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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Socialism"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 30 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Socialism"

1

Fuchs, Christian. "Communicative Socialism/Digital Socialism." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 18, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v18i1.1144.

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This introduction provides a preface to the contributions gathered in tripleC’s special issue “Communicative Socialism/Digital Socialism”. It outlines how Marx conceived of socialism (Sections 2, 3, 4, 5), introduces a model of a socialist society that consists of three dimensions (Section 6), and shows how, based on Marx, we can conceptualise communicative and digital socialism (Section 7). Section 8 introduces ten principles of communicative/digital socialist politics.

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2

Pula, Besnik. "Socialism Betrayed? Economists, Neoliberalism, and History in the Undoing of Market Socialism." Historical Materialism 23, no. 4 (November 27, 2015): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341426.

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Through an historical analysis of the transnational practices of economists during the Cold War, Johanna Bockman rejects the narrative that the revolutions of 1989 represented the victory of ‘Western economics’, and especially neoliberalism, over ‘East-European socialism’. Rather, Bockman shows that the space of exchange, as well as policy experimentation in socialist states such as Yugoslavia and Hungary, led to the articulation of alternative, decentralised, ‘market socialisms’ from the 1950s up until the 1980s. Instead of operating within separate and incommensurable paradigms of ‘capitalist’ and ‘socialist’ economics, Bockman shows how neoclassical theory and its long tradition of comparing distinct economic systems became the centralepistemeallowing for the transnational exchange of ideas between economists of both the East and the West. This review-essay evaluates the book’s central claims but argues that the book stands on weaker ground when arguing that a reformed socialism was a viable option in Eastern Europe after 1989.

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3

Visic, Maroje. "Onwards and upwards to the kingdom of beauty and love. Herbert Marcuse’s trajectory to socialism." Filozofija i drustvo 34, no. 1 (2023): 170–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid2301170v.

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Socialists today can learn from Marcuse. Starting from this premise this paper discusses and elaborates on Herbert Marcuse?s trajectory to socialism. Marcuse successfully eluded the trap of ?economism?, and turned to subjectivity in search of a socialist solution. The transition to socialism is possible through the creation of new anthropology expressed through the concept of ?new sensibility?. The prototype of a new socialist human is an anti-superman. Peace and beauty are important characteristics of Marcuse?s socialism. ?Libertarian socialism?, ?feminist socialism?, ?integral socialism?, ?socialist humanism?, ?socialism as the work of art?, and ?utopian socialism? are all terms that testify to Marcuse?s open and many-faceted understanding of socialism in all of its complexity of meanings. Some of those meanings can inform debates on future prospects of socialism.

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4

Zarecor, Kimberly Elman. "Socialist Neighborhoods after Socialism." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 26, no. 3 (December 22, 2011): 486–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325411428968.

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The Czech Republic’s socialist-era neighborhoods are largely intact twenty years after the end of Communist Party rule. These buildings will be rehabilitated, but not replaced, because of financial and logistical constraints. In the context of the country’s accession to the European Union in 2004 and the recent global economic crisis, this essay questions what can and should be done in an effort to make these neighborhoods better places to live in the present and the future. It starts with a brief history of postwar housing construction and socialist-era design methodologies, exploring postwar architectural practice and innovations in construction technology that were connected to the industrialization of housing production. The role of the Baťa Company in the development of panelák technology is described. In the context of post-socialist rehabilitation efforts, the discussion addresses current housing policy including regulated rents and the shift in emphasis from renting to ownership. Government subsidies and grant programs are considered, as well as problems such as physical degradation and social segregation. The essay proposes that for the future the social and spatial ideas that were part of the original designs may be more important than the architectural style of individual buildings.

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5

Sadowski-Smith, Claudia, and Ioana Luca. "Introduction: The Cultures Of Global Post/Socialisms." Comparative Literature Studies 59, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 425–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/complitstudies.59.3.0425.

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ABSTRACT The introduction to this special issue outlines comparative approaches to cultural representations of post/socialism in order to move beyond the term’s association with the Soviet Union, the unevenly aligned or nonaligned nations in Central/Eastern Europe (CEE), and the period between 1917 and 1990. The histories and afterlives of state socialisms, and socialist globalization in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas, are at the center of ongoing geopolitical realignments toward a multipolar world. The introduction explores the framing of these shifts as a “new Cold War” between the West and the nations of China and Russia, whose autocratic regimes are associated with remnants of totalitarian state socialism. Like the official rhetoric of many postsocialist nations, these discourses dismiss the far more diverse and progressive legacies of socialism. The introduction inserts cultural representations of Left Internationalism, the Non-Aligned Movement, socialist reformism, and committed art into the fields of comparative literature and media studies to contribute to theories of ongoing transformations and to provide alternative imaginaries for more equitable futures.

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6

Allison, Mark. "Socialism." Victorian Literature and Culture 51, no. 3 (2023): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150323000517.

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Anglo-American socialism has reached a curious impasse. Levels of economic inequality not seen since the nineteenth century would lead one to anticipate an upsurge in socialist affiliation and activism. Nevertheless, socialism has stagnated as a political force. This essay argues that, as a collectivist ideology, socialism demands a degree of communal identification that modern individuals find uncomfortable, even threatening, to the integrity of the self. Investigating this discomfort leads me to argue that, while socialism is not a religion (pace the claim of Gareth Stedman Jones), it nonetheless flourishes in eras of spiritual and societal foment. In such periods, communal effervescence softens the boundaries of the self, rendering collectivist ideologies like socialism more intuitive and appealing. Given desacralizing trends in Anglo-America, a contemporary socialist revival would seem unlikely. Consequently, I argue that it is time for progressives to embrace, rather than critique, the strong sense of individual autonomy and deep subjectivity that characterizes bourgeois individualism. The Victorian socialist canon provides many resources for a reconciliation of individualism and collectivism, which I illustrate via reference to H. G. Wells, John Stuart Mill, and Oscar Wilde.

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7

Smith, Robert C. "Democracy, Race, and the Socialist Project in the United States." National Review of Black Politics 1, no. 1 (January 2020): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nrbp.2020.1.1.34.

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This paper examines the relationship between race, socialism, and democracy in America. It is organized into five sections and a conclusion. The first section explores how socialism has been viewed by many black leaders and intellectuals as necessary, imperative perhaps, in the black struggle for material equality, and further investigates the relationship of this black perspective on socialism to white opposition. The second section uses the most recent historical work to identify the factors that have the stalled the development of socialism in America. I also assess how these factors have changed or not in terms of making the socialist project more likely. In the third section, I analyze available poll data on American opinion about socialism from the 1930s to the present. While the data show unambiguously increased support for socialism since the 1930s, socialism does not today command the support of a majority of the American people. In the fourth section I examine the paradigmatic Franklin Roosevelt presidency on how liberal Democratic presidents have avoided the socialist label while embracing socialist programs. The fifth section is a brief examination of what socialism—really existing socialism—means in the early twenty-first century, and the idea of “socialist smuggling” as manifested in the presidencies of FDR and Lyndon Johnson. The speculative conclusion asks what are the prospects for the socialist project, and whether the white liberal cosmopolitan bourgeoisie rather than the white working class might become a mass base for the socialist project.

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8

Capaldi, Nicholas. "Mill and socialism." Tocqueville Review 33, no. 1 (January 2012): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.33.1.125.

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The question of Mill’s relation to socialism continues to puzzle scholars. There are good reasons, for this. Mill described himself in the Principles of Political Economy as an “Ideal Socialist,” and later wrote in the Chapters on Socialism a scathing critique of socialism. O. Kurer, identifies 10 features of Mill’s so-called socialist utopia.

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9

Navarro, Vicente. "Has Socialism Failed? An Analysis of Health Indicators under Socialism." International Journal of Health Services 22, no. 4 (October 1992): 583–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/b2tp-3r5m-q7up-dua2.

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This article analyzes the widely held assumption in academia and the mainstream press that capitalism has proven superior to socialism in responding to human needs. The author surveys the health conditions of the world's populations, continent by continent, and shows that, contrary to dominant ideology, socialism and socialist forces have been, for the most part, better able to improve health conditions than have capitalism and capitalist forces. In the underdeveloped world, socialist forces and regimes have, more frequently than not, improved health and social indicators better than capitalist forces and regimes, and in the developed world, countries with strong socialist forces have been better able to improve health conditions than those countries lacking or with weak socialist forces. The socialist experience has, of course, also included negative developments that have negated important components of the socialist project. Still, the evidence presented in this article shows that the historical experience of socialism has not been one of failure. To the contrary: it has been, for the most part, more successful than capitalism in improving the health conditions of the world's populations.

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10

Kott, Matthew. "Latvia’s Pērkonkrusts: Anti-German National Socialism in a Fascistogenic Milieu." Fascism 4, no. 2 (November 23, 2015): 169–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116257-00402007.

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Aside from equating it with Hitlerism, there have been few scholarly attempts to define national socialism and specify its relation to the broader category of fascism. This article posits that national socialisms are a sub-genus of fascism, where the distinguishing feature is an ultaranationalism based on a palingenetic völkisch racism, of which anti-Semitism is an essential element. Thus, national socialism is not just mimetic Hitlerism, as Hitler is not even necessary. National socialist movements may even conceivably be opposed to the goals and actions of Hitlerism. To test this definition, the case of Latvia’s Pērkonkrusts [Thunder Cross] movement is analysed. Based on an analysis of its ideology, Pērkonkrusts is a national socialist movement with a völkisch racialist worldview, while also being essentially anti-German. The case study even addresses the apparent paradox that Pērkonkrusts both collaborated in the Holocaust, and engaged in resistance against the German occupation regime.

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Дисертації з теми "Socialism"

1

Martell, Anthony Luke. "Socialism and associational democracy : new forms of democratic socialist thinking." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388266.

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2

Johnston, G. K. "Socialist thought and the transition to socialism in advanced societies." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382044.

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3

Kayaligil, Munir Cem. "Socialism And Feminism: An Analysis Of Turkish Radical Socialist Articles (1987-1994)." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606812/index.pdf.

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In this study, radical socialist articles written on feminism, the feminist movement and the woman question published between 1987 and 1994 in Turkey are examined. The study attempts at describing, classifying and analyzing the Turkish socialist discourse manifested in response to the emergence of feminism in Turkey. It is argued that the Turkish socialists&rsquo
approaches to feminism and the feminists do not differ much, nor a change in their approaches with time can be observed. It is also argued that the theoretical content of the radical socialist articles is usually futile and far from being comprehensive.

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4

Massino, Jill M. "Engendering socialism a history of women and everyday life in socialist Romania /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3283960.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of History, 2007.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-10, Section: A, page: 4435. Adviser: Maria Bucur. Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 20, 2008).

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5

Pettersson, Måns. "The Structure of Socialist Equality of Opportunity : G.A. Cohen's Socialism: A Defense." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-105640.

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6

Rooksby, Edward. "State, power and socialism : towards a new stategy for the socialist left." Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444763.

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7

Ide, Derek Alan. "Socialism without Socialists: Egyptian Marxists and the Nasserist State, 1952-65." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1430392180.

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8

Tolley, Rebecca. "Georgia O'Keeffe, Gastonio Strike of 1929, Socialism & the Socialist Party of America." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://www.amzn.com/0765680785.

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9

Hay, Charlotte Emily Anne. "Socialism and animal ethics." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/40865.

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This thesis looks at the relationship between socialism and animal ethics. It argues that, after forty years of a dominant liberal bias in animal ethics, not much has changed for nonhuman animals. It therefore asks whether liberalism is missing something in relation to animal ethics, and whether socialism might be the best vehicle to fill this gap. More specifically, given the institutionalised nature of contemporary animal exploitation, I argue that liberal animal ethics is ill equipped to address the political economy of animal exploitation. I also argue that its strategies for change are problematic, and that more attention must be paid to the issues of class and political agency in relation to the animal protection movement. Socialism seems a promising alternative to liberal animal ethics for several reasons, not least the historical links in practice between socialists and animal protection. Yet no studies currently exist that investigate the ideological links these socialists perceived between their political and moral beliefs. This is therefore one of the contributions this thesis offers to the discipline. I argue that these ideological links relate predominantly to ethical socialist values (such as kinship), which provides a useful moral imperative to care about nonhumans, but does not offer us a complete alternative to liberal animal ethics, since it fails to adequately address the gaps left by the latter – namely, the role of capitalism in animal exploitation and the issues of class, political agency and strategy. On the other hand, Marxism has a long history of association with these issues; I thus propose a merged socialist approach to animal ethics, one that combines ethical socialism with a post-colonial, Marxist analysis in order to create a comprehensive and convincing alternative to liberal animal ethics. This constitutes the first sustained, comprehensive account of socialist animal ethics within the discipline.

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10

Wilkinson, T. M. "Liberalism, socialism and occupational choice." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334836.

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Книги з теми "Socialism"

1

Banana, Canaan. Towards a socialist ethos: Socialism without socialists is capitalism. Harare, Zimbabwe: College Press, 1987.

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2

N, Popov I͡U. Socialism and the socialist orientation. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1985.

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3

Pechenev, V. A. The socialist ideal and real socialism. Moscow: Progress, 1987.

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4

Bertell, Ollman, and Schweickart David, eds. Market Socialism: The debate among Socialists. New York: Routledge, 1998.

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5

Samir, Amin. The future of socialism =: L'avenir du socialisme. Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe: Southern Africa Political Economy Series (SAPES) Trust, 1990.

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6

Tomlinson, Jim. Market socialism: A basis for socialist renewal?. Uxbridge: Department of Economics, Brunel University, 1988.

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7

Rosselli, Carlo. Liberalismo socialista: E, Socialismo liberale. Casalvelino Scalo, Salerno: Galzerano, 1992.

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8

Crick, Bernard R. Socialism. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1987.

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9

Blair, Tony. Socialism. London: Fabian Society, 1994.

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10

Thomas, Fleming. Socialism. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008.

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Частини книг з теми "Socialism"

1

Heywood, Andrew. "Socialism." In Political Ideologies, 93–135. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21965-0_4.

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2

Nove, Alec. "Socialism." In Problems of the Planned Economy, 227–49. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20863-0_33.

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3

Heywood, Andrew. "Socialism." In Political Ideologies, 103–51. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26409-4_4.

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4

Barker, Rodney. "Socialism." In Politics, Peoples and Government, 66–84. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23202-4_4.

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5

Leach, Robert. "Socialism." In Political Ideology in Britain, 91–136. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-05244-5_4.

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6

Gould, Bryan. "Socialism." In Socialism and Freedom, 37–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17998-5_3.

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7

Peterson, Rodney D. "Socialism." In Political Economy and American Capitalism, 113–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3874-1_8.

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8

Hill, Dave. "Socialism." In Critical Reflections on the Language of Neoliberalism in Education, 212–21. New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in education, neoliberalism, and Marxism: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003111580-30.

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9

Nove, Alec. "Socialism." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–18. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1718-1.

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10

Nove, Alec. "Socialism." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–18. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1718-2.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Socialism"

1

Jingwei Liu and Feng Ba. "Revelation of ecological socialism to the construction of socialist harmonious society." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5964370.

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2

Kangjian, Shi. "Socialist Transformation is an Important Event in the History of Chinese Socialism." In 7th International Conference on Education, Management, Information and Computer Science (ICEMC 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemc-17.2017.47.

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3

"Another Alternative to Democratic Socialism." In 2020 International Conference on Social Sciences and Social Phenomena. Scholar Publishing Group, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38007/proceedings.0001157.

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4

Mokshantsev, Leonid. "Intellectual Roots of National Socialism." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-19.2019.427.

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5

Ševčík, Michal. "Velký průmyslový podnik a jeho role při místním rozvoji ve dvou historických epochách: Případová studie adamovských strojíren." In XXV. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0068-2022-18.

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During socialism, several large industrial enterprises operated in the Czech Republic. These enterprises served as the centre of economic activity of cities or regions. Some of these enterprises experienced a decline in the transition process, which had negative effects on the local population. The aim of this paper is to present the significance of the enterprise Adamovské strojírny for the development of the towns of Adamov and Blansko during the era of socialism and the transition. The paper is prepared in the form of a case study, which is also the main method used. The enterprise not only served as a source of local employment and economic activity during the socialist era, but also invested in housing and civic amenities. In the transition period, the enterprise went into decline due to economic problems, which was reflected in the problems faced by the inhabitants of the towns of Adamov and Blansko. The paper demonstrates how the transition affected the life of the inhabitants in the towns where the once successful socialist enterprise was located.

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6

Veizaj, Denada, Gjergji Islami, and Andrea Maliqari. "Albanian bunkers. Modern fortifications built in socialism." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11492.

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During the communist regime of Enver Hoxha, Albania built nearly 200 000 bunkers as a measure of protection towards an imaginary attack from (un)known enemies of the Popular Socialist Republic. Most of these structures built in concrete are still part of the landscapes almost in every part of the territory. While the most common type is small and identified from the semi spherical shape, particular bunkers have quite large dimensions and specific features related to their function and location. During the last five years, three of the most unique modern fortifications built during socialism for the displacement of the governmental authorities in case of war, were revealed and made accessible to the public. These structures, transformed today in museums, cultural spaces or simply visitable attractions, are the symbol of an auto-referenced reality within Europe, where the paranoia produced an unusual typology of modern age fortifications. These bunkers, planned to withstand twentieth century military attacks, are extraordinary structures in terms of engineering and building features, and at the same time they represent a very valuable heritage related to the history of communism in Albania. This article aims to offer a comprehensive analysis of the fortification of the Albanian territory during the twentieth century as an overall country defence plan, while focusing on the governmental bunkers in order to understand how the ideological differences with the rest of the world created the need for protection and produced an amazing military infrastructure. The discussion on the future of these structures seems to be strongly related to the ability of recognising these modern fortifications on the Mediterranean as cultural heritage.

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7

Stone, Lynda. "Dewey's Socialism: Polarization, Crisis, Politics, and Philosophy." In 2019 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1441482.

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8

Doroshin, B. A. "NOOSPHERIC SOCIALISM: TRADITIONAL ROOTS OF SPIRITUAL DIMENSION." In A glance through the century: the revolutionary transformation of 1917 (society, political communication, philosophy, culture). Vědecko vydavatelskě centrum «Sociosfera-CZ», 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24045/conf.2017.1.14.

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9

Prasnikar, Janez, Marko Pahor, and Jasna Vidmar Svetlik. "The Convergence of Cultures: from Socialism to Capitalism." In 2006 IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmit.2006.262253.

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10

Jiang, Huashuai. "Translation and Communication of Christian Socialism in China." In 2020 Conference on Education, Language and Inter-cultural Communication (ELIC 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201127.104.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Socialism"

1

Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert Vishny. Pervasive Shortages Under Socialism. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3791.

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2

Manwaring, Max G. Venezuela's Hugo Chavez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada439743.

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3

Ringo, Malcolm. Orwellian Socialism and the Myth of the Working Class. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.7463.

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4

Acemoglu, Daron, Giuseppe De Feo, Giacomo De Luca, and Gianluca Russo. War, Socialism and the Rise of Fascism: An Empirical Exploration. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27854.

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5

Sun, Pu. Reproduction of 'War, Socialism, and the Rise of Fascism: an Empirical Exploration'. Social Science Reproduction Platform, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48152/ssrp-3s2g-m694.

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6

Kenes, Bulent. NMR: A Nordic neo-Nazi organization with aims of establishing totalitarian rule across Scandinavia. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/op0008.

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Анотація:

Right-wing extremism and national socialism (Nazism) are not a new phenomenon in Sweden. White supremacists or neo-Nazis have a long history in the country. Nordic Resistance Movement (Nordiska motståndsrörelsen, NMR) rests on this century-long history of Swedish Nazi and Neonazi activism. Including racism, antisemitism, anti-immigration, and anti-globalisation stances with violent tendencies, NMR which aims to overthrow the democratic order in the Nordic region and establish a national socialist state, has become the primary force of white power in Sweden and other Nordic countries.

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7

Andrén, Daniela, John S. Earle, and Dana Sapatoru. The Wage Effects of Schooling under Socialism and in Transition: Evidence from Romania, 1950-2000. W.E. Upjohn Institute, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp04-108.

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8

Bühler, Christoph, and Dirk Konietzka. The transition from school to work in Russia during and after socialism: change or continuity? Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2008-018.

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9

Kantorová, Vladimira. Education and entry into motherhood: the Czech Republic during state-socialism and the transition period (1970-1997). Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, November 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2003-037.

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10

Dunphy, Alexander. Love?s Labour's Lost: A History of the Question ?Why is there No Socialism in the United States?? Portland State University Library, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/honors.93.

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