Готові списки джерел за темами / Soot trap

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Soot trap"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Soot trap"

Fino, Debora, Nunzio Russo, Emanuele Cauda, Davide Mescia, Simone Solaro, Guido Saracco, and Vito Specchia. "Novel Approches in Oxidative Catalysis for Diesel Particulate Abatement." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 2083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.2083.

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Next 2008 European legislation on diesel engines will impose the use of specific traps, placed in the car exhaust line, so as to meet very stringent particulate emission limits (0.005 g/km). This paper provides a survey of the advancement status of R&D in the field of diesel particulate traps. Special emphasis is given to the combined use of traps and catalysts for regeneration purposes via catalytic combustion of the collected soot in the traps. Issues like trap materials selection, catalyst development, catalytic vs. non-catalytic trap performance are addressed. Specific highlights of the research in catalytic materials developed at Politecnico di Torino in the framework of EU projects will also be provided. In order to enhance the soot-catalyst contact conditions, several kinds of catalysts have been developed: oxygen spillover oxide, mobile catalysts based on alkali vanadates, spinels for the combined removal of particulate and NOx, precious metals enabling the NO oxidation to NO2 followed by reaction of this latter with particulate, heavy metal oxides, alkalimetal substituted perovskites capable of delivering oxygen species. An overview of these different approaches to soot oxidation will be provided pointing the way towards possible synergetic effects in multi-component catalysts.

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Bella, G., and V. Rocco. "Regeneration Analysis Under Different Exhaust Gas Thermal Conditions." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 112, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906514.

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A refinement of the honeycomb trap model developed by the authors for analyzing the temperature history of the trap channels during the regeneration period is presented. The first results obtained, shown in previous papers [1, 2], encouraged the authors to improve the model in order to account for the heat transfer not only along the channel length, but also in the radial direction. In order to achieve this objective, a control volume approach was used to simulate the soot regeneration in all contiguous channels along the axial and radial directions of the monolith, and to determine the wall temperature and soot oxidation as a function of time. Different thermodynamic conditions of the exhaust gas at the trap inlet were considered in order to examine the effects of cold regeneration. For the same soot amount accumulated in the trap, the soot burnup time and temperature history depend on the inlet temperature. In addition to varying the gas initial conditions, the effects of the amount of soot collected and its radial distribution in the channels, before the regeneration process takes place, were also considered in order to predict the wall temperature rise and the soot oxidation rate. The results show the temperature peak values and their location inside the trap, and permit estimation of the conditions under which the trap temperature can reach unbearable values.

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Meloni, E., V. Palma, and V. Vaiano. "Optimized microwave susceptible catalytic diesel soot trap." Fuel 205 (October 2017): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.05.074.

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Abdul Karim, Zainal Ambri, and Mohamed Haziq bin Haron. "Experimental Investigation of In Situ Soot Oxidation Using Electromagnetic Waves." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 912–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.912.

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This paper presents the experimental results of smoke opacity and exhaust gas measurements due to the oxidation of soot at different microwave power levels to the exhaust gas. The experiment attempts to ascertain the soot oxidation capability of using microwave in reducing smoke from the diesel engine. The exhaust gas from a diesel engine was directed into the microwave generator system which then flows through the chamber assembly that contains the soot trap. Three different microwave power levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kW were generated and exposed to the soot at different exposure time. The results showed that when the power level of the electromagnetic waves was increased, the amount of smoke opacity reduced between 32 to 65 % depending on the microwave power levels. Due to the oxidation of the carbon particles of the soot, CO2 gas increased in corresponding to the decreased in the smoke opacity. The experimental work also found that NOx gas was also reduced due to the breaking down of NOx at the localised high temperature of the soot trap. Hence, the microwave generator system has proven its capability as an in-situ soot oxidation device for deployment in diesel vehicles.

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Ciambelli, P., V. Palma, P. Russo, and S. Vaccaro. "Development of a Catalytic Trap for Soot Particulate." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 73, no. 6 (June 2001): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-2640(200106)73:6<603::aid-cite6031111>3.0.co;2-b.

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Kyriakis, N., T. Manikas, P. Pistikopoulos, and E. Vouitsis. "Endothermic Phenomena in Diesel Particulate Filters During Regeneration." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1559905.

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Endothermic phenomena were identified during the regeneration of the porous ceramic diesel particulate trap. These phenomena were experimentally investigated and they were found to be related to the cerium content of the fuel used for the trap loading and regeneration and to the soot mass accumulated in the trap. Carbon mass and energy balance through the regeneration process reveals that these phenomena cannot be attributed to chemical reactions in the trap. It is assumed that they are due to the effect of regeneration on the radial flow distribution through the trap, an assumption remaining to be experimentally tested.

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Ciambelli, P., V. Palma, P. Russo, and S. Vaccaro. "Performances of a catalytic foam trap for soot abatement." Catalysis Today 75, no. 1-4 (July 2002): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(02)00098-6.

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Palma, Vincenzo, and Eugenio Meloni. "Microwave assisted regeneration of a catalytic diesel soot trap." Fuel 181 (October 2016): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.05.016.

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HOSHINO, Hiroyuki, Youhei MITSUYAMA, Masahiro SAITO, Tomohiko FURUHATA, and Masataka ARAI. "Mechanism of Soot Removal in an Electric Diesel Particulate Trap." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 74, no. 740 (2008): 973–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.74.973.

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Bilby, David, David J. Kubinski, and M. Matti Maricq. "Current amplification in an electrostatic trap by soot dendrite growth and fragmentation: Application to soot sensors." Journal of Aerosol Science 98 (August 2016): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.03.003.

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Дисертації з теми "Soot trap"

Cerit, Ersen Recep. "Investigation Of The Effect Of Oxidation Filters On The Particulate Emissions Of Diesel Engines." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607561/index.pdf.

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Oxidation filters are used to decrease particulate emissions commonly. In this study, design of a particulate trap to produce an alternative, low cost filter has been aimed. An experimental setup has been installed according to standards to carry out tests of these designed filters. Electronic measurement and control systems have been attached to this setup to increase efficiency of experiments. Two filter designs have been used in the experiments. First design consists of aluminum wire cloth. Second design is sheet metal structure, which includes three longitudinal cells. Metal chip is used as filter material. Empty filter tests have been performed firstly, and then experiments have been repeated with aluminum, iron, and copper chip addition in filter. Copper chip test results are better than other metal chip for first experiments. Afterwards, experiments have been repeated with varying copper chip amount. Suitable copper chip amount was determined based on fuel consumption rate of the engine. As a result, designed filter reduce the particulate emissions with high efficiency. Although, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide gaseous emissions increase with designed filter, hydro carbon emissions decrease.

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Klein, Jennifer. "Effets de la combustion du noir de carbone sur l'adsorption des NOx sur un catalyseur quatre voies." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00675633.

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Récemment, les constructeurs automobiles se sont intéressés au développement des catalyseurs appelés quatre voies, destinés à diminuer simultanément les émissions polluantes des moteurs diesels par l'intermédiaire d'un seul monolithe catalytique. Dans cet objectif, plusieurs études ont montré que la capacité de stockage des NOx de ces catalyseurs est inhibée par la présence de suies. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit s'inscrivent dans la compréhension des phénomènes en cause. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la présence de noir de carbone entraîne une diminution de la stabilité des nitrates adsorbés par les systèmes catalytiques étudiés et, ainsi, de leur capacité de stockage des NOx. Ce phénomène a été attribué à une réduction des espèces nitrates adsorbées à la surface des matériaux par les particules de carbone adjacentes. La présence d'une particule Pt à proximité d'un site de carbone favorise la formation de complexes oxygénés de surface, limitant l'effet réducteur du carbone envers les nitrates adsorbés. La perte de capacité d'adsorption des NOx des catalyseurs étudiés, observée lors de leur mise en contact avec du noir de carbone, s'est révélée irréversible à l'issue de l'oxydation du carbone. La caractérisation des matériaux par microscopie à transmission (MET) a révélé une modification importante de la structure des matériaux. Un frittage des particules de platine et une modification de la structure des particules de Ba entraînent en effet la perte irréversible de l'activité des matériaux vis-à-vis de l'adsorption des NOx.

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Wu, Dongliang. "Etude expérimentale de l'impact de l'eau et/ou des suies vis-à-vis de l'adsorption des oxydes d'azote sur catalyseur modèle Platine-Baryum/alumine : Contribution à la compréhension des mécanismes d'adsorption." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062691.

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Le catalyseur quatre voies est destiné à diminuer simultanément les émissions d'hydrocarbures, de monoxyde de carbone, d'oxydes d'azote et de suies par l'intermédiaire d'un seul monolithe catalytique. Plusieurs études sur ce type de catalyseur ont montré que la présence d'oxydes d'azote entraîne une diminution de la température d'oxydation des suies. Cependant, l'effet de la présence d'eau sur l'adsorption des oxydes d'azote n'est pas encore clair, surtout en présence de suies. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit ont pour but de mettre en évidence l'influence de la présence d'eau et/ou de suies sur le fonctionnement de catalyseur "piège à NOx". Les résultats obtenus montrent que la présence d'eau entraîne une inhibition de la fonction oxydante du catalyseur, une diminution de la quantité de stockage des oxydes d'azote, et une inhibition de la formation des espèces adsorbées de surface. Ces phénomènes ont été attribués à la voix réactionnelle spécifique en présence d'eau associée à l'adsorption des oxydes d'azote. Les résultats obtenus sur le mélange noir de carbone et catalyseur montrent que la présence de noir de carbone induit une diminution de stockage des oxydes d'azote. De plus, cet effet se trouve plus important en contact fort. Les expériences réalisées sur l'adsorption des oxydes d'azote en présence simultanée de noir de carbone et d'eau ont montré un effet non cumulé de l'eau et du noir de carbone. Ce phénomène a été attribué à une compétition entre l'action de l'eau qui favorise la formation de nitrate de cœur à partir des nitrates faiblement liés et l'action du noir de carbone qui tend à déstabiliser les nitrates faiblement liés pour former les carbonates.

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Gutschick, David D. "Characterization of Soft Gels with 2P Microrheology, a Novel, Active Paired-Particle Method." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1534742722866439.

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Daniel, Aang. "Routing and Scheduling with Time Windows: Models and Algorithms for Tramp Sea Cargos and Rail Car-Blocks." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19698.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
Committee Chair: Al-Khayyal, Faiz; Committee Member: Barnes, Earl; Committee Member: Johnson, Ellis; Committee Member: Karimi, IA; Committee Member: Sokol, Joel.

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Marchington, Robert F. "Applications of microfluidic chips in optical manipulation & photoporation." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1633.

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Integration and miniaturisation in electronics has undoubtedly revolutionised the modern world. In biotechnology, emerging lab-on-a-chip (LOC) methodologies promise all-integrated laboratory processes, to perform complete biochemical or medical synthesis and analysis encapsulated on small microchips. The integration of electrical, optical and physical sensors, and control devices, with fluid handling, is creating a new class of functional chip-based systems. Scaled down onto a chip, reagent and sample consumption is reduced, point-of-care or in-the-field usage is enabled through portability, costs are reduced, automation increases the ease of use, and favourable scaling laws can be exploited, such as improved fluid control. The capacity to manipulate single cells on-chip has applications across the life sciences, in biotechnology, pharmacology, medical diagnostics and drug discovery. This thesis explores multiple applications of optical manipulation within microfluidic chips. Used in combination with microfluidic systems, optics adds powerful functionalities to emerging LOC technologies. These include particle management such as immobilising, sorting, concentrating, and transportation of cell-sized objects, along with sensing, spectroscopic interrogation, and cell treatment. The work in this thesis brings several key applications of optical techniques for manipulating and porating cell-sized microscopic particles to within microfluidic chips. The fields of optical trapping, optical tweezers and optical sorting are reviewed in the context of lab-on-a-chip application, and the physics of the laminar fluid flow exhibited at this size scale is detailed. Microfluidic chip fabrication methods are presented, including a robust method for the introduction of optical fibres for laser beam delivery, which is demonstrated in a dual-beam optical trap chip and in optical chromatography using photonic crystal fibre. The use of a total internal reflection microscope objective lens is utilised in a novel demonstration of propelling particles within fluid flow. The size and refractive index dependency is modelled and experimentally characterised, before presenting continuous passive optical sorting of microparticles based on these intrinsic optical properties, in a microfluidic chip. Finally, a microfluidic system is utilised in the delivery of mammalian cells to a focused femtosecond laser beam for continuous, high throughput photoporation. The optical injection efficiency of inserting a fluorescent dye is determined and the cell viability is evaluated. This could form the basis for ultra-high throughput, efficient transfection of cells, with the advantages of single cell treatment and unrivalled viability using this optical technique.

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Navarro, Garre Rául. "Efecto de dos bebidas refrescantes en la adhesión de brackets. Observación mediante microcopio electrónico de barrido del esmalte intacto y sellado por una resina tras la exposición a dichas bebidas." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/78919.

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OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto de Coca-Cola® y Schweppes® Limón en la fuerza adhesiva, el adhesivo remanente y la microfiltración debajo de los brackets. Examinar mediante microscopio electrónico de barrido (MEB) el efecto de estas bebidas en el esmalte intacto y esmalte sellado. MÉTODO: Se cementaron 120 brackets en incisivos bovinos y se dividieron 1) grupo control, 2) Coca-Cola®, 3) Schweppes® Limón. Los dientes fueron sumergidos en las bebidas tres veces al día (15 minutos) durante 15 días. La fuerza de adhesión fue medida con una máquina universal de ensayos y el adhesivo remanente, utilizando un equipo de análisis de imagen. La microfiltración en la interfase esmalte-adhesivo y adhesivo-bracket se determinó utilizando azul de metileno. Para las observaciones al MEB se utilizaron 108 dientes. RESULTADOS: No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la fuerza adhesiva y el adhesivo remanente entre grupos. La microfiltración en la interfase esmalte-adhesivo para Coca-Cola® y Schweppes® Limón fue significativamente mayor que para el grupo control. En la interfase adhesivo-bracket la microfiltración de Coca-Cola® fue mayor que el grupo control, mientras que la microfiltración de Schweppes® Limón no difirió significativamente ni de Coca-Cola® ni del grupo control. Las bebidas produjeron erosión del esmalte y pérdida del material adhesivo.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of Coca-Cola® and Schweppes®-Limón on bond strength, adhesive remnant and microleakage beneath brackets. To examine by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) the effect of these drinks on intact and sealed enamel. Methods: 120 brackets were bonded to bovine incisors and divided into: 1)Control-group; 2)Coca-Cola®; 3)Schweppes®-Limón. The teeth were submerged in the drinks 3 times/day (15 minutes) during fifteen days. Shear bond strength was measured with a universal test machine, and adhesive remnant using image analysis equipment. Microleakage at the enamel-adhesive and adhesive-bracket interfaces was detected using methylene blue. 108 teeth were used to examine by SEM the effect of the drinks on intact and sealed enamel. Results: No significant differences were found in bond strength and adhesive remnant between groups. Microleakage at the enamel-adhesive interface for Coca-Cola® and Schweppes®-Limón was significantly greater than for the control. At the adhesive-bracket interface microleakage was significantly greater with Coca-Cola® than with the control whilst microleakage with Schweppes®-Limón did not differ significantly from either Coca-Cola® or the control. The drinks produced enamel erosion and loss of adhesive.

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Krška, Lukáš. "Experimentální analýza proudu vzduchu z vyústky přístrojové desky osobního vozu s využitím kouřové metody a návrh hodnocení kvality vyústky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229669.

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The aim of this work was the analysis of air current from the right outlet, using the smoke method and the subsequent determination of a method for application. A further task was to establish a method for determining the upper and lower vertical routing, yaw angle (ß) and angle of inclination (?) of the air current. The experiment aims to approximate conditions as close to those experienced in the actual vehicle. After assembling a track with a soot blower (outlet) in the laboratory and defining the coordinates of the vehicle, the air current was subjected to visualization within the range of five positions of the vanes. Visualization was achieved by the use of technology for the smoke method. We used a light plane with a customized system of coordinates, a smoke generator for visualizing the air current being emitted and a camera for recording images. During our research we established the upper and lower cut off at the specific closures of the horizontal vanes of the soot blower. We determined a common analogy between the experimental track used in the experiment and the circumstances in the actual vehicle. We acquired the yaw angles (ß) and the angles of inclination (?) in the light plane and, after conversion, in the system of coordinates of the vehicle for all five settings of the vanes. The assessment of the given soot blower was undertaken according to the values achieved.

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Hough, Lawrence A. "Microrheology of soft materials using oscillating optical traps /." Diss., 2003. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3117155.

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Banerjee, Rajarshi. "Collective Behaviour of Confined Equilibrium And Non Equilibrium Soft Matter Systems." Thesis, 2016. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/2745.

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Due to their diversity, soft matter systems provide a convenient platform to study a variety of physical phenomena like phase transitions and collective motion. Encompassing a wide range of equilibrium and non-equilibrium systems, they often provide significant insight into the statistical mechanics of different kinds of many-body systems. Though large scale properties of such systems are of fundamental interest in their own accord, since most experimental realizations of soft matter systems are finite sized, there is a growing need to understand the effects of confinement or boundary conditions on the collective behaviour of such systems. The primary purpose of this thesis is to study the effects of boundary conditions or confinement on both equilibrium and non-equilibrium soft matter systems via theoretical modelling. For equilibrium systems we have studied a system of colloidal particles in harmonic confinement, and for non-equilibrium systems we consider a system of self-propelled rods in both harmonic and hard wall confinement. In Chapter 1 we first lay down some basic concepts of stochastic dynamics and Brownian motion, before discussing some of the recent results on confinement effects on colloidal systems, showing how the properties of a finite sized colloidal system can be very different from those of large, un confined systems. Thereafter turning to non-equilibrium active systems, we discuss various fundamental problems posed by these systems due to their unique ability to generate and dissipate energy on their own. We also point out some instances of observed confinement effects in such systems, such as boundary aggregation and transient hedgehog-like clusters near the boundary. Chapter 2 deals with the effect of harmonic confinement on a finite sized colloidal assembly, where we show that such finite size effects coupled with a confining potential can give rise to special features like initial position dependent expulsion of dopant particles. First we model experimentally studied small two-dimensional colloidal assemblies trapped by a defocussed laser beam by Langevin dynamics simulations in the presence of harmonic confinement and demonstrate how the system shows a crossover from liquid state to crystalline state as a function of the stiffness of the confinement. We also show that in the crystalline state the system can be effectively modelled as a rigid body under small force perturbations. Notably, while studying the dynamics of a defect particle inside these crystallites, we found evidence for the occurrence of self purification by the crystallites. In this process, a dopant is spontaneously expelled out of the crystallite. Surprisingly, this phenomena has a strong dependence on the initial position of the dopant, which turns out to be the consequence of the non monotonic spatial variation of the free energy of the system as a function of the dopant position. This is caused by a difference in the rate of change of internal energy and entropy with the dopant position, with the entropy decreasing faster when the dopant is closer to the centre. This can be attributed to the amount of disruption of crystalline order in the assembly due to the incommensurate dimensions of the defect particle. In order to put these results in a general perspective, we verify in the last part of this chapter that the presence of this free energy barrier is independent of the exact functional forms of the confining potential and the interaction of a defect particle with the host particles, as well as the shape and size of the defect particle. Moving to non-equilibrium systems, we consider, in Chapter 3, the effect of harmonic and hard wall confinement on a two-dimensional system of self-propelled rods (SPRs). Though there have been very limited studies of confinement effects on such systems, existing studies are adequate to show that their behaviour near a boundary wall can be very different, e.g. formation of hedgehog like clusters near a boundary wall. First we show that for harmonic confinement small systems show polar order, which decays with system size, eventually going away for large systems. But the effect of hard wall confinement turns out to be rather different, where the system shows isotropic and clustered states depending on the values of activity and density. We construct a complete activity-density phase diagram showing four distinct phases. For high density and high activity, the rods spontaneously arrange themselves into a stable vortex structure in which the rods exhibit global radial polar order. Surprisingly this order does not decay with system size: the radial orientation of the rods exhibit strong spatial correlation even in large systems, ruling out the possibility that the radial order is a finite-size effect. Using other geometrical shapes of the hard wall boundary, we confirm this phase to be independent of the shape of the boundary. We also demonstrate how small modifications of the boundary conditions at the hard wall can collapse the clustered and vortex phases to a global flocking phase similar to that found in earlier studies of hydrodynamic active particles under confinement. Based on these observations, we conclude that the bulk of the system is strongly affected by the subjected boundary condition, which is rather unusual for large systems. In Chapter 4 this thesis concludes with a summary of the main results and suggestions for future work along similar lines

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Книги з теми "Soot trap"

Animales de trapo: 18 modelos para cortar, rellenar y coser. Barcelona: Larousse, 2014.

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Ratto, Marina. Cómo realizar peluches y muñecos de trapo. Barcelona: De Vecchi, 1999.

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Doyle, P. J. The Baker Street Dozen. New York, NY, USA: Congdon & Weed, 1989.

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Conan, Doyle Arthur. Favourite Sherlock Holmes Stories. London: Atlantic Books, 2009.

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Conan, Doyle Arthur. Five Orange Pips and Other Cases. London: Penguin English Library, 2012.

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Conan, Doyle Arthur. The Baker Street dozen. New York: Congdon & Weed, 1987.

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Conan, Doyle Arthur. The Baker Street dozen. New York: Congdon & Weed, 1989.

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Klinger, Leslie S., ed. Sherlock Holmes anotado: Relatos II. Spain: Akal, 2011.

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Conan, Doyle Arthur. The Sherlock Holmes Mysteries. New York: Signet Classic, 1987.

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Conan, Doyle Arthur. The Sherlock Holmes Mysteries. New York, USA: Signet Classics, 2005.

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Частини книг з теми "Soot trap"

Zhou, Shaojie, and Angang Hu. "What Is the “Middle Income Trap”?" In China: Surpassing the “Middle Income Trap”, 1–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6540-3_1.

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Abstract In 2007, Indermit Gill and Homi Kharas (2007), two World Bank economists, published a report titled An East Asian Renaissance: Ideas for Economic Growth, which suggested that East Asia would soon develop into a middle-income region and proposed the concept of the “middle income trap”. It should be noted that the report did not provide an in-depth interpretation of the concept, nor did it offer a clear income range for the “middle income trap”. In 2011, Homi Kharas and Harinder Kohli (2011) further elaborated on the concept, specifying that when a country escapes the poverty trap in the low-income development stage and enters into the middle-income development phase, the country may face growth stagnation and inability to further move up the ladder into the high-income range.

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Dati, Monica. "Progettare attività di Public History: criteri orientativi ed indicazioni operative." In La Public History tra scuola, università e territorio, 29–37. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-616-2.05.

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The contribution aims to serve as a toolkit to provide a sort of 'how to' guide on some aspects that public historians need to take into account when planning public history activities, from sources to content dissemination. Two short sections are therefore proposed, which schematically refer to the main stages of the public historian's work on two levels: 'research' and 'representation'.

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Schimmelfennig, Frank. "Rhetorical Entrapment in EU–Turkey Relations." In EU-Turkey Relations, 139–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70890-0_6.

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AbstractThis chapter describes and applies the rhetorical action approach to EU–Turkey relations. Generally, rhetorical entrapment denotes the mechanism by which actors are compelled to act in conformance with their prior argumentative commitments. In the context of EU enlargement, member states have committed themselves to enlargement norms and promises in line with the fundamental purpose and values of the EU (such as pan-European community building, liberal democracy and supranationalism). Rhetorical entrapment played an important role in bringing about Eastern enlargement when the Eastern European countries faced significant resistance among the old member states. Finally, the chapter analyzes the rhetorical entrapment mechanism in the accession process of Turkey, which had an even more unfavorable starting position. As long as Turkey progressed on meeting the official political criteria for EU membership, however, the opponents of Turkish membership were bound by their normative commitment and felt compelled to decide in favor of accession negotiations. The rhetorical entrapment mechanism also elucidates why accession negotiations began to stall soon after their start. The opponents of Turkish membership were released from the rhetorical trap when Turkey failed to heed its own promises and honor its own obligations as a candidate state.

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Fallani, Andrea. "La rielaborazione dei mitemi orfici in Microcosmi. Tra vulgata classica e favola indiana." In Biblioteca di Studi di Filologia Moderna, 355–71. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-338-3.27.

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Starting from the critics’ observations about the structure of Microcosmi, the essay focuses on the key role played by the love story between the protagonist-narrator and his wife Marisa, a sort of rewriting of Orpheus and Eurydice’s myth. Convergences and variations between the classic vulgate of the myth and the pseudo-rewriting of Microcosmi are highlighted. The essay also focuses on the Indian myth of Savitri and Sátiavan, to understand the source of the many substantial variations and, in particular, the reversal of roles between male and female characters. This myth turns out to be a privileged source for the rewritings of the Orpheus’ myth that are offered by Magris in his Microcosmi.

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Rossi, Giovanni. "«La Relectio de Dominio» di Domingo de Soto: una riflessione tra teologia e diritto." In Textes et Etudes du Moyen Âge, 305–26. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.tema-eb.4.00871.

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Melani, Igor. "Immagini della Russia tra Oriente e Occidente nel XVI secolo: politica, religione, culture nella Moscovia di Antonio Possevino." In Biblioteca di Studi Slavistici, 85–109. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-507-4.09.

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This paper focuses on the analysis of Moscovia, written by Antonio Possevino soon after his diplomatic mission (1581-1582) to the Tsar Ivan IV. The text, composed as a geographical and ethnographical description of a given territory, became a collection of theological and controversial writings on the topic of the eastern Greek and Muscovite schism during its 40 years of editorial history. A deeper analysis of some political aspects of the text, though, shows how these different parameters were somehow inextricably connected within the catholic vision of the ‘orthodox’ East.

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Williams, Roger L. "Letters eleven to twenty-nine were addressed to Monsieur Villars, Surgeon, residing at his home in Le Noyer, but botanizing frequently as authorized, as he prepared for the publication of the prospectus of his flora. He would soon discover that the continuing patronage of the intendant, the renewal of his pension had been opposed by the religious order where he had interned in Grenoble, and that success breeds jealousies. During the summer of 1774, he made a trip into Lower Dauphiné, Provence, and Languedoc with Dr. Clappier. At Montélimar, they examined the herbaria of Dr. Pierre Garidel and the Chicoyneau family, then possessed by Dr. Jean-Joseph Menuret de Chambaud. They examined the rich collections (both herbaria and library) of Jean-François Séguier at Nîmes. At Montpellier they saw the collections of Antoine Gouan and Pierre Cusson. They were able to botanize around Avignon, Aix, Marseille, Toulon, and Hyères. The long trip accounts for the substantial hiatus in Chaix’s correspondence that summer.[1774–1779]." In The Letters of Dominique Chaix, Botanist-Curé, 28–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5490-1_3.

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Revesz, Richard, and Jack Lienke. "A Warming World." In Struggling for Air. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190233112.003.0009.

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In the preceding chapters, we’ve focused largely on what is often called “traditional pollution”: soot and smog and their precursors, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. But power plants are also the nation’s largest source of a very different sort of pollutant: carbon dioxide. Unlike traditional pollution, atmospheric CO2 does not pose a threat to public health through inhalation. As every schoolchild learns, humans exhale CO2 during normal respiration, and plants absorb it as part of the photosynthesis that fuels their growth. Carbon dioxide does, however, act as a “greenhouse gas.” Like the glass of a greenhouse, molecules of CO2 let sunlight pass through to warm the earth but then trap some of the heat that radiates back from the planet’s surface. Up to a point, this heat-trapping effect is beneficial; without it, the earth would be too cold to support life. But when humans burn fossil fuels, carbon that has been sequestered underground for millions of years is rapidly released in the form of CO2, and the natural carbon cycle is altered. As the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increases, the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, and the earth’s surface temperature rises. Over time, warming driven by ever-increasing industrial emissions of CO2 is expected to have serious, possibly devastating consequences for all corners of human society. (There are other greenhouse gases, like methane, but CO2 is by far the most common, accounting for more than 75 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions and almost 85 percent of U.S. emissions.) And yet, when President Obama took office in 2009, almost forty years after the U.S. Congress passed a piece of legislation designed to eliminate all air pollution that posed a threat to public health and welfare, emissions of carbon dioxide were still entirely unregulated at the federal level. As the President observed in his first Earth Day address on April 22, 2009: “[W] e place limits on pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and other harmful emissions. But we haven’t placed any limits on carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. It’s what’s called the carbon loophole.”

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Noakes, Stephen. "The superpower’s dilemma: to appease, repress, or transform transnational advocacy networks?" In The Advocacy Trap. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526119476.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter spells out a crucial problem in the study of transnational networks from the perspective of international relations scholarship—if TANs are fundamentally ideational constructs, defined and driven by commitment to a core principle or cause, what are we to make of periodic changes to their mission and message? What is the role of China’s strong authoritarian state in shaping the trajectories and results of transnational advocacy campaigns? The chapter posits that the soft power of the state (backed by coercive capability) imposes incentives on TANs that can effect the various processes and pathways taken by advocacy campaigns. The chapter suggests that advocates and activists need to take the state and its structures seriously when crafting advocacy, given the causal influence these have over campaign trajectories and campaign results.

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Dickens, Charles. "Chapter I: Setting Traps." In Our Mutual Friend. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199536252.003.0056.

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Plashwater Weir Mill Lock looked tranquil and pretty on an evening in the summer time. A soft air stirred the leaves of the fresh green trees, and passed like a smooth shadow over the river, and like a smoother shadow over the yielding grass....

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Soot trap"

Karpenko, Yu V., S. V. Korneyev, and V. N. Nefyodov. "Microwave soot trap regeneration." In Optical Monitoring of the Environment: CIS Selected Papers, edited by Nicholay N. Belov and Edmund I. Akopov. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.162181.

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Strzelec, Andrea, Christopher J. Rutland, David E. Foster, and Yongsheng He. "Development of a System Level Soot-NOx Trap Aftertreatment Device Model." In Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-3287.

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Barba, Anna A., Gennaro Cuccurullo, and Matteo d'Amore. "IR temperature measurements in monomode microwave cavity for soot-trap filter regeneration." In AeroSense 2002, edited by Xavier P. Maldague and Andres E. Rozlosnik. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.459623.

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Mehta, Sandeep, Fredrick Oey, Christianto Sumbung, Chester Li, and Yiannis A. Levendis. "An Aerodynamically Regenerated Diesel Particulate Trap with a Flow-Through Soot Incinerator Section." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/940461.

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Andreassi, Luca, Stefano Cordiner, Vincenzo Mulone, and Manuel Presti. "A Mixed Numerical-Experimental Analysis Procedure for Non-Blocking Metal Supported Soot Trap Design." In SAE Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-2782.

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Levendis, Yiannis A., Iraklis Pavlatos, and Richard F. Abrams. "Control of Diesel Soot, Hydrocarbon and NOx Emissions with a Particulate Trap and EGR." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/940460.

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Mehta, Sandeep, Yiannis A. Levendis, and Najib Khalil. "On-Road Testing of a Reverse Air-Flow Cleaning, Soot-Oxidizing Diesel Particulate Trap System." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/930368.

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Engelmayer, Michael, Gert Taucher, Andreas Wimmer, Gernot Hirschl, and Thomas Kammerdiener. "Impact of Very High Injection Pressure on Soot Emissions of Medium Speed Large Diesel Engines." In ASME 2014 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2014-5692.

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Measures exist to adjust tailpipe NOx emissions to assigned values, for example cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) or a SCR catalyst in conjunction with urea. The situation is quite different with soot when use of a trap is not feasible for reasons of cost, space requirements and maintenance. Due to the highly complex soot formation and oxidation process, soot emissions can’t be targeted as easily as NOX. So how can soot be kept within the limits? In principle, soot can be controlled by allocating sufficient oxygen and establishing good mixing conditions with vaporized fuel. The most effective measures target the injection system, e.g. increasing injection pressure, applying multiple injections, optimizing nozzle geometry. To investigate the impact of very high injection pressure on soot, an advanced injection system with rail pressure capability up to 3000 bar and a Bosch injector was installed at the Large Engines Competence Center (LEC) in Graz. Full load and part load operating points at constant speed and in accordance with the propeller law were investigated at the test bed to quantify the impact of high injection pressure on soot emissions. Test runs were conducted with both SCR and EGR while varying injection timing and air-fuel ratios. Use of a statistical method, Design of Experiments (DOE), helped reduce the number of tests. Optical investigations of the spray and combustion were conducted. The goal was to obtain soot concentration history traces with the two color method in order to better understand how soot originates and to be able to calibrate 3D CFD FIRE spray models for use with injection pressures of up to 3000 bar. Very low soot emissions can be achieved using high pressure injection, even when EGR is applied. DOE results provide a clear picture of the relationships between the parameters and can be used to optimize set values for the whole speed and load range. A reliable spray break up model can be used in further 3D CFD simulation to investigate how to reduce soot emissions.

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Caceres, Jorge I., and Yiannis A. Levendis. "An Aerodynamically Regenerated Diesel Particulate Trap Coupled to an Electric Soot Incinerator with Dual Wall-Flow Filters." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/950371.

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Chiatti, G., O. Chiavola, and G. Falcucci. "Lumped Parameter Approach for DPF Management in Stationary Diesel Engines." In ASME 2008 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2008-1670.

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During the last years, emission standards for diesel engines have got more and more severe not only for light- and heavy-duty road application, but also in the nonroad, locomotive and stationary fields. In this paper, the results of a Lumped Parameter (LP) model for Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) management in stationary diesel engines are presented. The developed LP model allows to predict the pressure drop and soot layer growth in time along the trap channel. In the model, the equations are tuned by means of a complete CFD analysis of the gas flux through a wall-flow DPF. The difference in flow field due to the radial distance from the filter axis and its effects on the soot growth inside the channel are taken into account as the loading phase proceeds. The temperature evolution during the regeneration process of the device is predicted, too, thus permitting a complete management of the filter in control applications.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Soot trap"

Becker, Sascha O., Stephen Broadberry, Nicholas Crafts, Sayatan Ghosal, Sharun W. Mukand, and Vera E. Troeger. Reversals of Fortune? A Long-term Perspective on Global Economic Prospects. Edited by Sascha O. Becker. CAGE Research Centre, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-0-9576027-00.

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It is conventional wisdom that: Continued fast growth in the BRICS will result in a rapid catch-up to match and even surpass Western income levels in the next few decades The crisis in Europe will soon be over and normal growth will then resume as if nothing had happened The tax competition resulting from globalization means a race to the bottom in which corporate tax rates fall dramatically everywhere The best way to escape the poverty trap is to give the poor more money Losers from globalization can be ignored by politicians in western democracies because they do not matter for electoral outcomes The adjustment problems for developing countries arising from the crisis are quite minor and easy to deal with Actually, as Reversals of Fortune shows, all of these beliefs are highly questionable. The research findings reported here provide economic analysis and evidence that challenge these claims. In the report, Nicholas Crafts asks: "What Difference does the Crisis make to Long-term West European Growth?" Vera Troeger considers "The Impact of Globalisation and Global Economic Crises on Social Cohesion and Attitudes towards Welfare State Policies in Developed Western Democracies." Stephen Broadberry looks at "The BRICs: What does Economic History say about their Growth Prospects?" Sharun Mukand takes "The View from the Developing World: Institutions, Global Shocks and Economic Adjustment." Finally, Sayantan Ghosal has a new perspective on "The Design of Pro-poor Policies."

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Goel, Dr Divanshu, and Dr Manjeet Singh. HYBRID EXTERNAL FIXATION FOR PROXIMAL TIBIAL FRACTURES. World Wide Journals, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijar/1505336.

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Introduction: Intraarticular fractures of the tibial plateau and periarticular fractures of the proximal tibia, caused by high energy trauma pose a therapeutic dilemma. Such fractures are associated with extensive soft tissue damage with or without compound injury. The management of such high velocity injuries become a challenge to the trauma surgeons. The goals of these periarticular fractures management are 1. Restoration of joint congruity by anatomic reduction 2. Stable xation of fractures thus allowing early movements 3. Proper care of injured soft tissues. In earlier days uniplanar external xation were used with various complications like pin track infections and decreased stability. In this study we present the use of hybrid external xation system which includes Ilizarov ring xator and AO rod external xator connected with indigenously manufactured connecting clamps and short shafts augmented with or without minimal internal xation. The purpose of this study is to assess the utility of this hybrid external xation system and to analyse the functional outcome, soft tissue healing and fracture union. To assess the performance of the Hybrid External Fixator Aim and Objective: in the treatment of different types of proximal tibial fractures, to evaluate the functional outcome, soft tissue healing and fracture union and radiological outcome, to evaluate the biomechanical and biological advantage of hybrid external xator, to assess the utility of the indigenously made connecting clamps. Material and Method: The study included 21 cases of periarticular fractures of the proximal tibia which were treated by use of 5/8th Ilizarov ring, AO tubular external xator and with indigenously manufactured connecting clamps & short shaft in a hybrid mode. All cases were prospectively followed up and studied. Almost all the cases (99%) had sustained Road trafc Accidents (high velocity injuries) except one case which had sustained injury by fall of cement wall over her leg. Minimum follow up – 1.5 months, maximum follow up – 12 months, mean follow up – 6.42 months. All fractures were followed according to a protocol. All fractures were treated with either CLOSED REDUCTION AND HYBRID EXTERNAL FIXATION OR WITH MINIMAL OPEN REDUCTION AND A HYBRID SYSTEM. The study group was consisted of 16 males (76%) and 5 females (24%) with an average age for males of 43.06 years (range 25 to 65) and for females of 53.4 years (range 41 to 59). All the patients were in the age group of 26 to 65 years, mean age is 43.09. In the present s Result: tudy of 21 cases, the use of Hybrid external xation, as a denite treatment, for high – energy proximal tibia bicondylar fractures proved to be benecial.

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