Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Soil protein"
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Статті в журналах з теми "Soil protein"
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Liu, Yufei, Xiaoxu Fan, Tong Zhang, Xin Sui, and Fuqiang Song. "Effects of atrazine application on soil aggregates, soil organic carbon and glomalin-related soil protein." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 3 (March 1, 2021): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/594/2020-pse.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Atrazine is still widely used in China. Atrazine residue (1.86–1 100 mg/kg) in the soil has exceeded the allowable limit (1.0 mg/kg), affecting soil structure and soil aggregate composition. To understand the long-term application of atrazine on soil aggregates and the binding agent, four treatments were established in cornfield planted since 1998, including without atrazine applied (AT<sub>0</sub>), atrazine applied (28% atrazine, 1 200–1 350 mL/ha/year) once a year from 2012 to 2018 (AT<sub>6</sub>, 167 mg/kg), from 2008 to 2018 (AT<sub>10</sub>, 127.64 mg/kg) as well as from 2002 to 2018 (AT<sub>16</sub>, 102 mg/kg) with three replications. Along with the increase of atrazine application time, the mass fraction of soil aggregates > 5 mm and 2–5 mm decreased significantly while the mass fraction of soil aggregates 0.5–2 mm and < 0.5 mm increased gradually, and the change of aggregate binding agents contents were the same as that of aggregates. The contents of soil organic carbon (SOC) and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in the aggregates > 5 mm and 2–5 mm were significantly negatively correlated with the years of atrazine application. Our results show that although atrazine residue in the soil does not increase with the increased yearly application, its concentration is still markedly higher than the permitted limit value and seriously affected the content of SOC and GRSP of aggregates > 2 mm, which can lead to a decrease of soil aggregate stability and soil quality.
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Noll, Lisa, Shasha Zhang, Qing Zheng, Yuntao Hu, Florian Hofhansl, and Wolfgang Wanek. "Climate and geology overwrite land use effects on soil organic nitrogen cycling on a continental scale." Biogeosciences 19, no. 23 (December 5, 2022): 5419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5419-2022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Soil fertility and plant productivity are globally constrained by N availability. Proteins are the largest N reservoir in soils, and the cleavage of proteins into small peptides and amino acids has been shown to be the rate-limiting step in the terrestrial N cycle. However, we are still lacking a profound understanding of the environmental controls of this process. Here we show that integrated effects of climate and soil geochemistry drive protein cleavage across large scales. We measured gross protein depolymerization rates in mineral and organic soils sampled across a 4000 km long European transect covering a wide range of climates, geologies and land uses. Based on structural equation models we identified that soil organic N cycling was strongly controlled by substrate availability, e.g., by soil protein content. Soil geochemistry was a secondary predictor, by controlling protein stabilization mechanisms and protein availability. Precipitation was identified as the main climatic control on protein depolymerization, by affecting soil weathering and soil organic matter accumulation. In contrast, land use was a poor predictor of protein depolymerization. Our results highlight the need to consider geology and precipitation effects on soil geochemistry when estimating and predicting soil N cycling at large scales.
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Zhang, Xi, Feng Li, Tingting Liu, Chen Xu, Dechao Duan, Cheng Peng, Shenhai Zhu, and Jiyan Shi. "The Variations in the Soil Enzyme Activity, Protein Expression, Microbial Biomass, and Community Structure of Soil Contaminated by Heavy Metals." ISRN Soil Science 2013 (December 26, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/803150.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Heavy metals have adverse effects on soil ecology. Given the toxicity of heavy metals, there is an urgent need to select an appropriate indicator that will aid in monitoring their biological effects on soil ecosystems. By combining different monitoring techniques for various aspects of microbiology, the effects of heavy metals on soil microorganisms near a smelter were studied. Our goal was to determine whether proteins could be a proper indicator for soil pollution. This study demonstrated that the activities of acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase, as well as the levels of microbial biomass carbon and proteins, were negatively affected by heavy metals. In addition, significantly negative correlations were observed between these microbial indicators and heavy metals. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis was used in this study to demonstrate that heavy metals also have a significantly negative effect on soil microbial diversity and community structure. The soil protein expression was similar across different soils, but a large quantity of presumably low molecular weight protein was observed only in contaminated soil. Based on this research, we determined that the soil protein concentration was more sensitive to heavy metals than acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase, or microbial biomass carbon because it was more dramatically decreased in the contaminated soils. Therefore, we concluded that the soil protein level has great potential to be a sensitive indicator of soil contamination. Further research is essential, particularly to identify the low molecular weight protein that only appears in contaminated soil, so that further insight can be gained into the responses of microbes to heavy metals.
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Kaur, Manpreet, Meena Bakshi, and Renu Bhardwaj. "Changes in photosynthetic pigments in relation to soils contaminated with industrial activities in Cassia occidentalis L." Indian Journal of Forestry 39, no. 3 (January 9, 2016): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2016-sm0yz6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rapid industrialization in Bhagwanpur industrial area (Uttarakhand) severely affected soil. Various industries such as cement industry, electroplating industries, small scale steel industries are contaminating environment in several ways. Efforts were made to study the biochemical changes in response to three different soils in Cassia occidentalis L. CRD pot culture experiment was laid out via using three different soil types viz. industrial area soil, control soil and mixed soil (50% control soil: 50% industrial area soil). Biochemical constituents like proteins and photosynthetic pigments viz. chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, total chlorophylls and carotenoids were analysed on 30th day of culture. Significant differences (0.05%) were observed among different soils used. Contaminated soils drastically reduced pigments as well as protein content. Maximum protein, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b ratio were observed in plants raised in control soil. In contrast, the carotenoid content was maximum in plants grown in mixed soil.
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Meng, Lu-Lu, Jia-Dong He, Ying-Ning Zou, Qiang-Sheng Wu, and Kamil Kuča. "Mycorrhiza-released glomalin-related soil protein fractions contribute to soil total nitrogen in trifoliate orange." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 4 (April 30, 2020): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/100/2020-pse.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Glomalin released from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has important roles in soil nutrient cycles, whereas contributing to glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) fractions to soil nitrogen (N) is unknown. In this study, a two-chambered root-box that was divided into root chamber (root and mycorrhizal fungi hypha) and hypha chamber (free of the root) was used, and three AMF species including Diversispora epigaea, Paraglomus occultum, and Rhizoglomus intraradices were separately inoculated into the root chamber. Plant growth, soil total N, N content of purified GRSP fractions, and its contribution to soil total N, and leaf and root N contents were analysed. After four months, total biomass and root total length, surface area, and volume were improved by all AMF inoculations. AMF inoculations dramatically increased soil total N content in two chambers. The N content of purified easily extractable GRSP (EE-GRSP) and difficultly extractable GRSP (DE-GRSP) was 0.10 ± 0.01 mg/g and 0.16 ± 0.02 mg/g, respectively, accounted for 15.6 ± 1.6% and 18.1 ± 1.8% of soil total N, respectively. AMF inoculations stimulated the N accumulation in EE-GRSP and DE-GRSP, especially in the hypha chamber. It concluded that GRSP, especially DE-GRSP, acts as a soil N pool accounting for 33.8 ± 1.9% of soil total N in orchards.
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Vlček, Vítězslav, and Miroslav Pohanka. "Glomalin – an interesting protein part of the soil organic matter." Soil and Water Research 15, No. 2 (March 11, 2020): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/29/2019-swr.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The negative effects of the current agricultural practices include erosion, acidification, loss of soil organic matter (dehumification), loss of soil structure, soil contamination by risky elements, reduction of biological diversity and land use for non-agricultural purposes. All these effects are a huge risk to the further development of soil quality from an agronomic point of view and its resilience to projected climate change. Organic matter has a crucial role in it. Relatively significant correlations with the quality or the health of soil parameters and the soil organic matter or some fraction of the soil organic matter have been found. In particular, Ctot, Cox, humic and fulvic acids, the C/N ratio, and glomalin. Our work was focused on glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by the hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which we classify as Glomeromycota. Arbuscular mycorrhiza, and its molecular pathways, is not a well understood phenomenon. It appears that many proteins are involved in the arbuscular mycorrhiza from which glomalin is probably one of the most significant. This protein is also responsible for the unique chemical and physical properties of soils and has an ecological and economical relevance in this sense and it is a real product of the mycorrhiza. Glomalin is very resistant to destruction (recalcitrant) and difficult to dissolve in water. Its extraction requires specific conditions: high temperature (121°C) and a citrate buffer with a neutral or alkaline pH. Due to these properties, glomalin (or its fractions) are very stable compounds that protect the soil aggregate surface. In this review, the actual literature has been researched and the importance of glomalin is discussed.
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Wang, S., Wu Q-S, and He X-H. "Exogenous easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein promotes soil aggregation, relevant soil enzyme activities and plant growth in trifoliate orange." Plant, Soil and Environment 61, No. 2 (June 6, 2016): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/833/2014-pse.
Повний текст джерела
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Zhang, Xi, Feng Li, Tingting Liu, Cheng Peng, Dechao Duan, Chen Xu, Shenhai Zhu, and Jiyan Shi. "The Influence of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Contamination on Soil Protein Expression." ISRN Soil Science 2013 (December 4, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/126391.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are typical representative of chlorinated organic pollutants. Given the toxicity of PCBs, there is an urgent need to select an appropriate indicator to monitor their biological effects on soil ecosystems. For this purpose, we investigated the impacts of PCBs on soil protein and the potential of using protein as a biological indicator to assess soil contamination due to PCBs. This study demonstrated that soil protein concentration and expression were negatively affected by PCBs. In addition, significantly (P<0.01) negative correlation was observed between protein concentration and PCBs. Subsequently, protein size distribution separated by SDS-PAGE revealed that with the increase in PCBs concentration there are less large molecular weight proteins and more low molecular weight proteins (<40 kD). Consequently, soil protein level has the potential to be an indicator of soil contamination, and these low molecular weight proteins have significant meaning for getting insight into the ecological effects of PCBs on the soil environment.
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Chen, Shaoning, Matthias C. Rillig, and Wei Wang. "Improving soil protein extraction for metaproteome analysis and glomalin-related soil protein detection." PROTEOMICS 9, no. 21 (November 2009): 4970–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200900251.
Повний текст джерела
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Gajic-Umiljendic, Jelena, Marija Saric-Krsmanovic, Ljiljana Santric, and Ljiljana Radivojevic. "The effect of soil type on imazamox phytotoxicity to tomato." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 30, no. 4 (2015): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1504217g.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A bioassay was performed to evaluate the susceptibility of tomato to imazamox residues in loamy and sandy soils. The effects of three different levels of soil moisture (20, 50 and 70% FWC) were also examined. Imazamox was applied at rates ranging from 6.25 to 800 ?g a.i./ kg soil. Shoot and root fresh weight and root length were the parameters measured 21 days after treatment, as well as the content of water soluble proteins. Imazamox caused growth delay and lower protein contents in both types of soil at all levels of soil moisture, and the degree of change depended on application rates. Inhibition was higher in plants grown in the sandy soil. The root parameters were more reliable as indicators of plant sensitivity to imazamox in soil. Soluble protein contents were lower in all trial variants but the changes did not depend on herbicide concentrations.
Дисертації з теми "Soil protein"
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Truong, Hung Phuc. "Fate of Cry Toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis in soil." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS210.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les propriétés insecticides du Bacillus thuringiensis, découvert par ShigentaneIshiwatari, ont été utilisées pendant des décennies comme biopesticides et cette utilisation a augmenté rapidement en raison de préoccupations au sujet des effets environnementaux négatifs des pesticides chimiques. Actuellement, la toxine Bt dans la forme de biopesticides et des plantes transgéniques Bt peut compléter ou remplacer les pesticides chimiques. Il y a peu d’indication que la toxine Bt a un effet nocif pour l'environnement ou la santé humaine. Néanmoins, il ya des préoccupations que les cultures transgéniques commerciales peuvent avoir des effets néfastes sur l'environnement. Après son introduction dans le sol l'exsudation racinaire et la dégradation des résidus végétaux, la toxine Bt interagit avec les particules de sol. Les interactions de la toxine Bt avec des particules de sol influencent sa mobilité, sa biodisponibilité, sa persistance et sa toxicité.Dans cette étude, nous visons à établir l'importance relative des facteurs biologiques et physico-chimiques dans la détermination de la dynamique des protéines Cry détectables dans les sols, de clarifier si la protéine adsorbée conserve ses propriétés insecticides et d'identifier les propriétés du sol qui déterminent le devenir des protéines Cry dans le sol. Les résultats montrent que les protéines Cry ont une forte affinité sur la surface du sol. Cependant, il y avait peu de relation entre l'affinité pour le sol ou le rendement d'extraction et les propriétés du sol, y compris la teneur en argile, teneur en carbone organique et le pH du sol. Il y avait peu de rapport entre l'affinité et le rendement d'extraction. Les protéines diffèrent à la fois dans leur affinité pour les sols et leurs rendements d'extraction.Une évaluation du rôle du sol et des facteurs environnementaux dans le sort des protéines Cry de la formulation de biopesticides commerciale a montré un déclin rapide de la protéine Cry détectable soumise aux rayons du soleil sous la condition de laboratoire, alors que peu d'effet a été observé dans des conditions de terrain. La demi-vie des protéines dans le sol dans des conditions naturelles était d'environ 1 semaine. Des effets de la température forts ont été observés, mais ils diffèrent pour les biopesticides et la protéine purifiée, indiquant différentes étapes limitantes. Pour le biopesticide, la baisse observée était ralenties par des facteurs biologiques, y compris éventuellement sporulation. En revanche pour des protéines purifiées, augmentation de la température améliorée des changements conformationnels de la protéine adsorbée du sol, conduisant à une fixation et, par conséquent diminué efficacité d'extraction qui a diminué avec le temps. En outre, l'étude de la persistance de diverses protéines Cry dans les sols contrastés a été réalisée par immuno-détection et dosage biologique a montré que la toxine extractible diminue avec incubation allant jusqu'à quatre semaines. L'activité insecticide était toujours maintenue à l'état adsorbé, mais a disparue après deux semaines d'incubation à 25°C. La baisse de la protéine extractible et la toxicité était beaucoup plus faible à 4°C à 25°C. La stérilisation du sol n'a pas eu d'effet significatif sur la persistance de la toxine Cry indiquant que le déclin observé était provoqué par la fixation en fonction du temps de la protéine adsorbée ce qui diminue la quantité de toxine Cry extractable, la dégradation de la protéine par l’activité microbienne jouant un rôle plus mineur.L’exposition des insectes aux protéines Cry sous la forme adsorbé pourrait avoir un impact significatif sur les insectes cibles et même les insectes non cibles, et devrait être plus étudiée afin de déterminer son impact potentielThe insecticidal properties of Bacillus thuringiensis, discovered by Shigentane Ishiwatari, have been used for decades as biopesticides and this use has been increasing rapidly because of concerns about the negative environmental effects of chemical pesticides. Currently, Bt toxin in the form of both biopesticides and Bt transgenic plantsmay supplement or replace chemical pesticide. There is little evidence to demonstrate that Bt toxin has any harmful effect to the environment or to human health. Nevertheless, there are concerns that commercial transgenic crops may have harmful impacts on the environment. After release into soil via root exudation and breakdown of plant residues, Bt toxin interacts with soil particles. The interactions of Bt toxin with soil particles influence its mobility, its bioavailability, its persistence and its toxicity. In this study, we aim to establish the relative importance of biological and physicochemical factors in the determination of the dynamics of detectable Cry proteins in soils, to clarify if adsorbed protein maintains its insecticidal properties and to identify the soil properties that determine the fate of Cry proteins in soil. The results show that Cry proteins have strong affinity on soil surface. However, there was little relationship between affinity for soil or the extraction yield and soil properties including clay content, organic carbon content and soil pH. There was little relationship between the affinity and the extraction yield. The proteins differ in both their affinity for soil and their extraction yields.An assessment of role of soil and environmental factors in the fate of Cry protein from commercial biopesticide formulation showed a rapid decline of detectable Cry protein subjected to direct sunlight under the laboratory condition, whereas, little effect was observed under field conditions. The half-life of proteins in soil under natural conditions was about one week. Strong temperature effects were observed, but theydiffered for biopesticide and purified protein, indicating different limiting steps. For biopesticide, the observed decline was due to biological factors, possibly including sporulation. In contrast for purified proteins, increased temperature enhanced conformationalchanges of the soil-adsorbed protein, leading to fixation and hence extraction efficiency decreased that decreased with time. Moreover, the study of persistence of various Cry proteins in contrasting soils was carried out by immuno-detection and bioassay showed that extractable toxin decreased with incubation of up to four weeks. Insecticidal activity was still retained in the adsorbed state, but lost after two weeks of incubation at 25°C. The decline in extractable protein and toxicity was much lower at 4°C than 25°C. There was no significant effect of soil sterilization to persistence of Cry toxin indicating that decrease in detectable Cry toxin in soil may be time-dependent fixation of adsorbed protein as well as decreasing solubilization in larva midgut, but not microbial breakdown.Exposition to Cry in the adsorbed form could have a significant impact on target and even non target insects and should be investigation to determine the potential impact
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Delin, Sofia. "Site-specific nitrogen fertilization demand in relation to plant available soil nitrogen and water : potential for prediction based on soil characteristics /." Skara : Department of Soil Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200506.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
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Mariani, Pilar Drummond Sampaio Correa. "Estudo da biodegradação da blenda poli (epsilon-caprolactona) / amido modificado/proteina isolada de soja em diferentes solos : caracterização dos produtos formados e avaliação da toxicidade." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267086.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientadores: Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei, Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira CardosoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T18:48:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariani_PilarDrummondSampaioCorrea_D.pdf: 18147924 bytes, checksum: 325f49ef8840be70ed59254449097128 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: O desenvolvimento de polímeros biodegradáveis tem como objetivo contribuir com a redução do volume de lixo plástico descartado no meio ambiente. Em vista disso, a utilização de polímeros naturais na confecção de blendas tem proporcionado o aproveitamento de recursos de fontes renováveis como e o caso do amido e da soja. Nesse trabalho, dando continuidade as pesquisas realizadas anteriormente no grupo de materiais biodegradáveis da Profa. Lucia H. Innocentini-Mei (FEQ/UNICAMP),foram utilizadas blendas a base de poli (e-caprolactona), amido de milho modificado, proteína isolada de soja (PIS) e sorbitol. As blendas foram preparadas através de extrusão em extrusora mono-rosca e prensagem a quente e as amostras assim obtidas foram submetidas a caracterização e estudo da biodegradação em diferentes solos, com o apoio do Laboratório de Microbiologia do solo da ESALQ/USP, sob a supervisão da Profa. Elke J.B. Cardoso. A caracterização dos materiais obtidos deu enfoque as propriedades térmicas, mecânicas, morfológicas e capacidade de biodegradação em solos de diferentes texturas, e com ou sem a adição de N-fertilizante. Observou-se que a incorporação de amido modificado e proteína isolada de soja foram responsáveis pela redução das propriedades térmicas e mecânicas dos materiais, mas, para muitas aplicações estas propriedades não são requisitos indispensáveis. Com relação à proteína isolada de soja, esta proporcionou a redução da relação carbono/nitrogênio (C/N) da blenda como esperado, atributo que foi decisivo durante o processo de biodegradacao das formulacoes em diferentes solos. A mineralizacao das formulações foi maior em solo de textura arenosa, com maior conversão de carbono a dióxido de carbono (CO2); por outro lado, o solo de textura argilosa não apresentou taxas altas de conversão de carbono a dióxido de carbono para as blendas, mas foi mais eficiente na formação de biomassa microbiana, comparado ao solo arenoso.
Abstract: The development of biodegradable polymers came to reduce the volume of plastic waste discarded in the environment. As a result, the use of natural polymers in the manufacture of blends has provided the use of renewable resources such as starch and soy. In this work, continuing the research done previously in the biodegradable materials group of School of Chemical Engineering School at State University of Campinas/ Brazil, supervised by Prof. Lucia H. Innocentini-Mei, blends of poly (e-caprolactone)/modified starch, soy protein isolate (SPI) and sorbitol were prepared by extrusion in single-screw extruder and hot pressing machine. The samples obtained were subjected to characterization and study of biodegradation in different soils, with the support of the Laboratory of Soil Microbiology (ESALQ/USP), under the supervision of Professor Elke J. B. N. Cardoso. The characterization of the material has focused on thermal, mechanical and morphological properties, and also on the biodegradation capacity in soils of different textures, and with or without the addition of N-fertilizer. It was observed that the incorporation of modified starch and soy protein isolate were responsible for the reduction of thermal and mechanical properties of materials but, for many applications, these properties are not necessaries. With respect to soy protein isolate (SPI), it reduced the carbon / nitrogen (C/N) of the blend as expected, an attribute which was decisive in the process of biodegradation of the studied formulations in different soils. Mineralization of the formulations was higher in sandy soil, with the higher conversion of carbon to carbon dioxide (CO2) compared to the clay soil, which did not show high rates of conversion but was more efficient in the formation of microbial biomass.
Doutorado
Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Metho, Lewis Amollo. "Yield and quality response of four wheat cultivars to soil fertility, photoperiod and temperature." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 1999. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10092002-124728.
Повний текст джерела
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Gildner, Theresa. "Life History Tradeoffs Between Testosterone and Immune Function Among Shuar Forager-Horticulturalists of Amazonian Ecuador." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23822.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The sex hormone testosterone supports male reproduction. However, testosterone is hypothesized to suppress immune activity, resulting in a tradeoff between energetic investment in reproductive effort and immune function. The Immunocompetence Handicap Hypothesis (ICHH) therefore argues that testosterone-linked masculine traits honestly signal health status to prospective mates, as only uninfected males should be able to maintain high testosterone levels. Still, this proposed tradeoff remains poorly tested among human men, especially among natural fertility populations experiencing high infectious disease burdens. This dissertation therefore tested the ICHH among indigenous Shuar men of Amazonian Ecuador. Specifically, this project examined testosterone variation patterns and assessed how male investment in reproductive effort is associated with reproductive success and immune function.
The first study tested testosterone level variation among Shuar men in relation to body composition, age, and style of life factors. This study demonstrated that age and BMI interactions shape testosterone levels in complex ways, such that the relationship between body composition and testosterone profile varies throughout the life course. The second study investigated whether individual reproductive success was significantly influenced by masculine trait development and parasite load. These results failed to support the hypotheses that masculine traits increased reproductive success or honestly signaled lack of parasitic disease. Instead, a significant positive association was observed between a composite score of masculine traits and Ascaris lumbricoides infection load; suggesting that male investment in reproductive effort may increase parasitic infection risk.
The final study assessed whether testosterone levels were negatively associated with four measures of immune function (parasite load, C-Reactive Protein [CRP], Immunoglobulin-G [IgG], and Immunoglobulin-E [IgE]). Testosterone levels were inversely associated with CRP levels and a positive relationship between testosterone levels and Trichuris trichiura infection load was documented, suggesting increased investment in reproductive effort may suppress some aspects of immune function and increase parasite burden. Overall, these studies fail to support the ICHH, but do indicate a context-dependent tradeoff between energetic investment in male reproductive effort and some aspects of immune function; thereby demonstrating complex interactions between physical characteristics, physiological processes, and immune activity in human men.
This dissertation includes unpublished, co-authored material.
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Whitaker, Justin. "Assessing Recombinant Expression of Urease Enzyme from Sporosarcina ureae as a Carbonatogenic Method for Strength Enhancement of Loose, Sandy Soils." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35228.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les sols qui ne rencontrent pas les normes d’ingénierie civile doivent êtres soumis à des améliorations géotechniques car les vibrations causées par les tremblements de terre ou par la surcharge sur des infrastructures en hauteur peuvent mener à la liquéfaction partielle ou totale des sols saturés en eau. Ceci peut donc entrainer des dommages importants aux structures construites sur ces sols. Certaines méthodes existent pour remédier à ce problème, mais elles demeurent couteuses et parfois toxiques car elles utilisent de l’acrylamide et des lignosulfates. La bio-précipitation in situ de calcite dans les sols représente une méthode alternative. Le tout se fait avec des bactéries qui démontrent une activité uréolytique. La présente étude s’est intéressée à l’activité uréolytique des souches Escherichia coli, Sporosarcina ureae, Bacillus pasteurii, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Bacillus subtilis et Bacillus megaterium. Les résultats démontrent que l’urée est seulement dégradée par les souches S. ureae et S. pasteurii. L’incubation de S. ureae en présence de Ni2+ (0.1-1 ppm) et Fe2+ (1-10 ppm) a toutefois permis d’augmenter l’activité catalytique de la souche, ce qui démontre l’importance des éléments nutritifs lors de l’hydrolyse de l’urée. Afin de tester l’activité uréolytique des autres souches, nous avons introduit un système d’expression uréase dans la souche E. coli en substituant des amino-acides dans la structure primaire des protéines. Suite à cette modification, l’activité uréolytique de E. coli s’est améliorée et est devenue comparable à celle des souches S. ureae et S. pasteurii. L’injection de S. ureae et du mutant E. coli dans des sables non-consolidés a permis de cimenter de façon significative (p < 0.05) le matériel par rapport à des sables non inoculés, et ce après seulement 48 heures. Le transfert du système recombinant de E coli vers S. ureae est présentement en cours. Ces résultats prometteurs indiquent qu’il est possible de stimuler la précipitation in situ de calcite en utilisant des bactéries et de stabiliser les sols prônes à la liquéfaction.
=== Soils often do not satisfy functional requirements for civil engineering projects and as a result geotechnical improvements to soils are often made. Dynamic shaking during earthquakes or static overloading by overlying structures may still result in liquefaction in partially or fully water saturated soils. These have little bearing capacity for structures. Severe damages can result. Moreover, preventative soil grouting strategies are expensive, toxic, and permanent due to acrylamides, lignosulfonates, and otherwise harmful compounds present therein. Alternative methods of strength enhancement are advisable. Microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) was assessed in this investigation to consolidate loose, sandy soils. Ureolytic activty of Escherichia coli, Sporosarcina ureae, Bacillus pasteurii, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium were assessed. Urea was readily degraded foremost by S. ureae and next by S. pasteurii with no significant (p <0.05) activity in other strains. Incubation of S. ureae with 0.1 - 1ppm Ni2+ and 1-10ppm Fe2+ was shown to improve catalytic activity, suggesting their importance as a dietary source for urea hydrolysis. A urease expression system was established in E. coli and particular amino acid substitutions in protein primary structure made. Enhanced ureolytic activity was observed in these E. coli mutants, comparable to native S. ureae activity. Application of wild type S. ureae and recombinant E. coli for MICP in a model sand showed significant (p < 0.05) improvements compared to controls after 48 hours. Transfer of the recombinant system in E. coli to S. ureae is currently underway. These results provide valuable insight affirming that a practical system for the application of MICP may be feasible in the field for the strength enhancement of native and construction-laid loose, sandy soils.
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Sun, Hongwei. "The effect of seaweed concentrate on turfgrass growth, nematode tolerance and protein synthesis under moisture stress conditions." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-163430/.
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Kovács-Bogdán, Erika [Verfasser], and Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Soll. "Characterization of protein import channel-forming proteins in chloroplasts / Erika Kovács-Bogdán. Betreuer: Jürgen Soll." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1015170218/34.
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Castagnara, Deise Dalazen. "Produção de grãos, forragem, palhada e propriedades físicas em latossolo vermelho sob diferentes usos em sistemas de integração lavoura pecuária." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2012. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1479.
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-08Universidade Federal do Pampa
The study was conducted to evaluate the production and characteristics of oat straw in 2009 and the performance of corn in succession submitted to the different splitting of nitrogen. Also, the production of fodder and straw, structural and nutritional characteristics of oat and soil physical properties in the succession black oat / corn / oats / soybean / oats in the years 2009, 2010 and 2011. We adopted six land uses distributed in bands (P10 and P20: grazing height of the residue of 10 and 20 cm, C10 and C20: Cutting hay with height of the residue of 10 and 20 cm, SC w / SD - no grazing or cuts for tillage; SC w / PC - without grazing or cutting for conventional tillage) and three times in the design of randomized blocks. In the years 2009, 2010 and 2011 were performed respectively 3, 1 and 2 cuts or grazing oats. In 2009/2010 crop was sown corn crop and the harvest 2010/2011 soybean crop. Evaluations to determine production of straw were taken after grazing or cutting and drying prior to deployment to areas of summer crops. In maize were evaluated biometric characteristics, yield components and productivity. Sampling for determination of dry matter production, structural and nutritional characteristics of forage were taken at each cutting or grazing. The samples for the determination of physical characteristics of soil macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity and bulk density were made in layers 0 to 0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m at the end of each cycle of cultivation of oats or of summer crops. The completion of cutting or grazing reduces the deposition of straw by oats. Large quantities of straw oats reduce the productivity of corn. Different splitting of nitrogen do not affect the grain yield in oats. Better quality forage and better distributed throughout the autumn-winter period is achieved with the completion of cutting or grazing. In Oxisol, conventional tillage reduces density and increases microporosity and macroporosity and total porosity, while the cultivation of oats in the fall and winter harvest forage by cutting or grazing residual height of 10 cm or 20 does not alter the physical properties of soil
O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a produção e características da palhada de aveia branca e o desempenho da cultura do milho em sucessão submetida à diferentes parcelamentos da adubação nitrogenada. Estudou-se também, a produção de forragem e palhada, características estruturais e nutritivas da aveia branca e as características físicas do solo na sucessão aveia/milho/aveia/soja/aveia nos anos de 2009; 2010 e 2011. Foram adotados seis usos do solo distribuídos em faixas (pastejo com altura do resíduo de 10 e 20 cm; corte para fenação com altura do resíduo de 10 e 20 cm; sem pastejos ou cortes para semeadura direta e sem pastejos ou cortes para preparo convencional) com três repetições sob o delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Nos anos de 2009; 2010 e 2011 foram realizados respectivamente 3; 1 e 2 cortes ou pastejos na aveia. Na safra 2009/2010 foi semeada a cultura do milho e na safra 2010/2011 a cultura da soja. Na aveia avaliou-se a produção, características estruturais e nutritivas da forragem antes de cada pastejo ou corte, e a produção e composição da palhada residual após cada pastejo ou corte e antes da semeadura das culturas de verão. Na cultura do milho foram avaliadas as características biométricas, os componentes de produção e produtividade. No solo estudou-se as características físicas de macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total e densidade do solo por meio de amostragens realizadas nas camadas de 0 0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m ao final de cada ciclo de cultivo da aveia ou das culturas de verão. A realização de cortes ou pastejos reduziu a deposição de palhada residual pela aveia. Grandes quantidades de palhada residual de aveia reduziram a produtividade da cultura do milho. Diferentes parcelamentos da adubação nitrogenada não interferiram na produtividade do milho em sucessão à aveia. Forragem de melhor qualidade e melhor distribuída ao longo do período do outono-inverno foi obtida com a realização de cortes ou pastejos. Em Latossolo Vermelho, o preparo convencional reduziu a densidade e a microporosidade e aumentou a macroporosidade e a porosidade total, enquanto o cultivo de aveia no outono inverno e colheita da foragem por corte ou pastejo com altura residual de 10 ou 20 cm não alterou as propriedades físicas do solo
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Avila, Luciana Aparecida. "Efeitos do algodão Bt (Bollgard evento 531) na comunidade bacteriana da rizosfera." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-12012009-114036/.
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O algodão transgênico Bollgard® (algodão Bt) contém o gene cry1Ac da bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis, que confere a planta resistência a Lepidopteros. A expressão deste gene na planta pode acarretar efeitos ecológicos adversos à microbiota do solo e da rizosfera. Em casa-de-vegetação, a comunidade bacteriana associada ao algodão Bt foi comparada a do algodão convencional, em dois tipos de solos e quatro estádios fenológicos. Amostras de rizosfera foram avaliadas por técnicas dependentes e independentes de cultivo. As técnicas de contagem de bactérias e DGGE permitiram observar os efeitos do algodão Bt na densidade e diversidade de Pseudomonas e bactérias totais, durante os estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento da planta. A toxina Cry foi detectada na rizosfera de algodão Bt, em todo ciclo da cultura. Nas fases de formação do botão floral e abertura das maçãs, a atividade microbiana foi maior na rizosfera do algodão Bt. Esses resultados indicam o potencial do ambiente rizosférico em reestabelecer à estrutura da comunidade bacterina após um impacto temporal.The transgenic cotton Bollgard® (Bt cotton) contains the cry1Ac gene from the Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium, which confers the plant resistance against some insects. The expression of this gene in the plant can cause adverse ecological effects on soil and rhizosphere microbiota. In a greenhouse experiment, the bacterial community associate to Bt cotton was compared to non-transgenic parental cultivar plants, in two types of soil at different plant development stages. Rhizosphere communities were evaluated by culture-dependent and independent approaches. Results reveal the effect of the Bt cotton in the density and diversity of Pseudomonas and total bacteria, during initial plant development stages. The Cry toxin was detected in the rhizosphere of Bt cotton, during all plant cycle. In the phases of flower formation and fruit opening, the microbial activity was greater in the rhizosphere of Bt cotton. These results show the potential of the rhizosphere to reestablish the original structure of the bacterial community after a temporary impact.
Книги з теми "Soil protein"
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Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations (Canada), ed. The farmer as a manufacturer: Part I. The world's sole manufacturer of protein, fats, carbohydrates and cloth fibres. Ottawa: [Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.
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Celia, Holland, ed. The impact of helminth infections on human nutrition: Schistosomes and soil-transmitted helminths. London: Taylor & Francis, 1987.
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L, Lundstrom Kenneth, and Chiu Mark L, eds. G protein-coupled receptors in drug discovery. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2005.
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Nannipieri, Paolo, and Kornelia Smalla, eds. Nucleic Acids and Proteins in Soil. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29449-x.
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Dragging the lake: Poems. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University Press, 2006.
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Robert, Thomas. Dragging the lake: Poems. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University Press, 2006.
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Robin, Clarke. Protect and produce: Soil conservation for development. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1986.
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Prāṇarañjana, Caudhurī, Khādijā Banu, and Sāhā Gautama, eds. Banyā bhāṅana pratirodha āndolana: Saṃkhyā, 2006. [Mursidabad]: Murśidābāda Jelā Banyā o Bhāṅana Pratirodha Kamiṭī, 2006.
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United States. Soil Conservation Service, ed. Conservation practices to protect water quality. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1993.
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Marsland, P. A. Methodology for the derivation of remedial targets for soil and groundwater to protect water resources. Bristol: Environment Agency, 1999.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Soil protein"
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Uhrig, Joachim F., and Stuart A. MacFarlane. "Protein-Protein Interactions in Plant Virus Movement and Pathogenicity." In Soil Biology, 319–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75575-3_13.
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Franchi, Alessandro. "Nuclear Protein in Testis Midline Carcinoma." In Encyclopedia of Soil Science, 297–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28618-1_2650.
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Servagent-Noinville, S., M. Revault, H. Quiquampoix, and M. H. Baron. "Protein adsorption on soil mineral surfaces." In Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules: New Directions, 57–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4479-7_26.
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Baron, M. H., M. Revault, and H. Quiquampoix. "Protein Adsorption on Soil Mineral Surfaces." In Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules: Modern Trends, 503–4. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5622-6_228.
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Malla, Rajani, Utprekshya Pokharel, Ram Prasad, and Ajit Varma. "Molecular Techniques to Study Polymorphism between Closely Related Microorganisms in Relation to Specific Protein Phosphatase." In Soil Enzymology, 339–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14225-3_19.
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Spence, K. E., A. L. Allen, S. Wang, and J. Jane. "Soil and Marine Biodegradation of Protein—Starch Plastics." In ACS Symposium Series, 149–58. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0627.ch012.
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Rincón, Magaly, and Robert A. Gonzales. "Induction of protein synthesis by aluminium in wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Root Tips." In Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH, 851–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3438-5_95.
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Rajesh, T., J. Rajendhran, P. Lavanya Pushpam, and P. Gunasekaran. "Methods in Metagenomic DNA, RNA, and Protein Isolation from Soil." In Handbook of Molecular Microbial Ecology II, 93–107. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118010549.ch10.
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Sen, Dipankar. "Whole-Cell Protein Profiles of Soil Bacteria by Gel Electrophoresis." In SSSA Book Series, 619–34. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.2.c29.
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Quiquampoix, H., J. Abadie, M. H. Baron, F. Leprince, P. T. Matumoto-Pintro, R. G. Ratcliffe, and S. Staunton. "Mechanisms and Consequences of Protein Adsorption on Soil Mineral Surfaces." In ACS Symposium Series, 321–33. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1995-0602.ch023.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Soil protein"
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Jundt, Emily, Kaustav Majumder, and Bijesh Maharjan. "Does Soil Nutrient Management with Nitrogen Fertilizer Increase Protein Content in Leguminous Plants." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/qgrx4847.
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Dry edible beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are leguminous plants and are an excellent source of dietary proteins. Great Northern (GN) beans are a market class of dry edible beans and a major agricultural commodity in Nebraska. Soil nutrient management with nitrogen (N) fertilizer can enhance bean production by increasing N uptake, potentially improving protein quantity, and resulting in a potential economic benefit to bean farmers. Thus, this experiment aims to evaluate and optimize the effects of N treatment on yield, total protein, and soluble protein in GN beans. Seven treatments were tested, consisting of two controls and 5 treatments of urea at different rates. This field trial used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) structure, with four replications per treatment. GN beans were planted in May 2021, fertilized in June, and harvested in September 2021. Yield was calculated, total protein content was measured via the Dumas method, and soluble protein content was analyzed by Lowry’s protein estimation method. Bean yield linearly increased with fertilizer N rate. Bean yield ranged from 3260 lbs/ac at 0 lbs N/ac to 3710 lbs/ac at 125 lbs N/ac. Results also showed that both total and soluble protein content in GN beans linearly increased with applied N rate. The urea treatment at a rate of 100 and 125 lbs /ac increased the total protein content by 1.0 and 2.9%, respectively. Soluble protein content increased by 1.2 and 1.8% when urea was applied at rates of 100 and 125 lbs/ac, respectively. As the demand for plant-based protein continues to grow, it brings a large market for legume proteins that can be optimized with N management. The use of N management to enhance the bean quality by increasing total and soluble protein will add more economic value to the GN beans and benefit the bean growers.
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Timmermann, C., and G. F. Félix. "40. Ethical issues involving long-term land leases: a soil sciences perspective." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-892-6_40.
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Rosa, Isamar, Henning Roedel, Michael D. Lepech, and David J. Loftus. "Creation of Statistically Equivalent Periodic Unit Cells for Protein-Bound Soils." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52029.
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In 2010, NASA was directed to develop technologies to reduce the cost and risk of space exploration and send humans beyond the International Space Station. A central challenge to long-duration space missions is a lack of available construction materials in situ. This work focuses on a novel class of composites that can be produced extraterrestrially in situ by desiccating a mixture of soil, water, and protein binder to create a strong, versatile material. To date, experimental tests of mechanical properties have shown significant variability among samples. This paper focuses on the creation of Statistically Equivalent Periodic Unit Cells (SEPUC) to stochastically model protein-bound composites for the purpose of creating FE models that provide insights into experimental results. Model inputs include the soil granulometry and volume fractions of the phases. Ellipsoidal particles are placed, and protein coatings and bridges are created, using a Level Set based Random Sequential Addition algorithm. Each image is assigned a statistical descriptor and a simple genetic algorithm is used to optimize for a statistical descriptor close to that of experimental specimens. The framework is validated by comparing experimental images of protein-bound soils obtained by micro-CT scanning with those obtained through the SEPUC framework.
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Filatov, A. N., and V. K. Khramoy. "Influence of soil treatment methods on grain and protein productivity of barley variety Cherio." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-71.
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When replacing plowing with disk tillage, there is a steady downward trend in the yield of barley grain, but the differences are not always reliable. On average, the decrease was 5.7%. In arid conditions, the use of minimal tillage leads to a decrease in the protein content in the grain of barley, and in conditions of increased moisture, to an increase. With traditional tillage, there was a tendency to an increase in protein harvest with grain harvest,
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Lukashov, Vladimir, Tat'yana Korotkova, and Aleksandr Isakov. "Efficiency of cultivation of perennial legume-grass mixtures on gray forest soils of Kaluga region." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production23 (71). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-23-71-135-139.
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The results of research conducted by the authors on gray forest soils in Kaluga region. Shows the energy efficiency of cultivation of perennial and annual fodder crops are calculated based on actual energy consumption and release of metabolic energy yield. The data on the effect of perennial grasses on the content of humus and the change in the acidity of the soil. The scheme to study the efficiency of common crops of different varieties of red clover, lucerne and festulolium changeable, it provides a brief description of the studied cultures. Shows data on yield of green mass, harvesting of 1 hectare of dry matter, metabolizable energy and crude protein according to variants of experience. On the basis of obtained results the conclusion about the feasibility of using the studied mixtures to increase the energy and protein value of feeds, ensuring the most efficient use of nonrenewable energy, conservation and improvement of soil fertility, sustainability of agro ecosystems.
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Kovshova, Valentina, and Anna Smirnova. "Changes in forage quality of a long-term pasture depending on mineral fertilizer and weather conditions." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production 27 (75). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-27-75-125-133.
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The results of research on changes in productivity and nutritional value of long-term pasture grass on drained peat soil depending on the methods of mineral fertilizer and agro-climatic conditions of the Volga-Vyatka economic region are presented. The role of the anthropogenic factor in changing the botanical composition of pasture grass, its productivity and the quality of the resulting feed is assessed. The parameters of the control of the collection of digestible protein from 1 ha of pasture grass under different types of weather have been determined. Experimental data confirm that the use of drained peat soils in grassland farming is the most promising way to solve the problem of forage production and preservation of the organic layer of peat soil.
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Olszewska, Aleksandra, Julia Napora, Kamil Kamienski, Kazimierz Dzierzek, Maciej Recko, and Adrian Kawecki. "Influence of Soil Parameters on Protein Presence for a Mars Rover Analogue’s On-Board Laboratory Setup." In 2020 21th International Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccc49264.2020.9257250.
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Shkarupa, М. V. "EFFICACY OF GROWTH REGULATOR CONTAINING GIBBERELIN ACID ON SOYBEAN IN THE CENTRAL ZONE OF THE KRASNODAR REGION." In 11-я Всероссийская конференция молодых учёных и специалистов «Актуальные вопросы биологии, селекции, технологии возделывания и переработки сельскохозяйственных культур». V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/conf11-2021-266-269.
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In 2020, we conducted double spraying soybean plants with growth regulator Proliant, BG containing gibberellin acid at the beginning of flowering and pods formation phases, experiment was done on leached black soil of the central natural-climatic zone of the Krasnodar region. This caused increase of yield by 0.12–0.27 t/hа (4.2–9.5 %) and air-dried biomass by 0.22–0.35 t/hа (5.9–9.4 %), protein yield – by 47.5–108.4 kg/hа (5.0–11.5 %), oil yield – by 21.1–45.1 kg/hа (3.8–8.0 %). Key words: soybean, yield, yield quality, plant growth regulator, leached black soil.
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Teberdiev, Dalhat, Anna Rodionova, and Sergey Zapivalov. "INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND FERTILIZERS SYSTEMS FOR LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY HAYMAKING AND SOIL FERTILITY." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-34-39.
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When using long-term haymaking (73 years of use), the regularities of the influence of fertilizers and technological systems on the productivity and fertility of the soil are established. When using a technogenic system (without fertilizers), the productivity was 31.9 GJ/ha of exchange energy, the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil decreased by 37%, exchange potassium-by 19%, humus increased from 2.03 to 3.05%, with an annual humus content of 18 kg/ha. The highest productivity of haymaking over the past 27 years of use was observed in the technogenic-mineral system when using N180P45K90 —– 72.5 GJ/ha of exchange energy, 5.6 thousand feed. units, 922 kg/ha of raw protein. The content of mobile phosphorus in the soil increased by 232% compared to the initial one, humus from 2.03 to 2.94%, exchange potassium decreased by 18%, and the average annual accumulation of humus was 28 kg/ha.
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Olbrycht, Maksymilian, Wojciech Marek, Maciej Balawejder, Wojciech Piątkowski, and Dorota Antos. "Mass transport of micro- and macro-molecule compounds of phosphorous base fertilizer fortified with protein in soil matrix." In Chemical technology and engineering. Lviv Polytechnic National University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/cte2019.01.338.
Повний текст джерелаЗвіти організацій з теми "Soil protein"
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Matthias C. Rillig. Controls on the production, incorporation and decomposition of glomalin - a novel fungal soil protein important to soil carbon. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/819024.
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.
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Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report
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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.
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Raghothama, Kashchandra G., Avner Silber, and Avraham Levy. Biotechnology approaches to enhance phosphorus acquisition of tomato plants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586546.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: Phosphorus is one of the least available macronutrient in the soil. The high affinity phosphate transporters are known to be associated with phosphate acquisition under natural conditions. Due to unique interactions of phosphate with soil particles, up to 80% of the applied phosphates may be fixed forcing the farmers to apply 4 to 5 times the fertilizers necessary for crop production. Efficient uptake and utilization of this essential nutrient is essential for sustainability and profitability of agriculture. Many predictions point to utilization/exhaustion of high quality phosphate rocks within this century. This calls for efforts to improve the ability of plants to acquire and utilize limiting sources of phosphate in the rhizosphere. Two important molecular and biochemical components associated with phosphate efficiency are phosphate transporters and phosphatases. This research project is aimed at defining molecular determinants of phosphate acquisition and utilization in addition to generating phosphate uptake efficient plants. The main objectives of the project were; Creation and analysis of transgenic tomato plants over-expressing phosphatases and transporters Characterization of the recently identified members (LePT3 and LePT4) of the Pi transporter family Generate molecular tools to study genetic responses of plants to Pi deficiency During the project period we have successfully identified and characterized a novel phosphate transporter associated with mycorrhizal symbiosis. The expression of this transporter increases with mycorrhizal symbiosis. A thorough characterization of mutant tomato lacking the expression of this gene revealed the biological significance of LePT3 and another novel gene LePT4. In addition we have isolated and characterized several phosphate starvation induced genes from tomato using a combination of differential and subtractive mRNA hybridization techniques. One of the genes, LePS2 belongs to the family of phospho-protein phosphatase. The functionality of the recombinant protein was determined using synthetic phosphor-peptides. Over expression of this gene in tomato resulted in significant changes in growth, delay in flowering and senescence. It is anticipated that phospho-protein phosphatase may have regulatory role in phosphate deficiency responses of plants. In addition a novel phosphate starvation induced glycerol 3-phosphate permease gene family was also characterized. Two doctoral research students are continuing the characterization and functional analysis of these genes. Over expression of high affinity phosphate transporters in tobacco showed increased phosphate content under hydroponic conditions. There is growing evidence suggesting that high affinity phosphate transporters are crucial for phosphate acquisition even under phosphate sufficiency conditions. This project has helped train several postdoctoral fellows and graduate students. Further analysis of transgenic plants expressing phosphatases and transporters will not only reveal the biological function of the targeted genes but also result in phosphate uptake and utilization efficient plants.
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McClure, Michael A., Yitzhak Spiegel, David M. Bird, R. Salomon, and R. H. C. Curtis. Functional Analysis of Root-Knot Nematode Surface Coat Proteins to Develop Rational Targets for Plantibodies. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575284.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The goal of this research was to provide a better understanding of the interface between root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., and their host in order to develop rational targets for plantibodies and other novel methods of nematode control directed against the nematode surface coat (SC). Specific objectives were: 1. To produce additional monoclonal SC antibodies for use in Objectives 2, 3, and 4 and as candidates for development of plantibodies. 2. To determine the production and distribution of SC proteins during the infection process. 3. To use biochemical and immunological methods to perturbate the root-knot nematode SC in order to identify SC components that will serve as targets for rationally designed plantibodies. 4. To develop SC-mutant nematodes as additional tools for defining the role of the SC during infection. The external cuticular layer of nematodes is the epicuticle. In many nematodes, it is covered by a fuzzy material termed "surface coat" (SC). Since the SC is the outermost layer, it may playa role in the interaction between the nematode and its surroundings during all life stages in soil and during pathogenesis. The SC is composed mainly of proteins, carbohydrates (which can be part of glycoproteins), and lipids. SC proteins and glycoproteins have been labeled and extracted from preparasitic second-stage juveniles and adult females of Meloidogyne and specific antibodies have been raised against surface antigens. Antibodies can be used to gain more information about surface function and to isolate genes encoding for surface antigens. Characterization of surface antigens and their roles in different life-stages may be an important step towards the development of alternative control. Nevertheless, the role of the plant- parasitic nematode's surface in plant-nematode interaction is still not understood. Carbohydrates or carbohydrate-recognition domains (CROs) on the nematode surface may interact with CROs or carbohydrate molecules, on root surfaces or exudates, or be active after the nematode has penetrated into the root. Surface antigens undoubtedly play an important role in interactions with microorganisms that adhere to the nematodes. Polyclonal (PC) and monoclonal (MC) antibodies raised against Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita and other plant-parasitic nematodes, were used to characterize the surface coat and secreted-excreted products of M. javanica and M. incognita. Some of the MC and PC antibodies raised against M. incognita showed cross-reactivity with the surface coat of M. javanica. Further characterization, in planta, of the epitopes recognized by the antibodies, showed that they were present in the parasitic juvenile stages and that the surface coat is shed during root penetration by the nematode and its migration between root cells. At the molecular level, we have followed two lines of experimentation. The first has been to identify genes encoding surface coat (SC) molecules, and we have isolated and characterized a small family of mucin genes from M. incognita. Our second approach has been to study host genes that respond to the nematode, and in particular, to the SC. Our previous work has identified a large suite of genes expressed in Lycopersicon esculentum giant cells, including the partial cDNA clone DB#131, which encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase. Isolation and predicted translation of the mature cDNA revealed a frame shift mutation in the translated region of nematode sensitive plants. By using primers homologous to conserved region of DB#131 we have identified the orthologues from three (nematode-resistant) Lycopersicon peruvianum strains and found that these plants lacked the mutation.
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Liu, James C. FLUKA CALCULATIONS OF RADIONUCLIDES, STAR, AND NEUTRON FLUENCE IN SOIL AROUND HIGH-ENERGY ELECTRON AND PROTON LINEAR ACCELERATORS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/799972.
Повний текст джерела
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Ginzberg, Idit, and Walter De Jong. Molecular genetic and anatomical characterization of potato tuber skin appearance. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587733.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) skin is composed of suberized phellem cells, the outer component of the tuber periderm. The focus of the proposed research was to apply genomic approaches to identify genes that control tuber skin appearance - smooth and shiny skin is highly preferred by the customers while russeted/netted skin potatoes are rejected. The breeding program (at Cornell University) seeks to develop smooth-skin varieties but has encountered frequent difficulties as inheritance of russeting involves complementary action by independently segregating genes, where a dominant allele at each locus is required for any degree of skin russeting. On the other hand, smooth-skin varieties frequently develop unsightly russeting in response to stress conditions, mainly high soil temperatures. Breeding programs in Israel aimed towards the improvement of heat tolerant varieties include skin quality as one of the desired characteristics. At the initiation of the present project it was unclear whether heat induced russeting and genetically inherited russeting share the same genes and biosynthesis pathways. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that russeting might result from increased periderm thickness, from strong cohesion between peridermal cells that prevents the outer layers from sloughing off, or from altered suberization processes in the skin. Hence, the original objectives were to conduct anatomical study of russet skin development, to isolate skin and russeting specific genes, to map the loci that determine the russet trait, and to compare with map locations the candidate russet specific genes, as well as to identify marker alleles that associated with russet loci. Anatomical studies suggested that russet may evolve from cracking at the outer layers of the skin, probably when skin development doesn’t meet the tuber expansion rate. Twodimensional gel electrophoresis and transcript profiling (cDNA chip, potato functional genomic project) indicated that in comparison to the parenchyma tissue, the skin is enriched with proteins/genes that are involved in the plant's responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and further expand the concept of the skin as a protective tissue containing an array of plantdefense components. The proteomes of skin from heat stressed tubers and native skin didn’t differ significantly, while transcript profiling indicated heat-related increase in three major functional groups: transcription factors, stress response and protein degradation. Exceptional was ACC synthase isogene with 4.6 fold increased level in the heat stressed skin. Russeting was mapped to two loci: rusB on chromosome 4 and rusC on chromosome 11; both required for russeting. No evidence was found for a third locus rusA that was previously proposed to be required for russeting. In an effort to find a link between the russeting character and the heat-induced russeting an attempt was made to map five genes that were found in the microarray experiment to be highly induced in the skin under heat stress in the segregating russet population. Only one gene was polymorphic; however it was localized to chromosome 2, so cannot correspond to rusB or rusC. Evaluation of AFLP markers tightly linked to rusB and rusC showed that these specific alleles are not associated with russeting in unrelated germplasm, and thus are not useful for MAS per se. To develop markers useful in applied breeding, it will be necessary to screen alleles of additional tightly linked loci, as well as to identify additional russet (heat-induced and/or native) related genes.
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Wackett, Lawrence, Raphi Mandelbaum, and Michael Sadowsky. Bacterial Mineralization of Atrazine as a Model for Herbicide Biodegradation: Molecular and Applied Aspects. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7695835.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Atrazine is a broadly used herbicide in agriculture and it was used here as a model to study the biodegradation of herbicides. The bacterium Pseudomonas sp. ADP metabolizes atrazine to carbon dioxide and ammonia and chloride. The genes encoding atrazine catabolism to cyanuric acid were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The genes were designated atzA, atzB and atzC. Each gene was sequenced. The enzyme activities were characterized. AtzA is atrazine chlorohydrolase which takes atrazine to hydroxyatrizine. AtzB is hydroxyatrazine N-ethylaminohydrolase which produces N-isopropylammelide and N-ethylamine. AtzC is N-isopropylammelide N-isopropylaminohydrolase which produces cyanuric acid and N-isopropylamine. Each product was isolated and characterized to confirm their identity by chromatography and mass spectrometry. Sequence analysis indicated that each of the hydrolytic enzymes AtzA, AtzB and AtzC share identity which the aminohydrolase protein superfamily. Atrazine chlorohydrolase was purified to homogeneity. It was shown to have a kcat of 11 s-1 and a KM of 150 uM. It was shown to require a metal ion, either Fe(II), Mn(II) or Co(II), for activity. The atzA, atzB and atzC genes were shown to reside on a broad-host range plasmid in Pseudomonas sp. ADP. Six other recently isolated atrazine-degrading bacteria obtained from Europe and the United States contained homologs to the atz genes identified in Pseudomonas sp. ADP. The identity of the sequences were very high, being greater than 98% in all pairwise comparisons. This indicates that many atrazine-degrading bacteria worldwide metabolize atrazine via a pathway that proceeds through hydroxyatrazine, a metabolite which is non-phytotoxic and non-toxic to mammals. Enzymes were immobilized and used for degradation of atrazine in aqueous phases. The in-depth understanding of the genomics and biochemistry of the atrazine mineralization pathway enabled us to study factors affecting the prevalence of atrazine degradation in various agricultural soils under conservative and new agricultural practices. Moreover, Pseudomonas sp. ADP and/or its enzymes were added to atrazine-contaminated soils, aquifers and industrial wastewater to increase the rate and extent of atrazine biodegradation above that of untreated environments. Our studies enhance the ability to control the fate of regularly introduced pesticides in agriculture, or to reduce the environmental impact of unintentional releases.
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Walsh, Alex. The Contentious Politics of Tunisia’s Natural Resource Management and the Prospects of the Renewable Energy Transition. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.048.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For many decades in Tunisia, there has been a robust link between natural resource management and contentious national and local politics. These disputes manifest in the form of protests, sit-ins, the disruption of production and distribution and legal suits on the one hand, and corporate and government response using coercive and concessionary measures on the other. Residents of resource-rich areas and their allies protest the inequitable distribution of their local natural wealth and the degradation of their health, land, water, soil and air. They contest a dynamic that tends to bring greater benefit to Tunisia’s coastal metropolitan areas. Natural resource exploitation is also a source of livelihoods and the contentious politics around them have, at times, led to somewhat more equitable relationships. The most important actors in these contentious politics include citizens, activists, local NGOs, local and national government, international commercial interests, international NGOs and multilateral organisations. These politics fit into wider and very longstanding patterns of wealth distribution in Tunisia and were part of the popular alienation that drove the uprising of 2011. In many ways, the dynamic of the contentious politics is fundamentally unchanged since prior to the uprising and protests have taken place within the same month of writing of this paper. Looking onto this scene, commentators use the frame of margins versus centre (‘marginalization’), and also apply the lens of labour versus capital. If this latter lens is applied, not only is there continuity from prior to 2011, there is continuity with the colonial era when natural resource extraction was first industrialised and internationalised. In these ways, the management of Tunisia’s natural wealth is a significant part of the country’s serious political and economic challenges, making it a major factor in the street politics unfolding at the time of writing.
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Cohen, Roni, Kevin Crosby, Menahem Edelstein, John Jifon, Beny Aloni, Nurit Katzir, Haim Nerson, and Daniel Leskovar. Grafting as a strategy for disease and stress management in muskmelon production. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613874.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The overall objective of this research was to elucidate the horticultural, pathological, physiological and molecular factors impacting melon varieties (scion) grafted onto M. cannonballus resistant melon and squash rootstocks. Specific objectives were- to compare the performance of resistant melon germplasm (grafted and non-grafted) when exposed to M. cannoballus in the Lower Rio Grande valley and the Wintergarden, Texas, and in the Arava valley, Israel; to address inter-species relationships between a Monosporascus resistant melon rootstock and susceptible melon scions in terms of fruit-set, fruit quality and yield; to study the factors which determine the compatibility between the rootstock and the scion in melon; to compare the responses of graft unions of differing compatibilities under disease stress, high temperatures, deficit irrigation, and salinity stress; and to investigate the effect of rootstock on stress related gene expression in the scion. Some revisions were- to include watermelon in the Texas investigations since it is much more economically important to the state, and also to evaluate additional vine decline pathogens Didymella bryoniae and Macrophomina phaseolina. Current strategies for managing vine decline rely heavily on soil fumigation with methyl bromide, but restrictions on its use have increased the need for alternative management strategies. Grafting of commercial melon varieties onto resistant rootstocks with vigorous root systems is an alternative to methyl bromide for Monosporascus root rot/vine decline (MRR/VD) management in melon production. Extensive selection and breeding has already produced potential melon rootstock lines with vigorous root systems and disease resistance. Melons can also be grafted onto Cucurbita spp., providing nonspecific but efficient protection from a wide range of soil-borne diseases and against some abiotic stresses, but compatibility between the scion and the rootstock can be problematic. During the first year experiments to evaluate resistance to the vine decline pathogens Monosporascus cannonballus, Didymella bryoniae, and Macrophomina phaseolina in melon and squash rootstocks proved the efficacy of these grafted plants in improving yield and quality. Sugars and fruit size were better in grafted versus non-grafted plants in both Texas and Israel. Two melons (1207 and 124104) and one pumpkin, Tetsukabuto, were identified as the best candidate rootstocks in Texas field trials, while in Israel, the pumpkin rootstock RS59 performed best. Additionally, three hybrid melon rootstocks demonstrated excellent resistance to both M. cannonballus and D. bryoniae in inoculated tests, suggesting that further screening for fruit quality and yield should be conducted. Experiments with ABA in Uvalde demonstrated a significant increase in drought stress tolerance and concurrent reduction in transplant shock due to reduced transpiration for ‘Caravelle’ plants. In Israel, auxin was implicated in reducing root development and contributing to increased hydrogen peroxide, which may explain incompatibility reactions with some squash rootstocks. However, trellised plants responded favorably to auxin (NAA) application at the time of fruit development. Gene expression analyses in Israel identified several cDNAs which may code for phloem related proteins, cyclins or other factors which impact the graft compatibility. Manipulation of these genes by transformation or traditional breeding may lead to improved rootstock cultivars. Commercial applications of the new melon rootstocks as well as the ABA and TIBA growth regulators have potential to improve the success of grafted melons in both Israel and Texas. The disease resistance, fruit quality and yield data generated by the field trials will help producers in both locations to decide what rootstock/scion combinations will be best.