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Статті в журналах з теми "Social Energy Internet"
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Caballero, Victor, David Vernet, and Agustin Zaballos. "Social Internet of Energy—A New Paradigm for Demand Side Management." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 6, no. 6 (December 2019): 9853–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2932508.
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Shin, Taehwan, and Jinsung Byun. "Design and Implementation of a Vehicle Social Enabler Based on Social Internet of Things." Mobile Information Systems 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4102163.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, the combination of novel context-aware systems with the Internet of Things (IoT) has received great attention with the advances in network and context-awareness technologies. Various context-aware consumer electronics based on IoT for intelligent and personalized user-centric services have been introduced. However, although the paradigm of the IoT has evolved from smart objects into social objects, the existing context-aware systems have not reflected the changes in these paradigms well. Therefore, this paper proposes a social enabler (S-Enabler) in order to overcome this limitation. The S-Enabler plays an important role in converting the existing objects into social objects. This paper presents the middleware architecture and cooperation processes for a social IoT-based smart system. In this paper, the S-Enabler is designed to be applied to a vehicle and an energy saving service is introduced by using the S-Enabler. The proposed energy saving service can reduce energy consumption and fuel consumption based on social behaviors such as sharing or competition. The performance of the S-Enabler is discussed through a simple vehicle service scenario. The experimental results show that the S-Enabler reduced fuel consumption by up to 31.7%.
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Coroama, Vlad C., Lorenz M. Hilty, Ernst Heiri, and Frank M. Horn. "The Direct Energy Demand of Internet Data Flows." Journal of Industrial Ecology 17, no. 5 (July 31, 2013): 680–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12048.
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Sangoleye, Fisayo, Nafis Irtija, and Eirini Eleni Tsiropoulou. "Smart Energy Harvesting for Internet of Things Networks." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 2755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082755.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article, we address the problem of prolonging the battery life of Internet of Things (IoT) nodes by introducing a smart energy harvesting framework for IoT networks supported by femtocell access points (FAPs) based on the principles of Contract Theory and Reinforcement Learning. Initially, the IoT nodes’ social and physical characteristics are identified and captured through the concept of IoT node types. Then, Contract Theory is adopted to capture the interactions among the FAPs, who provide personalized rewards, i.e., charging power, to the IoT nodes to incentivize them to invest their effort, i.e., transmission power, to report their data to the FAPs. The IoT nodes’ and FAPs’ contract-theoretic utility functions are formulated, following the network economic concept of the involved entities’ personalized profit. A contract-theoretic optimization problem is introduced to determine the optimal personalized contracts among each IoT node connected to a FAP, i.e., a pair of transmission and charging power, aiming to jointly guarantee the optimal satisfaction of all the involved entities in the examined IoT system. An artificial intelligent framework based on reinforcement learning is introduced to support the IoT nodes’ autonomous association to the most beneficial FAP in terms of long-term gained rewards. Finally, a detailed simulation and comparative results are presented to show the pure operation performance of the proposed framework, as well as its drawbacks and benefits, compared to other approaches. Our findings show that the personalized contracts offered to the IoT nodes outperform by a factor of four compared to an agnostic type approach in terms of the achieved IoT system’s social welfare.
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成, 璐. "The Social and Economic Benefits and Employment Benefits of Global Energy Internet." Advances in Social Sciences 06, no. 10 (2017): 1271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ass.2017.610180.
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Liu, Nian, Bin Guo, Zifa Liu, and Yongli Wang. "Distributed Energy Sharing for PVT-HP Prosumers in Community Energy Internet: A Consensus Approach." Energies 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 1891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11071891.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Community Energy Internet (CEI) integrates electric network and thermal network based on combined heat and power (CHP) to improve the economy of energy system in Smart Community. In the CEI, an energy sharing framework for prosumers equipped with photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) system and heat pump (HP) is introduced. Supporting by the PVT and HP, the prosumer has four role attributes with either heat or electricity producer/consumer. A social welfare maximization model is built for the CEI, including PVT-HP prosumers, CHP system, and utility grid. Considering there are multiply participants in the local market of CEI, the social welfare maximization problem is decoupled by using Lagrange multiplier method. Moreover, a consensus-based fully distributed algorithm is designed to solve the problem. Finally, six residential buildings are selected as the case study to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Sittón-Candanedo, Inés, Ricardo S. Alonso, Óscar García, Lilia Muñoz, and Sara Rodríguez-González. "Edge Computing, IoT and Social Computing in Smart Energy Scenarios." Sensors 19, no. 15 (July 31, 2019): 3353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19153353.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Internet of Things (IoT) has become one of the most widely research paradigms, having received much attention from the research community in the last few years. IoT is the paradigm that creates an internet-connected world, where all the everyday objects capture data from our environment and adapt it to our needs. However, the implementation of IoT is a challenging task and all the implementation scenarios require the use of different technologies and the emergence of new ones, such as Edge Computing (EC). EC allows for more secure and efficient data processing in real time, achieving better performance and results. Energy efficiency is one of the most interesting IoT scenarios. In this scenario sensors, actuators and smart devices interact to generate a large volume of data associated with energy consumption. This work proposes the use of an Edge-IoT platform and a Social Computing framework to build a system aimed to smart energy efficiency in a public building scenario. The system has been evaluated in a public building and the results make evident the notable benefits that come from applying Edge Computing to both energy efficiency scenarios and the framework itself. Those benefits included reduced data transfer from the IoT-Edge to the Cloud and reduced Cloud, computing and network resource costs.
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Caballero, Víctor, David Vernet, and Agustín Zaballos. "A Heuristic to Create Prosumer Community Groups in the Social Internet of Energy." Sensors 20, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 3704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20133704.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Contrary to the rapid evolution experienced in the last decade of Information and Communication Technologies and particularly the Internet of Things, electric power distribution systems have remained exceptionally steady for a long time. Energy users are no longer passive actors; the prosumer is expected to be the primary agent in the Future Grid. Demand Side Management refers to the management of energy production and consumption at the demand side, and there seems to be an increasing concern about the scalability of Demand Side Management services. The creation of prosumer communities leveraging the Smart Grid to improve energy production and consumption patterns has been proposed in the literature, and several works concerned with scalability of Demand Side Management services group prosumers to improve Demand Side Management services scalability. In our previous work, we coin the term Social Internet of Energy to refer to the integration between devices, prosumers and groups of prosumers via social relationships. In this work, we develop an algorithm to coordinate the different clusters we create using the clustering method by load profile compatibility (instead of similarity). Our objective is to explore the possibilities of the cluster-by-compatibility heuristic we proposed in our previous work. We perform experiments using synthetic and real datasets. Results show that we can obtain a global reduction in Peak-to-Average Ratio with datasets containing up to 200 rosumers and creating up to 6 Prosumer Community Groups, and imply that those Prosumer Community Groups can perform load rescheduling semi-autonomously and in parallel with each other.
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Muhammad, Shad, Muneer Umar, Shafiullah Khan, A. Alrajeh, and A. Mohammed. "Honesty-Based Social Technique to Enhance Cooperation in Social Internet of Things." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (February 21, 2023): 2778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13052778.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Social Internet of Things (SIoT) can be seen as integrating the social networking concept into the Internet of Things (IoT). Such networks enable different devices to form social relationships among themselves depending on pre-programmed rules and the preferences of their owners. When SIoT devices encounter one another on the spur of the moment, they seek out each other’s assistance. The connectivity of such smart objects reveals new horizons for innovative applications empowering objects with cognizance. This enables smart objects to socialize with each other based on mutual interests and social aspects. Trust building in social networks has provided a new perspective for providing services to providers based on relationships like human ones. However, the connected IoT nodes in the community may show a lack of interest in forwarding packets in the network communication to save their resources, such as battery, energy, bandwidth, and memory. This act of selfishness can highly degrade the performance of the network. To enhance the cooperation among nodes in the network a novel technique is needed to improve the performance of the network. In this article, we address the issue of the selfishness of the nodes through the formation of a credible community based on honesty. A social process is used to form communities and select heads in these communities. The selected community heads having social attributes prove effective in determining the social behavior of the nodes as honest or selfish. Unlike other schemes, the dishonest nodes are isolated in a separate domain, and they are given several chances to rejoin the community after increasing their honesty levels. The proposed social technique was simulated using MATLAB and compared with existing schemes to show its effectiveness. Our proposed technique outperforms the existing techniques in terms of throughput, overhead, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and packet-delivery latency.
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Holeton, Jody. "Advanced Social Engineering Attack Techniques." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 860–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47473.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: This paper explains the emergence of Social Engineering techniques that can be deadly and effective and are being heavily watched by the Department of Defense and the FBI. The increased use of the Internet and cell phones has made it possible for most people to communicate, surf the web, or transfer data anywhere in the world. Social engineering only requires a computer with Internet access or a working smartphone/iPhone. With online forums, the Dark Web, a thousand hacker books on Amazon, these social engineering techniques are being tweaked and modified into techniques that rival the deadliest cookie monster virus or malware. The FBI has found that criminals can use low-tech mediums, like Motorola cell phones, use a historically winning script (Microsoft software fix, or an endangered child) and people will give up personal information, money, or even use deadly force. Finally, this paper describes these new techniques and how they are evolving more effectively in this post-covid and Internetfocused world.
Дисертації з теми "Social Energy Internet"
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Caballero, Codina Víctor. "New Challenges on Web Architectures for the Homogenization of the Heterogeneity of Smart Objects in the Internet of Things." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669186.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aquesta tesi tracta de dues de les noves tecnologies relacionades amb la Internet of Things (IoT) i la seva integració amb el camp de les Smart Grids (SGs); aquestes tecnologies son la Web of Things (WoT) i la Social Internet of Things (SIoT). La WoT és una tecnologia que s’espera que proveeixi d’un entorn escalable i interoperable a la IoT usant la infraestructura web existent, els protocols web y la web semàntica. També s’espera que la SIoT contribueixi a solucionar els reptes d’escalabilitat i capacitat de descobriment creant una xarxa social d’agents (objectes i humans). Per explorar la sinergia entre aquestes tecnologies, l’objectiu és el de proporcionar evidència pràctica i empírica, generalment en forma de prototips d’implementació i experimentació empírica.
En relació amb la WoT i les SGs, s’ha creat un prototip per al Web of Energy (WoE) que té com a objectiu abordar els desafiaments presents en el domini les SGs. El prototip és capaç de proporcionar interoperabilitat i homogeneïtat entre diversos protocols. El disseny d’implementació es basa en el Model d’Actors, que també proporciona escalabilitat del prototip. L’experimentació mostra que el prototip pot gestionar la transmissió de missatges per a aplicacions de les SGs que requereixen que la comunicació es realitzi sota llindars de temps crítics.
També es pren una altra direcció d’investigació similar, menys centrada en les SGs, però per a una gamma més àmplia de dominis d’aplicació. S’integra la descripció dels fluxos d’execució com a màquines d’estats finits utilitzant ontologies web (Resource Description Framework (RDF)) i metodologies de la WoT (les accions es realitzen basant-se en peticions Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol/Secure (HTTP/S) a Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)). Aquest flux d’execució, que també pot ser un plantilla per a permetre una configuració flexible en temps d’execució, s’implementa i interpreta com si fos (i mitjançant) un Virtual Object (VO). L’objectiu de la plantilla és ser reutilitzable i poder-se compartir entre múltiples desplegaments de la IoT dins el mateix domini d’aplicació. A causa de les tecnologies utilitzades, la solució no és adequada per a aplicacions de temps crític (llindar de temps relativament baix i rígid). No obstant això, és adequat per a aplicacions que no demanden resposta en un temps crític i que requereixen el desplegament de VOs similars en el que fa referència al flux d’execució.
Finalment, el treball s’enfoca en una altra tecnologia destinada a millorar l’escalabilitat i la capacitat de descobriment en la IoT. La SIoT està sorgint com una nova estructura de la IoT que uneix els nodes a través de relacions significatives. Aquestes relacions tenen com a objectiu millorar la capacitat de descobriment; en conseqüència, millora la escalabilitat d’una xarxa de la IoT. En aquest treball s’aplica aquest nou paradigma per optimitzar la gestió de l’energia en el costat de la demanda a les SGs. L’objectiu és aprofitar les característiques de la SIoT per ajudar a la creació de Prosumer Community Groups (PCGs) (grups d’usuaris que consumeixen o produeixen energia) amb el mateix objectiu d’optimització en l’ús de l’energia. La sinergia entre la SIoT i les SGs s’ha anomenat Social Internet of Energy (SIoE). Per tant, amb la SIoE i amb el focus en un desafiament específic, s’estableix la base conceptual per a la integració entre la SIoT i les SGs. Els experiments inicials mostren resultats prometedors i aplanen el camí per a futures investigacions i avaluacions de la proposta.
Es conclou que el WoT i la SIoT són dos paradigmes complementaris que nodreixen l’evolució de la propera generació de la IoT. S’espera que la propera generació de la IoT sigui un Multi-Agent System (MAS) generalitzat. Alguns investigadors ja estan apuntant a la Web i les seves tecnologies (per exemple, Web Semàntica, HTTP/S)—i més concretamente a la WoT — com a l’entorn que nodreixi a aquests agents. La SIoT pot millorar tant l’entorn com les relacions entre els agents en aquesta fusió. Les SGs també poden beneficiar-se dels avenços de la IoT, ja que es poden considerar com una aplicació específica d’aquesta última.Esta tesis trata de dos de las novedosas tecnologías relacionadas con la Internet of Things (IoT) y su integración con el campo de las Smart Grids (SGs); estas tecnologías son laWeb of Things (WoT) y la Social Internet of Things (SIoT). La WoT es una tecnología que se espera que provea de un entorno escalable e interoperable a la IoT usando la infraestructura web existente, los protocolos web y la web semántica. También se espera que la SIoT contribuya a solucionar los retos de escalabilidad y capacidad de descubrimiento creando una red social de agentes (objetos y humanos). Para explorar la sinergia entre estas tecnologías, el objetivo es el de proporcionar evidencia práctica y empírica, generalmente en forma de prototipos de implementación y experimentación empírica. En relación con la WoT y las SGs, se ha creado un prototipo para la Web of Energy (WoE) que tiene como objetivo abordar los desafíos presentes en el dominio las SGs. El prototipo es capaz de proporcionar interoperabilidad y homogeneidad entre diversos protocolos. El diseño de implementación se basa en el Modelo de Actores, que también proporciona escalabilidad del prototipo. La experimentación muestra que el prototipo puede manejar la transmisión de mensajes para aplicaciones de las SGs que requieran que la comunicación se realice bajo umbrales de tiempo críticos. También se toma otra dirección de investigación similar, menos centrada en las SGs, pero para una gama más amplia de dominios de aplicación. Se integra la descripción de los flujos de ejecución como máquinas de estados finitos utilizando ontologías web (Resource Description Framework (RDF)) y metodologías de la WoT (las acciones se realizan basándose en peticiones Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol/Secure (HTTP/S) a Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)). Este flujo de ejecución, que también puede ser una plantilla para permitir una configuración flexible en tiempo de ejecución, se implementa e interpreta como si fuera (y a través de) un Virtual Object (VO). El objetivo de la plantilla es que sea reutilizable y se pueda compartir entre múltiples despliegues de la IoT dentro del mismo dominio de aplicación. Debido a las tecnologías utilizadas, la solución no es adecuada para aplicaciones de tiempo crítico (umbral de tiempo relativamente bajo y rígido). Sin embargo, es adecuado para aplicaciones que no demandan respuesta en un tiempo crítico y que requieren el despliegue de VOs similares en cuanto al flujo de ejecución. Finalmente, el trabajo se enfoca en otra tecnología destinada a mejorar la escalabilidad y la capacidad de descubrimiento en la IoT. La SIoT está emergiendo como una nueva estructura de la IoT que une los nodos a través de relaciones significativas. Estas relaciones tienen como objetivo mejorar la capacidad de descubrimiento; en consecuencia, mejora la escalabilidad de una red de la IoT. En este trabajo se aplica este nuevo paradigma para optimizar la gestión de la energía en el lado de la demanda en las SGs. El objetivo es aprovechar las características de la SIoT para ayudar en la creación de Prosumer Community Groups (PCGs) (grupos de usuarios que consumen o producen energía) con el mismo objetivo de optimización en el uso de la energía. La sinergia entre la SIoT y las SGs ha sido denominada Social Internet of Energy (SIoE). Por lo tanto, con la SIoE y con el foco en un desafío específico, se establece la base conceptual para la integración entre la SIoT y las SG. Los experimentos iniciales muestran resultados prometedores y allanan el camino para futuras investigaciones y evaluaciones de la propuesta. Se concluye que la WoT y la SIoT son dos paradigmas complementarios que nutren la evolución de la próxima generación de la IoT. Se espera que la próxima generación de la IoT sea un Multi-Agent System (MAS) generalizado. Algunos investigadores ya están apuntando a la Web y sus tecnologías (por ejemplo,Web Semántica, HTTP/S)—y más concretamente a la WoT — como el entorno que nutra a estos agentes. La SIoT puede mejorar tanto el entorno como las relaciones entre los agentes en esta fusión. Como un campo específico de la IoT, las SGs también pueden beneficiarse de los avances de la IoT.
This thesis deals with two novel Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and their integration to the field of the Smart Grid (SG); these technologies are the Web of Things (WoT) and the Social Internet of Things (SIoT). The WoT is an enabling technology expected to provide a scalable and interoperable environment to the IoT using the existing web infrastructure, web protocols and the semantic web. The SIoT is expected to expand further and contribute to scalability and discoverability challenges by creating a social network of agents (objects and humans). When exploring the synergy between those technologies, we aim at providing practical and empirical evidence, usually in the form of prototype implementations and empirical experimentation. In relation to the WoT and SG, we create a prototype for the Web of Energy (WoE), that aims at addressing challenges present in the SG domain. The prototype is capable of providing interoperability and homogeneity among diverse protocols. The implementation design is based on the Actor Model, which also provides scalability in regards to the prototype. Experimentation shows that the prototype can handle the transmission of messages for time-critical SG applications. We also take another similar research direction less focused on the SG, but for a broader range of application domains. We integrate the description of flows of execution as Finite-State Machines (FSMs) using web ontologies (Resource Description Framework (RDF)) and WoT methodologies (actions are performed on the basis of calls Hyper Text Transfer Protocol/ Secure (HTTP/S) to a Uniform Resource Locator (URL)). This execution flow, which can also be a template to allow flexible configuration at runtime, is deployed and interpreted as (and through) a Virtual Object (VO). The template aims to be reusable and shareable among multiple IoT deployments within the same application domain. Due to the technologies used, the solution is not suitable for time-critical applications. Nevertheless, it is suitable for non-time-critical applications that require the deployment of similar VOs. Finally, we focus on another technology aimed at improving scalability and discoverability in IoT. The SIoT is emerging as a new IoT structure that links nodes through meaningful relationships. These relationships aim at improving discoverability; consequently, improving the scalability of an IoT network. We apply this new paradigm to optimize energy management at the demand side in a SG. Our objective is to harness the features of the SIoT to aid in the creation of Prosumer Community Group (PCG) (groups of energy users that consume or produce energy) with the same Demand Side Management (DSM) goal. We refer to the synergy between SIoT and SG as Social Internet of Energy (SIoE). Therefore, with the SIoE and focusing on a specific challenge, we set the conceptual basis for the integration between SIoT and SG. Initial experiments show promising results and pave the way for further research and evaluation of the proposal. We conclude that the WoT and the SIoT are two complementary paradigms that nourish the evolution of the next generation IoT. The next generation IoT is expected to be a pervasive Multi-Agent System (MAS). Some researchers are already pointing at the Web and its technologies (e.g. Semantic Web, HTTP/S) — and more concretely at the WoT — as the environment nourishing the agents. The SIoT can enhance both the environment and the relationships between agents in this fusion. As a specific field of the IoT, the SG can also benefit from IoT advancements.
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LI, DUO. "Economic and financial analysis of EU Power Grid under Global Energy Interconnection." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2950494.
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Ben, Saied Yosra. "Collaborative security for the internet of things." Phd thesis, Institut National des Télécommunications, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00879790.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis addresses new security challenges in the Internet of Things (IoT). The current transition from legacy Internet to Internet of Things leads to multiple changes in its communication paradigms. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) initiated this transition by introducing unattended wireless topologies, mostly made of resource constrained nodes, in which radio spectrum therefore ceased to be the only resource worthy of optimization. Today's Machine to Machine (M2M) and Internet of Things architectures further accentuated this trend, not only by involving wider architectures but also by adding heterogeneity, resource capabilities inconstancy and autonomy to once uniform and deterministic systems. The heterogeneous nature of IoT communications and imbalance in resources capabilities between IoT entities make it challenging to provide the required end-to-end secured connections. Unlike Internet servers, most of IoT components are characterized by low capabilities in terms of both energy and computing resources, and thus, are unable to support complex security schemes. The setup of a secure end-to-end communication channel requires the establishment of a common secret key between both peers, which would be negotiated relying on standard security key exchange protocols such as Transport Layer Security (TLS) Handshake or Internet Key Exchange (IKE). Nevertheless, a direct use of existing key establishment protocols to initiate connections between two IoT entities may be impractical because of the technological gap between them and the resulting inconsistencies in their cryptographic primitives. The issue of adapting existing security protocols to fulfil these new challenges has recently been raised in the international research community but the first proposed solutions failed to satisfy the needs of resource-constrained nodes. In this thesis, we propose novel collaborative approaches for key establishment designed to reduce the requirements of existing security protocols, in order to be supported by resource-constrained devices. We particularly retained TLS handshake, Internet key Exchange and HIP BEX protocols as the best keying candidates fitting the end-to-end security requirements of the IoT. Then we redesigned them so that the constrained peer may delegate its heavy cryptographic load to less constrained nodes in neighbourhood exploiting the spatial heterogeneity of IoT nodes. Formal security verifications and performance analyses were also conducted to ensure the security effectiveness and energy efficiency of our collaborative protocols. However, allowing collaboration between nodes may open the way to a new class of threats, known as internal attacks that conventional cryptographic mechanisms fail to deal with. This introduces the concept of trustworthiness within a collaborative group. The trustworthiness level of a node has to be assessed by a dedicated security mechanism known as a trust management system. This system aims to track nodes behaviours to detect untrustworthy elements and select reliable ones for collaborative services assistance. In turn, a trust management system is instantiated on a collaborative basis, wherein multiple nodes share their evidences about one another's trustworthiness. Based on an extensive analysis of prior trust management systems, we have identified a set of best practices that provided us guidance to design an effective trust management system for our collaborative keying protocols. This effectiveness was assessed by considering how the trust management system could fulfil specific requirements of our proposed approaches for key establishment in the context of the IoT. Performance analysis results show the proper functioning and effectiveness of the proposed system as compared with its counterparts that exist in the literature
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Ergen, Gaye. "Eu Energy Security And The Middle East Oil." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609089/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis aims to analyze oil as a security challenge for the European Union. The energy security policy is getting more and more important with the decrease of energy sources, which holds and shapes the balance of power in the world. Especially in the future, energy sources will be the key to political strategies. The European nations have created energy security policies in order to protect their benefits. The central argument of this thesis is that although the EU has attempted to create a common EU energy policy throughout its history, it could not escape from the impact of the national energy policy of the member states. The main focus is on the oil policy of the community. Thus, the aim of the thesis is to explore the policies created for oil security, especially in the Middle East, and why the EU could not implement these policies it created.
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Jawad, Muhammad. "Swedish Homeowners’ Renovation Plans and Interest in a ‘One-Stop Shop’." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104735.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article, we analyse the factors influencing homeowners' plans to renovate their houses in the near future. We also examine their interest in the idea of a one-stop shop where a single actor provides services and all necessary information required for energy efficiency renovations. Our analysis is based on the content of an online survey questionnaire of 12194 homeowners in Sweden. Approximately 83% of the respondents intend to renovate in the near future, with around 55% opting for energy-efficient renovation of their dwelling. Environmental concerns, past energy-saving measures taken by the respondents, and education positively influenced their renovation plans. While 28% of respondents expressed their interest in a one-stop shop, work guarantee, environmental concerns and renovation plans were the main elements affecting interest in the one-stop shop.
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Vale, Juliana Cidrack Freire do. "A percepÃÃo da responsabilidade social interna e sua influÃncia no comprometimento organizacional: estudo de caso em uma empresa de energia eÃlica." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14443.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorO tema da responsabilidade social empresarial (RSE) à crescentemente relevante no contexto contemporÃneo em que as empresas sÃo pressionadas a prestar conta de suas atividades a uma ampla gama de stakeholders. Genericamente, a RSE à estudada no que concerne a seus reflexos para a empresa, como, por exemplo, sua imagem para o mercado, sem que seja, contudo, atribuÃda ao tema a devida relevÃncia para o pÃblico interno, inclusive quanto ao seu engajamento. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as relaÃÃes entre a percepÃÃo das prÃticas de responsabilidade social empresarial interna e o comprometimento organizacional. Como parÃmetro para as prÃticas de responsabilidade social internas, foram adotados os indicadores propostos pelo Instituto Ethos de Empresas e Responsabilidade Social, referentes ao tema pÃblico interno, que à composto pelos subtemas: diÃlogo e participaÃÃo, respeito ao indivÃduo e trabalho decente (INSTITUTO ETHOS, 2012). No que se refere ao tema da responsabilidade social empresarial, o trabalho apoia-se, ainda, em Melo Neto e Froes (1999; 2001), Furtado e Pena (2006) e TenÃrio (2006). Em relaÃÃo ao tema do comprometimento organizacional, foram consideradas as dimensÃes afetiva, normativa e instrumental, propostas por Meyer, Allen e Smith (1993). No tocante a esse tema, utilizaram-se ainda, como referÃncias Bastos (1993), Borges-Andrade (2002), Tomei (1994) e Leite (2008). Este trabalho classifica-se, metodologicamente, como um estudo exploratÃrio e descritivo, de natureza quali-quantitativa. Ã, tambÃm, uma pesquisa bibliogrÃfica, documental e de campo, realizada por meio de um estudo de caso, em uma empresa do setor de energia eÃlica do CearÃ. Os instrumentos de coleta utilizados foram documentos, entrevista semiestruturada e questionÃrio fechado. As tÃcnicas de anÃlise de dados empregadas foram a da categorizaÃÃo e da anÃlise de conteÃdo, na fase qualitativa, e, para a fase quantitativa, fez-se uso da estatÃstica descritiva para a aferiÃÃo da percepÃÃo das prÃticas de RSI e das dimensÃes do comprometimento organizacional, bem como, um teste de correlaÃÃo, para aferir a existÃncia de correlaÃÃo significativa entre os dois temas, utilizando, para tanto, o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Os resultados apontam que a empresa pesquisada encontra-se em um estÃgio bÃsico de aÃÃes de Responsabilidade Social Interna. Ou seja, a empresa encontra-se apenas em nÃvel reativo quanto Ãs exigÃncias legais. Verificou-se ainda, a predominÃncia da dimensÃo afetiva do comprometimento organizacional. Esse resultado à bastante positivo, tendo em vista que demonstra que os funcionÃrios sentem orgulho e desejo de continuar na empresa, bem como se identificam e estÃo envolvidos na organizaÃÃo. Por fim, verificou-se que prÃticas de Responsabilidade Social Interna, no que se refere ao Trabalho Decente, influenciam positivamente na geraÃÃo do comprometimento instrumental na empresa pesquisada. Isto Ã, as aÃÃes no tocante à polÃtica de remuneraÃÃo; benefÃcios e carreira; cuidados com saÃde, seguranÃa e condiÃÃes de trabalho; compromisso com o desenvolvimento profissional e a empregabilidade; comportamento nas demissÃes; e, preparaÃÃo para a aposentadoria podem fazer os funcionÃrios perceberem que em outras empresas nÃo encontrariam emprego melhor, em termos do que se define como trabalho decente.
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Anakok, Zeynep. "Towards An International Or Supranational Electricity Market? British And Turkish Cases." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605644/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis tries to answer the question of whether there is a single electricity market in the European Union. Although some further steps were taken in terms of market integration, this study shows that it is still not possible to talk about a single electricity market. The attempts to create a single electricity market demonstrate the tensions between supranational and national decision making in a vital issue area of energy. States have been reluctant to transfer their sovereignty in energy policy making as they deemed this area vital to their economic and security interests. This study argues that intergovernmental premises, still explain the reluctance of the member states in this context better. The thesis incorporates two case studiesUnited Kingdom and Turkey. The first case illustrates that though UK is at the forefront of the other member states in adopting the EU electricity directives, it has still resisted transferring its right of control over its sector to the supranational authorities. Also, the British Case shows that the liberalisation process has some negative consequences. Turkish case will be an evidence for that the model of UK is not appropriate for Turkey in the restructuring process due to the differences between the two states in terms of laws and regulations, institutional capabilities and domestic market conditions. This thesis proposes that Turkey shouldn&rsquo
t disregard its conditions for the sake of EU membership while developing policies in a strategically important area where member states abstain from devolving their rights to the supranational authorities.
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Sanz, Fernández Àlex. "Water and clean energy services in developing countries: Regulation and evaluation of universal service policies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/387430.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this thesis I analyze access problems to basic services like water and energy in developing countries. The objective of the thesis is to show how to improve access to water services and clean energies in rural communities of developing countries.
In this regard, this tesis is composed by three papers. Two focused on analyzing the water sector in developing countries and one paper focused on analyzing the implementation of a program aimed to ease the substitution of wood by LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) as a cooking fuel.
In the first paper, the regulation of water provision in developing countries: coverage quality and prices, I develop a theoretical model aimed to analyze the optimal product line of a regulated utility facing competition from water vendors. The existence of water vendors forces the utility to release standpipes increasing the population with access to the service but reduces coverage. Regulation can mitigate this situation. In addition universal service policies for standpipes or the delegation of standpipes´ management to a different firm can reduce the coverage of the utility. Also, regulation can mitigate this situations.
In the second paper, Community managed water systems: the case of Peru, I make a descriptive analysis of communal organizations providing water services in rural areas of Peru. In addition, I analyze empirically which are the determinants of their presence in Peru. I show that JASS (Juntas Administradoras de Servicios de Saneamiento) are an efficient mechanism to provide water services in rural areas, but they need support. My result show that homogeneous communities, in terms of maintaining the Minka tradition of the Inca Empìre and also in linguistic terms, are more prone to create JASS.
In the third paper, LPG cook stoves in Peru: evaluation of the FISE program, I analyse the implementation of the FISE (Fondo de Inclusión Social Energético) program in Peru. I also analyze empirically its performance in terms of use of LPG stoves and its health benefits associated. In this sense, I show that discount vouchers are an efficient policy to increase the use of LPG, avoiding cross-subsidies, to increase the use of LPG stoves but this policy alone cannot reduce respiratory problems among beneficiaries. On the other hand, this policy reduces diarrhoeal problems.
The main contributions, summarized by paper were: in the first paper I analyzed a theoretical model supposing that the water utility can use two technologies to provide water and faces competition from water resellers. I analyzed how the utility uses coverage, prices and quality to increase its profits. The main contribution of the second paper has been the analysis of JASS. As far as I know this is the first paper doing so. It is interesting to remark that municipalities lower than 2.000 population have to be served by JASS, but not all municipalities have created JASS. I analyzed the determinants for the creation of JASS in Peru. Finally, in the third paper I analyzed a policy aimed to increase the use of LPG as fuel for cooking purposes via offering discount vouchers for low income households. As far as I know this is an innovative policy in Latin American countries. In the paper, I have analyzed the implementation of the program, the problems faced during its implementation and also I analyzed empirically its performance.En esta tesis se analizan los problemas de acceso a los servicios básicos como el agua y la energía en los países en desarrollo. El objetivo de la tesis es mostrar cómo mejorar el acceso a los servicios de agua y energías limpias en las comunidades rurales de los países en desarrollo. En este sentido, esta tesis se compone de tres papeles. Dos centrado en el análisis del sector del agua en los países en desarrollo y uno de papel centrado en el análisis de la implementación de un programa destinado a facilitar la sustitución de la madera por GLP (Gas Licuado de Petróleo) como combustible para cocinar. En el primer documento, la regulación del suministro de agua en los países en desarrollo: la calidad de la cobertura y los precios, se desarrolla un modelo teórico tuvo como objetivo analizar la línea de productos óptima de un servicio público regulado frente a la competencia de los vendedores de agua. La existencia de los vendedores de agua obliga a la energía para dar tomas de agua cada vez mayores de la población con acceso al servicio, pero reduce la cobertura. La regulación puede mitigar esta situación. Además políticas de servicio universal para tomas de agua o la delegación de la gestión standpipes' a una empresa diferente pueden reducir la cobertura de la utilidad. Además, la regulación puede mitigar estas situaciones. En el segundo artículo, los sistemas de agua comunitaria logró: el caso de Perú, hago un análisis descriptivo de las organizaciones comunales que prestan los servicios de agua en las zonas rurales de Perú. Además se analizan empíricamente cuáles son los factores determinantes de su presencia en Perú. Muestro que JASS (Juntas Administradoras de Servicios de Saneamiento) son un mecanismo eficiente para proporcionar servicios de agua en las zonas rurales, pero que necesitan apoyo. Mi resultado muestra que las comunidades homogéneas, en cuanto al mantenimiento de la tradición Minka del Imperio Inca y también en términos lingüísticos, son más propensos a crear JASS. En el tercer artículo, estufas de cocción GLP en Perú: evaluación del programa FISE, que analizan la ejecución del programa FISE (Fondo de Inclusión Social Energético) en el Perú. También se analizan empíricamente su desempeño en términos de uso de cocinas de GLP y sus beneficios para la salud asociados. En este sentido, se muestra que los vales de descuento son una política eficiente para aumentar el uso de GLP, evitarán las subvenciones cruzadas, para aumentar el uso de estufas de LPG pero esta política por sí sola no puede reducir los problemas respiratorios entre los beneficiarios. Por otra parte, esta política reduce los problemas de diarrea. Las principales contribuciones, resumidas por el papel son: en el primer documento analizaba un modelo teórico suponiendo que la empresa de agua se puede utilizar dos tecnologías para proporcionar agua y se enfrenta a la competencia de los distribuidores de agua. He analizado cómo la utilidad utiliza cobertura, precios y calidad para aumentar sus beneficios. La principal contribución del segundo documento ha sido el análisis de JASS. Por lo que yo sé que este es el primer documento de hacerlo. Es interesante destacar que los municipios menores de 2.000 habitantes tienen que ser servido por JASS, pero no todos los municipios han creado JASS. He analizado los factores determinantes para la creación de JASS en el Perú. Por último, en el tercer artículo analizaba una política destinada a incrementar el uso de GLP como combustible para cocinar a través de ofrecer cupones de descuento para los hogares de bajos ingresos. Por lo que yo sé que esto es una política innovadora en los países latinoamericanos. En el trabajo he analizado la ejecución del programa, los problemas que enfrentan durante su ejecución y también analizan empíricamente su rendimiento.
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Ydebäck, Joakim. "The Enemy of My Enemy is My Agent : A Case Study on the Effects of Soft Power in Preventing and Facilitating One-Sided Violence in Internal Conflicts." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-432097.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The internationalisation of conflicts has made the study of the effects of external support a prominent subfield within peace and conflict studies. How supporting states affect conflict strategies and changes the conflict dynamic has been the prime concern of this thesis. I have argued that when a government actor is supported by an external state with high soft power, in the form of political and economic capital, the government is less inclined to use one-sided violence as a conflict strategy. By using the principal- agent theory as a model to explain the relationship between the supporter and the supported state, I have found support for my argument. The government of the Central African Republic has conducted low levels of one-sided violence when supported by the soft power France. The government of South Sudan, on the other hand, has conducted high levels of one-sided violence when supported by the non-soft power Uganda. By coming to this conclusion, this paper has introduced soft power as an important concept in peace and conflict studies while also helping to elucidate the role of external supporters in conflict strategies. Future research should develop on the findings in this thesis by controlling for other possible explanations to why one-sided violence decreases depending on the characteristics of the support and include a greater number of cases.
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Wang, Chih-Hang, and 王志航. "Some Optimization Algorithms for Energy-Efficiency Social Internet of Things." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/r5phjr.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
博士國立清華大學
資訊工程學系所
107
With the development of artificial intelligence (AI) on chips, social internet of things (SIoT) has drawn increasing attention because a group of devices with social relationships can collaborate to directly identify and handle local events without the help of servers. In order to cope with local SIoT data and enhance the robustness of SIoT, mobile edge computing and wireless power transfer are two of the most important paradigms. With mobile edge computing, SIoT data can be locally managed to alleviate data transmission and computation in the backhaul networks, whereas wireless power transfer can prolong the network lifetime to enhance the robustness and coverage of SIoT such that SIoT services can be widely deployed. Meanwhile, optimizing energy efficiency is important due to the explosive growth of information and communication technology. Therefore, this dissertation investigates the energy-efficiency SIoT and proposes some optimization and approximation algorithms to minimize allocated resources and energy consumption in the networks. Firstly, this dissertation explores the uplink resource allocation problem for multi-camera surveillance systems in cellular networks. The objective is to minimize the number of allocated resource blocks (RBs), while simultaneously ensuring the coverage requirement for the surveillance system and coping with the wireless communication limitation in cellular networks. An approximation algorithm is designed for the general case and optimal solutions for the camera deployments in the Manhattan street map are proposed to find the intrinsic properties of camera selections. Simulation results, based on two real surveillance maps and synthetic datasets, show that the number of allocated RBs can be effectively reduced compared to the existing approaches for cellular networks. Secondly, this dissertation investigates the SIoT group construction and device selection problem, where the IoT devices encompass AI-on-chips technologies such that the devices are able to automatically build social groups to make decisions. An approximation algorithm is proposed to minimize the overall energy consumption by exploring communication and computation trade-off, cross-layer design in an SIoT, and forwarding and aggregation trade-off in mobile edge computing networks. Simulations on two real networks show that the overall energy consumption can be effectively reduced by more than 50%. To enhance the robustness of SIoT, this dissertation finally explores the health-aware beamforming to charge the selected IoT devices under the energy harvesting and human safety constraints. An approximation algorithm is proposed to minimize radiation exposure and maximize IoT coverage and simulation results manifest that it significantly outperforms the previous energy harvesting approaches by more than 200%. It is worth noting that the above algorithms can jointly provide the total solution to SIoT. The resource allocation algorithm is used to allocate RBs to the selected devices and collaborative groups of SIoT. On the other hand, the health-aware beamforming safely charges the selected IoT devices.
Книги з теми "Social Energy Internet"
1
Romm, Joseph. The Internet economy and global warming: A scenario of the impact of E-Commerce on energy and the environment. [United States: Center for Energy and Climate Solutions, Global Environment and Technology Foundation, 1999.
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2
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Making the Internet safe for kids: The role of ISP's and social networking sites : hearings before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, June 27 and June 28, 2006. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.
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3
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet. H.R. 5319, the Deleting Online Predators Act of 2006: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, July 11, 2006. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.
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4
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet. Online virtual worlds: Applications and avatars in a user-generated medium : hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session, April 1, 2008. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.
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5
Online virtual worlds: Applications and avatars in a user-generated medium : hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session, April 1, 2008. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.
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6
Energetyka a samorząd: Prawne uwarunkowania rozwoju energetyki lokalnej w Polsce. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, 2012.
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Rahm, Dianne. United States public policy: A budgetary approach. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2004.
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8
Dependable IoT for Human and Industry: Modeling, Architecting, Implementation. River Publishers, 2019.
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9
Dependable IoT for Human and Industry: Modeling, Architecting, Implementation. River Publishers, 2019.
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10
Kor, Ah-Lian, Andrzej Rucinski, and Vyacheslav Kharchenko. Dependable IoT for Human and Industry: Modeling, Architecting, Implementation. River Publishers, 2022.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Social Energy Internet"
1
Saba, Arje, Adia Khalid, Adnan Ishaq, Komal Parvez, Sayed Aimal, Waqar Ali, and Nadeem Javaid. "Home Energy Management Using Social Spider and Bacterial Foraging Algorithm." In Advances on P2P, Parallel, Grid, Cloud and Internet Computing, 26–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69835-9_3.
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2
Alamaniotis, Miltiadis, Rong Gao, and Lefteri H. Tsoukalas. "Towards an Energy Internet: A Game-Theoretic Approach to Price-Directed Energy Utilization." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 3–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19322-4_1.
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Su, Ruoyu, Fei Ding, Dengyin Zhang, Hongbo Zhu, and Xiaohong Wang. "An Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Internet of Underwater Things." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 563–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22968-9_51.
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Gil, Hong-Ryeol, Joon Yoo, and Jong-Won Lee. "An On-Demand Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithm for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks." In Web and Communication Technologies and Internet-Related Social Issues — HSI 2003, 302–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45036-x_31.
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Li, Bin, Xianzhen Guo, and Zhou Zhou. "Energy-Efficient Trajectory Optimization in UAV-Based Internet of Things (IoT) Network with Delay Tolerance." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 418–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14657-3_43.
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6
Ke, Chih-Kun, Mei-Yu Wu, and Chia-Yu Chen. "An Intelligent Approach for Optimizing Energy-Efficient Packets Routing in the Smart Grid Internet of Things." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 260–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69514-9_21.
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Shi, Shuo, Meng Wang, and Xuemai Gu. "Energy-Efficient Multi-UAV-Enabled Computation Offloading for Industrial Internet of Things via Deep Reinforcement Learning." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 295–305. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69066-3_26.
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Cilliers, Jakkie. "Technological Innovation and the Power of Leapfrogging." In The Future of Africa, 221–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46590-2_10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractTechnological innovation and the notion of leapfrogging are imperative to Africa’s future and will shape development on the continent in ways that are difficult to anticipate. However, the impact of the shale and tight oil revolution in the USA demonstrates the potential of new technologies to leapfrog aspects of traditional development. This is most likely in the renewable energy space provided the challenges associated with energy storage can be overcome. Already the uptake of mobile phones and the internet have brought financial services to millions and mobile telephony is at the forefront of social change in Africa. Building on the example of what is happening in Ghana that was explored in Chapter 10.1007/978-3-030-46590-2_9, this chapter models the impact of a Leapfrogging scenario.
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Bandekar, Ashutosh, Akshay Kotian, and Ahmad Y. Javaid. "Comparative Analysis of Simulation and Real-World Energy Consumption for Battery-Life Estimation of Low-Power IoT (Internet of Things) Deployment in Varying Environmental Conditions Using Zolertia Z1 Motes." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 137–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61563-9_12.
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Stiller, Burkhard, David Hausheer, and Tobias Hoßfeld. "Towards a Socially-Aware Management of New Overlay Application Traffic Combined with Energy Efficiency in the Internet (SmartenIT)." In The Future Internet, 3–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38082-2_1.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Social Energy Internet"
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Hu, Hao, Xinghua Shi, Tingfu Wei, and Jun Rong. "Hellenic transnational interconnection: Integrated scenario-based social-economic analysis." In 2017 IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei2.2017.8245526.
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Casals, M., M. Gangolells, M. Macarulla, A. Fuertes, V. Vimont, and L. M. Pinho. "A serious game enhancing social tenants' behavioral change towards energy efficiency." In 2017 Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/giots.2017.8016257.
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Zhang, Xiaodan, Bin Duan, and Tao Li. "Cyber-Physical-Social Systems for Wind Power Operation and maintenance." In 2019 IEEE 3rd Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei247390.2019.9061828.
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Xu, Xin, Deping Ke, Leqing Li, and Bing Xu. "Optimal Charging Strategy for Heterogeneous EVs for Cyber-Physical-Social Systems." In 2018 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei2.2018.8582386.
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Premarathne, Uthpala Subodhani. "Residual Energy Aware Trust Computation Method for Social Internet of Things." In 2019 IEEE 14th Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciis47346.2019.9063292.
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Zhao, Shihao, Zhile Yang, Xiaodong Zhu, and Ying Wang. "A Novel Binary Social Learning Particle Swarm Optimizer for Power System Unit Commitment." In 2020 IEEE 4th Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei250167.2020.9347191.
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Ge, Xinxin, Kangping Li, Fei Wang, and Zengqiang Mi. "Optimal Compensation Strategy of Demand Response Aggregator for Maximizing Social Welfare in Hierarchical Electricity Market." In 2018 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei2.2018.8582450.
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Tan, Lu, and Nian Liu. "A Peer-To-Peer Energy Sharing Framework for Prosumers Considering Network Constraints and Social Preferences." In 2021 IEEE 5th Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei252483.2021.9713052.
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Duan, Bin, Yueping Chen, Tao Li, and Junfeng Wu. "An Evaluation Method of Intelligent Wind Power Operation and Maintenance Based on Cyber-Physical-Social Systems." In 2019 IEEE 3rd Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei247390.2019.9062158.
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Marche, Claudio, Michele Nitti, and Virginia Pilloni. "Energy efficiency in smart building: A comfort aware approach based on Social Internet of Things." In 2017 Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/giots.2017.8016267.
Повний текст джерелаЗвіти організацій з теми "Social Energy Internet"
1
Reilly, Philip, and Dorothy C. Wertz. Geneletter: An Internet-based newsletter on the ethical, legal, and social implications of genetics. Final report to the Department of Energy [Final report]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/807777.
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Rentería Palomares, Zaira, Jorge Gutiérrez García, and Daniel Perdomo Rodríguez. Digitalization in the Extractive Sector: A Comparative Analysis of the Andean Region. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004675.
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Global efforts to achieve the climate goals specified in the Paris Agreement pose major challenges for the global production system, because demand for clean fuels, metals, and minerals will increase considerably in the coming decades. This trend is the main driver for extractive companies transformations of their production systems to maintain their profitability and operability in the face of an increasingly stringent context in economic, environmental, and social terms. Hence, the adoption of digital technologies appears as a unique opportunity that would enable the industry to meet the challenges posed by the energy transition that is looming. In this challenging context, companies in the extractive sector have started to rethink not only their internal operations, but also the ways in which they interact with communities, the environment, and public opinion.
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Biegelbauer, Peter, Christian Hartmann, Wolfgang Polt, Anna Wang, and Matthias Weber. Mission-Oriented Innovation Policies in Austria – a case study for the OECD. JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2020.493.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, mission-oriented approaches have received growing interest in science, technology and innovation (STI) policies against the background of two developments. First, while so-called “horizontal” or “generic” approaches to research, technology and innovation policies have largely been successful in improving the general innovation performance or the rate of innovation, there are perceived limitations in terms of insufficiently addressing the direction of technological change and innovation. Second, “grand societal challenges” emerged on policy agendas, such as climate change, security, food and energy supply or ageing populations, which call for thematic orientation and the targeting of research and innovation efforts. In addition, the apparent success of some mission-oriented initiatives in countries like China, South Korea, and the United States in boosting technological development for purposes of strengthening competitiveness contributed to boosting the interest in targeted and directional government interventions in STI. Against the backdrop of this renewed interest in mission-oriented STI policy, the OECD has addressed the growing importance of this topic and launched a project looking into current experiences with Mission-Oriented Innovation Policy (MOIP). The present study on MOIP in Austria was commissioned by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Climate Action, Energy, Mobility, Environment, Innovation and Technologiy (BMK) and comprises the Austrian contributions to this OECD project. The study aims at contributing Austrian experiences to the international debate and to stimulate a national debate on MOIP.
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Marsden, Eric. La relation contrôleur-contrôlé dans les activités industrielles à risque. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/723uib.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This document concerns the regulatory oversight and governance of high-hazard industrial activities. A complex set of laws, regulations and institutions contribute to the social control of these activities, reinforcing and serving as a complement to the risk prevention mechanisms put in place by operating companies. This document focuses in particular on the relationship between regulators and the regulated entities and the impact of the quality of this relationship on industrial safety. The scope is the prevention of major accident hazards in different industry sectors (process industry, transport, energy), in France and at an international level. The document addresses a broad range of meanings for the term “regulator”, including the entities and people who play an official role in regulatory control and societal governance: legislators, control authorities, inspectors, as well as certified third parties with a mandate to control specific activities, and the internal risk control organizations within firms. This document aims to outline the impacts of the regulator-regulatee relationship, its contribution to the governance and control of major accident hazards, and the factors that determine the quality of this relationship and its capacity to contribute to safety.
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Al-Qadi, Imad, Hasan Ozer, Mouna Krami Senhaji, Qingwen Zhou, Rebekah Yang, Seunggu Kang, Marshall Thompson, et al. A Life-Cycle Methodology for Energy Use by In-Place Pavement Recycling Techniques. Illinois Center for Transportation, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Worldwide interest in using recycled materials in flexible pavements as an alternative to virgin materials has increased significantly over the past few decades. Therefore, recycling has been utilized in pavement maintenance and rehabilitation activities. Three types of in-place recycling technologies have been introduced since the late 70s: hot in-place recycling, cold in-place recycling, and full-depth reclamation. The main objectives of this project are to develop a framework and a life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to evaluate maintenance and rehabilitation treatments, specifically in-place recycling and conventional paving methods, and develop a LCA tool utilizing Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) to help local and state highway agencies evaluate environmental benefits and tradeoffs of in-place recycling techniques as compared to conventional rehabilitation methods at each life-cycle stage from the material extraction to the end of life. The ultimate outcome of this study is the development of a framework and a user-friendly LCA tool that assesses the environmental impact of a wide range of pavement treatments, including in-place recycling, conventional methods, and surface treatments. The developed tool provides pavement industry practitioners, consultants, and agencies the opportunity to complement their projects’ economic and social assessment with the environmental impacts quantification. In addition, the tool presents the main factors that impact produced emissions and energy consumed at every stage of the pavement life cycle due to treatments. The tool provides detailed information such as fuel usage analysis of in-place recycling based on field data.
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Price, Roz. Evidence on the Advantages of Low Carbon Growth in Jordan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.117.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There has been a considerable amount of research generally into the benefits associated with low carbon development, showing that it can be synergistic with development priorities – such as job creation, improved public health, social inclusion and improved accessibility (see for example, Gouldson et al., 2018). However, this rapid review finds limited evidence and information around these benefits specifically for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. There has been much interest in green growth in Jordan in the last ten years, particularly as Jordan is seen as having a large renewable energy potential for solar and wind. International organisations have been working with Jordan to develop comprehensive national plans and strategies to encourage green growth investment. Within the Jordanian government, the green growth concept has mainly been promoted by the Ministry of Environment. The World Bank in particular has produced a number of reports that have fed into this review, that explore or touch on green growth in Jordan – however, they themselves recognise that there is a lack of research on the economic and job-generating impacts of a green growth pathway in Jordan, and emphasise the need for further analysis (see specifically Hakim et al., 2017). Many of the green growth statistics referenced are from single reports undertaken a number of years ago – for example, that environmental degradation costs Jordan 2% of its GDP per year comes from a World Bank report written in 2010 and based on data from 2006 (World Bank, 2010). No more recent reviews were found during this rapid review. This review draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature from government and international organisations.
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Ashley, Caitlyn, Elizabeth Spencer Berthiaume, Philip Berzin, Rikki Blassingame, Stephanie Bradley Fryer, John Cox, E. Samuel Crecelius, et al. Law and Policy Resource Guide: A Survey of Eminent Domain Law in Texas and the Nation. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.eminentdomainguide.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Eminent Domain is the power of the government or quasi-government entities to take private or public property interests through condemnation. Eminent Domain has been a significant issue since 1879 when, in the case of Boom Company v. Patterson, the Supreme Court first acknowledged that the power of eminent domain may be delegated by state legislatures to agencies and non-governmental entities. Thus, the era of legal takings began. Though an important legal dispute then, more recently eminent domain has blossomed into an enduring contentious social and political problem throughout the United States. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution states, “nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.” Thus, in the wake of the now infamous decision in Kelo v. City of New London, where the Court upheld the taking of private property for purely economic benefit as a “public use,” the requirement of “just compensation” stands as the primary defender of constitutionally protected liberty under the federal constitution. In response to Kelo, many state legislatures passed a variety of eminent domain reforms specifically tailoring what qualifies as a public use and how just compensation should be calculated. Texas landowners recognize that the state’s population is growing at a rapid pace. There is an increasing need for more land and resources such as energy and transportation. But, private property rights are equally important, especially in Texas, and must be protected as well. Eminent domain and the condemnation process is not a willing buyer and willing seller transition; it is a legally forced sale. Therefore, it is necessary to consider further improvements to the laws that govern the use of eminent domain so Texas landowners can have more assurance that this process is fair and respectful of their private property rights when they are forced to relinquish their land. This report compiles statutes and information from the other forty-nine states to illustrate how they address key eminent domain issues. Further, this report endeavors to provide a neutral third voice in Texas to strike a more appropriate balance between individual’s property rights and the need for increased economic development. This report breaks down eminent domain into seven major topics that, in addition to Texas, seemed to be similar in many of the other states. These categories are: (1) Awarding of Attorneys’ Fee; (2) Compensation and Valuation; (3) Procedure Prior to Suit; (4) Condemnation Procedure; (5) What Cannot be Condemned; (6) Public Use & Authority to Condemn; and (7) Abandonment. In analyzing these seven categories, this report does not seek to advance a particular interest but only to provide information on how Texas law differs from other states. This report lays out trends seen across other states that are either similar or dissimilar to Texas, and additionally, discusses interesting and unique laws employed by other states that may be of interest to Texas policy makers. Our research found three dominant categories which tend to be major issues across the country: (1) the awarding of attorneys’ fees; (2) the valuation and measurement of just compensation; and (3) procedure prior to suit.
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Informe de Política Monetaria - Abril 2022. Banco de la República de Colombia, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-spa.tr2-2022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Resumen macroeconómico En el primer trimestre la inflación anual (8,5 %) continuó aumentando y superó de nuevo los pronósticos del promedio del mercado y del equipo técnico del Banco. En lo corrido del año todas las grandes canastas del índice de precios al consumidor (IPC) se aceleraron, y a marzo sus variaciones anuales se sitúan por encima del 3 %. El grupo de alimentos (25,4 %) continuó siendo el que más contribuyó al incremento de la inflación, afectado, en gran parte, por deterioros en la oferta externa y por costos crecientes de los insumos agrícolas. El aumento en los precios de algunos servicios públicos (energía y gas) y del transporte explicaron la aceleración en la canasta de regulados (8,3 %). Por su parte, la mayor persistencia de los choques de oferta y de costos externos, los efectos de la indexación, las presiones inflacionarias acumuladas provenientes de la tasa de cambio y un cierre de los excesos de capacidad productiva más rápido de lo previsto explicarían el aumento en la inflación sin alimentos ni regulados (4,5 %). Dentro de esta última canasta, las presiones externas alcistas han impactado de forma importante el grupo de bienes (6,4 %), el cual se viene acelerando desde el último trimestre de 2021. En el caso de los servicios (3,8 %), su variación anual por encima de la meta obedece principalmente al comportamiento de las comidas fuera del hogar (14,1 %), afectadas por el fuerte incremento en los precios de los alimentos, de los servicios públicos y del salario mínimo mensual legal vigente (SMMLV). Los precios de los arrendamientos y el resto de servicios registran aumentos crecientes, si bien aún inferiores al 3 %. El pronóstico y las expectativas de inflación aumentaron y se mantienen por encima de la meta como consecuencia, en parte, de unas presiones externas (precios y costos) más persistentes de lo estimado en el Informe de enero (gráficos 1.1 y 1.2). La invasión de Rusia a Ucrania ha intensificado estas presiones alcistas, en particular sobre los precios internacionales de algunos bienes e insumos agrícolas, la energía y el petróleo. Así, la nueva proyección de la inflación supone unos precios internacionales de alimentos que aumentarían hasta mediados de año y que se mantendrían altos y relativamente estables en el resto de 2022. Supone, asimismo, una recuperación menos dinámica de la oferta de alimentos perecederos como resultado de los altos precios de los insumos agrícolas. También, que los precios del petróleo empiecen a ceder desde el segundo semestre del presente año, pero desde valores superiores a los considerados en el Informe anterior. Frente al mismo, una senda proyectada de inflación más alta podría acentuar la indexación y elevar las expectativas de inflación. Adicionalmente, la reversión de la rebaja del impuesto al valor agregado (IVA) aplicada a productos de aseo e higiene por cuenta del vencimiento de la emergencia sanitaria generaría aumentos en los precios de estos bienes. A todo esto se suma la ausencia de excesos de capacidad productiva en el horizonte de pronóstico, con niveles de brecha de producto cercanos a cero y algo más altos de lo proyectado en enero pasado. Así, hasta junio la inflación anual continuaría en niveles altos similares a los actuales, para luego descender, aunque de una forma más lenta que la proyectada en el informe anterior. El proceso de ajuste de la tasa de interés de política monetaria contribuiría a que la inflación y sus expectativas retomen su convergencia a la meta en el horizonte de pronóstico. Así, al finalizar 2022 la inflación terminaría alrededor del 7,1 % para luego descender al 4,8 % en 2023. La actividad económica volvió a sorprender al alza y el pronóstico de crecimiento económico para 2022 aumentó desde el 4,3 % al 5 % (Gráfico 1.3). En el cuarto trimestre de 2021 el aumento anual del producto (10,7 %), superior al estimado, estuvo impulsado por la dinámica de la demanda interna, principalmente por el significativo desempeño del consumo privado, con niveles muy superiores a los registrados antes de la pandemia. La inversión también registró una recuperación importante, pero sin alcanzar los niveles de 2019 y con comportamientos mixtos en sus componentes. El déficit de la balanza comercial se amplió, con un notable crecimiento de las importaciones similar al de las exportaciones. Frente al Informe de enero, el índice de seguimiento a la economía (ISE) de enero y febrero sugiere que el nivel del producto del primer trimestre alcanzaría registros superiores a los estimados y que el choque de demanda positivo observado al final de 2021 podría estar desvaneciéndose más lentamente de lo anticipado. En el caso particular del consumo, las importaciones de bienes de este tipo, las cifras de comercio al por menor, los ingresos reales de restaurantes y hoteles, y las compras con tarjeta de crédito indican que el gasto de los hogares sigue dinámico, con niveles similares a los registrados a finales de 2021. Las cifras de lanzamientos e iniciaciones de obras y las importaciones de bienes de capital sugieren que la inversión se seguiría recuperando, pero mantendría valores inferiores a los de prepandemia. Para lo que resta del año se espera que el consumo se desacelere desde los altos niveles alcanzados en los últimos dos trimestres en el entorno de unas condiciones financieras internas y externas menos holgadas, agotamiento del efecto de demanda represada y deterioro del ingreso disponible debido al aumento de la inflación. La inversión continuaría recuperándose, mientras que el déficit comercial se reduciría, favorecido por los altos precios del petróleo y de otros bienes básicos que exporta el país. Con todo esto, se proyecta un crecimiento económico del 7,2 % (antes 5,2 %) para el primer trimestre y del 5,0 % (antes 4,3 %) para todo 2022. En 2023 el crecimiento del producto continuaría moderándose (2,9 %, antes 3,1 %), convergiendo a tasas cercanas a las de largo plazo. Las nuevas estimaciones sugieren que, en el horizonte de pronóstico, la brecha del producto se mantendría en niveles cercanos a cero, pero más cerrada que lo proyectado en enero (Gráfico 1.4). Estos pronósticos de actividad económica continúan enfrentando niveles altos de incertidumbre asociados con las tensiones geopolíticas y las condiciones del financiamiento externo, la incertidumbre propia del ciclo electoral y la evolución de la pandemia. La proyección del crecimiento de la demanda externa se redujo, en un contexto de mayores presiones sobre la inflación global, de altos precios del petróleo y de condiciones financieras internacionales menos holgadas que las estimadas en enero. La invasión de Rusia a Ucrania y sus efectos alcistas sobre los precios de algunos bienes e insumos agrícolas y las cotizaciones del petróleo acentuaron las presiones inflacionarias globales originadas por restricciones de oferta y aumento de costos internacionales. La caída en la oferta de crudo desde Rusia, los niveles bajos de inventarios y la persistencia de recortes de producción por parte de la Organización de Países Productores de Petróleo y sus aliados (OPEP+) explican el alza en el supuesto del precio del petróleo para 2022 (USD 100,8 por barril, antes USD 75,3 por barril) y 2023 (USD 86,8 por barril, antes USD 71,2 por barril). En los Estados Unidos el aumento de la inflación y de sus expectativas, junto con el buen desempeño del mercado laboral y de la actividad económica, incrementaron la senda esperada de la tasa de interés de la Reserva Federal (Fed) para el presente y el siguiente año. La normalización de la política monetaria en varias economías desarrolladas y emergentes, los choques más persistentes de oferta y de costos, y los rebrotes del Covid-19 en algunos países de Asia contribuyeron a reducir el pronóstico promedio de crecimiento de los socios comerciales del país para 2022 (2,8 %, antes 3,3 %) y 2023 (2,4 %, antes 2,6 %). En este contexto, la senda proyectada de la prima de riesgo para el país aumentó, en parte como reflejo de las mayores tensiones geopolíticas globales, una política monetaria menos expansiva en los Estados Unidos, el incremento en la percepción de riesgo para los mercados emergentes y por factores internos, como los desbalances macroeconómicos acumulados y la incertidumbre política. Todo esto se resume en unas condiciones de financiamiento externo menos holgadas que las estimadas en enero. No obstante, los niveles de incertidumbre de los pronósticos externos y su impacto sobre el escenario macroeconómico del país se mantienen elevados, dada la imprevisible evolución del conflicto entre Rusia y Ucrania, así como de la pandemia. Este escenario macroeconómico, caracterizado por una alta inflación, pronósticos y expectativas de inflación superiores al 3 %, además de una brecha de producto cercana a cero, implica un mayor riesgo de desanclaje de las expectativas de inflación y un espacio muy limitado para una política monetaria expansiva. Frente a los pronósticos del Informe de enero, el desempeño de la demanda interna ha sido más dinámico y los excesos de capacidad productiva se habrían cerrado más rápido. Además de este factor, las sorpresas al alza de la inflación total y básica son el reflejo de unos choques externos más fuertes y persistentes de oferta y costos. La invasión de Rusia a Ucrania hizo más agudas y persistentes las restricciones de oferta y las presiones de costos internacionales, y explicó, en parte, el incremento en la senda de pronóstico de la inflación, a niveles que superan la meta en los siguientes dos años. Las expectativas de inflación volvieron a incrementarse y superan el 3 %. Todo lo anterior aumentó el riesgo de desanclaje de las expectativas de inflación y podría generar procesos de indexación generalizados que alejen aún más la inflación de la meta. Este nuevo contexto macroeconómico sugiere que habría un espacio muy reducido para una política monetaria expansiva. 1.2 Decisión de política monetaria La Junta Directiva del Banco de la República (JDBR) decidió continuar con el proceso de ajuste de la política monetaria y en sus reuniones de marzo y abril de 2022 decidió, por mayoría, incrementar la tasa de política monetaria en 100 puntos básicos (pb) en cada una, llevándola al 6,0 % (Gráfico 1.5).
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Informe de Política Monetaria - Julio 2022. Banco de la República de Colombia, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-spa.tr3-2022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
1.1 Resumen macroeconómico En el segundo trimestre de 2022 la inflación anual (9,67 %), su pronóstico y sus expectativas se incrementaron y se mantuvieron por encima de la meta. Los choques internacionales de costos, intensificados por la invasión de Rusia a Ucrania, han sido más persistentes de lo estimado y contribuyeron a elevar la inflación. A esto se suman los efectos de la indexación, unos excesos de demanda mayores de lo estimado, un mercado laboral más ajustado, unas expectativas de inflación que siguen aumentando y que superan el 3 %, y las presiones provenientes de la tasa de cambio. Los altos registros en las medidas de inflación básica y en todos los grandes grupos del índice de precios al productor (IPC) confirman una difusión significativa de los incrementos de precios. Frente a lo estimado en abril, el nuevo sendero de pronóstico de la inflación total y básica aumentaron, en parte por mayores presiones de la tasa de cambio sobre los precios y por una brecha del producto superior, que se estima positiva en lo que resta de 2022 y que se cerraría hacia finales de 2023. Además, estas sendas contemplan una indexación a tasas de inflación más altas y la persistencia de unas expectativas de inflación por encima de la meta, así como un mayor ritmo de incremento del precio interno de los combustibles por cuenta de la corrección de su rezago frente al precio de paridad y de una proyección del precio internacional del petróleo más elevada. El pronóstico supone una buena oferta interna de alimentos perecederos, aunque también unos precios internacionales de los alimentos procesados que se mantendrían altos. Para la subcanasta de bienes, el final de la emergencia sanitaria implica una reversión de la rebaja del impuesto al valor agregado (IVA) aplicada a productos de aseo e higiene, generando aumentos en los precios de este grupo. Por otro lado, el proceso de ajuste de la política monetaria y la moderación de los choques externos contribuiría a que la inflación y sus expectativas empiecen a ceder en el tiempo y retomen su convergencia hacia la meta. Así, la nueva proyección sugiere que en el segundo semestre de 2022 la inflación continuaría elevada y finalizaría en un 9,7 %, pero a lo largo de 2023 empezaría a ceder para cerrar el año en el 5,7 %. Estos pronósticos están sujetos a una gran incertidumbre, especialmente alrededor del comportamiento futuro de los choques externos de costos, del grado de indexación de los contratos nominales y de las decisiones que se tomen en cuanto al precio interno de los combustibles. La dinámica de la actividad económica continúa sorprendiendo al alza y la proyección de crecimiento para 2022 aumentó del 5 % al 6,9 %. Los nuevos pronósticos sugieren un nivel de producto mayor que continuaría superando la capacidad productiva de la economía en lo que resta de 2022. El crecimiento económico del primer trimestre resultó mejor de lo estimado en abril y los indicadores de actividad económica para el segundo sugieren que el PIB se mantendría alto, en un nivel que sería superior al del primero. La demanda interna habría mantenido una buena dinámica debido, en especial, a un consumo privado que volvería a crecer trimestralmente, como lo sugieren las cifras de matrículas de vehículos, las ventas de comercio al por menor, las compras con tarjetas de crédito y los desembolsos de préstamos para consumo. La desaceleración de las importaciones de maquinaria y equipo desde el alto nivel observado en marzo, que contrasta con el buen desempeño de las ventas y licencias de construcción de vivienda, apuntan a un nivel de la inversión similar al registrado en los primeros tres meses del año. La información de comercio exterior indica que el déficit comercial se reduciría, debido a unas importaciones que serían menores con respecto a los altos valores observados en el primer trimestre y a unos niveles estables de las exportaciones. Para lo que resta del año y 2023 se espera que el consumo se desacelere desde los niveles elevados observados en la primera mitad del año, como consecuencia, en parte, de una menor demanda represada, de unas condiciones financieras internas más apretadas y de un deterioro del ingreso disponible de los hogares por el aumento de la inflación. La inversión continuaría recuperándose de forma lenta, sin alcanzar los niveles observados antes de la pandemia. La menor dinámica esperada de la demanda interna y los altos niveles de los precios del petróleo y de otros bienes básicos queexporta el país se reflejarían en una reducción del déficit comercial. Con todo esto, el crecimiento económico para el segundo trimestre de 2022 se situaría en el 11,5 %, y en todo 2022 y 2023 en el 6,9 % y 1,1 %, respectivamente. En la actualidad, y en lo que resta de 2022, la brecha del producto sería positiva y mayor de lo estimado en abril, y se presentarían presiones de demanda sobre los precios. Estas proyecciones continúan sujetas a un alto grado de incertidumbre, asociado con las tensiones políticas globales, el ajuste esperado de la política monetaria en los países avanzados, el comportamiento de la demanda externa, los cambios en la percepción de riesgo-país y la evolución futura de la política fiscal interna, entre otros. Los elevados niveles de la inflación y de sus expectativas, que superan las metas de los principales bancos centrales del mundo, explican, en gran parte, el incremento observado y esperado de sus tasas de interés de política. En este entorno, las proyecciones de crecimiento de la demanda externa se han moderado. Las disrupciones en las cadenas de valor, el aumento en los precios internacionales de los alimentos y de la energía, y las políticas monetarias y fiscales expansivas han contribuido al aumento de la inflación y a unas expectativas crecientes que superan las metas en varios de los principales socios comerciales del país. Estos choques de costos y de precios, acentuados por los efectos de la invasión de Rusia a Ucrania, han sido más persistentes de lo estimado y se han dado en un contexto de recuperación del producto y del empleo, variables que en algunos de los países ya igualan o superan sus niveles estimados de largo plazo. Como respuesta, en los Estados Unidos la Reserva Federal (Fed) aceleró el ritmo de incremento de la tasa de interés de política y disminuyó rápidamente los niveles de liquidez en el mercado monetario. Los participantes de los mercados financieros esperan que este comportamiento continúe y, en consecuencia, incrementaron significativamente la senda promedio esperada de la tasa de interés de política de la Fed. En este contexto, en el segundo trimestre el dólar se apreció y las medidas de riesgo de los países emergentes aumentaron, comportamiento que ha sido acentuado en el caso colombiano. Con todo esto, para lo que resta de 2022 y 2023 el equipo técnico del Banco aumentó el sendero previsto para la tasa de interés de la Fed y redujo el pronóstico de crecimiento de la demanda externa del país. La senda esperada del precio del petróleo se incrementó, debido, en especial, a mayores restricciones de oferta y a la interrupción del comercio de hidrocarburos entre la Unión Europea y Rusia. Las tensiones geopolíticas globales, el ajuste más fuerte de la política monetaria en los países avanzados, el incremento en la percepción de riesgo para los mercados emergentes y los desbalances macroeconómicos en el país explican el incremento de la senda proyectada de la prima de riesgo, de su nivel tendencial y de la tasa de interés real neutral1. La incertidumbre sobre los pronósticos externos y sobre su consecuente impacto en el escenario macroeconómico del país se mantiene elevada, dada la imprevisible evolución del conflicto entre Rusia y Ucrania, de las tensiones geopolíticas, del grado de desaceleración de la economía mundial y del efecto que la respuesta a los recientes rebrotes de la pandemia en algunos países de Asia pueda tener sobre la economía global. El contexto macroeconómico de alta inflación, de pronósticos y expectativas de inflación superiores al 3 % y de brecha del producto positiva sugiere la necesidad de una postura de la política monetaria en terreno contractivo que mitigue el riesgo de desanclaje persistente de las expectativas de inflación. Frente a los pronósticos del Informe de abril, el aumento de la tendencia de la prima de riesgo implica una tasa de interés real neutral más alta y la existencia de un estímulo monetario mayor del estimado previamente. Por su parte, la demanda interna ha sido más dinámica, con un nivel observado y proyectado del producto mayor, que supera la capacidad productiva de la economía. Las sorpresas al alza de la inflación total y básica son el reflejo de choques externos más fuertes y persistentes que, junto con la fortaleza de la demanda agregada, la indexación, las mayores expectativas de inflación y las presiones cambiarias explican el incremento en la senda de pronóstico de la inflación a niveles que superan la meta en los siguientes dos años. Esto es corroborado por las medidas de expectativas de inflación de los analistas económicos y aquellas derivadas del mercado de deuda pública, que siguieron aumentando y exceden el 3 %. Todo lo anterior aumentó el riesgo de desanclaje de las expectativas de inflación y podría generar procesos de indexación generalizados que alejen la inflación de la meta por más tiempo. Este nuevo contexto macroeconómico sugiere que el ajuste de la tasa de interés debe continuar hacia un terreno contractivo de la política monetaria. de lo estimado y se han dado en un contexto de recuperación del producto y del empleo, variables que en algunos de los países ya igualan o superan sus niveles estimados de largo plazo. Como respuesta, en los Estados Unidos la Reserva Federal (Fed) aceleró el ritmo de incremento de la tasa de interés de política y disminuyó rápidamente los niveles de liquidez en el mercado monetario. Los participantes de los mercados financieros esperan que este comportamiento continúe y, en consecuencia, incrementaron significativamente la senda promedio esperada de la tasa de interés de política de la Fed. En este contexto, en el segundo trimestre el dólar se apreció y las medidas de riesgo de los países emergentes aumentaron, comportamiento que ha sido acentuado en el caso colombiano. Con todo esto, para lo que resta de 2022 y 2023 el equipo técnico del Banco aumentó el sendero previsto para la tasa de interés de la Fed y redujo el pronóstico de crecimiento de la demanda externa del país. La senda esperada del precio del petróleo se incrementó, debido, en especial, a mayores restricciones de oferta y a la interrupción del comercio de hidrocarburos entre la Unión Europea y Rusia. Las tensiones geopolíticas globales, el ajuste más fuerte de la política monetaria en los países avanzados, el incremento en la percepción de riesgo para los mercados emergentes y los desbalances macroeconómicos en el país explican el incremento de la senda proyectada de la prima de riesgo, de su nivel tendencial y de la tasa de interés real neutral1. La incertidumbre sobre los pronósticos externos y sobre su consecuente impacto en el escenario macroeconómico del país se mantiene elevada, dada la imprevisible evolución del conflicto entre Rusia y Ucrania, de las tensiones geopolíticas, del grado de desaceleración de la economía mundial y del efecto que la respuesta a los recientes rebrotes de la pandemia en algunos países de Asia pueda tener sobre la economía global. El contexto macroeconómico de alta inflación, de pronósticos y expectativas de inflación superiores al 3 % y de brecha del producto positiva sugiere la necesidad de una postura de la política monetaria en terreno contractivo que mitigue el riesgo de desanclaje persistente de las expectativas de inflación. Frente a los pronósticos del Informe de abril, el aumento de la tendencia de la prima de riesgo implica una tasa de interés real neutral más alta y la existencia de un estímulo monetario mayor del estimado previamente. Por su parte, la demanda interna ha sido más dinámica, con un nivel observado y proyectado del producto mayor, que supera la capacidad productiva de la economía. Las sorpresas al alza de la inflación total y básica son el reflejo de choques externos más fuertes y persistentes que, junto con la fortaleza de la demanda agregada, la indexación, las mayores expectativas de inflación y las presiones cambiarias explican el incremento en la senda de pronóstico de la inflación a niveles que superan la meta en los siguientes dos años. Esto es corroborado por las medidas de expectativas de inflación de los analistas económicos y aquellas derivadas del mercado de deuda pública, que siguieron aumentando y exceden el 3 %. Todo lo anterior aumentó el riesgo de desanclaje de las expectativas de inflación y podría generar procesos de indexación generalizados que alejen la inflación de la meta por más tiempo. Este nuevo contexto macroeconómico sugiere que el ajuste de la tasa de interés debe continuar hacia un terreno contractivo de la política monetaria. 1.2 Decisión de política monetaria La Junta Directiva del Banco de la República (JDBR) en sus reuniones de junio y julio de 2022 decidió continuar con el proceso de normalización de la política monetaria. En la reunión de junio la JDBR decidió por unanimidad incrementar la tasa de interés de política monetaria en 150 puntos básicos (pb) y, por mayoría, en 150 pb en su reunión de julio. Así la tasa se ubica en 9,0% 1 La tasa de interés real neutral se refiere al nivel de la tasa de interés real que no estimula ni desestimula la demanda agregada y, por tanto, no genera presiones que lleven al cierre de la brecha de producto. En una economía pequeña y abierta, como la colombiana, esta tasa depende de la tasa de interés real neutral externa, de los componentes de mediano plazo de la prima de riesgo-país y de la depreciación esperada.
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Monetary Policy Report - January 2022. Banco de la República, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr1-2022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Macroeconomic summary Several factors contributed to an increase in projected inflation on the forecast horizon, keeping it above the target rate. These included inflation in December that surpassed expectations (5.62%), indexation to higher inflation rates for various baskets in the consumer price index (CPI), a significant real increase in the legal minimum wage, persistent external and domestic inflationary supply shocks, and heightened exchange rate pressures. The CPI for foods was affected by the persistence of external and domestic supply shocks and was the most significant contributor to unexpectedly high inflation in the fourth quarter. Price adjustments for fuels and certain utilities can explain the acceleration in inflation for regulated items, which was more significant than anticipated. Prices in the CPI for goods excluding food and regulated items also rose more than expected. This was partly due to a smaller effect on prices from the national government’s VAT-free day than anticipated by the technical staff and more persistent external pressures, including via peso depreciation. By contrast, the CPI for services excluding food and regulated items accelerated less than expected, partly reflecting strong competition in the communications sector. This was the only major CPI basket for which prices increased below the target inflation rate. The technical staff revised its inflation forecast upward in response to certain external shocks (prices, costs, and depreciation) and domestic shocks (e.g., on meat products) that were stronger and more persistent than anticipated in the previous report. Observed inflation and a real increase in the legal minimum wage also exceeded expectations, which would boost inflation by affecting price indexation, labor costs, and inflation expectations. The technical staff now expects year-end headline inflation of 4.3% in 2022 and 3.4% in 2023; core inflation is projected to be 4.5% and 3.6%, respectively. These forecasts consider the lapse of certain price relief measures associated with the COVID-19 health emergency, which would contribute to temporarily keeping inflation above the target on the forecast horizon. It is important to note that these estimates continue to contain a significant degree of uncertainty, mainly related to the development of external and domestic supply shocks and their ultimate effects on prices. Other contributing factors include high price volatility and measurement uncertainty related to the extension of Colombia’s health emergency and tax relief measures (such as the VAT-free days) associated with the Social Investment Law (Ley de Inversión Social). The as-yet uncertain magnitude of the effects of a recent real increase in the legal minimum wage (that was high by historical standards) and high observed and expected inflation, are additional factors weighing on the overall uncertainty of the estimates in this report. The size of excess productive capacity remaining in the economy and the degree to which it is closing are also uncertain, as the evolution of the pandemic continues to represent a significant forecast risk. margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. The technical staff revised its GDP growth projection for 2022 from 4.7% to 4.3% (Graph 1.3). This revision accounts for the likelihood that a larger portion of the recent positive dynamic in private consumption would be transitory than previously expected. This estimate also contemplates less dynamic investment behavior than forecast in the previous report amid less favorable financial conditions and a highly uncertain investment environment. Third-quarter GDP growth (12.9%), which was similar to projections from the October report, and the fourth-quarter growth forecast (8.7%) reflect a positive consumption trend, which has been revised upward. This dynamic has been driven by both public and private spending. Investment growth, meanwhile, has been weaker than forecast. Available fourth-quarter data suggest that consumption spending for the period would have exceeded estimates from October, thanks to three consecutive months that included VAT-free days, a relatively low COVID-19 caseload, and mobility indicators similar to their pre-pandemic levels. By contrast, the most recently available figures on new housing developments and machinery and equipment imports suggest that investment, while continuing to rise, is growing at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. The trade deficit is expected to have widened, as imports would have grown at a high level and outpaced exports. Given the above, the technical staff now expects fourth-quarter economic growth of 8.7%, with overall growth for 2021 of 9.9%. Several factors should continue to contribute to output recovery in 2022, though some of these may be less significant than previously forecast. International financial conditions are expected to be less favorable, though external demand should continue to recover and terms of trade continue to increase amid higher projected oil prices. Lower unemployment rates and subsequent positive effects on household income, despite increased inflation, would also boost output recovery, as would progress in the national vaccination campaign. The technical staff expects that the conditions that have favored recent high levels of consumption would be, in large part, transitory. Consumption spending is expected to grow at a slower rate in 2022. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) would continue to recover, approaching its pre-pandemic level, though at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. This would be due to lower observed GFCF levels and the potential impact of political and fiscal uncertainty. Meanwhile, the policy interest rate would be less expansionary as the process of monetary policy normalization continues. Given the above, growth in 2022 is forecast to decelerate to 4.3% (previously 4.7%). In 2023, that figure (3.1%) is projected to converge to levels closer to the potential growth rate. In this case, excess productive capacity would be expected to tighten at a similar rate as projected in the previous report. The trade deficit would tighten more than previously projected on the forecast horizon, due to expectations of an improved export dynamic and moderation in imports. The growth forecast for 2022 considers a low basis of comparison from the first half of 2021. However, there remain significant downside risks to this forecast. The current projection does not, for example, account for any additional effects on economic activity resulting from further waves of COVID-19. High private consumption levels, which have already surpassed pre-pandemic levels by a large margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. External demand for Colombian goods and services should continue to recover amid significant global inflation pressures, high oil prices, and less favorable international financial conditions than those estimated in October. Economic activity among Colombia’s major trade partners recovered in 2021 amid countries reopening and ample international liquidity. However, that growth has been somewhat restricted by global supply chain disruptions and new outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff has revised its growth forecast for Colombia’s main trade partners from 6.3% to 6.9% for 2021, and from 3.4% to 3.3% for 2022; trade partner economies are expected to grow 2.6% in 2023. Colombia’s annual terms of trade increased in 2021, largely on higher oil, coffee, and coal prices. This improvement came despite increased prices for goods and services imports. The expected oil price trajectory has been revised upward, partly to supply restrictions and lagging investment in the sector that would offset reduced growth forecasts in some major economies. Elevated freight and raw materials costs and supply chain disruptions continue to affect global goods production, and have led to increases in global prices. Coupled with the recovery in global demand, this has put upward pressure on external inflation. Several emerging market economies have continued to normalize monetary policy in this context. Meanwhile, in the United States, the Federal Reserve has anticipated an end to its asset buying program. U.S. inflation in December (7.0%) was again surprisingly high and market average inflation forecasts for 2022 have increased. The Fed is expected to increase its policy rate during the first quarter of 2022, with quarterly increases anticipated over the rest of the year. For its part, Colombia’s sovereign risk premium has increased and is forecast to remain on a higher path, to levels above the 15-year-average, on the forecast horizon. This would be partly due to the effects of a less expansionary monetary policy in the United States and the accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia. Given the above, international financial conditions are projected to be less favorable than anticipated in the October report. The increase in Colombia’s external financing costs could be more significant if upward pressures on inflation in the United States persist and monetary policy is normalized more quickly than contemplated in this report. As detailed in Section 2.3, uncertainty surrounding international financial conditions continues to be unusually high. Along with other considerations, recent concerns over the potential effects of new COVID-19 variants, the persistence of global supply chain disruptions, energy crises in certain countries, growing geopolitical tensions, and a more significant deceleration in China are all factors underlying this uncertainty. The changing macroeconomic environment toward greater inflation and unanchoring risks on inflation expectations imply a reduction in the space available for monetary policy stimulus. Recovery in domestic demand and a reduction in excess productive capacity have come in line with the technical staff’s expectations from the October report. Some upside risks to inflation have materialized, while medium-term inflation expectations have increased and are above the 3% target. Monetary policy remains expansionary. Significant global inflationary pressures and the unexpected increase in the CPI in December point to more persistent effects from recent supply shocks. Core inflation is trending upward, but remains below the 3% target. Headline and core inflation projections have increased on the forecast horizon and are above the target rate through the end of 2023. Meanwhile, the expected dynamism of domestic demand would be in line with low levels of excess productive capacity. An accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia and the increased likelihood of a faster normalization of monetary policy in the United States would put upward pressure on sovereign risk perceptions in a more persistent manner, with implications for the exchange rate and the natural rate of interest. Persistent disruptions to international supply chains, a high real increase in the legal minimum wage, and the indexation of various baskets in the CPI to higher inflation rates could affect price expectations and push inflation above the target more persistently. These factors suggest that the space to maintain monetary stimulus has continued to diminish, though monetary policy remains expansionary. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) in its meetings in December 2021 and January 2022 voted to continue normalizing monetary policy. The BDBR voted by a majority in these two meetings to increase the benchmark interest rate by 50 and 100 basis points, respectively, bringing the policy rate to 4.0%.