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Готові списки джерел за темами / Solid-state mechanisms

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Solid-state mechanisms"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Звіти організацій

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Статті в журналах з теми "Solid-state mechanisms"

1

Akchurin, M. Sh, R. M. Zakalyukin, and A. A. Kaminskii. "Laser ceramics: Mechanisms of solid-state reactions." Doklady Physics 57, no. 7 (July 2012): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028335812070038.

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2

Martin, D. J., L. G. A. Potts, and V. A. Heslop. "Reaction Mechanisms in Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 81, no. 3 (May 2003): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/095758203765639870.

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3

Martin, D. J., L. G. A. Potts, and V. A. Heslop. "Reaction Mechanisms in Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 81, no. 3 (May 2003): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/095758203765639889.

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4

Harris, Peter J. F. "Solid state growth mechanisms for carbon nanotubes." Carbon 45, no. 2 (February 2007): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.09.023.

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5

Khanin, Ya I. "Mechanisms of nonstationary behavior of solid-state lasers." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 5, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.5.000889.

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6

Worzala, H. "Topotaxy and structural mechanisms of solid state reactions." Solid State Ionics 39, no. 1-2 (June 1990): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(90)90022-j.

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7

Lundström, Ingemar. "Approaches and mechanisms to solid state based sensing." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 35, no. 1-3 (September 1996): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(96)02006-0.

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8

Treheux, D., P. Lourdin, B. Mbongo, and D. Juve. "Metal-ceramic solid state bonding: Mechanisms and mechanics." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 31, no. 8 (October 1994): 1055–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(94)90526-6.

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9

Feltz, A., and A. Martin. "Solid-state reactivity and mechanisms in oxide systems." Reactivity of Solids 2, no. 4 (February 1987): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-7336(87)80001-3.

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10

Feltz, A., and A. Martin. "Solid-state reactivity and mechanisms in oxide systems." Reactivity of Solids 2, no. 4 (February 1987): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-7336(87)80002-5.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Solid-state mechanisms"

1

Schmitz, Guido [Verfasser]. "Microstructural mechanisms of solid state interreactions / Guido Schmitz." Münster : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, 2004. http://d-nb.info/1042742332/34.

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2

Purser-Hallard, Beatrice. "Kinetics and mechanisms of solid-state phase transitions and reactions." Thesis, Open University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422026.

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3

Meere, Gerard Martin. "Non-linear diffusion mechanisms in compound semiconductors." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335789.

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4

Fitzgerald, Emma T. "Studies of surface reaction mechanisms for chemical beam epitaxial growth." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317723.

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5

Chen, Giin-Shan. "Mechanisms of direct electron beam nanolithography and nanostructure fabrication methods." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321028.

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6

French, Catherine Louise. "Surface science investigations of reaction mechanisms in semiconductor growth and etching." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305988.

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7

Kirk, Andrew Graham. "An investigation of electrical dissipation mechanisms in high-Tâ†c superconductors." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240191.

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8

Brown, Simon D. "Magnetization reversal mechanisms and remanent states in magneto-optic thin films." Thesis, Keele University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259551.

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9

Murrell, M. P. "A study of the oxidation mechanisms of silicon, using nuclear reaction analysis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293545.

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10

Spruce, G. "A study of parameters affecting switching mechanisms in chiral smectic liquid crystals." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376568.

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Книги з теми "Solid-state mechanisms"

1

Cogan, Donard De. Solid state devices: A quantum physics approach. New York: Springer-Verlag New York, 1987.

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2

Solid state devices: A quantum physics approach. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1987.

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3

Cleland, Andrew N. Foundations of Nanomechanics: From Solid-State Theory to Device Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003.

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4

Lattice dynamical foundations of continuum theories: Elasticity, piezoelectricity, viscoelasticity, plasticity. Singapore: World Scientific, 1986.

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5

Cherepanov, G. P. Methods of fracture mechanics: Solid matter physics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1997.

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6

Cherepanov, Gennadiĭ Petrovich. Methods of fracture mechanics: Solid matter physics. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1997.

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7

Chelnokov, I︠U︡ N. Kvaternionnye i bikvaternionnye modeli i metody mekhaniki tverdogo tela i ikh prilozhenii︠a︡: Geometrii︠a︡ i kinematika dvizhenii︠a︡. Moskva: Fizmatlit, 2006.

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8

Cherepanov, G. P. Methods of Fracture Mechanics: Solid Matter Physics. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997.

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9

Christian, Beck, ed. Complexity, metastability and nonextensivity: 31st Workshop of the International School of Solid State Physics, Erice, Sicily, Italy, 20-26 July 2004. Singapore: World Scientific, 2005.

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10

Metody mekhaniki sploshnykh sred v teorii fazovykh prevrashcheniĭ. Moskva: "Nauka," Glav. red. fiziko-matematicheskoĭ lit-ry, 1990.

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Частини книг з теми "Solid-state mechanisms"

1

Borodin, V. A., M. O. Ruault, Mariya G. Ganchenkova, and F. Fortuna. "Microscopic Mechanisms of Cobalt Disilicide Nucleation in Silicon." In Solid State Phenomena, 133–38. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-13-2.133.

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2

Koh, S., W. D. van Driel, C. A. Yuan, and G. Q. Zhang. "Degradation Mechanisms in LED Packages." In Solid State Lighting Reliability, 185–205. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3067-4_5.

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3

Souza, M. M. De, Srinivasan Chakravarthi, and Amitabh Jain. "Defect Interaction Mechanisms between Antimony and Indium in Silicon." In Solid State Phenomena, 425–32. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-13-2.425.

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4

Graf, Johannes, F. Lang, M. Mosbacher, and P. Leiderer. "Laser Cleaning of Particles from Silicon Wafers: Capabilities and Mechanisms." In Solid State Phenomena, 185–88. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-06-x.185.

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5

Pecht, M. G., and Moon-Hwan Chang. "Failure Mechanisms and Reliability Issues in LEDs." In Solid State Lighting Reliability, 43–110. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3067-4_3.

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6

Starostenkov, Mikhail D., Dmitry V. Sinyaev, Roman Y. Rakitin, and Gennady M. Poletaev. "Diffusion Mechanisms near Tilt Grain Boundaries in Ni₃Al Intermetallide." In Solid State Phenomena, 89–94. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-56-6.89.

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7

Shinde, Kartik N., S. J. Dhoble, H. C. Swart, and Kyeongsoon Park. "Basic Mechanisms of Photoluminescence." In Phosphate Phosphors for Solid-State Lighting, 41–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34312-4_2.

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8

Collet, J. L., Françoise Bley, Alexis Deschamps, H. de Monestrol, Jean François Berar, and Colin Scott. "The Deformation Mechanisms of TWIP Steels (Fe-Mn-C) Viewed by X-Ray Diffraction." In Solid State Phenomena, 53–56. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-40-x.53.

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9

Shabani, Mohammad B., T. Yamashita, and E. Morita. "Study of Gettering Mechanisms in Silicon: Competitive Gettering between Phosphorus Diffusion Gettering and Other Gettering Sites." In Solid State Phenomena, 399–404. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-43-4.399.

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10

Santos, Iván, Luis Alberto Marqués, Lourdes Pelaz, Pedro Lopez, and María Aboy. "Physics Mechanisms Involved in the Formation and Recrystallization of Amorphous Regions in Si through Ion Irradiation." In Solid State Phenomena, 71–76. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-56-6.71.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Solid-state mechanisms"

1

Liu, Hua, Judith Dawes, Peter Dekker, and James Piper. "Measurement of polarization-dependent loss mechanisms in Cr4+:YAG." In Advanced Solid-State Photonics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/assp.2003.210.

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2

Peressini, Dennis. "Investigation of Higher-Order Loss Mechanisms in C W Nd:YAG Lasers." In Advanced Solid State Lasers. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/assl.1992.lm14.

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3

Parrott, Edward P. J., J. Axel Zeitler, Tomislav Friscic, William Jones, and Lynn F. Gladden. "Probing solid-state reaction mechanisms with THz-TDS." In 2014 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz.2014.6956444.

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4

Kotula, Paul G., and C. Barry Carter. "Solid-state reactions using films deposited by pulsed-laser ablation." In Laser ablation: mechanisms and applications—II. AIP, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.44923.

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5

Rao, K. Gowrish, Kasturi V. Bangera, G. K. Shivakumar, Alka B. Garg, R. Mittal, and R. Mukhopadhyay. "Conduction Mechanisms in Vacuum Deposited p-ZnTe/n-Si Heterojunction Diodes." In SOLID STATE PHYSICS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 55TH DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2010. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3606001.

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6

Gruzdev, Vitaly, Olga Sergaeva, and Enam Chowdhury. "Modeling of Intrinsic Mechanisms of Laser-Induced Damage of Semiconductors by Ultrashort Mid-Infrared Pulses." In Advanced Solid State Lasers. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/assl.2021.jm3a.27.

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7

Sizov, Fiodor F., Joanna V. Gumenjuk-Sichevskaya, and Vladimir V. Tetyorkin. "Carrier transport mechanisms in narrow-gap photodiodes." In International Conference on Solid State Crystals '98, edited by Antoni Rogalski and Jaroslaw Rutkowski. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.344748.

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8

Liu, J., L. Fan, and D. L. DeVoe. "MICROMECHANICAL TIME DELAY MECHANISMS FOR ORDNANCE FUSING." In 2006 Solid-State, Actuators, and Microsystems Workshop. San Diego, CA USA: Transducer Research Foundation, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31438/trf.hh2006.80.

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9

Abbas, S., I. Yadav, Sugam Kumar, V. K. Aswal, and J. Kohlbrecher. "Kinetics of aggregation in charged nanoparticle solutions driven by different mechanisms." In DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2016. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4980209.

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10

YASUDA, Naoki, Kenji TANIGUCHI, and Chihiro HAMAGUCHI. "Two Mechanisms for Interface State Generation in n-MOSFETs." In 1989 Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.1989.s-d-9.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Solid-state mechanisms"

1

Munir, Z. A. An investigation of the mechanisms of solid state powder reaction in the combustion synthesis and sintering of high temperature materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7258522.

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2

Greskovich, Charles D., and James A. Brewer. Mechanism for Solid State Crystal Conversion. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada388064.

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3

Steyn, J. L., and Nesbitt W. Hagood. Development of a Solid-State Microhydraulic Energy Harvesting Mechanism for Heel Strike Power Harvesting. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada413367.

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4

Borch, Thomas, Yitzhak Hadar, and Tamara Polubesova. Environmental fate of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites: Biodegradation, complexation, and photodegradation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597927.bard.

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Many pharmaceutical compounds are active at very low doses, and a portion of them regularly enters municipal sewage systems and wastewater-treatment plants following use, where they often do not fully degrade. Two such compounds, CBZ and LTG, have been detected in wastewater effluents, surface waters, drinking water, and irrigation water, where they pose a risk to the environment and the food supply. These compounds are expected to interact with organic matter in the environment, but little is known about the effect of such interactions on their environmental fate and transport. The original objectives of our research, as defined in the approved proposal, were to: Determine the rates, mechanisms and products of photodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites in waters exposed to near UV light, and the influence of DOM type and binding processes on photodegradation. Determine the potential and pathways for biodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites using a white rot fungus (Pleurotusostreatus) and ADP, and reveal the effect of DOM complexation on these processes. Reveal the major mechanisms of binding of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to DOM and soil in the presence of DOM, and evaluate the effect of this binding on their photodegradation and/or biodegradation. We determined that LTG undergoes relatively slow photodegradation when exposed to UV light, and that pH affects each of LTG’s ability to absorb UV light, the efficiency of the resulting reaction, and the identities of LTG’sphotoproducts (t½ = 230 to 500 h during summer at latitude 40 °N). We observed that LTG’sphotodegradation is enhanced in the presence of DOM, and hypothesized that LTG undergoes direct reactions with DOM components through nucleophilic substitution reactions. In combination, these data suggest that LTG’s fate and transport in surface waters are controlled by environmental conditions that vary with time and location, potentially affecting the environment and irrigation waters. We determined that P. ostreatusgrows faster in a rich liquid medium (glucose peptone) than on a natural lignocellulosic substrate (cotton stalks) under SSF conditions, but that the overall CBZ removal rate was similar in both media. Different and more varied transformation products formed in the solid state culture, and we hypothesized that CBZ degradation would proceed further when P. ostreatusand the ᵉⁿᶻʸᵐᵃᵗⁱᶜ ᵖʳᵒᶠⁱˡᵉ ʷᵉʳᵉ ᵗᵘⁿᵉᵈ ᵗᵒ ˡⁱᵍⁿⁱⁿ ᵈᵉᵍʳᵃᵈᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ. ᵂᵉ ᵒᵇˢᵉʳᵛᵉᵈ ¹⁴C⁻Cᴼ2 ʳᵉˡᵉᵃˢᵉ ʷʰᵉⁿ ¹⁴C⁻ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿʸˡ⁻ labeled CBZ was used as the substrate in the solid state culture (17.4% of the initial radioactivity after 63 days of incubation), but could not conclude that mineralization had occurred. In comparison, we determined that LTG does not degrade in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater, but that P. ostreatusremoves up to 70% of LTG in a glucose peptone medium. We detected various metabolites, including N-oxides and glycosides, but are still working to determine the degradation pathway. In combination, these data suggest that P. ostreatuscould be an innovative and effective tool for CBZ and LTG remediation in the environment and in wastewater used for irrigation. In batch experiments, we determined that the sorption of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to agricultural soils was governed mainly by SOM levels. In lysimeter experiments, we also observed LTG and CBZ accumulation in top soil layers enriched with organic matter. However, we detected CBZ and one of its metabolites in rain-fed wheat previously irrigated with treated wastewater, suggesting that their sorption was reversible, and indicating the potential for plant uptake and leaching. Finally, we used macroscale analyses (including adsorption/desorption trials and resin-based separations) with molecular- level characterization by FT-ICR MS to demonstrate the adsorptive fractionation of DOM from composted biosolids by mineral soil. This suggests that changes in soil and organic matter types will influence the extent of LTG and CBZ sorption to agricultural soils, as well as the potential for plant uptake and leaching.

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5

Shomer, Ilan, Ruth E. Stark, Victor Gaba, and James D. Batteas. Understanding the hardening syndrome of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber tissue to eliminate textural defects in fresh and fresh-peeled/cut products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587238.bard.

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The project sought to understand factors and mechanisms involved in the hardening of potato tubers. This syndrome inhibits heat softening due to intercellular adhesion (ICA) strengthening, compromising the marketing of industrially processed potatoes, particularly fresh peeled-cut or frozen tubers. However, ICA strengthening occurs under conditions which are inconsistent with the current ideas that relate it to Ca-pectate following pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity or to formation of rhamnogalacturonan (RG)-II-borate. First, it was necessary to induce strengthening of the middle lamellar complex (MLX) and the ICA as a stress response in some plant parenchyma. As normally this syndrome does not occur uniformly enough to study it, we devised an efficient model in which ICA-strengthening is induced consistently under simulated stress by short-chain, linear, mono-carboxylic acid molecules (OAM), at 65 oC [appendix 1 (Shomer&Kaaber, 2006)]. This rapid strengthening was insufficient for allowing the involved agents assembly to be identifiable; but it enabled us to develop an efficient in vitro system on potato tuber parenchyma slices at 25 ºC for 7 days, whereas unified stress was reliably simulated by OAMs in all the tissue cells. Such consistent ICA-strengthening in vitro was found to be induced according to the unique physicochemical features of each OAM as related to its lipophilicity (Ko/w), pKa, protonated proportion, and carbon chain length by the following parameters: OAM dissociation constant (Kdiss), adsorption affinity constant (KA), number of adsorbed OAMs required for ICA response (cooperativity factor) and the water-induced ICA (ICAwater). Notably, ICA-strengthening is accompanied by cell sap leakage, reflecting cell membrane rupture. In vitro, stress simulation by OAMs at pH<pKa facilitated the consistent assembly of ICAstrengthening agents, which we were able to characterize for the first time at the molecular level within purified insoluble cell wall of ICA-strengthened tissue. (a) With solid-state NMR, we established the chemical structure and covalent binding to cell walls of suberin-like agents associated exclusively with ICA strengthening [appendix 3 (Yu et al., 2006)]; (b) Using proteomics, 8 isoforms of cell wall-bound patatin (a soluble vacuolar 42-kDa protein) were identified exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue; (c) With light/electron microscopy, ultrastructural characterization, histochemistry and immunolabeling, we co-localized patatin and pectin in the primary cell wall and prominently in the MLX; (d) determination of cell wall composition (pectin, neutral sugars, Ca-pectate) yielded similar results in both controls and ICA-strengthened tissue, implicating factors other than PME activity, Ca2+ or borate ions; (e) X-ray powder diffraction experiments revealed that the cellulose crystallinity in the cell wall is masked by pectin and neutral sugars (mainly galactan), whereas heat or enzymatic pectin degradation exposed the crystalline cellulose structure. Thus, we found that exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue, heat-resistant pectin is evident in the presence of patatin and suberinlike agents, where the cellulose crystallinity was more hidden than in fresh control tissue. Conclusions: Stress response ICA-strengthening is simulated consistently by OAMs at pH< pKa, although PME and formation of Ca-pectate and RG-II-borate are inhibited. By contrast, at pH>pKa and particularly at pH 7, ICA-strengthening is mostly inhibited, although PME activity and formation of Ca-pectate or RG-II-borate are known to be facilitated. We found that upon stress, vacuolar patatin is released with cell sap leakage, allowing the patatin to associate with the pectin in both the primary cell wall and the MLX. The stress response also includes formation of covalently bound suberin-like polyesters within the insoluble cell wall. The experiments validated the hypotheses, thus led to a novel picture of the structural and molecular alterations responsible for the textural behavior of potato tuber. These findings represent a breakthrough towards understanding of the hardening syndrome, laying the groundwork for potato-handling strategies that assure textural quality of industrially processed particularly in fresh peeled cut tubers, ready-to-prepare and frozen preserved products.

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Prusky, Dov, Nancy P. Keller, and Amir Sherman. global regulation of mycotoxin accumulation during pathogenicity of Penicillium expansum in postharvest fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600012.bard.

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Background to the topic- Penicilliumas a postharvest pathogen and producer of the mycotoxin PAT. Penicilliumspp. are destructive phytopathogens, capable of causing decay in many deciduous fruits, during postharvest handling and storage; and the resulting losses can amount to 10% of the stored produce and the accumulation of large amounts of the mycotoxinpatulin. The overall goal of this proposal is to identify critical host and pathogen factors that modulate P. expansummycotoxin genes and pathways which are required for PAT production and virulence. Our preliminary results indicated that gluconic acid are strongly affecting patulin accumulation during colonization. P. expansumacidifies apple fruit tissue during colonization in part through secretion of gluconic acid (GLA). Several publications suggested that GLA accumulation is an essential factor in P. expansumpathogenicity. Furthermore, down regulation of GOX2 significantly reduced PAT accumulation and pathogenicity. PAT is a polyketide and its biosynthesis pathway includes a 15-gene cluster. LaeA is a global regulator of mycotoxin synthesis. It is now known that patulin synthesis might be subjected to LaeA and sometimes by environmental sensing global regulatory factors including the carbon catabolite repressor CreA as well as the pH regulator factor PacC and nitrogen regulator AreA. The mechanisms by which LaeA regulates patulin synthesis was not fully known and was part of our work. Furthermore, the regulatory system that controls gene expression in accordance with ambient pH was also included in our work. PacC protein is in an inactive conformation and is unable to bind to the promoter sites of the target genes; however, under alkaline growth conditions activated PacC acts as both an activator of alkaline-expressed genes and a repressor of acid-expressed genes. The aims of the project- This project aims to provide new insights on the roles of LaeA and PacC and their signaling pathways that lead to GLA and PAT biosynthesis and pathogenicity on the host. Specifically, our specific aims were: i) To elucidate the mechanism of pH-controlled regulation of GLA and PAT, and their contribution to pathogenesis of P. expansum. We are interested to understanding how pH and/or GLA impact/s under PacC regulation affect PAT production and pathogenesis. ii) To characterize the role of LaeA, the global regulator of mycotoxin production, and its effect on PAT and PacC activity. iii) To identify the signaling pathways leading to GLA and PAT synthesis. Using state- of-the-art RNAseq technologies, we will interrogate the transcriptomes of laeAand pacCmutants, to identify the common signaling pathways regulating synthesis of both GLA and PAT. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements- In our first Aim our results demonstrated that ammonia secreted at the leading edge of the fungal colony induced transcript activation of the global pH modulator PacC and PAT accumulation in the presence of GLA. We assessed these parameters by: (i) direct exogenous treatment of P. expansumgrowing on solid medium; (ii) direct exogenous treatment on colonized apple tissue; (iii) growth under self-ammonia production conditions with limited carbon; and (iv) analysis of the transcriptional response to ammonia of the PAT biosynthesis cluster. Ammonia induced PAT accumulation concurrently with the transcript activation of pacCand PAT biosynthesis cluster genes, indicating the regulatory effect of ammonia on pacCtranscript expression under acidic conditions. Transcriptomic analysis of pH regulated processes showed that important genes and BARD Report - Project 4773 Page 2 of 10 functionalities of P. expansumwere controlled by environmental pH. The differential expression patterns of genes belonging to the same gene family suggest that genes were selectively activated according to their optimal environmental conditions to enable the fungus to cope with varying conditions and to make optimal use of available enzymes. Concerning the second and third Aims, we demonstrated that LaeA regulates several secondary metabolite genes, including the PAT gene cluster and concomitant PAT synthesis invitro. Virulence studies of ΔlaeAmutants of two geographically distant P. expansumisolates (Pe-21 from Israel and Pe-T01 from China) showed differential reduction in disease severity in freshly harvested fruit ranging from no reduction for Ch-Pe-T01 strains in immature fruit to 15–25% reduction for both strains in mature fruit, with the ΔlaeAstrains of Is-Pe-21 always showing a greater loss in virulence. Results suggest the importance of LaeA regulation of PAT and other secondary metabolites on pathogenicity. Our work also characterized for the first time the role of sucrose, a key nutritional factor present in apple fruit, as a negative regulator of laeAexpression and consequent PAT production in vitro. This is the first report of sugar regulation of laeAexpression, suggesting that its expression may be subject to catabolite repression by CreA. Some, but not all of the 54 secondary metabolite backbone genes in the P. expansumgenome, including the PAT polyketide backbone gene, were found to be regulated by LaeA. Together, these findings enable for the first time a straight analysis of a host factor that potentially activates laeAand subsequent PAT synthesis.

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