cunha, Marli Teixeira Almeida Minhoni, J. Emilio Pardo-González, and Arturo Pardo-Giménez. "A Study of Compost Added to a Casing Technique in Agaricus bisporus Cultivation from Phase III Bulk Compost." HortScience 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 1649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.11.1649.

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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the addition of different rates of colonized compost and formaldehyde treatment on production parameters (yield, biological efficiency, mushroom number, mushroom weight, and earliness) in a Dutch commercial casing using Phase III bulk compost as a base substrate for growing Agaricus bisporus. Four rates of spawn-run compost (0 g·m−2, 200 g·m−2, 400 g·m−2, and 600 g·m−2) and formaldehyde treatment (with or without) were used. The experiment was designed as a double factorial in a randomized complete block design. Each block contained six replicates per treatment (a compost bag with 20 kg). The compost added to casing (CACing) technique when applied properly and combined with the use of Phase III compost had significant benefits, including increased mushroom yield, weight, and reduced the growing cycle, especially with the rate of 600 g of spawn-run compost/m2 of casing. On the other hand, the application of formalin reduced yield with or without the CACing technique, which implies the need for an alternative treatment for disinfection. An alternative method may either be thermal or chemical treatments to the casing such as using formaldehyde before mixing the casing with spawn-run compost and before the addition of casing above the colonized compost.

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Olsen, Jeffrey B., Blair G. Flannery, Terry D. Beacham, Jeffrey F. Bromaghin, Penelope A. Crane, Charles F. Lean, Karen M. Dunmall, and John K. Wenburg. "The influence of hydrographic structure and seasonal run timing on genetic diversity and isolation-by-distance in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 9 (September 2008): 2026–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-108.

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We used 20 microsatellite loci to compare genetic diversity and patterns of isolation-by-distance among three groups of chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta ) from two physically distinct watersheds in western Alaska, USA. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that gene flow decreases as the complexity of the hydrographic system increases. Specifically, higher gene flow was inferred among 11 populations from a nonhierarchical collection of short coastal rivers in Norton Sound compared with 29 populations from a complex hierarchical network of inland tributaries of the Yukon River. Within the Yukon River, inferred gene flow was highest among 15 summer-run populations that spawn in the lower drainage, compared with 14 fall-run populations that spawn in the upper drainage. The results suggest that the complexity of the hydrographic system may influence population connectivity and hence the level of genetic diversity of western Alaska chum salmon. Finally, evidence of isolation-by-time, when controlling for geographic distance, supported the hypothesis that genetic divergence in Yukon River chum salmon is influenced by seasonal run timing. However, evidence of isolation-by-distance, when controlling for season run timing, indicated the populations are not sufficiently isolated, spatially or temporally, to prevent gene flow. Dispersal among summer- and fall-run populations may play a role in maintaining genetic diversity.

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L. K. CHHATA and B.B.L. THAKORE. "Influence of environmental factors on spawn run and biological efficiency of Pleurotus species." Journal of Agrometeorology 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v12i2.1317.

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Sanjel, Priyanka, Ram Kumar Shrestha, and Jiban Shrestha. "Performance of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) grown on different fingermillet husk substrates." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v4i1.33370.

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Substrate type is one of the major factors affecting the growth and yield of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Five substrates; Finger millet husk, Fingermillet husk + Molasses, Fingermillet husk + Rice bran, Fingermillet husk + Wheat bran, Fingermillet husk +Mustard oilseed cake, were evaluated for growth and productivity of oyster mushroom. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with each treatment replicated seven times. Additives were added on finger millet husk @5% of its dry weight. Standard cultivation practice was followed with steam sterilization and spawning was done in poly bags containing 2.5 kg of wet substrate. Data were collected on time taken for full spawn run, fresh mushroom yield, biological efficiency and cropping duration upto three flushes. Molasses took the least duration (16.86 days) for full spawn run which was found to be statistically at par with wheat bran(17.13 days) and rice bran(17.75 days) whereas control treatment took the longest duration (21.62 days). Rice bran produced the highest fresh mushroom yield (793.04g/bag) with highest biological efficiency (137.92%), which was statistically at par with control, molasses and wheat bran. Similarly, rice bran had least cropping duration (66.62 days) followed by control (67.88 days), molasses (69.14 days), wheat bran (70.12 days) and mustard oilseed cake (73.86 days). The lowest fresh yield (521.84 g/bag) with lowest biological efficiency (90.75%) and the longest cropping duration (73.86 days) was observed on mustard oilseed cake supplementation. This study revealed that molasses, rice bran and wheat bran accelerated spawn run whereas mustard oilseed cake supplementation produced lowest fresh mushroom yield with least biological efficiency and highest cropping duration showing that it was ineffective for increasing yield and productivity of oyster mushroom.

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Zhou, G., and W. Parawira. "The Effect of Different Substrates Found in Zimbabwe on the Growth and Yield of Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus Ostreatus." Southern Africa Journal of Education, Science and Technology 5, no. 2 (September 7, 2022): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajest.v5i2.39831.

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The research was carried out to investigate the effect of different substrates on the growth and yield of P. ostreatus. Locally available agricultural wastes such as saw dust (S1), cotton waste (S2), wheat straw (S3) and corncob (S4) were tested for parameters such as days required for spawn run, primordial formation, harvest days, total yield and biological efficiency. Biological Efficiency (BE) was calculated as the ratio of fresh fruiting body weight (g) per dry weight of substrates (g), expressed as a percentage. Before substrates were used in this study they were subjected to nutritional (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn) analysis. The highest yield of 1275.45 g was obtained in saw dust and the lowest yield of 1058.7 g was obtained in cotton waste. The highest carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio was found in saw dust (53:0.1) and the least C/N ratio was found in cotton waste (39:1). There were 19 spawn run days in saw dust and 24 spawn run days in cotton waste. Stem width (2.6 cm) and cap diameter (9.7 cm) were greatest in cotton waste and low in saw dust with stem width (2.3 cm) and cap diameter (7.4 cm). Substrates with a higher C/N ratio had the greatest yield and biological efficiency. The higher C/N ratio favoured mycelium growth and lower carbon to nitrogen ratio favored fruiting body growth. In this study saw dust had the highest C/N ratio and it had the greatest yield and low spawn run days yet cotton waste had the least C/N ratio but its fruiting body measurements were very high. There was no significant difference at p≤0.05 between wheat straw and corn cob in terms of growth parameters and yield as their C/N was significantly high at (44:1) and (49:1) respectively. The results signifies that apart from soya beans and maize stalk which were widely used by farmers as substrates of choice, saw dust, cotton waste, corn cob and wheat straw were good alternatives for the growth of P. ostreatus mushrooms. Saw dust was very good in the total yield obtained but cotton waste had the best quality of mushrooms with very big stipes and cap diameter. These locally available substrates in Zimbabwe were recommended for use by small scale farmers for sustainable production of oyster mushrooms as they produced good yields at low cost.

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Lyons, G. A., R. D. McCall, and H. SS Sharma. "Physical degradation of wheat straw by the in-vessel and windrow methods of mushroom compost production." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-058.

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Mushroom compost manufacturers in Ireland are moving away from the traditional outdoor phase I windrow method, favouring in-vessel production. Composters and growers have reported better quality compost with faster spawn run and higher yields produced by this process. In the present study, physical examination of samples highlighted differences when comparing the windrow and in-vessel methods of compost production. Observations using scanning electron microscopy suggest that the cuticle of wheat straw from in-vessel production is damaged during phase I, peeling away from the surface in fragments, and exposing the epidermis. Changes in silicon levels on the straw surface acted as a marker for cuticle damage when comparing both composting systems. Cuticle damage may be important during composting and afterwards, as substrate colonisation is faster, and consequently spawn run is shorter. The phase I compost microbial community is altered by the in-vessel technique, producing a predominantly thermophilic bacterial flora in contrast to the mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria and fungi found in windrow phase I compost. These differences may be significant in mushroom compost production.Key words: windrow, in-vessel, compost, cuticle, straw.

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Дисертації з теми "Spawn run"

Stott, Karen Gai, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Science and Technology, and of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Characteristics of Australian edible fungi in the genus Lepista and investigation into factors affecting cultivation." THESIS_FST_SFH_Stott_K.xml, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/495.

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This thesis focuses on the edible fungus Lepista (Pied Bleu or Wood Blewit). Factors affecting its potential commercial cultivation were explored and a contribution to knowledge of the morphology and cultivation of Australian species of Lepista has been made. Australian collections of Lepista were made within a 200 km zone of Sydney. A study of the morphology and taxonomic species of these collections was undertaken. Intra- and inter-fertility crosses were completed with French L. nuda and L. sordida to determine genetic relationships and biological species. Suitable substrates for agar medium, spawn production and cultivation were explored. The response to temperature of French and Australian Lepista in vitro, and Australian Lepista under cultivation, using cold shock, was observed. The effect of modified atmosphere exchanges per hour, CO2 levels, and cold shock during the cultivation cycle and sporophore production were investigated. A genebank of Australian Lepista was established. Three species of Lepista were found in Australia : L. nuda, L. sordida and L. saeva. Two other groups of Lepista were identified. The use of A. bisporus compost appeared to be optimal for experimental and commercial applications. Australian isolates of Lepista tolerate higher temperatures than French isolates, and grew at double the rate of the French at all temperatures except 5 degrees centigrade. The length of the spawn run was reduced from 43-58 days to 12-16 days with introduced CO2 of 9,000-11,000 ppm, but an erratic cyclic pattern of net CO2 production occurred which could only be stabilised by increasing ventilation. This initial cyclic pattern appeared to inhibit subsequent sporophore formation.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Stott, Karen Gai. "Characteristics of Australian edible fungi in the genus Lepista and investigation into factors affecting cultivation." Thesis, [Richmond, N.S.W.] : University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/495.

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Hedenstrom, Aaron. "Programmatic Geographical Depictions in Large-Scale Jazz Ensemble Works: Major Works by Gil Evans and Chuck Owen and a New Work by Aaron Hedenstrom." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849643/.

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This dissertation explores the creative process in large-scale jazz ensemble works that are programmatic in depicting geographical locations. This is achieved through analyses of Gil Evans's Sketches of Spain, Chuck Owen's River Runs: A Concerto for Jazz Guitar, Saxophone, & Orchestra, and Aaron Hedenstrom's Sketches of Minnesota. Each work is examined using five analytical categories: orchestration, large-scale form, harmonic/melodic development, programmatic framework, and use of featured soloists. The analyses draw from musical scores, interviews, biographies, recordings, and articles to reveal more about each composer's artistic intentions. This study contributes to the broader knowledge of large-ensemble jazz works and programmatic jazz works. This research meets the need for more critical analyses of important jazz ensemble works relevant to composers, arrangers, and scholars.

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Книги з теми "Spawn run"

Mathias, J. A. An analysis of the 1984 walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum, (Mitchill), run at Crean Lake in Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan with reference to the impact of spawn-taking. Winnipeg, Man: Western Region, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, 1985.

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Mauro, Paolo. Physical capital adjustment within Spain: Long-run and short-run analysis. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, Research Department, 2001.

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HIGGINS, Jack. The Khufra run. London: Collins, 1985.

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HIGGINS, Jack. The Khufra run. London: Penguin, 1999.

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HIGGINS, Jack. The Khufra run. Thorndike, Me: Thorndike Press, 1996.

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Ruin and restitution: Reinterpreting romanticism in Spain. Nashville, Tenn: Vanderbilt University Press, 1997.

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Silver, Philip W. Ruin and restitution: Reinterpreting romanticism in Spain. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997.

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Spain). Archivo Municipal Rus (Andalusia. Guía e inventario. Jaén: Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, 2004.

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Trollope, Joanna. Xibanya qing ren. Taibei Shi: Huang guan wen hua chu ban, 2000.

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1928-, Field Howard L., and Domangue Barbara B, eds. Eating disorders throughout the life span. New York: Praeger, 1987.

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Частини книг з теми "Spawn run"

Lu, Renxiang, and Johnn Judd. "Effect of Bridge Skew on the Analytical and Experimental Responses of a Steel Girder Highway Bridge." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 70–81. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1260-3_7.

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AbstractThis study examines the effect of bridge skew on the load rating and natural frequencies of a steel girder skewed highway bridge. The analytical load rating was determined based on a line-girder model and the AASHTO bridge design specification. The experimental load rating was determined based on a series of calibrated-weight truck runs. The analytical natural frequency was determined based on correlating the single span response to a continuous span response. The experimental natural frequency was obtained based on the free vibration response from the calibrated-weight truck. The frequency associated with the first spike of the frequency domain plot was identified using a Fast Fourier Transformation. The results show that the analytical load ratings and natural frequencies differed from the experimental values primarily due to effect of bridge skew, which caused the actual load path to be significantly shorter than the bridge span length that was used in the analytical calculations.

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Peter, Armin, Nils Schoelzel, Lisa Wilmsmeier, Ismail Albayrak, Francisco Javier Bravo-Córdoba, Ana García-Vega, Juan Francisco Fuentes-Pérez, et al. "The Attractiveness of Fishways and Bypass Facilities." In Novel Developments for Sustainable Hydropower, 61–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99138-8_5.

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AbstractThis chapter deals with the conventional upstream fish passage technologies developed for a safe fish migration at run-of-river hydropower plants (HPPs). It covers the factors influencing successful migration, current status, practices and challenges, novel developments, recommendations and outlook. Main focusses of this chapter are on the attractiveness of fishways and bypass facilities based on FIThydro study results. Although upstream fish passage technologies are well developed, there are still research gaps on their effectiveness related to their attractiveness and passabilities. FIThydro fills such research gaps by providing tools, methods, devices and best practice examples. This chapter covers the field studies at the case study HPP Guma with pool and weir fishway in Spain and Schiffmühle with vertical-slot and nature-like fishways in Switzerland and a combination of field, laboratory and numerical simulation studies of vertical-slot fishway in France. The results of these three studies contribute to better fishway design for a range of fish species and hydraulic conditions.

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Goodwin, Morag, and Phillip Paiement. "Litigating the Crisis: Towards a Rebalancing of the Rights of Investors Versus Public Interest?" In The New Common, 83–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65355-2_12.

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AbstractThis chapter reflects on the anticipated rush by private corporations to seek compensation from states for emergency measures taken to address the current health crisis. Where states have, for example, commandeered privately run health facilities, foreign corporations can claim for any negative impact on their current and future profits. This anticipated wave of state-investor litigation draws upon the web of bilateral investment treaties that span the globe and on Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) mechanisms. In place of a “new normal,” this short paper suggests that these threats represent an intensification of an existing trend, with the main difference being that states of the Global North are increasingly finding themselves disciplined by instruments that they created to protect their own companies abroad. If this happens, as seems likely, this crisis will add to the growing calls to rethink how we regulate the boundary between the public interest and private investors.

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Luo, Yue Gang, Song He Zhang, Xiao Dong Liu, and Bang Chun Wen. "Stability of Two-Span Rotor-Bearing System with Coupling Faults of Crack and Rub-Impact." In Key Engineering Materials, 2501–4. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-456-1.2501.

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Koppelaar, Rembrandt, Antonino Marvuglia, and Benedetto Rugani. "Water Runoff and Catchment Improvement by Nature-Based Solution (NBS) Promotion in Private Household Gardens: An Agent-Based Model." In Future City, 91–114. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0_5.

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AbstractNature-based solutions (NBS) such as rainwater gardens and permeable paving can be deployed as an alternative to conventional urban gardens to improve cities’ resilience against increasing rainfall. This study describes the application of an agent-based model (ABM) to assess the role of private gardens toward the enhancement of water management by households. The ABM simulates the process of switching from “gray” (i.e., paved) to green gardens, taking into account the effect of “soft” (garden networks and gardening workshops) and “hard” (monetary) incentives. The ABM is supported by a water balance model to consider the effect of rainfall on soil water retention. Four different cities in Europe were analyzed: Szeged (Hungary), Alcalá de Henares (Spain), Metropolitan city of Milan (Italy), and Çankaya Municipality (Turkey). The results demonstrate that greening private gardens can generate impact on water run-off and catchment in cities in the order of 5–10%, reaching picks up to 20% in certain cases. While the proposed model is not devoid of limitations, the results provide useful insights in the ways different instruments (e.g., municipal subsidies and knowledge support) could assist with the greening of private gardens for NBS promotion to respond to cities’ water management challenges.

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"Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations." In Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, edited by Timothy T. Baker, Tim Sands, Fred West, Charlotte Westing, and Chuck Brazil. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch44.

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Abstract.—The Nushagak Management District includes the drainages of the Wood, Nushagak-Mulchatna and Igushik rivers. Sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka have been commercially harvested in the rivers and adjacent marine waters since at least 1893, but it was not until the mid-1950s that consistent escapement data began to be collected for active inseason management. Escapement refers to salmon that have survived (escaped) the fisheries in Bristol Bay and have entered rivers to spawn. Managers now have 50+ years of escapement and harvest data by year class (brood tables) for most systems in Bristol Bay. Brood tables provide excellent information on spawners versus recruits, sibling relationships, and other trends that help with setting escapement goals and forecasting future returns. Catch plus escapement information was used to predict run timing and total run abundance, information useful to inseason management decision making. Comparisons of inseason escapement counts and historical escapement curves are relied on by managers making day-to-day decisions to open and close the commercial fisheries. The managers’ primary goal in managing the commercial fisheries is to ensure escapement goals are met in all three river systems while maximizing catch. The long-term catch and escapement datasets for the Nushagak District systems were used to establish stock-specific escapement goals and pre-season run-size forecasting. Daily escapement estimates, aerial surveys, test fishing, and genetic information are essential. Escapement to spawning rivers can exceed 600,000 sockeye salmon in 24 hours.

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"Managing the Impacts of Human Activities on Fish Habitat: The Governance, Practices, and Science." In Managing the Impacts of Human Activities on Fish Habitat: The Governance, Practices, and Science, edited by Rob MacGregor, Tim Haxton, Lorne Greig, John M. Casselman, John M. Dettmers, William A. Allen, David G. Oliver, and Larry McDermott. American Fisheries Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874417.ch10.

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Abstract.—American Eel mortality has increased substantially over the past century due largely to significant cumulative effects of fishing and fish passage through hydro-electric turbines across their range. Nowhere has this been more pronounced than in waters of the St. Lawrence River, Lake Ontario, Ottawa River and associated watersheds. We illustrate this by examining the cumulative effects of hydro-electric facilities on eels migrating downstream through the Mississippi River and Ottawa River, and outline further impacts eels encounter en route to spawn in the Sargasso Sea. The probability of a mature female eel surviving its emigration through the Mississippi and Ottawa River to the upper St. Lawrence River is estimated to be as low as 2.8% due to turbine mortalities alone (2.8–40%). Mortality risk increases as the eel attempts to run the gauntlet of fisheries in the lower St. Lawrence River and the probability of out-migration survival is estimated to be as low as 1.4%. Some mortalities could be mitigated through improved application of existing laws, development of policy requiring consideration of cumulative effects and improved integration among program areas responsible for sustainable management of fisheries, biodiversity, dams and hydro-electric facilities. We recommend changes to policy, procedures and internal organizational structures provided with clear directions, and call for increased accommodation of Aboriginal perspectives.

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Chislett, William. "The Socialist Era, 1982–1996." In Spain. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199936441.003.0004.

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Why did the Socialists win a landslide victory in the 1982 election? The Unión del Centro Democrático (UCD, the Union of the Democratic Center), a disparate coalition held together by an ambition for power rather than a common ideology, imploded in the run-up to...

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Thomas, Hugh. "Boys Always Run after Motor Cars." In Eduardo Barreiros and the Recovery of Spain, 183–92. Yale University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300121094.003.0025.

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"The Ruin of Spain." In Twilight of the Goths, 87–104. Intellect, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv36xvsrd.11.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Spawn run"

Perera, TVRC, K. Pakeerathan, and A. Nirosha. "ECO-FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT COMMON LAB CONTAMINANT Trichoderma spp IN OYSTER MUSHROOM PRODUCTION USING AGROBASED INDUSTRY’S BY-PRODUCTS." In The 5th International Conference on Climate Change 2021 – (ICCC 2021). The International Institute of Knowledge Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/2513258x.2021.5105.

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An abundant supply of low-cost substrate and management of green mold disease-causing fungus Trichoderma are the major hurdles in successful mushroom production. This study aimed to identify the best Agro-based industry’s by-products as a substitute for oyster mushroom production (Pleurotus ostreatus) while managing fungal contaminants eco-friendly. Two sets of In-Vitro [containing 20% extracts, from agro-based industries, such as coffee waste powder, tea dust and Mahua oil cake] and In-Vivo experiments [four substrates such as paddy straw, wood sawdust, paddy husk and banana leaves were incorporated with coffee powder, tea dust and Mahua oil cake] were prepared separately. All the experiments were conducted using a complete randomized design with three replicates. The In-Vitro data [mycelial growth and sporulation of both fungi], In-Vivo data [mycelial mushroom run, pinhead formation and yield] were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT mean separation using SAS 9.1 statistical package at P <0.05. In-Vitro results showed that the Trichoderma mycelial growth was significantly minimum in Mahua (2.5 cM) and coffee (3.6 cM) in comparison to control, whereas, with decreasing concentration of coffee, tea, and Mahua extract P. ostreatus showed enhanced growth. Trichoderma sporulation had significantly affected coffee treatment, and even not sporulate in Mahua treated plants. The In-Vivo experiment proved that spawn run was consistent and significant among the treatments when mixed tea (20 days) and coffee (21 days), respectively, at P <0.05. Treatment wise coffee treated spawn bags took an average of 32.5 days, whereas, in tea-treated substrates, it was more than 36 days to form pinhead. Mahua treated trials showed poor spawn run in all substrates, longer days of pinhead formation, and lower yield. In contrast, the paddy straw + coffee treatment produced a significantly highest yield of 200.67g. When sawdust was the substrate, the addition of tea showed a significantly higher yield of 185.00g than coffee (145.00g). In conclusion, coffee and tea extracts have a significant effect on yield with paddy straw and sawdust while minimizing the growth of Trichoderma. Keywords: Pleurotus ostreatus, eco-friendly, plant extract, substrate, coffee, paddy straw

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Xu, Marie-Anne, and Rahul Khanna. "Importance of the Single-Span Task Formulation to Extractive Question-answering." In 6th International Conference on Computer Science, Engineering And Applications (CSEA 2020). AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2020.101809.

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Recent progress in machine reading comprehension and question-answering has allowed machines to reach and even surpass human question-answering. However, the majority of these questions have only one answer, and more substantial testing on questions with multiple answers, or multi-span questions, has not yet been applied. Thus, we introduce a newly compiled dataset consisting of questions with multiple answers that originate from previously existing datasets. In addition, we run BERT-based models pre-trained for question-answering on our constructed dataset to evaluate their reading comprehension abilities. Among the three of BERT-based models we ran, RoBERTa exhibits the highest consistent performance, regardless of size. We find that all our models perform similarly on this new, multi-span dataset (21.492% F1) compared to the single-span source datasets (~33.36% F1). While the models tested on the source datasets were slightly fine-tuned, performance is similar enough to judge that task formulation does not drastically affect question-answering abilities. Our evaluations indicate that these models are indeed capable of adjusting to answer questions that require multiple answers. We hope that our findings will assist future development in questionanswering and improve existing question-answering products and methods.

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Berczi, Istvan, and Gabor Tari. "Simon Papp, a prominent Hungarian petroleum geologist: How to run exploration projects from a prison cell." In International Conference and Exhibition, Barcelona, Spain, 3-6 April 2016. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2016-6531637.1.

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Roca Melendres, MM, J. Clark, and P. Buena Gutierrez. "6ER-026 Perception of a peer-to-peer mentoring experience with european pharmacy students in a student-run free clinic." In 24th EAHP Congress, 27th–29th March 2019, Barcelona, Spain. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2019-eahpconf.623.

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Sengupta, Avik, Ravi Tandon, and Osvaldo Simeone. "Cloud RAN and edge caching: Fundamental performance trade-offs." In 2016 IEEE 17th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spawc.2016.7536885.

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Romo, José, Francisco Prieto, and María Martín. "Four Footbridges on the Eibar-Maltzaga Cycle Path." In Footbridge 2022 (Madrid): Creating Experience. Madrid, Spain: Asociación Española de Ingeniería Estructural, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24904/footbridge2022.401.

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The cycle path from Eibar to Maltzaga runs through a very complex area as the N634 road and a railway line run parallel to the river Ego and at the same level as the cycle path. Also at a considerable height is the AP-8 motorway, which was also built over the river. The new cycle and pedestrian path has to cross the river Ego three times under the motorway. Two of the footbridges are structures of moderate span (16.50 and 30.35 m) while the third footbridge has a span of about 80m, The fourth footbridge crosses the river Deva with a single span in a somewhat clearer area. The two short-span footbridges are structurally very straightforward. The deck is simply supported by two longitudinal weathering steel girders. The two structures with the largest spans are also simply supported. Their structural concept is a "lightened" beam and not an arch as might be inferred from their image. Its proportions are those of a variable depth beam with a maximum value at the centre of the span. The four footbridges as a whole respond to the initial idea of cost-effective and low- maintenance construction, taking into account the complexity of the location and the desire to make the work visually pleasing.

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Park, Seok-Hwan, Osvaldo Simeone, and Shlomo Shamai Shitz. "Optimizing Spectrum Pooling for Multi-Tenant C-RAN Under Privacy Constraints." In 2018 IEEE 19th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spawc.2018.8445885.

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Ahmad, Alaa Alameer, Jaber Kakar, Hayssam Dahrouj, Anas Chaaban, Kaiming Shen, Aydin Sezgin, Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri, and Mohamed-Slim Alouini. "Rate Splitting and Common Message Decoding for MIMO C-RAN Systems." In 2019 IEEE 20th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spawc.2019.8815579.

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Anderson, John Robert Beveridge. "Design and Development of the Msikaba and Mtentu River Bridges." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0497.

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The story of the Msikaba and Mtentu River Bridges is a story about the Transkei Region in South Africa. The area’s unfenced rural landscape is considered unique and is characterised by steep gorges and rivers that run down to the Wild Coast. The civil engineers of the past avoided the area and the main highway connecting the ports of Durban and East London runs 200 km inland. This is now changing with the South African National Roads Agency’s SOC Ltd (SANRAL’s) procurement of the new N2 Wild Coast Road that will realign the highway within 30 km of the coast. The project includes two new crossings, one a 580 m span cable-stayed bridge, the other a 1.1 km long viaduct with a 260 m central balanced cantilever span, across the deepest gorges on the route. Their design and procurement is however driven not only by their physical environment but the need to create jobs, business opportunities for small local enterprises and community development projects that will leave a legacy and a long term economic benefit.

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Park, Seok-Hwan, Osvaldo Simeone, and Shlomo Shamai. "Fronthaul quantization as artificial noise for enhanced secret communication in C-RAN." In 2017 IEEE 18th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spawc.2017.8227733.

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Wu, Yingjie, Selim Gunay, and Khalid Mosalam. Hybrid Simulations for the Seismic Evaluation of Resilient Highway Bridge Systems. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/ytgv8834.

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Bridges often serve as key links in local and national transportation networks. Bridge closures can result in severe costs, not only in the form of repair or replacement, but also in the form of economic losses related to medium- and long-term interruption of businesses and disruption to surrounding communities. In addition, continuous functionality of bridges is very important after any seismic event for emergency response and recovery purposes. Considering the importance of these structures, the associated structural design philosophy is shifting from collapse prevention to maintaining functionality in the aftermath of moderate to strong earthquakes, referred to as “resiliency” in earthquake engineering research. Moreover, the associated construction philosophy is being modernized with the utilization of accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques, which strive to reduce the impact of construction on traffic, society, economy and on-site safety. This report presents two bridge systems that target the aforementioned issues. A study that combined numerical and experimental research was undertaken to characterize the seismic performance of these bridge systems. The first part of the study focuses on the structural system-level response of highway bridges that incorporate a class of innovative connecting devices called the “V-connector,”, which can be used to connect two components in a structural system, e.g., the column and the bridge deck, or the column and its foundation. This device, designed by ACII, Inc., results in an isolation surface at the connection plane via a connector rod placed in a V-shaped tube that is embedded into the concrete. Energy dissipation is provided by friction between a special washer located around the V-shaped tube and a top plate. Because of the period elongation due to the isolation layer and the limited amount of force transferred by the relatively flexible connector rod, bridge columns are protected from experiencing damage, thus leading to improved seismic behavior. The V-connector system also facilitates the ABC by allowing on-site assembly of prefabricated structural parts including those of the V-connector. A single-column, two-span highway bridge located in Northern California was used for the proof-of-concept of the proposed V-connector protective system. The V-connector was designed to result in an elastic bridge response based on nonlinear dynamic analyses of the bridge model with the V-connector. Accordingly, a one-third scale V-connector was fabricated based on a set of selected design parameters. A quasi-static cyclic test was first conducted to characterize the force-displacement relationship of the V-connector, followed by a hybrid simulation (HS) test in the longitudinal direction of the bridge to verify the intended linear elastic response of the bridge system. In the HS test, all bridge components were analytically modeled except for the V-connector, which was simulated as the experimental substructure in a specially designed and constructed test setup. Linear elastic bridge response was confirmed according to the HS results. The response of the bridge with the V-connector was compared against that of the as-built bridge without the V-connector, which experienced significant column damage. These results justified the effectiveness of this innovative device. The second part of the study presents the HS test conducted on a one-third scale two-column bridge bent with self-centering columns (broadly defined as “resilient columns” in this study) to reduce (or ultimately eliminate) any residual drifts. The comparison of the HS test with a previously conducted shaking table test on an identical bridge bent is one of the highlights of this study. The concept of resiliency was incorporated in the design of the bridge bent columns characterized by a well-balanced combination of self-centering, rocking, and energy-dissipating mechanisms. This combination is expected to lead to minimum damage and low levels of residual drifts. The ABC is achieved by utilizing precast columns and end members (cap beam and foundation) through an innovative socket connection. In order to conduct the HS test, a new hybrid simulation system (HSS) was developed, utilizing commonly available software and hardware components in most structural laboratories including: a computational platform using Matlab/Simulink [MathWorks 2015], an interface hardware/software platform dSPACE [2017], and MTS controllers and data acquisition (DAQ) system for the utilized actuators and sensors. Proper operation of the HSS was verified using a trial run without the test specimen before the actual HS test. In the conducted HS test, the two-column bridge bent was simulated as the experimental substructure while modeling the horizontal and vertical inertia masses and corresponding mass proportional damping in the computer. The same ground motions from the shaking table test, consisting of one horizontal component and the vertical component, were applied as input excitations to the equations of motion in the HS. Good matching was obtained between the shaking table and the HS test results, demonstrating the appropriateness of the defined governing equations of motion and the employed damping model, in addition to the reliability of the developed HSS with minimum simulation errors. The small residual drifts and the minimum level of structural damage at large peak drift levels demonstrated the superior seismic response of the innovative design of the bridge bent with self-centering columns. The reliability of the developed HS approach motivated performing a follow-up HS study focusing on the transverse direction of the bridge, where the entire two-span bridge deck and its abutments represented the computational substructure, while the two-column bridge bent was the physical substructure. This investigation was effective in shedding light on the system-level performance of the entire bridge system that incorporated innovative bridge bent design beyond what can be achieved via shaking table tests, which are usually limited by large-scale bridge system testing capacities.

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