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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Shape statistics"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 28 вересня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Shape statistics"

Small, Christopher G. "Statistics of shape." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics 3, no. 5 (June 10, 2011): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wics.173.

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Dumoulin, Serge O., and Robert F. Hess. "Modulation of V1 Activity by Shape: Image-Statistics or Shape-Based Perception?" Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 6 (June 2006): 3654–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01156.2005.

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It is current dogma that neurons in primary visual cortex extract local edges from the scene from which later visual areas reconstruct more meaningful shapes. Recent neuroimaging studies, however, have shown V1 modulations by the degree of structure in the image (shape). These V1 modulations due to the level of shape coherence have been explained in one of two possible ways: due to changes in image statistics or shape-based perceptual influences from higher visual areas. Here we compare both hypotheses using stimuli composed of Gabor arrays constructed to form circular shapes that can be successively degraded by manipulating the orientations of individual Gabors while maintaining local and global statistics. In a first experiment, we confirm that V1 responses are inversely correlated with the degree of structure in the image. In a second experiment, stimulus predictions are compared based on the degree of circular shape or change in the image statistic varied (orientation variance) in the image. We find that these V1 modulations to shape change are correlated with low-level changes in orientation contrast rather than shape perception per se.

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Wilder, J., J. Feldman, and M. Singh. "Shape classification based on natural shape statistics." Journal of Vision 8, no. 6 (March 29, 2010): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/8.6.717.

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Wilder, John, Jacob Feldman, and Manish Singh. "Superordinate shape classification using natural shape statistics." Cognition 119, no. 3 (June 2011): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2011.01.009.

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Wheeler, David L. "The Statistics of Shape." Math Horizons 3, no. 3 (February 1996): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10724117.1996.11974966.

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Chindelevitch, Leonid, Maryam Hayati, Art F. Y. Poon, and Caroline Colijn. "Network science inspires novel tree shape statistics." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 23, 2021): e0259877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259877.

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The shape of phylogenetic trees can be used to gain evolutionary insights. A tree’s shape specifies the connectivity of a tree, while its branch lengths reflect either the time or genetic distance between branching events; well-known measures of tree shape include the Colless and Sackin imbalance, which describe the asymmetry of a tree. In other contexts, network science has become an important paradigm for describing structural features of networks and using them to understand complex systems, ranging from protein interactions to social systems. Network science is thus a potential source of many novel ways to characterize tree shape, as trees are also networks. Here, we tailor tools from network science, including diameter, average path length, and betweenness, closeness, and eigenvector centrality, to summarize phylogenetic tree shapes. We thereby propose tree shape summaries that are complementary to both asymmetry and the frequencies of small configurations. These new statistics can be computed in linear time and scale well to describe the shapes of large trees. We apply these statistics, alongside some conventional tree statistics, to phylogenetic trees from three very different viruses (HIV, dengue fever and measles), from the same virus in different epidemiological scenarios (influenza A and HIV) and from simulation models known to produce trees with different shapes. Using mutual information and supervised learning algorithms, we find that the statistics adapted from network science perform as well as or better than conventional statistics. We describe their distributions and prove some basic results about their extreme values in a tree. We conclude that network science-based tree shape summaries are a promising addition to the toolkit of tree shape features. All our shape summaries, as well as functions to select the most discriminating ones for two sets of trees, are freely available as an R package at http://github.com/Leonardini/treeCentrality.

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Sahni, Varun. "Analysis of Large Scale Structure using Percolation, Genus and Shape Statistics." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 183 (1999): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900132541.

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We probe gravitational clustering in N-body simulations using geometrical descriptors sensitive to ‘connectedness’: the genus curve, percolation and shape statistics. As gravitational clustering advances, the density field in N-body simulations shows an increasingly pronounced departure from Gaussianity reflected in the changing shape of the percolation curve and the changing amplitude and shape of the genus curve. We feel that both genus and percolation curves provide complementary probes of large scale structure topology and could be used to discriminate between models of structure formation and the analysis of observational data such as galaxy catalogs and MBR maps. The filling factor in clusters & superclusters at percolation is small indicating that matter is more likely to lie in filaments and pancakes. An analysis of ‘shapes’ in N-body simulations has shown that filaments are more pronounced than pancakes. To probe shapes of clusters and superclusters more rigorously we propose a new shape statistic which does not fit isodensity surfaces by ellipsoids (as done earlier). Instead our shape statistic is derived from fundamental properties of a compact body such as its volume V, surface area S, integrated mean curvature C, and connectivity (characterized by the Genus). The new shape statistic gives sensible results for topologically simple surfaces such as the ellipsoid, and for more complicated surfaces such as the torus.

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Micheas, Athanasios C., and Dipak K. Dey. "Assessing shape differences in populations of shapes using the complex watson shape distribution." Journal of Applied Statistics 32, no. 2 (March 2005): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02664760500054137.

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Luo, Shan, and Ethan Vishniac. "Three-dimensional shape statistics: Methodology." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 96 (February 1995): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/192126.

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Mardia, K. V. "Directional statistics and shape analysis." Journal of Applied Statistics 26, no. 8 (December 1999): 949–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02664769921954.

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Дисертації з теми "Shape statistics"

Tola, Omer Onder. "Generalized Beam Angle Statistics For Shape Description." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605412/index.pdf.

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In this thesis, we introduce a new shape descriptor and a graph based matching algorithm to detect a template shape in an image that contains a single object. The shape descriptor, Generalized Beam Angle Statistics, GBAS is obtained with the generalization of the boundary based shape descriptor, Beam Angle Statistics, BAS cite{BAS}. GBAS improves BAS so that it can compute the feature vector of a boundary point without the requirement of the parametric boundary representation. This way, it can be used in matching an individual edge pixel with a boundary point of template shape, even if it is not possible to extract the shape boundary in the image with the available techniques. Given a template shape, the matching algorithm solves the correspondence problem between the sampled boundary points of the template and the edges of the query image, using the GBAS feature vectors and the spatial information of edges. The match graph represents the correspondence problem and the optimum path on this graph gives the solution of it. Optimum path is found using a polynomial time algorithm that is based on the dynamic programming approach. In the experiments, we show that the proposed shape descriptor is very powerful and the matching algorithm is capable of detecting a template shape in edge detected images under a variety of transformations and noise.

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Chen, Yining. "Aspects of shape-constrained estimation in statistics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648300.

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Gao, Zhikun. "Automatic Shape-Constrained Non-Parametric Regression." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13813788.

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We propose an automatic shape-constrained non-parametric estimation methodology in least squares and quantile regression, where the regression function and its shape are simultaneously estimated and identified.

We build the estimation based on the quadratic B-spline expansion with penalization about its first and second derivatives on spline knots in a group manner. By penalizing the positive and negative parts of the introduced group derivatives, the shape of the estimated regression curve is determined according to the sparsity of the parameters considered. In the quadratic B-spline expansion, the parameters referring to the shape can be written through some simple linear combinations of the basis coefficients, which makes it convenient to impose penalization for shape identification is efficient in computation and is flexible in various shape identification. In both least squares and quantile regression scenarios, under some regularity conditions, we show that the proposed method can identify the correct shape of the regression function with probability approaching one, and the resulting non-parametric estimator can achieve the optimal convergence rate. Simulation study shows that the proposed method gives more stable curve estimation and more accurate curve shape classification than the conventional unconstrained B-spline estimator in both mean and quantile regressions, and it is competitive in terms of the estimation accuracy to the artificial shape-constrained estimator built by knowing prior information of the curve shape. In addition, across multiple quantile levels, the proposed estimator shows less crossing between the estimated quantile curves than the unpenalized counterpart.

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Er, Fikret. "Robust methods in statistical shape analysis." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342394.

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Butt, R. "Optimal shape design for differential inequalities." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233771.

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Strait, Justin. "Elastic Statistical Shape Analysis with Landmark Constraints." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1530966023478484.

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Walder, Alistair Neil. "Statistics of shape and size for landmark data." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303425.

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Prieto, Bernal Juan Carlos. "Multiparametric organ modeling for shape statistics and simulation procedures." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0010/document.

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La modélisation géométrique a été l'un des sujets les plus étudiés pour la représentation des structures anatomiques dans le domaine médical. Aujourd'hui, il n'y a toujours pas de méthode bien établie pour modéliser la forme d'un organe. Cependant, il y a plusieurs types d'approches disponibles et chaque approche a ses forces et ses faiblesses. La plupart des méthodes de pointe utilisent uniquement l'information surfacique mais un besoin croissant de modéliser l'information volumique des objets apparaît. En plus de la description géométrique, il faut pouvoir différencier les objets d'une population selon leur forme. Cela nécessite de disposer des statistiques sur la forme dans organe dans une population donné. Dans ce travail de thèse, on utilise une représentation capable de modéliser les caractéristiques surfaciques et internes d'un objet. La représentation choisie (s-rep) a en plus l'avantage de permettre de déterminer les statistiques de forme pour une population d'objets. En s'appuyant sur cette représentation, une procédure pour modéliser le cortex cérébral humain est proposée. Cette nouvelle modélisation offre de nouvelles possibilités pour analyser les lésions corticales et calculer des statistiques de forme sur le cortex. La deuxième partie de ce travail propose une méthodologie pour décrire de manière paramétrique l'intérieur d'un objet. La méthode est flexible et peut améliorer l'aspect visuel ou la description des propriétés physiques d'un objet. La modélisation géométrique enrichie avec des paramètres physiques volumiques est utilisée pour la simulation d'image par résonance magnétique pour produire des simulations plus réalistes. Cette approche de simulation d'images est validée en analysant le comportement et les performances des méthodes de segmentations classiquement utilisées pour traiter des images réelles du cerveau
Geometric modeling has been one of the most researched areas in the medical domain. Today, there is not a well established methodology to model the shape of an organ. There are many approaches available and each one of them have different strengths and weaknesses. Most state of the art methods to model shape use surface information only. There is an increasing need for techniques to support volumetric information. Besides shape characterization, a technique to differentiate objects by shape is needed. This requires computing statistics on shape. The current challenge of research in life sciences is to create models to represent the surface, the interior of an object, and give statistical differences based on shape. In this work, we use a technique for shape modeling that is able to model surface and internal features, and is suited to compute shape statistics. Using this technique (s-rep), a procedure to model the human cerebral cortex is proposed. This novel representation offers new possibilities to analyze cortical lesions and compute shape statistics on the cortex. The second part of this work proposes a methodology to parameterize the interior of an object. The method is flexible and can enhance the visual aspect or the description of physical properties of an object. The geometric modeling enhanced with physical parameters is used to produce simulated magnetic resonance images. This image simulation approach is validated by analyzing the behavior and performance of classic segmentation algorithms for real images

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Terriberry, Timothy B. Gerig Guido. "Continuous medial models in two-sample statistics of shape." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,579.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Computer Science." Discipline: Computer Science; Department/School: Computer Science.

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Bhattacharya, Abhishek. "Nonparametric Statistics on Manifolds With Applications to Shape Spaces." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194508.

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This thesis presents certain recent methodologies and some new results for the statistical analysis of probability distributions on non-Euclidean manifolds. The notions of Frechet mean and variation as measures of center and spread are introduced and their properties are discussed. The sample estimates from a random sample are shown to be consistent under fairly broad conditions. Depending on the choice of distance on the manifold, intrinsic and extrinsic statistical analyses are carried out. In both cases, sufficient conditions are derived for the uniqueness of the population means and for the asymptotic normality of the sample estimates. Analytic expressions for the parameters in the asymptotic distributions are derived. The manifolds of particular interest in this thesis are the shape spaces of k-ads. The statistical analysis tools developed on general manifolds are applied to the spaces of direct similarity shapes, planar shapes, reflection similarity shapes, affine shapes and projective shapes. Two-sample nonparametric tests are constructed to compare the mean shapes and variation in shapes for two random samples. The samples in consideration can be either independent of each other or be the outcome of a matched pair experiment. The testing procedures are based on the asymptotic distribution of the test statistics, or on nonparametric bootstrap methods suitably constructed. Real life examples are included to illustrate the theory.

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Книги з теми "Shape statistics"

Jo, Russell Susan, ed. The shape of the data: Statistics. Palo Alto, CA: D. Seymour, 1995.

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B, Corwin Rebecca, Technical Education Research Centers (U.S.), Lesley College, and Consortium for Mathematics and Its Applications (U.S.), eds. Statistics: The shape of the data. Palo Alto, CA: Dale Seymour Publications, 1989.

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Publications, Dale Seymour, ed. Investigations at home: The shape of data: statistics. Menlo Park, CA: Dale Seymour, 1998.

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Dryden, I. L., and J. T. Kent. Geometry driven statistics. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015.

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Smoothey, Marion. Statistics. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1993.

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Aït-Sahalia, Yacine. Nonparametric option pricing under shape restrictions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.

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Jones, Arthur F. The changing shape of the nation's income distribution, 1947-1998. [Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau, 2000.

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Jones, Arthur F. The changing shape of the nation's income distribution, 1947-1998. [Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau, 2000.

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A, Gill C., Mardia K. V, and Leeds Statistics Research Workshop (15th : 1995 : Leeds, England), eds. Proceedings in current issues in statistical shape analysis: International conference held in Leeds, UK, 5-7 April 1995, incorporating the 15th Leeds Statistics Research Workshop : co-sponsored by the Centre of Medical Imaging Research (CoMir). Leeds: Leeds University Press, 1995.

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Graham, Alan T. Calculator maths. Fineshade: A&B Books, 1998.

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Частини книг з теми "Shape statistics"

Charpiat, Guillaume, Olivier Faugeras, Renaud Keriven, and Pierre Maurel. "Approximations of Shape Metrics and Application to Shape Warping and Empirical Shape Statistics." In Statistics and Analysis of Shapes, 363–95. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-8176-4481-4_15.

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Scheaffer, Richard L., Ann Watkins, Mrudulla Gnanadesikan, and Jeffrey A. Witmer. "The Shape of the Data." In Activity-Based Statistics, 9–11. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3843-8_3.

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Kinoshita, K., and S. I. Resnick. "Multivariate Records and Shape." In Lecture Notes in Statistics, 222–33. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3634-4_19.

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Mardia, K. V. "Shape statistics and image analysis." In Recent Developments in Computer Vision, 297–306. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60793-5_84.

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Belongie, Serge, Greg Mori, and Jitendra Malik. "Matching with Shape Contexts." In Statistics and Analysis of Shapes, 81–105. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-8176-4481-4_4.

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Kent, John T. "An Investigation of Projective Shape Space." In Contributions to Statistics, 119–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11149-0_8.

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Lerche, Hans Rudolf. "Exact results about the shape." In Lecture Notes in Statistics, 110–29. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6569-7_10.

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Arnold, Pip, and Maxine Pfannkuch. "The Language of Shape." In The Teaching and Learning of Statistics, 51–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23470-0_5.

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Kagraoka, Yusho, and Zakaria Moussa. "The Changing Shape of Sovereign Default Intensities." In Contributions to Statistics, 203–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26036-1_14.

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Drennan, Robert D. "The Shape, or Distribution, of a Batch." In Statistics for Archaeologists, 53–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0165-1_5.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Shape statistics"

Köhler, Alexander, Ashkan Rigi, and Michael Breuß. "Fast Shape Classification Using Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistics." In WSCG'2022 - 30. International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision'2022. Západočeská univerzita, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/csrn.3201.22.

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The fast classification of shapes is an important problem in shape analysis and of high relevance for many possible applications. In this paper, we consider the use of very fast and easy to compute statistical techniques for assessing shapes, which may for instance be useful for a first similarity search in a shape database. To this end, we con- struct shape signatures at hand of stochastic sampling of distances between points of interest in a given shape. By employing the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics we then propose to formulate the problem of shape classification as a statistical hypothesis test that enables to assess the similarity of the signature distributions. In order to illus- trate some important properties of our approach, we explore the use of simple sampling techniques. At hand of experiments conducted with a variety of shapes in two dimensions, we give a discussion of potentially interesting features of the method.

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Jiang, Bo, Liqiang Guo, and Fubing Chen. "Shape from focus using statistics methods." In 2017 International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isc2.2017.8090848.

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Charpiat, Guillaume, Olivier Faugeras, and Renaud Keriven. "Shape Statistics for Image Segmentation with Prior." In 2007 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2007.383009.

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Prati, Andrea, Simone Calderara, and Rita Cucchiara. "Using circular statistics for trajectory shape analysis." In 2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587837.

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Yan, Pingkun, Sheng Xu, Baris Turkbey, and Jochen Kruecker. "Segmenting TRUS video sequences using local shape statistics." In SPIE Medical Imaging. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.844324.

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Hayes, David A., Simone Ferlin, and Michael Welzl. "Practical passive shared bottleneck detection using shape summary statistics." In 2014 IEEE 39th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcn.2014.6925767.

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Zhang, Wuxia, Yuan Yuan, Xuelong Li, and Pingkun Yan. "Learning shape statistics for hierarchical 3D medical image segmentation." In 2011 18th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2011.6116068.

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Boudaoud, S., H. Rix, and O. Meste. "Providing sample shape statistics with FCA and ISA approaches." In 2005 Microwave Electronics: Measurements, Identification, Applications. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssp.2005.1628636.

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Mostapha, Mahmoud, Jared Vicory, Martin Styner, and Stephen Pizer. "A segmentation editing framework based on shape change statistics." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by Martin A. Styner and Elsa D. Angelini. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2250023.

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Fuchs, Matthias, and Samuel Gerber. "Variational shape detection in microscope images based on joint shape and image feature statistics." In 2008 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPR Workshops). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvprw.2008.4563012.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Shape statistics"

Wurtz, R., and A. Kaplan. Statistical and Machine-Learning Classifier Framework to Improve Pulse Shape Discrimination System Design. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1236750.

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Goldberg, Linda S., and Oliver Hannaoui. Drivers of Dollar Share in Foreign Exchange Reserves. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59576/sr.1087.

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The share of U.S. dollar assets in the official foreign exchange reserve portfolios of central banks is sometimes taken as an indicator of dollar status. We show that the observed decline in the aggregate share of U.S. dollar assets does not stem from a systematic shift in currency preferences away from holding dollar assets. Instead, a small group of countries with large foreign exchange reserve balances drive the dollar share decline observed in aggregate statistics. This arises either due to countries conducting monetary policy vis-à-vis the euro or due to preference shifts away from dollars. Regression analysis shows that interest rate differentials between traditional and nontraditional reserve currencies can tilt portfolio composition, particularly in relation to the scale of investment tranches within overall central bank portfolios. Geopolitical distance from the United States and financial sanctions are associated with lower U.S. dollar shares, especially if the primary foreign currency liquidity needs of the central bank are already satisfied.

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Scholl, Lynn, Daniel Oviedo, and Orlando Sabogal-Cardona. Disrupting Personal (In)Security? The Role of Ride-Hailing Service Features, Commute Strategies, and Gender in Mexico City. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003812.

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This paper sheds light on the personal security dimension of ride-hailing from a gender perspective. We explore how features of Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) services affect riders perceptions of security when commuting in ride-hailing services, and how general perceptions of fear of crime shape the way people value such features. Moreover, we analyze the strategies women and men are using to enhance their own security in ride-hailing and factors influencing these strategies. We conducted a survey of users of the TNC DiDi in Mexico City. The statistical methods used are structural equation models SEM and ordered logit models OLOGIT. Results show that women are more likely to value the information made available by ride-hailing applications (e.g., knowing your location or knowing driver information) and the presence of a panic button. The value given to information also increases if a person feels insecure in the streets, in a public transit station or in public transit. People who perceive higher insecurity in the streets have increased positive perceptions of the possibility of travelling without transfers. We also find that women are 64.4% less likely to share ride-hailing trips (pooling) and 2.14 times more likely to share details of their trips through their cellphones.

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Srivastava, Anuj. A Statistical Theory for Shape Analysis of Curves and Surfaces with Applications in Image Analysis, Biometrics, Bioinformatics and Medical Diagnostics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada532601.

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Ronconi, Lucas, and Enrique Kawamura. Firms' Investment and Savings in Latin America: Stylized Facts from the Enterprise Survey. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011708.

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This paper describes the share of investment in fixed capital and working capital financed by retained earnings using a harmonized dataset from the World Bank Enterprise Survey. The sample includes firms across countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Descriptive statistics are presented for the share of purchases of fixed assets financed with internal funds or retained earnings, the share of working capital financed with internal funds, the ratio between internal funds used for purchasing fixed assets and sales, and annual purchases of fixed assets (as a proportion of annual sales). Also presented are stylized facts exploring how these variables differ by country, firm size, firm age, registration, sector of activity, and ownership. It is found that internal funds are extensively used to finance both purchases of fixed assets and working capital, particularly by smaller firms located in countries with less developed financial markets. Investment in fixed assets represents about 7. 5 percent of sales in the region and is significantly higher among larger and registered firms.

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Chelala, Santiago, and Gustavo Beliz. The DNA of Regional Integration: Latin American's Views on High Quality Convergence Innovation Equality and Care for the Environment. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010662.

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This report is the outcome of an Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)regional public good (RPG) that different Latin American and Caribbean countries helped to create by identifying the information they needed to perfect the decision-making process on matters of trade and integration. The mechanism that the IDB foresaw is a three-way process, in which decisions are made in partnership with technical institutions and countries, which share their experience and knowledge of social demands. In this case, the countries of the region played a key role in designing an opinion poll on trade and integration, the results of which we compare with national statistical indicators. This was made possible by the strategic partnership between the Institute for the Integration of Latin America and the Caribbean (IDB/INTAL), part of the Integration and Trade Sector, and Latinobarómetro, marking the start of the dialogue between two databases with very specific features. The first of these is the highly complete information on trade and integration that INTAL has acquired over its 51-year history. The second, the public perceptions that Latinobarómetro, a pioneering public opinion poll, has been measuring in the region for over two decades. Cross-referencing the results of over 20,000 exclusive surveys that were carried out in 18 Latin American countries with national statistics has helped create a powerful tool for designing integration and trade strategies. Comparing citizens' opinions and national statistics allows researchers to find correlations and asymmetries between public perceptions and the region's actual performance, thus contributing to improving planning and impact assessment in public policy design. We believe that integration processes should reflect both dimensions: they must not overlook classic indicators but they also need to include the voice of the people of Latin America, which is an essential part of any regional strategy seeking to construct a form of governance that is underpinned by the demands of society.

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Outes Velarde, Juliana, Tanyah Hameed Khan, Mara Airoldi, Eleanor Carter, Michael Gibson, and James Ruairi Macdonald. INDIGO Impact Bond Insights. Government Outcomes Lab, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-golab-ri_2022/001.

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This report is part of the Government Outcomes Lab (GO Lab)-supported International Network for Data on Impact and Government Outcomes (INDIGO). The report aims to reflect the key statistics of the Impact Bond Dataset. We acknowledge that our data may be inaccurate, incomplete, inconsistent, and/ or not current for various reasons: INDIGO is a collaborative and iterative initiative that mostly relies on projects all over the world volunteering to share their data. In case of missing, incorrect or inaccurate data, please get in touch with us and our team will immediately rectify our dataset.

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Nobile, F., Q. Ayoul-Guilmard, S. Ganesh, M. Nuñez, A. Kodakkal, C. Soriano, and R. Rossi. D6.5 Report on stochastic optimisation for wind engineering. Scipedia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/exaqute.2022.3.04.

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This report presents the latest methods of optimisation under uncertainties investigated in the ExaQUte project, and their applications to problems related to civil and wind engineering. The measure of risk throughout the report is the conditional value at risk. First, the reference method is presented: the derivation of sensitivities of the risk measure; their accurate computation; and lastly, a practical optimisation algorithm with adaptive statistical estimation. Second, this method is directly applied to a nonlinear relaxation oscillator (FitzHugh–Nagumo model) with numerical experiments to demonstrate its performance. Third, the optimisation method is adapted to the shape optimisation of an airfoil and illustrated by a large-scale experiment on a computing cluster. Finally, the benchmark of the shape optimisation of a tall building under a turbulent flow is presented, followed by an adaptation of the optimisation method. All numerical experiments showcase the open-source software stack of the ExaQUte project for large-scale computing in a distributed environment.

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Zahniser, Steven, William Johnson, and Constanza Valdes. Changes in U.S. agricultural imports from Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2023.8122124.ers.

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Between 2007-09 and 2019-21, total U.S. agricultural imports increased at a compound annual growth rate of 5.6 percent (nominal value-i.e., not inflation-adjusted). Consumer-oriented products (such as beef, fruit, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages) became a more prominent part of this trade, with their share rising from 66.3 percent to 70.7 percent. These trends were even stronger when considering imports from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). To understand how and why U.S. agricultural imports from LAC changed, Economic Research Service economists used detailed trade statistics to explore the changing product and supplying-country composition of these imports

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Domínguez-Díaz, Rubén, and Samuel Hurtado. Green energy transition and vulnerability to external shocks. Madrid: Banco de España, August 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/37354.

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We use an endogenous growth model calibrated to the Spanish economy to evaluate the effects of a rapid doubling of international prices of brown energy inputs. In the baseline calibration of the model, which resembles the current state of the Spanish economy, this results in a 0.30% drop in GDP on impact. After increasing the share of renewables in the energy mix from 26% to 85%, in line with the 2050 targets for the Spanish economy, the same shock results in a 0.24% fall in GDP on impact, and the recovery is faster: the present discounted value of the full GDP response is reduced by 65%. The three main conclusions that we draw from this exercise are: i) an increase in the share of renewables makes the economy less vulnerable to shocks in international prices of brown energy inputs; ii) this vulnerability reduction is less than proportional: dividing the share of brown energy by approximately five only reduceds the size of the effects on GDP by between 21% and 65%; and iii) the main statistic that determines how much the vulnerability is reduced is not the share of brown energy inputs, but the degree to which final energy prices respond to the shock to brown energy prices.

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