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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Spatial income inequality"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Spatial income inequality"

Rey, Sergio J. "Bells in Space." International Regional Science Review 41, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 152–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017615614899.

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Social and interregional inequality patterns across US states from 1929–2012 are analyzed using exploratory space–time methods. The results suggest complex spatial dynamics for both inequality series that were not captured by the stylized model of Alonso. Interpersonal income inequalities of states displayed a U-shaped pattern ending the period at levels that exceeded the alarmingly high patterns that existed in the 1920s. Social inequality is characterized by greater mobility than that found for state per capita incomes. Spatial dependence is also distinct between the two series, with per capita incomes exhibiting strong global spatial autocorrelation, while state interpersonal income inequality does not. Local hot and cold spots are found for the per capita income series, while local spatial outliers are found for state interpersonal inequality. Mobility in both inequality series is found to be influenced by the local spatial context of a state.

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Panzera, Domenica, and Paolo Postiglione. "Measuring the Spatial Dimension of Regional Inequality: An Approach Based on the Gini Correlation Measure." Social Indicators Research 148, no. 2 (October 19, 2019): 379–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02208-7.

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Abstract Traditional inequality measures fail to capture the geographical distribution of income. The failure to consider such distribution implies that, holding income constant, different spatial patterns provide the same inequality measure. This property is referred to as anonymity and presents an interesting question about the relationship between inequality and space. Particularly, spatial dependence could play an important role in shaping the geographical distribution of income and could be usefully incorporated into inequality measures. Following this idea, this paper introduces a new measure that facilitates the assessment of the relative contribution of spatial patterns to overall inequality. The proposed index is based on the Gini correlation measure and accounts for both inequality and spatial autocorrelation. Unlike most of the spatially based income inequality measures proposed in the literature, our index introduces regional importance weighting in the analysis, thereby differentiating the regional contributions to overall inequality. Starting with the proposed measure, a spatial decomposition of the Gini index of inequality for weighted data is also derived. This decomposition permits the identification of the actual extent of regional disparities and the understanding of the interdependences among regional economies. The proposed measure is illustrated by an empirical analysis focused on Italian provinces.

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Khan, Muhammad Salar, and Abu Bakkar Siddique. "Spatial Analysis of Regional and Income Inequality in the United States." Economies 9, no. 4 (October 22, 2021): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies9040159.

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Understanding the spatial or geographical dependence of income inequality and regional inequality is crucial in the study of inequality. This paper employs a multi-scale, multi-mechanism framework to map and analyze historical patterns of regional and income inequality in the United States (US) by using state and regional panel data spanning over a century. To explore the patterns systematically and see the role of spatial partitioning, we organize the data around several established geographical partitions before conducting various geographical information system (GIS) analyses and statistical techniques. We also investigate the spatial dependence of income inequality and regional inequality. We find that spatial autocorrelation exists for both types of inequality in the US. However, the magnitude of spatial dependence for regional inequality is declining whereas it is volatile for income inequality over time. While income inequality has been at its peak in the most recent decades, we also notice that regional inequality is at its lowest point. As for the choice of partitioning, we observe that within inequality dominates for Census Divisions and Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) regions. Conversely, we see that between inequality overall contributes the most to the inequality among Census Regions.

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Reis, Eustáquio. "Spatial income inequality in Brazil, 1872–2000." EconomiA 15, no. 2 (May 2014): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2014.06.006.

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Paul, Satya, Prem Thapa, and Giovanna Prennushi. "Spatial Dimensions of Income Inequality in Nepal." Journal of Developing Areas 46, no. 1 (2012): 241–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.2012.0010.

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Ragoubi, Hanen, and Sana El Harbi. "Entrepreneurship and Income Inequality: A Dynamic Spatial Panel Data Analysis." Tékhne 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 10–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tekhne-2019-0012.

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Abstract This paper extends the empirical debate of Ragoubi and El Harbi (2018) on the dynamic relationship between entrepreneurship and income inequality. Using a dynamic spatial panel data analysis for both 33 high-income countries and 39 middle-income and low-income countries over the period 2004–2014, the main empirical findings are summarised as follows. First, the results indicate that entrepreneurship is a spatial and persistent phenomenon. Second, there is strong support for the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between entrepreneurship and income inequality espoused by the Kuznets Curve hypothesis for middle-income and low-income countries. Third, the interaction between income inequality and income per capita has a significant negative effect on the entrepreneurial activity for middle-income and low-income countries. Fourth, a significant positive association is found between the interaction variable and entrepreneurship for high-income countries. Fifth, the findings show evidence of significant positive and negative short-run direct effects of income inequality on the entrepreneurial activity for middle-income and low-income countries. Finally, there are significant negative short-run spillover effects of income inequality on the entrepreneurial activity for middle-income and low-income countries.

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Gaubert, Cecile, Patrick Kline, Damián Vergara, and Danny Yagan. "Trends in US Spatial Inequality: Concentrating Affluence and a Democratization of Poverty." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211075.

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We use Bureau of Economic Analysis, census, and Current Population Survey data to study trends in income inequality across US states and counties from 1960-2019. Both states and counties have diverged in terms of per capita pretax incomes since the late1990s, with transfers serving to dampen this divergence. County incomes have been diverging since the late 1970s. These trends in mean income mask opposing patterns among top-and bottom-income quantiles. Top incomes have diverged markedly across states since the late 1970s. In contrast, bottom-income quantiles and poverty rates have converged across areas in recent decades.

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Li, Xinyu, Sunghwan Kim, and Yongshang Liu. "The Spillover Effects of Privatization on Efficiency and Income Inequality in China." International Academy of Global Business and Trade 19, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20294/jgbt.2023.19.1.173.

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Purpose - This study examines the spatial and inter-temporal spillover effects of privatization on the corporate efficiency and regional income inequality of Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Design/Methodology/Approach - The spatial Durbin model (SDM) is used in regressions to examine the spatial and inter-temporal spillover effects of the privatization of SOEs on improving the efficiency and income inequality of Chinese firms across regions. A panel dataset of Chinese-listed firms from 2008 to 2018 is used. The stochastic frontier analysis method is applied in estimating corporate efficiency. Findings - First, the privatization of Chinese SOEs increased their efficiency, but exacerbated their income inequality. Second, the globalization activities after the privatization of Chinese SOEs increased their efficiency, but exacerbated their income inequality. Specifically, exports decrease income inequality, while outward foreign direct investment or OFDI has an inverse U-shaped effect on income inequality. Third, the privatization improved overall corporate efficiency within the province and that of neighboring provinces. Fourth, the Chinese SOE firms after privatization aggravated income equality within the province and that of neighboring provinces. Research Implications - In general, the results of this study indicate that the privatization of SOEs and the globalization activities after the privatization have improved the efficiency of Chinese firms, but worsened income equality within the province and that of neighboring provinces. Therefore, there is a strong need for governmental policies to cure income equality in provinces around the location of privarized firms.

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Zeng, Zhixin, and Xiaojun Wang. "Spatial Effects of Domestic Tourism on Urban-Rural Income Inequality." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 21, 2021): 9394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169394.

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Although much of the recent research has explored the relationship between domestic tourism and income inequality among regions, provinces, and cities, few studies have examined the impact of domestic tourism on income inequality between urban and rural areas within a region. This paper uses a panel dataset covering China’s 31 provinces for 21 years to investigate the spatial spillover effect of domestic tourism on urban-rural income inequality. An increase in domestic tourism revenue in neighboring provinces leads to a reduction in the local province’s urban-rural income inequality. Innovatively, we decompose domestic tourism revenue and consider the circumstances in different provinces. An increase in the number of neighboring provinces’ domestic tourists’ arrival decreases the local province’s urban-rural income inequality in western provinces but increases the inequality in eastern provinces; the effect is insignificant in central provinces. In order to improve urban-rural income inequality by attracting domestic tourists, this study suggests a collaborative strategy for the western region, a low-priority strategy for the central region, and a mitigation strategy for the eastern region.

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Gladkiy, A. S. "A multi-scale approach to the study of spatial inequality of population income in Brazil." Regional nye issledovaniya 72, no. 2 (2021): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2021-2-10.

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The aim of the research is to identify the key features of spatial inequality of income distribution in Brazil and its representation on different spatial scales: on the regional, state or municipal level, as well as special statistical grids (mesoregions and microregions). The economic development of Brazil in the beginning of the XXI century is characterized by reducing of the level of income inequality, as well as a certain decrease of the level of spatial inequality between the southern and northeastern regions. The common rule is that the heterogeneity of income distribution gradually increases from top to the lower levels of spatial division. The analysis of inequality measures has proven that despite of the general decrease of regional inequality in 2000–2010, the lower levels of territorial division have shown the lowest progress in reducing regional inequality. The paper also proposes the ways to illustrate spatial inequality when applying polyscale method, based on mapping the variation of average population income in Brazil on different scale levels.

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Дисертації з теми "Spatial income inequality"

Moser, Mathias, and Matthias Schnetzer. "The Geography of Average Income and Inequality: Spatial Evidence from Austria." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4349/1/wp191.pdf.

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This paper investigates the nexus between regional income levels and inequality. We present a novel small-scale inequality database for Austrian municipalities to address this question. Our dataset combines individual tax data of Austrian wage tax payer on regionally disaggregated scale with census and geographical information. This setting allows us to investigate regional spillover effects of average income and various measures of income inequality. Using this data set we find distinct regional clusters of both high average wages and high earnings inequality in Austria. Furthermore we use spatial econometric regressions to quantify the effects between income levels and a number of inequality measures such as the Gini and 90/10 quantile ratios. (authors' abstract)
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

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Otter, Thomas. "Poverty, income growth and inequality in Paraguay during the 1990s spatial aspects, growth determinants and inequality decomposition." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2007. http://d-nb.info/987316648/04.

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Canadas, Alejandro. "Inequality and Economic Growth: Evidence from Argentina's provinces using Spatial Econometrics." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1211944935.

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Akhmetzyanova, Leyla. "Modeling Income-Based Residential Segregation in Moscow, Russian Federation." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-105298.

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This thesis investigates spatial patterns of income-based residential segregation at the neighborhood level in the Russian capital city Moscow within new administrative boundaries, which have received relatively little attention in prior studies. It is argued that Moscow faces high levels of income inequality exacerbated by growing levels of spatial segregation between the affluent and prestigious Center – South-West and poor industrial South – South-East. Applying a whole set of quantitative methods complemented with computer mapping techniques, based on the latest 2013 data by the City of Moscow Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics and 2010 Census data, this study provides new insights into spatial differentiation processes and elaborates policy solutions aimed at addressing economic disparities in the city. A key finding of this thesis is that income segregation in the study area has been driven to a larger extent by the isolation of very poor neighborhoods from middle- and upper-income areas.

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Cañadas, Alejandro A. "Inequality and economic growth evidence from Argentina's provinces using spatial econometrics /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1211944935.

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Beltran, Javier. "Income inequality in natural resource-rich countries: Empirical evidence from Chile." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/204257/2/Javier_Beltran_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis analyses how the degree of dependence on natural resources can help explain the persistently high levels of income inequality in Chile. Using data at the municipal level, it also explores the causal effect of income inequality on the level of efficiency of local authorities. Finally, given the social upheaval experienced in Chile in 2019, the thesis investigates the impact of economic and racial heterogeneity on the erosion of social cohesion in the country.

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Vaughan, Staci R. "Inequality in the Appalachian Region: Impact of Place, Education, and Gender on Income Disparity." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1430917323.

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Mcgauvran, Ronald Joel. "The Middle Matters: Political Responses to Income Inequality in an American State." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157531/.

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Somov, Margarita Yuri. "AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF INFANT MORTALITY, POLLUTION, AND INCOME IN THE U.S. COUNTIES." UKnowledge, 2004. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/415.

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The concept of economic development has broadened to include environmental quality and population health. Interactions between income and pollution, income and health, and pollution and health have been studied separately by researchers from various disciplines. This study attempts to unify several different research strands and analyze simultaneous interactions between population health, measured by the infant mortality rate, pollution, and income in one endogenous system. Socioeconomic, racial, and rural urban disparities in infant mortality, pollution, and income are analyzed. The simultaneous equation system, estimated using the two-stage least squares method, tests whether pollution effects on infant mortality are outweighed by income effects. The study finds that income is a stronger determinant of infant mortality than pollution. Evidence for the environmental Kuznets curve is ambiguous. Disparities in infant mortality, pollution, and income are correlated with counties rural-urban status, income inequality, and ethnic diversity. Regional patterns identify wide geographical differences in levels of pollution, income, and infant mortality. The Southeast region stands out as a region with the highest infant mortality rate, relatively high levels of air pollution and chemical releases, and low per capita incomes.

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Lakner, Christoph. "The determinants of incomes and inequality : evidence from poor and rich countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dbfaef0e-a195-46f3-ba12-db5d3a8bf035.

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This thesis consists of four separate chapters which address different aspects of inequality and income determination. The first three chapters are country-level studies which examine (1) how incomes are shaped by spatial price differences, (2) the factor income composition, and (3) enterprise size. The final chapter analyses how income inequality changed at the global level. The first chapter investigates the implications of regional price differences for earnings differentials and inequality in Germany. I combine a district-level price index with administrative earnings data from social security records. Prices have a strong equalising effect on district average wages in West Germany, but a weaker effect in East Germany and at the national level. The change in overall inequality as a result of regional price differences is small (although significant in many cases), because inequality is mostly explained by differences within rather than between districts. The second chapter is motivated by the rapid increase in top income shares in the United States since the 1980s. Using data derived from tax filings, I show that this pattern is very similar after controlling for changes in tax unit size. Over the same period as top income shares increased, the composition of these incomes changed dramatically, with the labour share rising. Using a non-parametric copula framework, I show that incomes from labour and capital have become more closely associated at the top. This association is asymmetric such that top wage earners are more likely to also receive high capital incomes, compared with top capital income recipients receiving high wages. In the third chapter, I investigate the positive cross-sectional relationship between enterprise size and earnings using panel data from Ghana. I find evidence for a significant firm size effect in matched firm-worker data and a labour force panel, even after controlling for individual fixed effects. The size effect in self-employment is stronger in the cross-section, but it is driven by individual time-invariant characteristics. The final chapter studies the global interpersonal income distribution using a newly constructed and improved database of national household surveys between 1988 and 2008. The chapter finds that the global Gini remains high and approximately unchanged at around 0.7. However, this hides a substantial change in the global distribution from a twin-peaked distribution in 1988 into a single-peaked one now. Furthermore, the regional composition of the global distribution changed, as China graduated from the bottom ranks. As a result of the growth in Asia, the poorest quantiles of the global distribution are now largely from Sub-Saharan Africa. By exploiting the panel dimension of the dataset, the analysis shows which decile-groups within countries have benefitted most over this 20-year period. In addition, the chapter presents a preliminary assessment of how estimates of global inequality are affected by the likely underreporting of top incomes in surveys.

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Книги з теми "Spatial income inequality"

Ravi, Kanbur S. M., Venables Anthony, and World Institute for Development Economics Research., eds. Spatial inequality and development. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

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Shorrocks, Anthony F. Spatial decomposition of inequality. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2004.

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Velde, Dirk Willem te. Spatial inequality for manufacturing wages in five African countries. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2003.

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Fragments of inequality: Social, spatial, and evolutionary analyses of income distribution. New York, N.Y: Routledge, 2005.

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Otter, Thomas. Poverty, income growth and inequality in Paraguay during the 1990s: Spatial aspects, growth determinants and inequality decomposition. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2008.

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Otter, Thomas. Poverty, income growth and inequality in Paraguay during the 1990s: Spatial aspects, growth determinants and inequality decomposition. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2008.

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Otter, Thomas. Poverty, Income Growth and Inequality in Paraguay During the 1990s: Spatial Aspects, Growth Determinants and Inequality Decomposition. Bern: Peter Lang International Academic Publishers, 2018.

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Vietnam. Inter-Ministerial Poverty Mapping Task Force. Poverty and inequality in Vietnam: Spatial patterns and geographic determinants = Đói nghèo và Bất đẳng ở Việt Nam : các yếu tố về khí hậu nông nghiệp và không gian. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2003.

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Knight, John B. A spatial analysis of wages and incomes in urban China: Divergent means, convergent inequality. Oxford: Oxford University, Institute of Economics and Statistics, 1999.

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Venables, Anthony J., and Ravi Kanbur. Spatial Inequality and Development. Oxford University Press, 2005.

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Частини книг з теми "Spatial income inequality"

Díez-Minguela, Alfonso, Julio Martinez-Galarraga, and Daniel A. Tirado-Fabregat. "Spatial Patterns of Regional Income Inequality Then and Now." In Regional Inequality in Spain, 129–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96110-1_6.

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Azzoni, Carlos Roberto. "Personal Income Distribution Within States and Income Inequality Between States in Brazil: 1960, 70, 80 and 91." In Advances in Spatial Science, 287–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03947-2_14.

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Alimi, Omoniyi B., David C. Maré, and Jacques Poot. "More Pensioners, Less Income Inequality? The Impact of Changing Age Composition on Inequality in Big Cities and Elsewhere." In Advances in Spatial Science, 133–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68563-2_8.

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Modai-Snir, Tal. "Increasing Inequality and the Changing Spatial Distribution of Income in Tel-Aviv." In The Urban Book Series, 191–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_10.

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AbstractDespite its egalitarian past, in recent decades Israel followed the footsteps of the United States in terms of growing inequality levels and reduced welfare arrangements. It is assumed, therefore, to have followed similar trends of increasing residential segregation between income groups. This study focuses on the metropolitan area of Tel-Aviv, Israel’s financial and cultural centre and examines the change in the spatial distribution of income groups between the years 1995–2008. It identifies trends in segregation between top and bottom income earners, as well as those between other income groups, given corresponding trends in income inequality. In addition, it examines spatial patterns of affluence and poverty concentration and assesses the influence of concentrated disadvantage among specific income and religious groups on overall segregation trends.

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Fernández-de-Córdova, Graciela, Paola Moschella, and Ana María Fernández-Maldonado. "Changes in Spatial Inequality and Residential Segregation in Metropolitan Lima." In The Urban Book Series, 471–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_24.

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AbstractSince the 2000s, Lima city shows important changes in its socio-spatial structure, decreasing the long-established opposition between the centre and the periphery, developing a more complex arrangement. Sustained national economic growth has allowed better socio-economic conditions in different areas of the city. However, high inequality still remains in the ways of production of urban space, which affects residential segregation. To identify possible changes in the segregation patterns of Metropolitan Lima, this study focuses on the spatial patterns of occupational groups, examining their causes and relation with income inequality. The analysis is based on the 1993 and 2007 census data, measuring residential segregation by the Dissimilarity Index, comparing with the Diversity Index. The results confirm trends towards increased segregation between occupational groups. Top occupational groups are concentrated in central areas, expanding into adjacent districts. Bottom occupational groups are over-represented in distant neighbourhoods. In-between, a new, more mixed, transitional zone has emerged in upgraded formerly low-income neighbourhoods. Areas of lower occupational diversity coincide with extreme income values, forming spaces of greater segregation. In the metropolitan centre–periphery pattern, the centre has expanded, while the periphery has been shifted to outer peripheral rings.

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Rukmana, Deden, and Dinar Ramadhani. "Income Inequality and Socioeconomic Segregation in Jakarta." In The Urban Book Series, 135–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_7.

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AbstractSocioeconomic segregation has become a common phenomenon, both in the Global North and Global South, and highly relates to income inequality. The merging of these two notions affects the geography of residential areas which are based on the socio-occupational composition. This chapter focuses on the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA). Not only is Jakarta the largest metropolitan area in Southeast Asia, it is also one of the most dynamic. Batavia, the colonial capital of the former Dutch East Indies in the first half of the twentieth century, was a small urban area of approximately 150,000 residents. In the second half of the century, Batavia became Jakarta, a megacity of 31 million people and the capital of independent Indonesia was beset with most of the same urban problems experienced in twenty-first-century Southeast Asia, including poverty, income inequality, and socioeconomic segregation. This study aims to identify the correlation among income inequality, socioeconomic segregation, and other institutional and contextual factors which caused residential segregation in JMA. The analysis consists of two stages. First, we examine income inequality measured by the Gini Index as well as the occupational structure based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). Second, we investigate residential segregation by using the Dissimilarity Index as a result of socioeconomic intermixing in residential areas. The data in this study comes from multiple sources including Indonesia’s Central Bureau of Statistics, Indonesia’s National Socio-economic Survey (Susenas), Indonesia’s Economic Census, Jakarta’s Regional Bureau of Statistics, and policies related to the housing system and investment in the JMA. This study also produces maps of socioeconomic segregation patterns from several sources including Jakarta’s Geospatial Information Centre, Jakarta’s Spatial Plan Information System, and the Indonesian Poverty Map by the SMERU Research Institute.

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Turok, Ivan, Justin Visagie, and Andreas Scheba. "Social Inequality and Spatial Segregation in Cape Town." In The Urban Book Series, 71–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_4.

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AbstractCape Town is widely considered to be South Africa’s most segregated city. The chapter outlines the history of social stratification and spatial segregation, including the coercion of colonial and apartheid governments to divide the population by race. Since 1994, the democratic government has lacked the same resolve and capacity to reverse this legacy and integrate the city. The chapter also analyses the changing socio-economic and residential patterns between 2001 and 2011 in more detail. It shows that the extent of segregation diminished between 2001 and 2011, contrary to expectations. It appears that affluent neighbourhoods became slightly more mixed and people in high-status occupations spread into surrounding areas. Some low-income neighbourhoods also became slightly more mixed by accommodating middle class residents. Further research is required to verify and explain these findings.

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Hipp, John R., and Jae Hong Kim. "Income Inequality and Economic Segregation in Los Angeles from 1980 to 2010." In The Urban Book Series, 371–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_19.

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AbstractRising income inequality is a critical problem in both the global North and South. In the United States, the Gini coefficient measuring nationwide income inequality rose from 0.403 in 1980 to 0.480 in 2014 (US Census), and residential segregation by income has increasingly occurred in many metropolitan regions and is particularly reflected in the spatial separation of the wealthiest households. This chapter focuses on the change in the level of income inequality in the Los Angeles region since 1980 and how it is related to changes in residential segregation between economic groups over that same time period. We use data from the US Census collected in 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010. We measure residential segregation between economic groups based on occupational structure, and measure ‘neighbourhoods’ using Census tracts: these are units defined by the US Census and typically average about 4,000 residents. The overall level of inequality in the region is measured at each decade point using the Gini coefficient for household income. Maps demonstrate where different socioeconomic status groups have tended to locate and how economic segregation has changed in Los Angeles over this time period. We also assess the extent to which changes in inequality are related to changes in economic segregation over the last four and a half decades.

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Ballard, Richard, and Christian Hamann. "Income Inequality and Socio-economic Segregation in the City of Johannesburg." In The Urban Book Series, 91–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_5.

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AbstractThis chapter analyses income inequality and socio-economic segregation in South Africa’s most populous city, Johannesburg. The end of apartheid’s segregation in 1991 has been followed by both continuity and change of urban spatial patterns. There is a considerable literature on the transformation of inner-city areas from white to black, and of the steady diffusion of black middle-class residents into once ‘white’ suburbs. There has been less analysis on the nature and pace of socio-economic mixing. Four key findings from this chapter are as follows. First, dissimilarity indices show that bottom occupation categories and the unemployed are highly segregated from top occupation categories, but that the degree of segregation has decreased slightly between the censuses of 2001 and 2011. Second, the data quantifies the way in which Johannesburg’s large population of unemployed people are more segregated from top occupations than any of the other employment categories, although unemployed people are less segregated from bottom occupations. Third, over the same period, residents employed in bottom occupations are less likely to be represented in affluent former white suburbs. This seemingly paradoxical finding is likely to have resulted from fewer affluent households accommodating their domestic workers on their properties. Fourth, although most post-apartheid public housing projects have not disrupted patterns of socio-economic segregation, some important exceptions do show the enormous capacity of public housing to transform the spatial structure of the city.

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Smith, Janet L., Zafer Sonmez, and Nicholas Zettel. "Growing Income Inequality and Socioeconomic Segregation in the Chicago Region." In The Urban Book Series, 349–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_18.

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AbstractIncome inequality in the United States has been growing since the 1980s and is particularly noticeable in large urban areas like the Chicago metro region. While not as high as New York or Los Angeles, the Gini Coefficient for the Chicago metro area (.48) was the same as the United States in 2015 but rising at a faster rate, suggesting it will surpass the US national level in 2020. This chapter examines the Chicago region’s growing income inequality since 1980 using US Census data collected in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2015, focusing on where people live based on occupation as well as income. When mapped out, the data shows a city and region that is becoming more segregated by occupation and income as it becomes both richer and poorer. A result is a shrinking number of middle-class and mixed neighbourhoods. The resulting patterns of socioeconomic spatial segregation also align with patterns of racial/ethnic segregation attributed to historical housing development and market segmentation, as well as recent efforts to advance Chicago as a global city through tourism and real estate development.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Spatial income inequality"

Madariaga, Rafael, Joan Carles Martori, and Ramón Oller. "Un nuevo enfoque para medir la desigualdad espacial de la renta en el Área Metropolitana de Barcelona." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7568.

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Este artículo expone un nuevo enfoque para estimar la distribución espacial de la renta en el Área Metropolitana de Barcelona (AMB). En vez de estimar datos para áreas pequeñas partiendo de datos agregados y usando técnicas de inferencia, se ha elaborado una nueva base de datos que proporciona una estimación diferente de la distribución espacial de la renta salarial. La nueva base de datos, se ha obtenido enlazando estimaciones de salarios provenientes de la Encuesta de Estructura Salarial (EES) con datos del padrón de habitantes (1996) y del Censo (2001) desagregados por secciones censales. El resultado es una matriz de ingresos salariales para cada sección censal de los 36 municipios pertenecientes a la AMB y para dos periodos (1996-2002). Se utiliza la familia de Índices de Entropía Generalizada para calcular la desigualdad y su variación. Se presentan los componentes inter e intra-municipales de la medida de la desigualdad. This article puts forward a new approach for the estimation of the spatial distribution of earnings in the BMA. Instead of estimate data for small spatial units leaving from aggregated data and using inferential techniques, we create a new database which provides a different estimation for the spatial distribution of wage income in Barcelona Metropolitan Area (BMA). The database is obtained by matching data from the Wage Structure Survey (WSS) with data from the Census disaggregated by census tracts. It contains data on wage incomes for every census track for 36 municipalities belonging to the BMA in two periods (1995-2002). We use the family of Generalised Entropy Indices to measure the inequality and its variation. Further, we decompose the inequality into inter and intra-municipality measures.

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Gomez Lopez, Claudia, Rosa Lina Cuozzo, and Paula Boldrini. "Impactos de las políticas públicas de hábitat en la construcción del espacio urbano: el caso del Área Metropolitana de Tucumán, Argentina." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Roma: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8026.

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En América Latina, la implantación del neoliberalismo como sistema económico ha llevado a un modelo de desarrollo con elevada heterogeneidad y desigualdad socioeconómica. De la mano de grandes cambios sociales y demográficos, las áreas urbanas experimentaron un acelerado desarrollo, crecimiento económico desigual en la distribución del ingreso, el aumento del desempleo y altos niveles de informalidad urbana. Enmarcado en esta realidad la producción del espacio urbano, se llevó adelante a través de la gestión de tres actores sociales: 1.el mercado inmobiliario; 2. el Estado nacional y 3. los asentamientos informales. De ellos, el estado cumple un rol fundamental en la construcción de la ciudad encauzando o restringiendo el desarrollo de ciertos espacios ya sea a través de la acción (implementación de políticas públicas, normativas, etc.) o de la omisión. En un contexto en el que persiste la ausencia de planificación, la carencia de un marco que defina el modo de ocupación del territorio, impone la lógica del mercado inmobiliario como criterio urbanístico principal, incluso para las actuaciones de promoción pública de vivienda. Ello impacta de modo negativo en la ciudad en la medida que favorece la especulación en manos del sector privado, produce segregación residencial y desigualdad en el acceso al suelo puesto que amplios sectores quedan fuera del mercado formal. Lo cual se tradujo en la conformación de áreas diferenciadas dentro de la ciudad agudizando la separación entre sectores sociales. A partir del 2003, en Argentina en virtud al crecimiento económico que se produce con posterioridad a la crisis 2001-2002, el Estado Nacional retomó los planes de vivienda a fin de dar solución al problema habitacional haciendo hincapié en programas de relocalización, radicación y regularización dominial de villas y asentamientos informales, articulando con trabajo cooperativo que implicaba la intervención una medida conjunta con el problema de desocupación. A las existentes políticas habitaciones de construcción de viviendas ejecutadas por los Institutos Provinciales de Vivienda (IPV), se sumaron un conjunto de políticas sociales que articulan programas de diversos órdenes, nacional, municipal, provincial y del IPV. (Argentina Trabaja, Municipio+Cerca, PROMEVI, PROMEBA, etc) enlazando la problemática habitacional a la social. Sin embargo estas medidas no revierten el sentido dominante que poseen las políticas públicas en materia de vivienda (del Río y Duarte, 2012) puesto que la construcción de viviendas sin sustento normativo ni planificación, o la consolidación y regularización de asentamientos populares en áreas vulnerables, lejos de mitigar las desigualdades existentes, producen efectos negativos en la ciudad. En este contexto, este trabajo analiza las consecuencias de las nuevas políticas habitacionales en el Área Metropolitana de Tucumán (AmeT), a casi 10 años de implementación de un conjunto de medidas sociales específicas, en teoría tendientes a la equidistribución del acceso al suelo urbano. In Latin America, the implementation of neoliberalism as an economic system has led to a development model with high heterogeneity and socioeconomic inequality. The adoption of policies of liberalization, deregulation and economic flexibility, along with the withdrawal of the state of urban management, major changes occurred in the cities. In the hands of great social and demographic change, urban areas experienced rapid development, uneven economic growth in the distribution of income, rising unemployment and high levels of urban informality. Framed in this reality, the production of urban space, was carried out by the management of three social actors: 1.The real estate market; 2 and 3 the national state informal settlements. Of these, the state plays a key role in building the city damming or restricting the development of certain areas either through action (implementation of public policies, regulations, etc.) or omission. Therefore, in a context in which the lack of planning continues, the lack of a framework defining how land occupation imposes the logic of urban real estate market as the main criterion, even for actions of public housing development. This impacts negatively on the city to the extent that speculation favors the private sector, produce residential segregation and inequality in access to land as large sections remain outside the formal market. Which results in the formation of distinct areas within the city exacerbating the gap between social sectors. In Argentina, under the economic growth that occurs after the 2001-2002 crisis, the Federal Government returned home plans to solve the housing problem but with a twist to the social, to meet the needs of the most vulnerable sectors of society. From being solely residential construction (turnkey system) executed by the Provincial Housing Institutes (IPV), policies will be passed to a set of social policies that articulate programs of various orders, domestic, municipal, provincial and IPV. (Argentina Works, Municipality + Close, PROMEVI, PROMEBA Law Pierri implementation of regularization, etc.) that link to social housing problems. However, this has not had the expected results in relation to urban problems. While the need for regional planning was promoted through the PET National and Provincial (Regional Strategic Plan), all implemented programs were developed without proper management tools to define the criteria for the consolidation and development from the Federal Government city and thus ended conspiring against it, as a stage of collective life. The lack of training of local technicians, the use of these programs clientelitas purposes by local politicians and rampant corruption, contributed to aggravating the observed trends. This suggests that the construction of new housing or consolidation or regularization of squatter settlements in vulnerable areas without legal justification and planning, far from mitigating the inequalities, negative effects on the city. Under this hypothesis, this paper analyzes the impact of new housing policies in the Metropolitan Area of Tucumán (AMET), nearly 10 years of implementing a set of tending to the equal distribution of access to urban land social measures. It is concluded that the actions taken by the State produced an increase and consolidate the processes of fragmentation and emerging socio-spatial segregation of Tucuman AMET.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Spatial income inequality"

Mushongera, Darlington, Prudence Kwenda, and Miracle Ntuli. An analysis of well-being in Gauteng province using the capability approach. Gauteng City-Region Observatory, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36634/2020.op.1.

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As countries across the globe pursue economic development, the improvement of individual and societal well-being has increasingly become an overarching goal. In the global South, in particular, high levels of poverty, inequality and deteriorating social fabrics remain significant challenges. Programmes and projects for addressing these challenges have had some, but limited, impact. This occasional paper analyses well-being in Gauteng province from a capability perspective, using a standard ‘capability approach’ consistent with Amartya Sen’s first conceptualisation, which was then operationalised by Martha Nussbaum. Earlier research on poverty and inequality in the Gauteng City-Region was mainly based on objective characteristics of well-being such as income, employment, housing and schooling. Using data from the Gauteng City-Region Observatory’s Quality of Life Survey IV for 2015/16, our capability approach provides a more holistic view of well-being by focusing on both objective and subjective aspects simultaneously. The results confirm the well-known heterogeneity in human conditions among South African demographic groups, namely that capability achievements vary across race, age, gender, income level and location. However, we observe broader (in both subjective and objective dimensions) levels of deprivation that are otherwise masked in the earlier studies. In light of these findings, the paper recommends that policies are directly targeted towards improving those capability indicators where historically disadvantaged and vulnerable groups show marked deprivation. In addition, given the spatial heterogeneities in capability achievements, we recommend localised interventions in capabilities that are lagging in certain areas of the province.

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