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Статті в журналах з теми "Small scale electronic device":
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Larsen, Lisbeth Hoekjaer, Maja Hedegaard Lauritzen, Sirin Wilhelmsen Gangstad, and Troels Wesenberg Kjaer. "The Use of Small Electronic Devices and Health: Feasibility of Interventions for a Forthcoming Crossover Design." JMIR Formative Research 5, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): e20410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/20410.
Анотація:
Background Modern lifestyle is heavily affected by technology such as smartphones, tablets, and other small computers; yet it remains unclear how our health and well-being are affected by the heavy use of these devices. Objective This feasibility study aims to test two different interventions of an experimental protocol for a forthcoming large-scale community-based study and get estimates of parameters for sample size calculation. The aim of the large-scale study is to investigate the effect of (1) a wearable tracking device on aerobic capacity (VO2max/kg) and the effect of (2) restricting media use on total sleep time. Methods Twenty healthy participants were included and equipped with a wrist-worn device tracking physical activity and sleep. Participants were allocated to either a physical activity group, which was instructed to use the wrist-worn device to support exercise, or a sleep silent group, which was instructed to remove or switch off all electronic devices in the bedroom (except the wrist-worn tracking device). The intervention lasted approximately 4 weeks. Data collected included blood pressure, submaximal cycle ergometer test, self-reported technology use, and compliance of using the wearable tracking device. Results All participants wore the wearable tracking device 95.8% (SD 4.4%) of the time. Participants in the physical activity group increased aerobic capacity from 30.38 (SD 8.98) to 32.1 (SD 8.71) mL/kg/min (t=–2.31, P=.046) and decreased their systolic blood pressure from 126.5 (SD 15.8) mm Hg to 121.8 (SD 11.7) mm Hg (t=2.72, P=.02). The sleep silent group prolonged their time offline before bedtime from 18.1 (SD 19.4) minutes to 27.2 (SD 17.3) minutes (t=–2.94, P=.02). Conclusions The two interventions are feasible to conduct. Participants were willing to wear the tracking device on their wrist and restrict all media use in their bedroom and thereby reduce bedtime technology use. Our results also suggest that tracking physical activity using a wearable device is accompanied by noteworthy health benefits. We outline necessary adjustments for a forthcoming large-scale study.
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Wong, C. P. "An Overview of Integrated Circuit Device Encapsulants." Journal of Electronic Packaging 111, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3226528.
Анотація:
The rapid development of integrated circuit technology from small-scale integration (SSI) to very large scale integration (VLSI) has had great technological and economical impact on the electronics industry. The exponential growth of the number of components per IC chip, the exponential decrease of device dimensions, and the steady increase in IC chip size have imposed stringent requirements, not only on the IC physical design and fabrication, but also on IC encapsulants. This report addresses the purpose of encapsulation, encapsulation techniques, and a general overview of the application of inorganic and organic polymer materials as electronic device encapsulants.
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Tsuchiya, Hideaki, Brian Winstead, and Umberto Ravaioli. "Quantum Potential Approaches for Nano-scale Device Simulation." VLSI Design 13, no. 1-4 (January 1, 2001): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/73145.
Анотація:
With the progress of integrated technology, the feature size of experimental electron devices have already been scaled down deeply into the sub–0.1 μm region. For such ultra-small devices, it is increasingly important to take quantum mechanical effects into account for device simulation. In this paper, we present a new approach for quantum modeling, applicable to multi-dimensional ultra-small device simulation. In this work, the quantum effects are represented in terms of quantum mechanically corrected potential in the classical Boltzmann equation. We apply the Monte Carlo method to solve the quantum transport equation, and demonstrate that the quantum effects such as tunneling and quantum confinement effects can be incorporated in the standard Monte Carlo techniques.
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Cirillo, Luca, Adriana Greco, and Claudia Masselli. "CHECK TEMPERATURE: A Small-Scale Elastocaloric Device for the Cooling of the Electronic Circuits." International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400302.
Анотація:
Elastocaloric is a technology to the class of solid-state cooling based on caloric-effects have attracted great interest in recent years, representing a new and viable alternative to vapour-compression. The physical phenomenon on which elastocaloric systems are based is elastocaloric effect: a physical-thermal phenomenon manifesting in some materials called shape memory alloys where, consequently to an adiabatic variation of the intensity of an external field, a temperature variation (ΔTad), occurs. If the intensity of the field is increasing, a temperature rise is observed in the elastocaloric material; conversely, to a decreasing intensity a temperature fall corresponds. Controlling the temperature of electronic equipment is also essential and, currently, there are not elastocaloric devices specifically addressed to this application. In this context CHECK TEMPERATURE (acronym of “Controlling the Heating of Electronic Circuits: a Key-approach Through Elastocaloric Materials in a Prototype Employing them as Refrigerants of an AcTive Ultrasmall Refrigerator”) project was born: the main purpose of this project is to develop an elastocaloric device targeted on miniature scale for environmentally friendly cooling of electronic components. In this paper all the aspect concerning the development are described.
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Kim, Younghye, Hyunwook Oh, Mira Yun, and Hanra Cho. "The Impact of Electronic Device Use on Life Satisfaction in Older Adults." K Association of Education Research 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.48033/jss.8.3.7.
Анотація:
The purpose of this study is to examine life satisfaction and electronic device usage by demographic characteristics using 『2020 Korean National Survey on Older Adults』 data. Also, to determine whether the use of electronic devices by the elderly affects their life satisfaction. For this purpose, the use of electronic devices by the elderly was first categorized by purpose. Then, independent samples t-test and ANOVA analysis were conducted. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between electronic device use and life satisfaction. The main findings are as follows. First, life satisfaction was close to the “so-so” level. Second, overall, electronic device use was higher among men than women, younger age groups, higher education levels, and non-living alone than living alone. Third, among the purposes of electronic device use, “interacting with others,” “searching and acquiring information,” and “economic transactions” were found to affect life satisfaction, but “hobbies and leisure” was not found to affect life satisfaction. Based on these results, policy recommendations were made to strengthen information technology education for traditionally vulnerable groups, encourage online activities using electronic devices, conduct small-scale information technology education, and develop various educational programs that take into account the purpose of using electronic devices.
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MANOHAR, S., A. PHAM, J. BROWN, R. BORGES, and K. LINTHICUM. "MICROWAVE GaN-BASED POWER TRANSISTORS ON LARGE-SCALE SILICON WAFERS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 13, no. 01 (March 2003): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156403001600.
Анотація:
This paper presents the development of microwave Gallium nitride (GaN) heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) on silicon (Si). GaN-on-Si provides a low-cost manufacturable platform that could lead to the commercialization of GaN-based power devices for wireless applications. Small periphery GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on Si exhibited a maximum drain current of 900mA/mm, a peak gm of 300 mS/mm, and a microwave output power density of 1.5 W/mm at 2 GHz. Microwave characterization and device modeling of GaN HEMTs on Si are discussed.
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Shimokuri, D., T. Hara, and R. Matsumoto. "Development of a small-scale power system with meso-scale vortex combustor and thermo-electric device." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 25, no. 10 (September 25, 2015): 104004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/25/10/104004.
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Lu, Z. W., X. Y. Liu, X. Wang, D. X. Ba, Z. H. Jiang, P. Y. Du, and C. Y. Zhu. "High-precision small-scale laser focal spot measurements." Laser and Particle Beams 31, no. 1 (February 6, 2013): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034612001073.
Анотація:
AbstractIn this paper, a method of two-dimensional fine-scanning with charge coupled device has been conducted to precisely measure spatial position and intensity distribution of small-scale focal spot (diameter in microns). The measurement accuracy of the small-scale focal spot position is better than 1 µm when the fluctuations of the light energy and background noise are relatively small. The theoretical analysis is consistent with the experimental results.
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Yang, Dong, Hao Wang, Shenglin Luo, Changning Wang, Sheng Zhang, and Shiqi Guo. "Paper-Cut Flexible Multifunctional Electronics Using MoS2 Nanosheet." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7 (June 26, 2019): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9070922.
Анотація:
Art and science represent human creativity and rational thinking, respectively. When the two seemingly opposite fields are intertwined, there is always a life-changing spark. In particular, the integration of ancient traditional Chinese art into the latest electronic devices is always been an unexcavated topic. Fabricating two-dimensional material with a tensile strain less than 3% with an ultimate global stretch has been an important problem that plagues the current flexible electronics field. The current research is limited to material in small scale, and it is always necessary to develop and extend large-sized flexible electronic systems. Here, inspired by the traditional Chinese paper-cut structure, we present a highly deformable multifunctional electronic system based on the MoS2 nanosheet. In this work, we first demonstrate how the traditional paper-cut structure can open the view of flexible electronics. In order to obtain a large area of MoS2 with excellent performance, we use a metal-assisted exfoliation method to transfer MoS2, followed by fabricating a field effect transistor to characterize its excellent electrical properties. Two photodetectors and a temperature sensor are produced with good performance. The mechanical simulation proves that the structure has more advantages in stretchability than other typical paper-cut structures. From the experimental and mechanical point of view, it is proved that the device can work stably under high deformation. We finally show that the device has broad application prospects in highly deformed organs, tissues, and joints. These findings set a good example of traditional Chinese culture to guide innovation in the field of electronic devices.
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Mainra, Jashan Kumar, Akshpreet Kaur, Gaurav Sapra, and Parul Gaur. "Simulation and Modelling of Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-powered Electronic Devices." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1225, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1225/1/012012.
Анотація:
Abstract Triboelectric Nanogenerators has revolutionised the area of energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. In recent years, variety of small scale applications of triboelectric nanogenerators have been explored extensively particularly in self powered electronics, wearable and implantable devices, self-powered biosensors, human motion monitoring, location evaluation, air quality control etc. This paper discusses simulation and modelling of contact separation mode based triboelectric nanogenerator. In this work, triboelectric nanogenerators are simulated in COMSOL to compare the voltage profile of three different triboelectric materials – Kapton, Teflon and RTV Silicone with respect to Aluminium. Also, the effect of thickness of triboelectric layer on voltage profile is studied to optimize the thickness of the films. The output voltage recorded is 75 V, 60 V and 59 V for RTV Silicone, Teflon and Kapton respectively. It was observed that with increase in thickness of triboelectric layer, output voltage first increases linearly and then starts decreasing. The future research is directed towards fabricating a robust device for realising self – powered electronic devices.
Дисертації з теми "Small scale electronic device":
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Sukumaran, Sunija. "Design and preparation of a micro-harvesting device made of hybrid SMA/Piezoelectric polymer composite." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0140.
Анотація:
La récupération d'énergie à petite échelle pour alimenter les appareils électroniques autoalimentés se développe considérablement. À cet égard, la possibilité de combiner la récolte thermique et mécanique à l'aide de matériaux intelligents fait l'objet d'une plus grande attention. Nous avons présenté la faisabilité de l'utilisation d'un polymère piézoélectrique P(VDF-TrFE) couplé à un alliage à mémoire de forme (AMF) NiTi pour récolter à la fois l'énergie mécanique et thermique dans des dispositifs évolutifs simples. Un composite multicouche AMF-P(VDF-TrFE) a été élaboré et a démontré ses performances électro-thermo-mécaniques. Nous avons conçu un banc expérimental pour effectuer la caractérisation électro-thermomécanique du composite, permettant de mesurer la réponse piézoélectrique lorsqu'il est soumis à un chauffage et un refroidissement périodique. De plus, nous avons réalisé l'analyse par éléments finis du composite AMF/Piézoélectrique et simulé les principales propriétés du SMA telles que le comportement super-élastique, l'effet de mémoire de forme unidirectionnel et l'effet de mémoire de forme bidirectionnel, pour finalement identifier le comportement électro-thermomécanique effectif global du composite AMF-polymère piézoélectrique. Enfin, afin de récolter efficacement la charge électrique générée à partir du film P(VDF-TrFE), nous avons étudié et comparé deux types de convertisseurs élévateurs intégrés, et déterminé les conditions pour une collecte d’énergie effective. Ces résultats sont prometteurs et montrent la faisabilité de ce composite multicouche pour alimenter de manière autonome de petits appareils électroniques tels que des capteurs sans fil, des MEMS et des dispositifs biomédicauxSmall-scale energy harvesting to power self-powered electronic devices is tremendously increasing. In this regard, the ability to combine thermal and mechanical harvesting using smart materials pays more attention. We have presented the feasibility of using P(VDF-TrFE) piezoelectric polymer coupled with NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) to harvest both mechanical and thermal energy in simple scalable devices. A novel multi-layered SMA-P(VDF-TrFE) composite was fabricated and carried out their electro-thermo-mechanical performance. We have designed and developed an experimental bench to perform the electro-thermomechanical characterization of the composite, allowing us to measure the piezoelectric response when it is subjected to periodic heating and cooling. Furthermore, we performed the finite element analysis of the SMA-Piezoelectric composite and simulated the main properties of SMA such as superelastic behavior, one-way shape memory effect, and two-way shape memory effect, to finally identify the overall effective electro-thermomechanical behavior of the SMA-piezoelectric polymer composite. Finally, in order to efficiently harvest the electric charge generated from the P(VDF-TrFE) film, we have studied and compared two types of integrated converters and determined the conditions for effective energy harvesting. These results are promising, which showing the feasibility of this multilayered composite to power small electronics such as wireless sensors, MEMS and biomedical devices in an autonomous way
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Desai, Anand Hasmukh. "Thermal management of small scale electronic systems." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
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Bermudez-Contreras, Alfredo S. "An energy recovery device for small-scale seawater reverse osmosis desalination." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6098.
Анотація:
This work presents the concept development, implementation and first practical demonstration of a new pressure intensifier for energy recovery in small-scale seawater reverse osmosis systems, and the simplified system configuration it requires. The new concept has great potential to reduce the specific energy consumption of small-scale seawater reverse osmosis systems. A mathematical analysis to study pressure intensifiers for energy recovery in reverse osmosis applications was developed. The analysis was used in the design and modelling of the energy recovery device. A first prototype was built and subsequently demonstrated in a system desalinating seawater over a wide range of electrical input power stretching between 286 and 1196 W, producing up to 286 L/h of freshwater with specific energy consumptions in the range of 3.5 to 4.5 kWh/m^3. The flat specific energy characteristic makes the device attractive for renewable-energy-powered systems without energy storage. The prototype implementation was realised through modifying a Clark pump, but the new concept is fundamentally different. The new device recovers energy from the concentrate stream, which it then uses to suck in and pressurise seawater, relying purely on its piston area ratio, and thus eliminating the need for a low-pressure feed pump.
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Robbins, Curt. "Small scale renewable energy storage system using hydrogen combustion." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1456487.
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Pesola, P. (Pauli). "Smart device system to manage virtual information in small scale settings using augmented reality interfaces." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2014. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201312031950.
Анотація:
Smart devices have become more commonplace in the past years, surpassing mobile phones in use. Partially, this rise can be attributed to the possibility of customizing the devices with new software, which in turn are easier to create. These applications exists for many purposes, allowing new ways for the users to create and share their experiences but also provide useful services, such as GPS enabled navigation. Augmented reality (AR), meaning the addition of virtual information to the real world in a seamless manner, can be explored with the devices as well. AR requires a combination of specific hardware, that are found in compact smart devices, to be functional. Smart devices, with their large displays and cameras allow vision based detection and visual presentation of augmentations. AR applications enable smart devices to function as a “magnifying glass” to the underlying data of the observed objects or locations.
This thesis explores the new paradigm of interaction that AR allows on smart devices. This is achieved through the construction of an Android smart device application, utilizing free or open source software development tools. The main application concept features linking of user specified instances, objects or locations, to information that the user associates with the instances. By using the application, the user can create, modify and detect the added information from their environment.
The research was initiated by exploring the literature related to the research domain and performing a review of the existing AR applications available on Android devices. The knowledge from the existing literature and reviews was used to formalize the research question and to define the thesis’s limitations. As the creation of a new application was the principal target of this thesis, Systems Development Research (SDR), a research approach relating and contributing to Design Science (DS), was chosen to be utilized.
The application was designed with the use of scenarios, that detailed the key features that the system should implement. The scenarios were used in the evaluation of the application as well, by identifying the deviation from the design that had occurred during the implementation. Volunteers also used the scenarios to evaluate how well the key features were implemented within the application. The applications performance and stability were also evaluated. The results of the evaluation show that the application implements the features described in the scenarios, with volunteers stressing the importance of feedback from the application to improve its use. The application is also shown to be stable and developed conforming to the design guidelines and requirements expected of it.
The creation of a AR smart device application using vision based detection requires identification of the systems requirements and the capabilities of the software development tools. For vision based detection, OpenCV offers comprehensive and cross-platform capable libraries, which can be used to implement the required AR functions.
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Towle, Anna-Linnea. "Optimal Production Planning for Small-Scale Hydropower." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235266.
Анотація:
As more and more renewable energy sources like wind and solar power are added to the electricgrid, reliable sources of power like hydropower become more important. Hydropower isabundant in Scandinavia, and helps to maintain a stable and reliable grid with added irregularitiesfrom wind and solar power, as well as more fluctuations in demand. Aside from the reliabilityaspect of hydropower, power producers want to maximize their profit from sold electricity. InSweden, power is bid to the spot market at Nord Pool every day, and a final spot price is decidedwithin the electricity market. There is a different electricity price each hour of the day, so it ismore profitable to generate power during some hours than others.There are many other factors that can change when it is most profitable for a hydropower plant tooperate, like how much local inflow of water there is. Hydropower production is an ideal case forusing optimisation models, and they are widely used throughout industry already. Though theoptimisation calculations are done by a computer, there is a lot of manual work from the spottraders that goes into specifying the inputs to the model, such as local inflow, price forecasts, andperhaps most importantly, market strategy. Due to the large amount of work that needs to be donefor each hydropower plant, many of the smaller power plants are not optimised at all, but are leftto run on an automatic control that typically tries to maintain a constant water level. In Fortum,this is called, VNR, or vattennivåreglering (water level regulation).The purpose of this thesis is to develop an optimisation algorithm for a small hydropower plant,using Fortum owned and operated Båthusströmmen as a test case. An optimisation model is builtin Fortum’s current modelling system and is tested for 2016. In addition, a mathematical model isalso built and tested using GAMS. It is found that by optimising the plant instead of running it onVNR, an increase of about 15-16% in profit could be seen for the year 2016. This is a significantimprovement, and is a strong motivator to being optimising the small hydropower plants.Since the main reason many small hydropower plants are not optimised is because it takes toomuch of employees time, a second phase of this thesis was conducted in conjunction with twoother students, Jenny Möller and Johan Wiklund. The focus of this portion was to develop acentralized controller to automatically optimise the production schedule and communicate withthe central database. This would completely remove the workload from the spot traders, as wellas increase the overall profit of the plant. This thesis describes the results from both the Fortummodel and the GAMS model, as well as the mathematical formulation of the GAMS model. Thebasic structure of the automatic controller is also presented, and more can be read in the thesis byMöller and Wiklund (Möller & Wiklund, 2018).Tillförlitliga energikällor som vattenkraft blir allt viktigare vart eftersom elkraftsystemet utökasmed fler förnybara energikällor som vindkraft och solenergi. I Norden finns det rikligt medvattenkraft, vilket bidrar till att upprätthålla ett stabilt och pålitligt elnät även med ökadeoregelbundenheter från vindkraft och solkraft samt större variationer i efterfrågan. Bortsett frånvattenkraftens tillförlitlighetsaspekter vill kraftproducenter maximera sin vinst från såld el. ISverige läggs dagligen bud på effektvolym till spotmarknaden Nord Pool och ett slutgiltigtmarknadspris bestäms därefter av elmarknaden. Varje timme under dygnet motsvarar ett enskiltelpris, därmed är det mer lönsamt att generera effekt under de timmar där priset är som högst.Det finns många andra faktorer som påverkar när det är mest lönsamt för ett vattenkraftverk attproducera el, exempelvis hur stort det lokala inflödet av vatten är. Vattenkraftproduktion är idealtför tillämpning av optimeringsmodeller, vilka är vanligt förekommande inom verksamhetsområdet.Även om optimeringsberäkningarna utförs av en dator innebär optimeringen mycket manuelltarbete för Fortums elhandlare som specificerar indata till modellen. Exempel på indata är lokaltinflöde, prisprognoser och kanske viktigast av allt marknadsstrategi. På grund av den storamängden arbete som fordras för varje vattenkraftverk, optimeras inte produktionen för många avde småskaliga kraftverken utan de regleras automatiskt med mål att upprätthålla en konstantvattennivå. Denna typ av reglering kallas vattennivåreglering, VNR.Syftet med examensarbetet var att utveckla en optimeringsalgoritm för ett småskaligtvattenkraftverk, där Fortumägda vattenkraftverket Båthusströmmen används som testobjekt. Enoptimeringsmodell utvecklades i Fortums befintliga system och testades för 2016. Dessutom haren matematisk modell utvecklats och testades med GAMS. Det konstaterades att genom attoptimera produktionen från vattenkraftverket istället för att reglera den via VNR kan envinstökning med cirka 15-16 % för noteras år 2016. Detta är en väsentlig förbättring och är ettstarkt argument för att optimera produktionen från småskaliga vattenkraftverk.Eftersom den främsta orsaken till att många småskaliga vattenkraftverk inte optimeras är denutökade arbetsbelastningen det skulle innebära för de anställda, genomfördes en andra fas iexamensarbetet i samverkan med två andra studenter, Jenny Möller och Johan Wiklund. Fokus fördenna del var att utveckla en centraliserad styrenhet för att automatiskt optimera produktionsplaneroch kommunicera med det befintliga centrala systemet. Detta innebär att utökad arbetsbelastningenfrån elhandlarna undviks, samt öka vattenkraftverkets totala vinst. Denna rapport beskriverresultaten från både Fortum-modellen och GAMS-modellen, liksom den matematiskaformuleringen av GAMS-modellen. Även grundstrukturen för det självreglerandeoptimeringsverktyget presenteras, mer kan läsas i rapporten av Möller och Wiklund (Möller &Wiklund, 2018).Nyckelord: Optimering, vattenkraftplanering, självreglerande, automatisk styrning, optimalplanering
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Shaughnessy, Gwendolyn A. "Surface and small-scale processes of biogeochemical cycling of organic matter in tidal sediments /." Electronic version (PDF), 2007. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2007-3/shaughnessyg/gwendolynshaughnessy.pdf.
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Azlak, Nursamirah. "Testing of a laboratory-scale automated blending device for Fit-For-Purpose water supply from a small scale reverse osmosis system for farms." Thesis, Azlak, Nursamirah (2018) Testing of a laboratory-scale automated blending device for Fit-For-Purpose water supply from a small scale reverse osmosis system for farms. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/44786/.
Анотація:
With the continuous trend of drying climate it has become evident that water scarcity is becoming a bigger issue then it was decades ago. It is particularly affecting isolated settlements such WA’s farmlands, which are in need of essential water supply and are far away from the main cities. Therefore, an alternative water supply solution was to implement a small-scale RO unit with the integration of an automated blending device, as the combination of the two sources (permeate & feed) increases the volume of existing water supply at a much-reduced cost. This thesis project involves the redevelopment of a bench scale-blending device to further optimise the performance of the device by testing two control strategies developed to enhance the effectiveness of the device in achieving the end user’s desires. The developed and tested control strategies were the Bang Bang control strategy and the Time-Proportional PID control strategy that was constructed using a software known as the Arduino IDE. Three main tests that were conducted including a Precision & Accuracy test; the Speed test and the Setpoint Change Tracking Ability test, which assess the ability of the program to meet the desired objectives. The findings of the trials carried out evaluated that each control strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, to determine the “better” strategy of the two depends on the end user (farmer) of the device and the setting in which the device will be implemented. It was concluded that the Bang Bang control strategy was most suitable for short-term use due to its switching mechanism of the solenoids and that the Time-Proportional PID control strategy was more preferable for long-term application. However, for this device to be tested on field scale it requires further research to be done on the different blending techniques suitable for this context as the current blending technique employed will not be adequate for an onsite application.
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Hasbum, Casanova Moises. "Experimental investigation and analysis of a distributed MPPT system for a small-scale photovoltaic installation." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235193.
Анотація:
The focus of this thesis is the integration of distributed MPPT solutionswith existing photovoltaic systems. Power electronics are used to optimizethe output power from solar panels. Different topologies are used where adc/dc converter carries out the optimization task for one or more strings ofsolar panels. When connected in series, the same current flows through allthe panels. Shading and mismatch lead to sub-optimal operation, not only ofsingle panels but of every panel connected to the string. The installation ofoptimizers on all panels might prove to be a way to mitigate the power lossdue to mismatch, shading and faulty panels.The main goal of this thesis was to evaluate the performance of a PV plantusing a combination of a PV string optimizer and single panel optimizers. Themethod for this thesis consisted of field experiments, where the power outputwas measured for an existing PV plant with a string inverter. Two strings wereused, a control string with only the string optimizer and a test string usingpanel optimizers. The tests were conducted under various shading scenarios.The results show that there is an increase of between 1−3% energy productionusing panel optimizers.Det här examensarbetet behandlar frågan om att integrera distribuerade MPPT-lösningar med redan existerande solcellssystem. Kraftelektroniska kom- ponenter och metoder används för att optimera effektutmatningen från solcel- ler. Ett antal olika utformningar används där en DC/DC omvandlare utför optimeringen av en eller flera solcellssträngar. När solceller är seriekopplade går samma ström genom samtliga paneler. Vid skuggning eller felmatchning leder detta till att inte bara den individuella panelen utan samtliga paneler i en sträng kommer att drivas under icke-optimala förhållanden. Att installera optimerare kan visa sig vara ett sätt att avhjälpa förluster i effektutmatningen som uppstår på grund av felmatchning, skuggning och trasiga paneler. Huvudmålet i det här examensarbetet var att utvärdera prestandan hos en solcellsanläggning genom att använda en kombination av solcellsoptimerare avsedda för hela solcellssträngar och solcellsoptimerare avsedda för individuella paneler. Som metod genomfördes praktiska fältförsök varvid kraftutmatningen mättes hos en redan existerande solcellsanläggning med solcellsoptimerare. Två strängar användes vid dessa undersökningar, en kontrollsträng med endast en strängoptimerare och en experimentsträng där individuella strängoptimerare användes. Testerna utfördes under olika skuggningsförhållanden. Resultaten visar på att ene med 1-3% genom att använda sol-cellsoptimerare.
10
Correll, Eric Owen. "Design of a rapid, continuous, small-scale device for creating dry powders from concentrated suspensions containing active pharmaceutical ingredients." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68832.
Анотація:
Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, June 2011."February 2011." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 14).
Current methods of producing pharmaceutical compounds are large batch processes. The minimum time-to-patient for drug manufacturing is approximately 100 days. Using a continuous manufacturing process, the time-to-patient could be reduced to less than ten days. The scope of this paper encompasses the design of a machine for the desiccation of a mixture of solvent and pharmaceutical compound. The goal of this project was to provide a small-scale, high throughput method of continuous pharmaceutical drug drying for Novartis-MIT Center for Continuous Manufacturing. Specifications included a product flow rate of 100 grams per hour and a final product form of flowable powder. Several machines were built and tested, with the final design being comprised of a convective drum dryer and a modular continuous vacuum dryer.
by Eric Owen Correll.
S.B.
Книги з теми "Small scale electronic device":
1
C, McGill T. Device Physics of Superlattices and Small Structures. Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center, 1987.
2
Man, Cham Kit, ed. Computer-aided design and VLSI device development. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1986.
3
British Assistance to Small Enterprises Programme., Kenya Rural Enterprise Programme, African Regional Centre for Computing., and National Workshop on Electronic Networking for Small-Scale Enterprises (1st : 1995 : Nairobi, Kenya), eds. Preliminary report on the First National Workshop on Electronic Networking for Small-Scale Enterprises: Held in Nairobi from 15-16 March 1995. [Nairobi]: ARCC, 1995.
4
Fukuda, Toshio, Masahiro Nakajima, Masaru Takeuchi, and Yasuhisa Hasegawa. Micro- and nanotechnology for living machines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0052.
Анотація:
The chapter Micro- and nanotechnology for living machines describes research on new biohybrid technologies, engineered at the micro- and nano-scales, that combine some of the benefits of mechanical and electronic systems with those of biological systems. The chapter begins by reviewing some of the challenges of building devices at very small physical scales and discusses how new fabrication methodologies could impact on different classes of industrial, daily life, and biomedical products. We next explain how progress is being achieved through advances in micro- and nanomechatronics, particularly in the field of nanorobotic manipulation. Finally, we summarize recent progress towards building biohybrid living machines that combine nanomaterials with biological cells and outline the design of a micro- and nanorobotic manipulation system for cell assembly called the nanolaboratory.
5
Wilmshurst, Time. An Introduction to the Design of Small-Scale Embedded Systems. Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.
6
Moll, John L., Kit Man Cham, and Soo-Young Oh. Computer-Aided Design and VLSI Device Development. Springer, 2014.
7
Cham, Kit Man. Computer-Aided Design and Vlsi Device Development. Springer, 2012.
8
Moll, John L., Kit Man Cham, and Soo-Young Oh. Computer Aided Design and VLSI Device Development (The International Series in Engineering and Computer Science). Springer, 1985.
9
Tiwari, Sandip. Nanoscale Device Physics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759874.001.0001.
Анотація:
Nanoscale devices are distinguishable from the larger microscale devices in their specific dependence on physical phenomena and effects that are central to their operation. The size change manifests itself through changes in importance of the phenomena and effects that become dominant and the changes in scale of underlying energetics and response. Examples of these include classical effects such as single electron effects, quantum effects such as the states accessible as well as their properties; ensemble effects ranging from consequences of the laws of numbers to changes in properties arising from different magnitudes of the inter-actions, and others. These interactions, with the limits placed on size, make not just electronic, but also magnetic, optical and mechanical behavior interesting, important and useful. Connecting these properties to the behavior of devices is the focus of this textbook. Description of the book series: This collection of four textbooks in the Electroscience series span the undergraduate-to-graduate education in electrosciences for engineering and science students. It culminates in a comprehensive under-standing of nanoscale devices—electronic, magnetic, mechanical and optical in the 4th volume, and builds to it through volumes devoted to underlying semiconductor and solid-state physics with an emphasis on phenomena at surfaces and interfaces, energy interaction, and fluctuations; a volume devoted to the understanding of the variety of devices through classical microelectronic approach, and an engineering-focused understanding of principles of quantum, statistical and information mechanics. The goal is provide, with rigor and comprehensiveness, an exposure to the breadth of knowledge and interconnections therein in this subject area that derives equally from sciences and engineering. By completing this through four integrated texts, it circumvents what is taught ad hoc and incompletely in a larger number of courses, or not taught at all. A four course set makes it possible for the teaching curriculum to be more comprehensive in this and related advancing areas of technology. It ends at a very modern point, where researchers in the subject area would also find the discussion and details an important reference source.
10
SOHO 13 : Waves, escillations and small-scale transient events in the solar atmosphere: a joint view from SOHO and TRACE (September 2003) [electronic resource]. Noordwijk : European Space Agency, 2003, 2003.
Частини книг з теми "Small scale electronic device":
1
De Ponti, Jacopo Maria. "Autonomous Wireless Sensors via Graded Elastic Metamaterials." In Civil and Environmental Engineering for the Sustainable Development Goals, 55–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99593-5_5.
Анотація:
AbstractAmongst the 17th Sustainable and Development Goals (SDGs), it’s crucial to ensure access to sustainable and modern energy, as emphasized by the Goal 7. This is not only relevant for large utilities, but also for tiny devices such as wireless sensors that can ubiquitously found in our information driven society. Recent advances in low-power consumption circuitry have enabled ultrasmall power integrated circuits, which can run with extremely low amount of power. For these reasons, energy harvesting can be used to self-power small electronic devices, using ambient waste energy from vibrations. Recent metamaterial technologies allow to dramatically increase the energy available for harvesting, and the operational bandwidth. A large-scale application of metamaterial-based energy harvesting could increase the sustainability in the global energy mix as well as provide improvement in energy efficiency. Graphical Abstract
2
Diaper, D. "Small-Scale Collaborative Writing Using Electronic Mail." In CSCW in Practice: an Introduction and Case Studies, 69–92. London: Springer London, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2009-4_6.
3
Ren, Ye, Young Woo Kim, and Hag Young Kim. "A System Interconnection Device for Small-Scale Clusters." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 344–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38904-2_36.
4
Dinavahi, Venkata, and Ning Lin. "Device-Level Modeling and Transient Simulation of Power Electronic Switches." In Parallel Dynamic and Transient Simulation of Large-Scale Power Systems, 135–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86782-9_4.
5
Hansen, Henning Sten. "Meeting the Migration Challenges at Local Governance Level by Small Scale Population Projections." In Electronic Government and the Information Systems Perspective, 258–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98349-3_20.
6
Okoli, John U., and Tamuno K. Jinyemiema. "Versatile Work Holding Device for Hole Drilling in Small-Scale Production Workshops." In Advanced Materials Research, 481–86. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-450-2.481.
7
Essackjee, Ismaël Adam, and Robert T. F. Ah King. "Impact of Introducing Small Scale Distributed Generation on Technical Losses in a Secondary Distribution Network." In Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, 71–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52171-8_5.
8
Li, Dao-lin, Zhi-qiang Wu, Xiang-yang Chen, Jun-gang Li, and Yong Wei. "Design of Intelligent Protection and Control Device for Medium and Small-Scale Asynchronous Motor." In Electrical, Information Engineering and Mechatronics 2011, 393–401. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2467-2_46.
9
Garcia-Hernandez, Nadia Vanessa, Nikos Tsagarakis, Ioannis Sarakoglou, and Darwin Caldwell. "Psychophysical Evaluation of a Low Density and Portable Tactile Device Displaying Small-Scale Surface Features." In Haptics: Generating and Perceiving Tangible Sensations, 50–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14075-4_8.
10
Palacio-Betancur, Alejandro, and Mariantonieta Gutierrez Soto. "Development of Semi-active Cam-Lever Friction Device on a Small-Scale Structure Subjected to Earthquake Loads." In Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, 215–19. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36663-5_28.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Small scale electronic device":
1
Nakagawa, K., M. Fukuda, S. Miyazaki, and M. Hirose. "Self-Assembling of Silicon Quantum Dot and Its Electronic Characterization." In Chemistry and Physics of Small-Scale Structures. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cps.1997.csub.4.
Анотація:
Formation of Si quantum dot array on ultrathin SiO2 is a key to develop a silicon-based resonant tunneling device[1] or quantum-dot floating-gate MOS memory[2]. In order to achieve room temperature operation of such quantum dot devices, the dot size should be as small as 3nm as evaluated by a simple quantum box model or coulombic charging energy. Recently it is demonstrated that Si quantum dots can be spontaneously produced on SiO2 by controlling the early stages of low-pressure chemical vapor deposition(LPCVD) of SiH4[1, 3]. For the purpose of the device application the dot size distribution should be minimized and the dot density per unit area must be as high as 1012/cm2. This paper describes a formation mechanism of nanometer-scale Si dots on SiO2 during LPCVD and a possible route to control the size distribution and the areal density of Si dots.
2
Fouks, B. I. "Theory of Single Slow Interface Traps in Submicron Metal-Oxide-Electron Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) and Single-Electron Spectroscopy of the Traps." In Chemistry and Physics of Small-Scale Structures. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cps.1997.csud.4.
Анотація:
The study of small semiconductor devices has made large contribution to solving the low-frequency 1/f noise problem. Experiments (see review [1]) have shown that the less size of device, the easier to observe that the 1/f current noise consists of the unit acts, which are often called random telegraph signals (RTSs) because of their shape. An RTS represents the jumps of a currents between two fixed levels, the duration of the jumps is instantaneous in practice in comparison to the duration of both states of the current, so the RTS is seen as sequence of the current up and down steps of the same value between high and low current states. The times between two neighboring steps are distributed at random with the mean times of high and low current states being very long. The less the size of the device, the less the number of RTSs observed simultaneously and the higher the relative contribution of each RTS to the total current. In submicron devices under certain conditions it is possible to study a single RTS [2]. RTS is caused by capture and emission of electrons (or holes) by a slow electron trap. Thus the study of an RTS in a small-size device permits to investigate the properties of a single slow trap existing in it. The effect of the external parameters, such as temperature, voltage etc. on RTS is generally much more pronounced than that of the 1/f noise consisting of many RTSs. This is the reason why the study of RTSs in submicron devices has given a new valuable information.
3
Bulusu, A., and D. G. Walker. "Thermal Modeling of Very Small Scale Devices." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59858.
Анотація:
As electronic device dimensions shrink down to the nanoscale regime, quantum effects such as electron tunneling and quantum confinement become significant. Along with quantum effects, various scattering processes such as carrier-carrier and carrier-defect scattering will influence device performance. Many transport models are not mature enough to couple the thermal effects with electronic solutions at such small scales. Incorporation of strong scattering influences on the electron transport in most cases is extremely difficult and computationally intensive. In this paper, we study a simple model that allows for integration of electron-phonon scattering effects in a nanotransistor. An acoustic deformation potential based electron-phonon scattering model is used to incorporate scattering in the device. A 7.5% drop in channel current was observed for a scattering rate of 1013/sec while current flow dropped by 50% for higher scattering rates. The effective channel resistance due to scattering was found to increase by a factor of 1.3. The results are compared to the I-V characteristics obtained using the non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) formalism and were found to match well. The effect of phase-breaking scattering was also studied using NEGF where a 25% decrease in channel current was obtained thus demonstrating the importance of including scattering effects with quantum transport.
4
Kelly, Gerard A., Jeff M. Punch, and Suresh Goyal. "The Dynamics of a Small-Scale Portable Electronics Device Under Impact Stimuli." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14371.
Анотація:
The reliability of portable electronic devices is of critical importance due to the consumer boom in mobile telephony in recent years. Impact is a key driver of failure in portable electronics and, in current design practice, extensive testing is used in conjunction with finite element simulations to ensure product reliability under impact stimuli. Testing is time-consuming and expensive – both free-drop and constrained drop tests are usually applied – and simulation techniques are very computationally intensive. The response of portable electronic devices to impact is currently not well understood, and there is clear need for investigation into the range of acceleration levels experienced by a representative model of a portable electronic device on impact. In this paper, free-drop testing was carried out on test vehicles representative of a typical mobile phone in order to acquire acceleration data from impact events. Drop test vehicles from Nylon and aluminium were used to provide a means of comparison for diverse material properties. The primary conclusion was that the dynamics of each drop event were highly sensitive to the initial conditions of the drop test, which was evident from wide variances in the acceleration data.
5
Eryiğit, Resul, and Irving P. Herman. "Optical Response of GaAs(001) Surfaces for Monitoring and Control of Atomic-Layer-Defined Processing." In Chemistry and Physics of Small-Scale Structures. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cps.1997.csud.1.
Анотація:
Progress in the miniaturization of electronic devices, the emergence of compound semiconductors in optoelectronics applications, and the development of quantum device structures based on nanostructures can continue only with an improved understanding and control of surfaces and interfacial regions. One important way to achieve such control is by real-time measurements during growth and etching. In addition to the standard surface-analysis techniques that require near ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions (such as XPS, LEED, and EELS), there is a need for noninvasive real-time surface probes with submonolayer sensitivity that will be applicable to either the UHV environment of a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) chamber or the atmospheric-pressure environment of an organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) reactor. Optical probes can be used during either type of processing.
6
Hertel, T., R. Martel, and Ph Avouris. "Kinetics and Mechanism of Proximal Probe-Induced Local Oxidation of Si and Metals." In Chemistry and Physics of Small-Scale Structures. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cps.1997.cma.2.
Анотація:
Current efforts in electronic device miniaturization involve the development of techniques to fabricate stable, three-dimensional structures, accessible to the outside world, e.g. through electrical contacts. Here the aim is to fabricate structures with dimensions in the range of 10-50 nm utilizing materials compatible with those of current technologies, i.e. Si, SiO2 and metals. A promising proximal probe-based technique for achieving this goal appears to be tip-induced oxidation. This process was first described by Dagata et al.1, and further developed by Snow and co-workers,2 and others. The lateral dimensions of the oxide patterns produced can be as small as 10 nm, while the thickness of the oxide is believed to be less than about 5 nm. Using this process Minne et al.3 were able to fabricate sub-1.0µm Si field-effect transistors, while Matsumoto et al.4 fabricated Ti-based single electron transistors. With respect to the oxidation mechanism, initially, it was thought that it involves an electric field-induced reaction between atmospheric oxygen and silicon,1 but later work established that H2O, not O2, is essential for the oxidation.5
7
Nötzel, Richard, Manfred Ramsteiner, Lutz Däweritz, and K. H. Ploog. "Formation and electronic properties of sidewall quantum wires on patterned GaAs (311)A substrates." In Chemistry and Physics of Small-Scale Structures. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cps.1997.csub.2.
Анотація:
The natural formation of nanometer-scale structures on high-index semiconductor surfaces during molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) [1] and metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) [2] has opened a new pathway for the realization of quantum-wire and dot arrays. Even higher flexibility in the formation of nanostructures on high-index semiconductor surfaces can be realized by growth on patterned substrates. Patterning provides an additional degree of freedom for the control of the size and, most important, allows the precise placing of the nanostructures desired for applications in devices.
8
Arakawa, Yasuhiko. "Self-assembly of Compound Semiconductor Quantum Dots For Optoelectronic Applications." In Chemistry and Physics of Small-Scale Structures. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cps.1997.csub.3.
Анотація:
A reduction of dimensionality of the electron motions in quantum nano-structures brings new phenomena in semiconductor physics. Moreover, it allows new device concept to be considered and permits improvements in performance of the transistors and lasers. In 1982, the quantum wire laser and the quantum dot laser were proposed, predicting significant improvement of lasing characteristics[1]. When the concept was proposed, it was considered that the quantum wires and quantum dots would be realized in the 21
9
Tersoff, Jerry. "Nanofabrication of Quantum Wires and Quantum Wells by Self-Organizing Step Flow Growth." In Chemistry and Physics of Small-Scale Structures. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cps.1997.csub.1.
Анотація:
Electronic devices often incorporate layers of different semiconductors, which are intended to be smooth and uniform. However, additional interesting structures sometimes develop spontaneously. These include step bunches, facets, composition modulations, and even spontaneous formation of vertical or lateral superlattices. These "accidental" structures, if they can be controlled, may have numerous applications. However, understanding and control have been hampered by the lack of simple models which describe realistic growth conditions (including strain). I will describe calculations of step-flow growth, including strain and alloy decomposition. The results point up several opportunities for controlled self-assembly and self-organization of nanostructures.
10
Talmor, Michal, and Jamal Yagoobi. "Numerical Performance Characterization of an Innovative Micro-Scale Electrohydrodynamic Conduction Pumping Device." In ASME 2017 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2017 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2017-74107.
Анотація:
As technological advances lead to miniaturization of high power electronics, the concentration of heat generating components per area increases to the point of requiring innovative, integrated cooling solutions to maintain operational temperatures. Traditional coolant pumps have many moving parts, making them susceptible to mechanical failure and requiring periodic maintenance. Such devices are too complex to be miniaturized and embedded in small scale systems. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) conduction pumps offer an alternative way of generating fluid flow in small scales for use in modern thermal control systems for high power electronics, both for terrestrial and aerospace applications. In EHD conduction, the interaction between an applied electrical field and the dissociation of electrolyte species in a dielectric fluid generates an accumulation of space charge near the electrodes, known as heterocharge layers. These layers apply electric body forces in the fluid, resulting in a flow in the desired direction based on the pump characteristics. EHD conduction pumps work with dielectric fluids and have simple, flexible designs with no moving parts. These pumps have very low power consumption, operate reliably for longer periods than mechanical pumps, and have the ability to operate in microgravity. EHD conduction pumps have been previously proven effective for heat transfer enhancement in multiple size scales, but were only studied in a flush ring or flush flat electrode configurations at the micro-scale. This study provides the pressure and flow rate generation performance characterization for a micro-scale pump with perforated electrodes, designed to be manufactured and assembled using innovative techniques, and incorporated into an evaporator embedded in an electronic cooling system. The performance of the pump is numerically simulated based on the fully coupled equations of the EHD conduction model, showcasing the distinctive heterocharge layer structure and subsequent force generation unique to this innovative design.
Звіти організацій з теми "Small scale electronic device":
1
Burnside, N. J., S. F. Son, and B. W. Asay. Remote plunger removal device for small-scale incremental pressing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/541923.
2
Tyo, J. S., and Deborah G. Evans. Non-Thermal, Non-Ionizing Interaction of High-Intensity Electromagnetic Fields with Small-Scale Electronic and Biological Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada441363.
3
Chou, Roger, Rongwei Fu, Tracy Dana, Miranda Pappas, Erica Hart, and Kimberly M. Mauer. Interventional Treatments for Acute and Chronic Pain: Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer247.
Анотація:
Objective. To evaluate the benefits and harms of selected interventional procedures for acute and chronic pain that are not currently covered by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) but are relevant for and have potential utility for use in the Medicare population, or that are covered by CMS but for which there is important uncertainty or controversy regarding use. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to April 12, 2021, reference lists, and submissions in response to a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for 10 interventional procedures and conditions that evaluated pain, function, health status, quality of life, medication use, and harms. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted for vertebral compression fracture; otherwise, outcomes were synthesized qualitatively. Effects were classified as small, moderate, or large using previously defined criteria. Results. Thirty-seven randomized trials (in 48 publications) were included. Vertebroplasty (13 trials) is probably more effective at reducing pain and improving function in older (>65 years of age) patients, but benefits are small (less than 1 point on a 10-point pain scale). Benefits appear smaller (but still present) in sham-controlled (5 trials) compared with usual care controlled trials (8 trials) and larger in trials of patients with more acute symptoms; however, testing for subgroup effects was limited by imprecision. Vertebroplasty is probably not associated with increased risk of incident vertebral fracture (10 trials). Kyphoplasty (2 trials) is probably more effective than usual care for pain and function in older patients with vertebral compression fracture at up to 1 month (moderate to large benefits) and may be more effective at >1 month to ≥1 year (small to moderate benefits) but has not been compared against sham therapy. Evidence on kyphoplasty and risk of incident fracture was conflicting. In younger (below age for Medicare eligibility) populations, cooled radiofrequency denervation for sacroiliac pain (2 trials) is probably more effective for pain and function versus sham at 1 and 3 months (moderate to large benefits). Cooled radiofrequency for presumed facet joint pain may be similarly effective versus conventional radiofrequency, and piriformis injection with corticosteroid for piriformis syndrome may be more effective than sham injection for pain. For the other interventional procedures and conditions addressed, evidence was too limited to determine benefits and harms. Conclusions. Vertebroplasty is probably effective at reducing pain and improving function in older patients with vertebral compression fractures; benefits are small but similar to other therapies recommended for pain. Evidence was too limited to separate effects of control type and symptom acuity on effectiveness of vertebroplasty. Kyphoplasty has not been compared against sham but is probably more effective than usual care for vertebral compression fractures in older patients. In younger populations, cooled radiofrequency denervation is probably more effective than sham for sacroiliac pain. Research is needed to determine the benefits and harms of the other interventional procedures and conditions addressed in this review.
4
Wu, Yingjie, Selim Gunay, and Khalid Mosalam. Hybrid Simulations for the Seismic Evaluation of Resilient Highway Bridge Systems. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/ytgv8834.
Анотація:
Bridges often serve as key links in local and national transportation networks. Bridge closures can result in severe costs, not only in the form of repair or replacement, but also in the form of economic losses related to medium- and long-term interruption of businesses and disruption to surrounding communities. In addition, continuous functionality of bridges is very important after any seismic event for emergency response and recovery purposes. Considering the importance of these structures, the associated structural design philosophy is shifting from collapse prevention to maintaining functionality in the aftermath of moderate to strong earthquakes, referred to as “resiliency” in earthquake engineering research. Moreover, the associated construction philosophy is being modernized with the utilization of accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques, which strive to reduce the impact of construction on traffic, society, economy and on-site safety. This report presents two bridge systems that target the aforementioned issues. A study that combined numerical and experimental research was undertaken to characterize the seismic performance of these bridge systems. The first part of the study focuses on the structural system-level response of highway bridges that incorporate a class of innovative connecting devices called the “V-connector,”, which can be used to connect two components in a structural system, e.g., the column and the bridge deck, or the column and its foundation. This device, designed by ACII, Inc., results in an isolation surface at the connection plane via a connector rod placed in a V-shaped tube that is embedded into the concrete. Energy dissipation is provided by friction between a special washer located around the V-shaped tube and a top plate. Because of the period elongation due to the isolation layer and the limited amount of force transferred by the relatively flexible connector rod, bridge columns are protected from experiencing damage, thus leading to improved seismic behavior. The V-connector system also facilitates the ABC by allowing on-site assembly of prefabricated structural parts including those of the V-connector. A single-column, two-span highway bridge located in Northern California was used for the proof-of-concept of the proposed V-connector protective system. The V-connector was designed to result in an elastic bridge response based on nonlinear dynamic analyses of the bridge model with the V-connector. Accordingly, a one-third scale V-connector was fabricated based on a set of selected design parameters. A quasi-static cyclic test was first conducted to characterize the force-displacement relationship of the V-connector, followed by a hybrid simulation (HS) test in the longitudinal direction of the bridge to verify the intended linear elastic response of the bridge system. In the HS test, all bridge components were analytically modeled except for the V-connector, which was simulated as the experimental substructure in a specially designed and constructed test setup. Linear elastic bridge response was confirmed according to the HS results. The response of the bridge with the V-connector was compared against that of the as-built bridge without the V-connector, which experienced significant column damage. These results justified the effectiveness of this innovative device. The second part of the study presents the HS test conducted on a one-third scale two-column bridge bent with self-centering columns (broadly defined as “resilient columns” in this study) to reduce (or ultimately eliminate) any residual drifts. The comparison of the HS test with a previously conducted shaking table test on an identical bridge bent is one of the highlights of this study. The concept of resiliency was incorporated in the design of the bridge bent columns characterized by a well-balanced combination of self-centering, rocking, and energy-dissipating mechanisms. This combination is expected to lead to minimum damage and low levels of residual drifts. The ABC is achieved by utilizing precast columns and end members (cap beam and foundation) through an innovative socket connection. In order to conduct the HS test, a new hybrid simulation system (HSS) was developed, utilizing commonly available software and hardware components in most structural laboratories including: a computational platform using Matlab/Simulink [MathWorks 2015], an interface hardware/software platform dSPACE [2017], and MTS controllers and data acquisition (DAQ) system for the utilized actuators and sensors. Proper operation of the HSS was verified using a trial run without the test specimen before the actual HS test. In the conducted HS test, the two-column bridge bent was simulated as the experimental substructure while modeling the horizontal and vertical inertia masses and corresponding mass proportional damping in the computer. The same ground motions from the shaking table test, consisting of one horizontal component and the vertical component, were applied as input excitations to the equations of motion in the HS. Good matching was obtained between the shaking table and the HS test results, demonstrating the appropriateness of the defined governing equations of motion and the employed damping model, in addition to the reliability of the developed HSS with minimum simulation errors. The small residual drifts and the minimum level of structural damage at large peak drift levels demonstrated the superior seismic response of the innovative design of the bridge bent with self-centering columns. The reliability of the developed HS approach motivated performing a follow-up HS study focusing on the transverse direction of the bridge, where the entire two-span bridge deck and its abutments represented the computational substructure, while the two-column bridge bent was the physical substructure. This investigation was effective in shedding light on the system-level performance of the entire bridge system that incorporated innovative bridge bent design beyond what can be achieved via shaking table tests, which are usually limited by large-scale bridge system testing capacities.
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Delwiche, Michael, Boaz Zion, Robert BonDurant, Judith Rishpon, Ephraim Maltz, and Miriam Rosenberg. Biosensors for On-Line Measurement of Reproductive Hormones and Milk Proteins to Improve Dairy Herd Management. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573998.bard.
Анотація:
The original objectives of this research project were to: (1) develop immunoassays, photometric sensors, and electrochemical sensors for real-time measurement of progesterone and estradiol in milk, (2) develop biosensors for measurement of caseins in milk, and (3) integrate and adapt these sensor technologies to create an automated electronic sensing system for operation in dairy parlors during milking. The overall direction of research was not changed, although the work was expanded to include other milk components such as urea and lactose. A second generation biosensor for on-line measurement of bovine progesterone was designed and tested. Anti-progesterone antibody was coated on small disks of nitrocellulose membrane, which were inserted in the reaction chamber prior to testing, and a real-time assay was developed. The biosensor was designed using micropumps and valves under computer control, and assayed fluid volumes on the order of 1 ml. An automated sampler was designed to draw a test volume of milk from the long milk tube using a 4-way pinch valve. The system could execute a measurement cycle in about 10 min. Progesterone could be measured at concentrations low enough to distinguish luteal-phase from follicular-phase cows. The potential of the sensor to detect actual ovulatory events was compared with standard methods of estrus detection, including human observation and an activity monitor. The biosensor correctly identified all ovulatory events during its testperiod, but the variability at low progesterone concentrations triggered some false positives. Direct on-line measurement and intelligent interpretation of reproductive hormone profiles offers the potential for substantial improvement in reproductive management. A simple potentiometric method for measurement of milk protein was developed and tested. The method was based on the fact that proteins bind iodine. When proteins are added to a solution of the redox couple iodine/iodide (I-I2), the concentration of free iodine is changed and, as a consequence, the potential between two electrodes immersed in the solution is changed. The method worked well with analytical casein solutions and accurately measured concentrations of analytical caseins added to fresh milk. When tested with actual milk samples, the correlation between the sensor readings and the reference lab results (of both total proteins and casein content) was inferior to that of analytical casein. A number of different technologies were explored for the analysis of milk urea, and a manometric technique was selected for the final design. In the new sensor, urea in the sample was hydrolyzed to ammonium and carbonate by the enzyme urease, and subsequent shaking of the sample with citric acid in a sealed cell allowed urea to be estimated as a change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The pressure change in the cell was measured with a miniature piezoresistive pressure sensor, and effects of background dissolved gases and vapor pressures were corrected for by repeating the measurement of pressure developed in the sample without the addition of urease. Results were accurate in the physiological range of milk, the assay was faster than the typical milking period, and no toxic reagents were required. A sampling device was designed and built to passively draw milk from the long milk tube in the parlor. An electrochemical sensor for lactose was developed starting with a three-cascaded-enzyme sensor, evolving into two enzymes and CO2[Fe (CN)6] as a mediator, and then into a microflow injection system using poly-osmium modified screen-printed electrodes. The sensor was designed to serve multiple milking positions, using a manifold valve, a sampling valve, and two pumps. Disposable screen-printed electrodes with enzymatic membranes were used. The sensor was optimized for electrode coating components, flow rate, pH, and sample size, and the results correlated well (r2= 0.967) with known lactose concentrations.
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Smit, Amelia, Kate Dunlop, Nehal Singh, Diona Damian, Kylie Vuong, and Anne Cust. Primary prevention of skin cancer in primary care settings. The Sax Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/qpsm1481.
Анотація:
Overview Skin cancer prevention is a component of the new Cancer Plan 2022–27, which guides the work of the Cancer Institute NSW. To lessen the impact of skin cancer on the community, the Cancer Institute NSW works closely with the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Advisory Committee, comprising governmental and non-governmental organisation representatives, to develop and implement the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy. Primary Health Networks and primary care providers are seen as important stakeholders in this work. To guide improvements in skin cancer prevention and inform the development of the next NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy, an up-to-date review of the evidence on the effectiveness and feasibility of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care is required. A research team led by the Daffodil Centre, a joint venture between the University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW, was contracted to undertake an Evidence Check review to address the questions below. Evidence Check questions This Evidence Check aimed to address the following questions: Question 1: What skin cancer primary prevention activities can be effectively administered in primary care settings? As part of this, identify the key components of such messages, strategies, programs or initiatives that have been effectively implemented and their feasibility in the NSW/Australian context. Question 2: What are the main barriers and enablers for primary care providers in delivering skin cancer primary prevention activities within their setting? Summary of methods The research team conducted a detailed analysis of the published and grey literature, based on a comprehensive search. We developed the search strategy in consultation with a medical librarian at the University of Sydney and the Cancer Institute NSW team, and implemented it across the databases Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, Cochrane Central and CINAHL. Results were exported and uploaded to Covidence for screening and further selection. The search strategy was designed according to the SPIDER tool for Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Evidence Synthesis, which is a systematic strategy for searching qualitative and mixed-methods research studies. The SPIDER tool facilitates rigour in research by defining key elements of non-quantitative research questions. We included peer-reviewed and grey literature that included skin cancer primary prevention strategies/ interventions/ techniques/ programs within primary care settings, e.g. involving general practitioners and primary care nurses. The literature was limited to publications since 2014, and for studies or programs conducted in Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, Western Europe and Scandinavia. We also included relevant systematic reviews and evidence syntheses based on a range of international evidence where also relevant to the Australian context. To address Question 1, about the effectiveness of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings from the Evidence Check according to different skin cancer prevention activities. To address Question 2, about the barriers and enablers of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The CFIR is a framework for identifying important implementation considerations for novel interventions in healthcare settings and provides a practical guide for systematically assessing potential barriers and facilitators in preparation for implementing a new activity or program. We assessed study quality using the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) levels of evidence. Key findings We identified 25 peer-reviewed journal articles that met the eligibility criteria and we included these in the Evidence Check. Eight of the studies were conducted in Australia, six in the UK, and the others elsewhere (mainly other European countries). In addition, the grey literature search identified four relevant guidelines, 12 education/training resources, two Cancer Care pathways, two position statements, three reports and five other resources that we included in the Evidence Check. Question 1 (related to effectiveness) We categorised the studies into different types of skin cancer prevention activities: behavioural counselling (n=3); risk assessment and delivering risk-tailored information (n=10); new technologies for early detection and accompanying prevention advice (n=4); and education and training programs for general practitioners (GPs) and primary care nurses regarding skin cancer prevention (n=3). There was good evidence that behavioural counselling interventions can result in a small improvement in sun protection behaviours among adults with fair skin types (defined as ivory or pale skin, light hair and eye colour, freckles, or those who sunburn easily), which would include the majority of Australians. It was found that clinicians play an important role in counselling patients about sun-protective behaviours, and recommended tailoring messages to the age and demographics of target groups (e.g. high-risk groups) to have maximal influence on behaviours. Several web-based melanoma risk prediction tools are now available in Australia, mainly designed for health professionals to identify patients’ risk of a new or subsequent primary melanoma and guide discussions with patients about primary prevention and early detection. Intervention studies have demonstrated that use of these melanoma risk prediction tools is feasible and acceptable to participants in primary care settings, and there is some evidence, including from Australian studies, that using these risk prediction tools to tailor primary prevention and early detection messages can improve sun-related behaviours. Some studies examined novel technologies, such as apps, to support early detection through skin examinations, including a very limited focus on the provision of preventive advice. These novel technologies are still largely in the research domain rather than recommended for routine use but provide a potential future opportunity to incorporate more primary prevention tailored advice. There are a number of online short courses available for primary healthcare professionals specifically focusing on skin cancer prevention. Most education and training programs for GPs and primary care nurses in the field of skin cancer focus on treatment and early detection, though some programs have specifically incorporated primary prevention education and training. A notable example is the Dermoscopy for Victorian General Practice Program, in which 93% of participating GPs reported that they had increased preventive information provided to high-risk patients and during skin examinations. Question 2 (related to barriers and enablers) Key enablers of performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Easy access and availability of guidelines and point-of-care tools and resources • A fit with existing workflows and systems, so there is minimal disruption to flow of care • Easy-to-understand patient information • Using the waiting room for collection of risk assessment information on an electronic device such as an iPad/tablet where possible • Pairing with early detection activities • Sharing of successful programs across jurisdictions. Key barriers to performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Unclear requirements and lack of confidence (self-efficacy) about prevention counselling • Limited availability of GP services especially in regional and remote areas • Competing demands, low priority, lack of time • Lack of incentives.