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Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "SHANONS LAW"

Shental, O., and I. Kanter. "Shannon meets Carnot: Generalized second thermodynamic law." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 85, no. 1 (January 2009): 10006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/85/10006.

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Khan, Khuram Ali, Tasadduq Niaz, Đilda Pečarić, and Josip Pečarić. "Estimation of different entropies via Abel–Gontscharoff Green functions and Fink’s identity using Jensen type functionals." Arab Journal of Mathematical Sciences 26, no. 1/2 (December 31, 2018): 15–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajmsc.2018.12.002.

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In this work, we estimated the different entropies like Shannon entropy, Rényi divergences, Csiszár divergence by using Jensen’s type functionals. The Zipf’s–Mandelbrot law and hybrid Zipf’s–Mandelbrot law are used to estimate the Shannon entropy. The Abel–Gontscharoff Green functions and Fink’s Identity are used to construct new inequalities and generalized them for m-convex function.

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Corral, Álvaro, and Montserrat García del Muro. "From Boltzmann to Zipf through Shannon and Jaynes." Entropy 22, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22020179.

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The word-frequency distribution provides the fundamental building blocks that generate discourse in natural language. It is well known, from empirical evidence, that the word-frequency distribution of almost any text is described by Zipf’s law, at least approximately. Following Stephens and Bialek (2010), we interpret the frequency of any word as arising from the interaction potentials between its constituent letters. Indeed, Jaynes’ maximum-entropy principle, with the constrains given by every empirical two-letter marginal distribution, leads to a Boltzmann distribution for word probabilities, with an energy-like function given by the sum of the all-to-all pairwise (two-letter) potentials. The so-called improved iterative-scaling algorithm allows us finding the potentials from the empirical two-letter marginals. We considerably extend Stephens and Bialek’s results, applying this formalism to words with length of up to six letters from the English subset of the recently created Standardized Project Gutenberg Corpus. We find that the model is able to reproduce Zipf’s law, but with some limitations: the general Zipf’s power-law regime is obtained, but the probability of individual words shows considerable scattering. In this way, a pure statistical-physics framework is used to describe the probabilities of words. As a by-product, we find that both the empirical two-letter marginal distributions and the interaction-potential distributions follow well-defined statistical laws.

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Kreiner, Welf Alfred. "First Digits’ Shannon Entropy." Entropy 24, no. 10 (October 3, 2022): 1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24101413.

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Related to the letters of an alphabet, entropy means the average number of binary digits required for the transmission of one character. Checking tables of statistical data, one finds that, in the first position of the numbers, the digits 1 to 9 occur with different frequencies. Correspondingly, from these probabilities, a value for the Shannon entropy H can be determined as well. Although in many cases, the Newcomb–Benford Law applies, distributions have been found where the 1 in the first position occurs up to more than 40 times as frequently as the 9. In this case, the probability of the occurrence of a particular first digit can be derived from a power function with a negative exponent p > 1. While the entropy of the first digits following an NB distribution amounts to H = 2.88, for other data distributions (diameters of craters on Venus or the weight of fragments of crushed minerals), entropy values of 2.76 and 2.04 bits per digit have been found.

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Tenreiro Machado, J. A. "Shannon Information and Power Law Analysis of the Chromosome Code." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/439089.

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This paper studies the information content of the chromosomes of twenty-three species. Several statistics considering different number of bases for alphabet character encoding are derived. Based on the resulting histograms, word delimiters and character relative frequencies are identified. The knowledge of this data allows moving along each chromosome while evaluating the flow of characters and words. The resulting flux of information is captured by means of Shannon entropy. The results are explored in the perspective of power law relationships allowing a quantitative evaluation of the DNA of the species.

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Beltaos, L. "A critique of Brookes' logarithmic 'law'." Journal of Information Science 11, no. 3 (September 1985): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016555158501100302.

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An examination of Brookes' mathematical expression of his logarithmic 'law' yields inconsistencies and mathematical er rors. Brookes' 'tunnel' model of perception incorrectly repre sents perception of physical distance. Brookes' 'affinity' with Shannon is shown to be nonexistent. The most significant result is that Brookes' logarithmic 'law' applies to only one communication system which has properties as defined and assumed by Brookes and can not be generalized to any com munication system with properties different from the Brookes' system.

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Murray, Cara. "Cultivating Chaos: Entropy, Information, and the Making of the Dictionary of National Biography." Victorian Literature and Culture 50, no. 1 (October 18, 2021): 87–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150320000121.

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The Dictionary of National Biography, published between 1885 and 1900, was one of Britain's biggest cyclopedia projects. The rampant expansion of the nation's archives, private collections, and museums produced an abundance of materials that frustrated the dictionary's editors, Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, especially because methodologies for making order of such materials were underdeveloped. Adding to their frustration was the sense of impending doom felt generally in Britain after the discovery of the second law of thermodynamics in 1859. Entropy put an end to the presiding belief in the infinite energy that fueled Britain's economic development and therefore challenged Victorian biography's premise that the capacity for self-development was boundless. Like the physicists of the era, these dictionary makers searched for ways to circumvent entropy's deadening force and reenergize their world. This project would not actually be achieved, however, until the twentieth century when Claude Shannon published his “Information Theory” in 1948. I argue that in an attempt to get out from under the chaos of information overload, the editors of the DNB invented new methods to organize information that anticipated Shannon's revolutionary theory and changed the way that we think, write, and work.

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Turan, Cemal, and Servet Ahmet Doğdu. "Preliminary Assessment of Invasive Lionfish Pterois miles Using Underwater Visual Census Method in the Northeastern Mediterranean." Croatian Journal of Fisheries 80, no. 1 (February 27, 2022): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cjf-2022-0005.

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Abstract Underwater visual census (UVC) is a commonly used approach for assessing fish density and biomass. Iskenderun Bay, comprising the Samandağ coast in Turkey, is the most important introduction pathway of alien species in the northeastern Mediterranean. In this study, the density, abundance, distribution and interaction of invasive lionfish or devil firefish Pterois miles were assessed using the UVC method on the Samandağ coast. The total transect area monitored on the Samandağ coast was 4.500 m2. Species richness, Shannon’s diversity index and rate of biomass were 25, 1.81 and 73.5 m2, respectively. Reduced diversity was observed with increasing depths. The sandy seafloor was a limiting factor for lionfish distribution. There was a significant positive correlation between lionfish total density and both the Shannon diversity index (r = 0.99, P<0.001) and Shannon evenness index (r = 0.99, P<0.05). A high number of significant positive correlations (P<0.05) were detected between the occurrence of lionfish and the occurrence of both the native species and other alien species. The first stock assessment study of lionfish by the UVC method in Turkish marine waters revealed that native species are under very high pressure from lionfish species, especially Chromis, Sparids and Wrasses, indicating negative effects of lionfish on regional native biodiversity.

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Singh, Vijay P. "Derivation of Power Law and Logarithmic Velocity Distributions Using the Shannon Entropy." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 16, no. 5 (May 2011): 478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000335.

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Khan, Khuram Ali, Tasadduq Niaz, Đilda Pečarić, and Josip Pečarić. "Estimation of different entropies via Lidstone polynomial using Jensen-type functionals." Arabian Journal of Mathematics 9, no. 3 (February 18, 2020): 613–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40065-020-00277-y.

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Abstract In this work, some new functional of Jensen-type inequalities are constructed using Shannon entropy, f-divergence, and Rényi divergence, and some estimates are obtained for these new functionals. Also using the Zipf–Mandelbrot law and hybrid Zipf–Mandelbrot law, we investigate some bounds for these new functionals. Furthermore, we generalize these new functionals for m-convex function using Lidstone polynomial.

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Дисертації з теми "SHANONS LAW"

Gori, Julien. "Modeling the speed-accuracy tradeoff using the tools of information theory." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLT022/document.

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La loi de Fitts, qui relie le temps de mouvement MT dans une tache de pointage aux dimensions de la cible visée D et W est usuellement exprimée à partir d’une imitation de la formule de la capacité de Shannon MT = a + b log 2 (1 + D/W). Toutefois, l’analyse actuelle est insatisfaisante: elle provient d’une simple analogie entre la tache de pointage et la transmission d’un signal sur un canal bruité sans qu’il n’y ait de modèle explicite de communication.Je développe d’abord un modèle de transmission pour le pointage, où l’indice de difficulté ID = log 2 (1 + D/W) s’exprime aussi bien comme une entropie de source et une capacité de canal, permettant ainsi de réconcilier dans un premier temps l’approche de Fitts avec la théorie de l’information de Shannon. Ce modèle est ensuite exploité pour analyser des données de pointage récoltées lors d’expérimentations contrôlées mais aussi en conditions d’utilisations réelles.Je développe ensuite un second modèle, focalisé autour de la forte variabilité caractéristique du mouvement humain et qui prend en compte la forte diversité des mécanismes de contrôle du mouvement: avec ou sans voie de retour, par intermittence ou de manière continue. À partir d’une chronométrie de la variance positionnelle, évaluée à partir d’un ensemble de trajectoires, on remarque que le mouvement peut-être découpé en deux phases: une première où la variance augmente et une grande partie de la distance à couvrir est parcourue, est suivie d’une deuxième au cours de laquelle la variance diminue pour satisfaire les contraintes de précision requises par la tache.Dans la deuxième phase, le problème du pointage peut-être ramené à un problème de communication à la Shannon, où l’information est transmise d’une“source” (variance à la fin de la première phase) à une “destination” (extrémité du membre) à travers un canal Gaussien avec la présence d’une voie de retour.Je montre que la solution optimale à ce problème de transmission revient à considérer un schéma proposé par Elias. Je montre que la variance peut décroitre au mieux exponentiellement au cours de la deuxième phase, et que c’est ce résultat qui implique directement la loi de Fitts
Fitts’ law, which relates movement time MTin a pointing task to the target’s dimensions D and Wis usually expressed by mimicking Shannon’s capacityformula MT = a + b log 2 (1 + D/W). Yet, the currentlyreceived analysis is incomplete and unsatisfactory: itstems from a vague analogy and there is no explicitcommunication model for pointing.I first develop a transmission model for pointing taskswhere the index of difficulty ID = log 2 (1 + D/W) isthe expression of both a source entropy and a chan-nel capacity, thereby reconciling Shannon’s informa-tion theory with Fitts’ law. This model is then levera-ged to analyze pointing data gathered from controlledexperiments but also from field studies.I then develop a second model which builds on thevariability of human movements and accounts for thetremendous diversity displayed by movement control:with of without feedback, intermittent or continuous.From a chronometry of the positional variance, eva-luated from a set of trajectories, it is observed thatmovement can be separated into two phases: a firstwhere the variance increases over time and wheremost of the distance to the target is covered, follo-wed by a second phase where the variance decreasesuntil it satisfies accuracy constraints. During this se-cond phase, the problem of aiming can be reduced toa Shannon-like communication problem where infor-mation is transmitted from a “source” (variance at theend of the first phase), to a “destination” (the limb ex-tremity) over a “channel” perturbed by Gaussian noisewith a feedback link. I show that the optimal solution tothis transmission problem amounts to a scheme firstsuggested by Elias. I show that the variance can de-crease at best exponentially during the second phase,and that this result induces Fitts’ law

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Gordiienko, Anastasiia. "Russian Shanson as Tamed Rebel: From the Slums to the Kremlin." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1531991091969233.

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CHOURASIA, RAJ ARUN. "MULTIPLEXING EFFICIENCY OF MIMO ANTENNA." Thesis, 2012. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14016.

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A simple and intuitive metric of multiplexing efficiency is proposed for evaluating the performance of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennas in the spatial multiplexing mode of operation. Apart from gaining valuable insights into the impact of antenna efficiency, efficiency imbalance, and correlation on multiplexing performance, the metric is particularly useful for antenna engineers whose goal is to achieve the optimum antenna system design. Experimental results involving prototype mobile terminals highlight the effectiveness of our proposal. Multiplexing efficiency is proposed as a simple and intuitive metric for evaluating the effectiveness of MIMO antenna terminals operating in the SM mode. Instead of comparing the ergodic capacity, the metric quantifies the performance in terms of absolute efficiency. This thesis introduces multiplexing efficiency as a power-related metric for the SM mode of operation in MIMO systems and derives its approximate closed-form expression. The unique features of the expression are both its simplicity and the valuable insights it offers with respect to the performance impact of non ideal behaviors of multiple antennas. An example application of the metric is demonstrated for two realistic mobile terminal prototypes.

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Lee, Shu-Fen, and 李淑芬. "An Analysis on Chuan-Shan's “Lao Tzu Yan”." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83570785446922369341.

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博士
東吳大學
中國文學系
98
"Lao Tzu Yan” and “Zhou Yi Wai Zhuan” are Chuan-Shan's earlier works, represent his views to Taoism and Confucianism. This thesis is divided into two parts: the " Exordium "and the "Theory". I believe that Chuan-Shan used the " Eight-part essay ( stereotyped writing )" methods in writing “Lao Tzu Yan” in order to expound in stead of refute the ideas of Lao Tzu. Therefore, we have to clarify the differences between "Lao Tzu", "Chuan-Shan", and “Lao Tzu Yan” . They are three different schemes when we interpret them. In terms of Chuan-Shan's own thoughts, they can be seen in Chapter 2 & Chapter 3 of the " Exordium ". Regarding the Way of Lao Tzu, please find them in Chapter 4 & Chapter 5 of the "Theory". The "Theory" is the argumentation of "Lao Tzu Yan”. "Lao Tzu Yan”absorbs the essence of Confucianism. It takes "creation and change" from "Yi Zhuan" to interpret the way of Tao, as well as takes the meaning of "equilibrium and harmony" and "quiet and calm and waiting for the appointments" from "Zhong Yong". On the other hand, it also takes the meaning of " the equal fashioning of Heaven " and " the centre of the ring (of thought)" from " Chuang Tzu ". "Lao Tzu Yan” has establishmented the new system of Taoism.

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Éthier-Sawyer, Sarah. "Dompter le dragon : l’économie politique de la drogue et le conflit armé en Birmanie." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11130.

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Les conflits armés dans des pays producteurs de drogues illicites, comme la Birmanie, sont parmi les plus longs du XXe et du XXIe siècles. Dans ces conflits, l’industrie de la drogue est souvent présentée comme la source de financement qui permet aux groupes insurgés de poursuivre leur combat contre le gouvernement central. Cependant, l’économie illicite birmane s’est développée pendant un conflit armé tout comme durant une période de stabilité accrue. Une analyse des régions shan, wa et kokang de l’État Shan démontre que les industries de la drogue ont prospéré à la fois durant le conflit armé et en l’absence de celui-ci lorsque des ententes entre élites existent autour du partage des rentes de cette économie.
Armed conflict in drug-producing countries such as Burma conflict, are among the longest in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In these conflicts, the drug industry is often portrayed as the source of funding that allows insurgent groups to continue their struggle against the central government. However, the Burmese illicit economy grew both during armed conflict and during a period of increased stability. An analysis of the Shan, Kokang and Wa regions of Burma’s Shan State demonstrates that drug industries have flourished during armed conflict and in its absence when elites have agreed to share rents from the industry.

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Книги з теми "SHANONS LAW"

Shannon's law. New York: Avalon Books, 2000.

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Dang dai Shandong gai lan: Dangdai Shandong gailan. Beijing Shi: Dang dai Zhongguo chu ban she, 2011.

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Lu, Yao. Shandong Yunhe bei lan. [Yangzhou shi]: Jiangsu Guangling gu ji ke yin she, 1992.

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Lu, Yao. Shandong yun he bei lan. [Yangzhou shi]: Jiangsu Guangling gu ji ke yin she, 1992.

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Shandong min jian lan yin hua bu. Jinan: Shandong mei shu chu ban she, 1986.

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Shandong ge ming lao qu kou shu shi. Jinan: Jinan chu ban she, 2014.

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Shi, Xi'en. Shandong ren zai Taiwan: Fa lü pian. Taibei Shi: Ji Xingfu Zhang Zhenfang kang li wen jiao ji jin hui, 1997.

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Shandong Sheng nong cun lao dong li yan jiu. Beijing Shi: Zhongguo nong ye ke xue ji shu chu ban she, 2007.

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Shandong Sheng nong cun lao dong li yan jiu. Beijing Shi: Zhongguo nong ye ke xue ji shu chu ban she, 2007.

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Shandong yi nian lai zhi cai zheng qing kuang. Beijing: Beijing zhong xian tuo fang ke ji fa zhan you xian gong si, 2007.

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Частини книг з теми "SHANONS LAW"

Weik, Martin H. "Shannon's law." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1565. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_17196.

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Pesenson, Isaac Z. "Shannon Sampling and Weak Weyl’s Law on Compact Riemannian Manifolds." In Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, 207–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05657-5_13.

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Belavkin, Roman V. "Law of Cosines and Shannon-Pythagorean Theorem for Quantum Information." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 369–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40020-9_40.

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Lu, Chunhua, Changle An, Quantuo Sun, and Zhe Li. "Research on Calculation Method and Additionality of Carbon Emission Reduction of Nuclear Energy Heating Based on Project Perspective." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 201–18. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_20.

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AbstractNuclear energy has broad prospects for development driven by the goal of achieving peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality, but the independent contribution of nuclear energy in low-carbon development has not obtained corresponding economic benefits. Studying the so-called “economic dilemma” problem of nuclear energy heating projects in the face of carbon trading market will reveal the influencing factors of this problem, and provide a method and paradigm reference for nuclear energy heating projects, that is, through active participation Carbon emissions trading to improve economics. This paper establishes a project-based calculation method for carbon emission reductions of nuclear energy heating, and conducts a systematic additionality analysis by taking a nuclear heating project in Shandong, China as an example. The method follows the principles of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the Chinese Certified Emission Reduction (CCER). The findings show that: (1) The carbon emission reduction of nuclear energy extraction and heating projects in Shandong region of China is about 274,100 tons/year, and its order of magnitude is highly suitable for carbon market demand. (2) The levelized heating cost of the case is about 49.20 yuan/GJ. Through the analysis of the change of coal price in the calculation parameters of the alternative scheme, it is found that the economics of the nuclear energy heating project is seriously affected by the “baseline” and the results of parameter selection. It is very easy to create the illusion that the levelized heating cost of the nuclear extraction steam heating project is higher than the “uneconomical” illusion of the alternative. (3) The empirical analysis results show that the nuclear energy heating project has the additionality of obtaining carbon emission reduction benefits, but when the economics of the nuclear energy project has no obvious disadvantage compared with the alternative, its demonstration should focus on analyzing its advanced technology, barriers to marketing. As the emission reductions of CCER projects are consumed year by year in a stagnant state, nuclear energy heating projects will have the opportunity to provide a stable supply of voluntary certified emission reductions for China’s carbon market. Finally, based on this research, some suggestions are put forward, such as building a data monitoring and statistical system for carbon emission reduction of nuclear energy projects, and a pilot project for the transformation of economic benefits of carbon emission reduction in nuclear energy projects.

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Brice, Dickson. "7 The Supreme Court and Northern Ireland." In The Irish Supreme Court. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793731.003.0007.

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This chapter begins by considering the arms trial in the early 1970s and outlines the gist of the Sunningdale Agreement in 1973 before considering the challenge to that Agreement dealt with by the Supreme Court in the Boland case. There follows an examination of the Court’s views on the constitutional status of Northern Ireland in McGimpsey v Ireland, decided in the wake of the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, and on the constitutionality of the Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement in the Riordan case. There is an analysis of Law Enforcement Commission’s report and of the Court’s views on resulting Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Bill 1975. The focus next moves to the shifting views of the Supreme Court on when it is appropriate to extradite suspected terrorists to Northern Ireland. Cases concerning Dominic McGlinchey, Séamus Shannon, Robert Russell, Dermot Finucane and Owen Carron are examined, as is the state of extradition law today.

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Bentley, Peter J. "Disposable Computing." In Digitized. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199693795.003.0007.

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A billion times improved, what once filled large halls and cost millions are now so small and cheap that we throw them away like empty sweet wrappers. Their universal design and common language enables them to talk to each other and control our world. They follow their own law, a Law of Moore, which guarantees their ubiquity. But how fast and how small can they go? When the laws of physics are challenged by their hunger and size, what then? Will they transform into something radical and different? And will we be able to cope with their future needs? . . . A high-pitched voice cut through the general murmur of the Bell Telephone Laboratories Cafeteria. ‘No, I’m not interested in developing a powerful brain. All I’m after is a mediocre brain, something like the President of American Telephone & Telegraph Company.’ Alan Turing was in town. Turing was visiting the Bell Labs towards the end of his American visit, in early 1943. He was there to help with their speech encipherment work for transatlantic communication (coding the transmission of speech so that the enemy could not understand it). But the visit soon became beneficial for a different reason. Every day at teatime Turing and a Bell Labs researcher called Claude Shannon had long discussions in the cafeteria. It seemed they were both fascinated by the idea of computers. But while Turing approached the subject from a very mathematical perspective, Shannon had approached the topic from a different angle. Claude Shannon was four years younger than Turing. Born in a small town called Petoskey, MI, USA, on the shores of Lake Michigan, his father was a businessman, and his mother was the principal of GayLord High School. Claude grew up in the nearby town of GayLord and attended his mother’s school. He showed a great interest in engineering and mathematics from an early age. Even as a child he was building erector sets, model planes, a radio controlled boat, and a telegraph system to his friend’s house half a mile away (making use of two barbed wires around a nearby pasture).

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Tu, Yundong. "Entropy-Based Model Averaging Estimation of Nonparametric Models." In Advances in Info-Metrics, 493–506. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636685.003.0018.

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In this chapter, I propose a model averaging estimation of nonparametric models based on Shannon’s entropy measure. The choice of weights in the averaging estimator is implemented bya maximizing the Shannon’s entropy measure which aggregates both model uncertainty and data uncertainty. Finite sample simulation studies show that the proposed averaging estimator outperforms the local linear least square estimator in terms of mean-squared errors and outperforms the Mallows averaging estimator of Hansen (2007) when the signal-to-noise ratio is low. An empirical example to apply the proposed estimator is provided to study the wage equation and illustrates its superiority in out-of-sample forecasts.

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Calvo, Leonor, Sara Huerta, Víctor Fernández-García, José Manuel Fernández-Guisuraga, Paula Monte, Reyes Tárrega, Luz Valbuena, et al. "The loss of ecosystem multifunctionality in Pinus pinaster forests as one of the main footprints of large wildfires." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 1345–50. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_204.

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The main objective of this study was to analyse the effect of recurrence and burn severity on ecosystem multifunctionality in Pinus pinaster forests. We selected a large wildfire that occurred in the Sierra del Teleno in 2012 (NW Spain), where we differentiated two recurrences and two burn severity situations. As a result, four scenarios were identified: low recurrence plus low severity, low recurrence plus high severity, high recurrence plus low severity, high recurrence plus high severity. In each one, a number of 1 m x 1 m plots proportional to the burned area were established. Three years after the wildfire we evaluated in each plot: (1) percentage of covered soil, (2) total percentage cover of herbaceous species, (3) percentage cover of each woody species, (4) total plant species richness. Also, a composite soil sample was collected from each plot. Chemical (total organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus) and microbiological (microbial biomass carbon) properties were analysed in each soil sample. The following variables were used as indicators of ecosystem functions: percentage of covered soil, total cover of herbaceous species, Pinus pinaster cover, total plant richness, total organic carbon, total soil nitrogen, available phosphorus and microbial biomass carbon. Another indicator of ecosystem functions was calculated: floral colours of shrub species diversity using the Shannon index. The values of each ecosystem function indicator were standardized. The indicators/functions of regulating ecosystem services were: Climate regulation (indicator: total % of organic soil carbon) and Erosion protection (indicator: covered soil %). The functions/ indicators of supporting ecosystem services were: soil fertility (indicator: total nitrogen and available phosphorous) and soil quality (indicator: microbial biomass C). The indicators/functions of cultural ecosystem services were: species diversity (indicator: plant species richness) and aesthetic value (indicator: the Shannon index of floral colours). The functions/indicators of provisioning ecosystem services were: grass for livestock (indicator: % cover of herbaceous species) and timber production (indicator: % cover of Pinus pinaster). The results indicated that all scenarios apart from low recurrence plus low severity negatively affected the multifunctionality of the ecosystems.

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Li, Ji. "Manchuria." In At the Frontier of God's Empire, 19—C1F1. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197656051.003.0002.

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Abstract This chapter depicts the historical landscape of Manchuria at the turn of the twentieth century and highlights the complicated relationship between people, land, religion, and state. Domestic mass migration to Manchuria reshaped the Qing’s frontier in this region and laid the foundation for the Church to grow, as most Catholic villages in Manchuria developed out of domestic immigrant settlements from Shandong and Hebei Provinces. Religion played a critical role in forming and organizing communities that lay outside the state’s effective reach until the early twentieth century. The development of Catholic communities in Manchuria amid the intense political transformation of the modern period tells a significant yet neglected story about religion and local society.

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Voloshyn, Vyacheslav, Irina Fedosova, Viktoriya Gonchar, Oleksandr Kalinin, Dmytro Mironenko, and Kateryna Polupanova. "The Analysis of Reliability and Objectivity of Information That Can Be Found on the Internet." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia220501.

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The article deals with the analysis of reliability and objectivity of information that can be found on the internet and the objectivity and reliability of such information is compared to the system’s behavior. The terms “useful” and “useless” information have been introduced. On the basis of Shannon’s law of connection between information and entropy, as the measure of system’s organization the notion of information chaos is analyzed, it illustrating growth of entropy in such system. The work comprises a graphical interpretation of various events with Lars Onsager’s curves. Described is the parameter which has to discern authentic useful information available for analyzing and obtaining new knowledge from false and biased. A variant of the general scheme of the dynamic information system of the Internet, reflecting the appearance of inaccurate information, is given. The analysis of experts’ evaluation of the internet users’ reaction on appearance of false, biased or unreliable information showed that young users were oriented largely on emotional content, while the scientific society preferred reliability, objectiveness and authenticity of information.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "SHANONS LAW"

Harrison, L. "Moore's law meets Shannon's law: the evolution of the communication's industry." In Proceedings 2001 International Conference on Computer Design. ICCD 2001. IEEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccd.2001.954996.

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Gao, Yonghong, Yongchun Liu, and Suxia Wang. "Evaluation of Urban Infrastructure Investment Efficiency in Shandong Province." In 3rd International Conference on Economics, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emle-17.2017.21.

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Curteza, Antonela, Daniela Farima, Valentin Buliga, and Mariana Ichim. "APPLYING SHANNON AND BOLTZMAN LAWS WHEN SIMULATING THERMAL COMFORT." In eLSE 2017. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-17-235.

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The body-clothing-environment system is considered to be open and in a state of permanent interaction with the surrounding physical, sensorial, psychological and emotional factors. A human subject who carries out a certain type of activity in a well-defined environment will react differently to the external energetic demands, depending on their nature. A certain activity performed by the human subject represents a source of information – the human subject is the receiver and the environment is the channel through which the information is conveyed. In order to estimate the average quantity of information perceived by the human subject, Shannon defined „the informational entropy” (characterized by low predictability and a high quantity of provided information). The term „entropy” resembles, both formally and through its deduction method, with the „thermodynamic entropy” formula („the entropy of a probability field” or, in other words, „the undefined field”), and the term „informational” sets it apart from the thermodynamic entropy. The link between information and physical entropy was established with the help of the Leon Brillouin equation. On the other hand, in order to estimate the quantity of information, the second principle of the thermodynamics set forth by Boltzman was applied, as a probabilistic law referring to the entropy of a system. Considering the complexity of the thermal transfer between the human body and the environment, only the thermal factors were selected from the wide range of factors which determine the quantity of information that reaches the human subject with a certain body state and within specific environment parameters. The quantity of thermal information resulted from the variation of the environmental parameters was calculated based on the similarity between Boltzman’s thermodynamic entropy and Shannon’s informational entropy. Our paper presents a software application that can be used to determine the optimal comfort temperature and to establish the variation of the pairs of values that characterise air temperature Ta [0C] and the temperature of radiant surfaces Ts [0C] in a definite environment, corresponding to a certain quantity of information linked to the state of “absolute comfort” and of “limit comfort” (a quantity of information of 50 bit/s). In order to achieve our goal, a wide base of data was created so as to include all the variation values belonging to all the factors which influence the quantity of heat Q[Kcal] that is being exchanged between the human body and the environment through all the body’s mechanisms of thermal adjustment (conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation). The application lessens the quantity of work and the extended time which is necessary in order to solve the calculus algorithm; furthermore, it is designed so as to be an e-learning instrument for both college and masters students, as well as for researchers who carry out their activity in this particular field.

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Irwin, Kent D., Betty Young, Blas Cabrera, and Aaron Miller. "Shannon Limits for Low-Temperature Detector Readout." In THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON LOW TEMPERATURE DETECTORS—LTD13. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3292320.

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Wang, Jun. "Research on the Development of Foreign Cultural Trade in Shandong Province Under the Belt and Road Initiative." In 2020 International Conference on Management, Economy and Law (ICMEL 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.201111.006.

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Han, Bo. "Legal Analysis of Labor-management Conflicts in Labor-intensive Enterprises: An Empirical Study on Shandong Province." In 3rd International Conference on Economics, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emle-17.2017.119.

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Li, Yanhong. "Carbon Emission Policy Research Based on the ECM model of Energy Consumption and GDP of Shandong Province." In 2017 2nd International Conference on Politics, Economics and Law (ICPEL 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icpel-17.2017.49.

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Dong, Lingling. "Research on Environmental Accounting Information Disclosure Problems-A Case Study of Highly Polluted Industry in Shandong Province." In 2017 2nd International Conference on Politics, Economics and Law (ICPEL 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icpel-17.2017.65.

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Lin, Meijia, and Shaode Luo. "Financial Problems and Countermeasures of Small and Micro Enterprises. An Analysis Based on a Stone Transport Company in Shandong." In 3rd International Conference on Economics, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emle-17.2017.70.

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Zhao, Hua. "Research on the Mode and Path of Industrial Upgrading of Shandong Agricultural Science and Technology Park." In Proceedings of the 2018 3rd International Conference on Politics, Economics and Law (ICPEL 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icpel-18.2018.57.

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Звіти організацій з теми "SHANONS LAW"

Hertel, Thomas, David Hummels, Maros Ivanic, and Roman Keeney. How Confident Can We Be in CGE-Based Assessments of Free Trade Agreements? GTAP Working Paper, June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp26.

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With the proliferation of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) over the past decade, demand for quantitative analysis of their likely impacts has surged. The main quantitative tool for performing such analysis is Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modeling. Yet these models have been widely criticized for performing poorly (Kehoe, 2002) and having weak econometric foundations (McKitrick, 1998; Jorgenson, 1984). FTA results have been shown to be particularly sensitive to the trade elasticities, with small trade elasticities generating large terms of trade effects and relatively modest efficiency gains, whereas large trade elasticities lead to the opposite result. Critics are understandably wary of results being determined largely by the authors’ choice of trade elasticities. Where do these trade elasticities come from? CGE modelers typically draw these elasticities from econometric work that uses time series price variation to identify an elasticity of substitution between domestic goods and composite imports (Alaouze, 1977; Alaouze, et al., 1977; Stern et al., 1976; Gallaway, McDaniel and Rivera, 2003). This approach has three problems: the use of point estimates as “truth”, the magnitude of the point estimates, and estimating the relevant elasticity. First, modelers take point estimates drawn from the econometric literature, while ignoring the precision of these estimates. As we will make clear below, the confidence one has in various CGE conclusions depends critically on the size of the confidence interval around parameter estimates. Standard “robustness checks” such as systematically raising or lowering the substitution parameters does not properly address this problem because it ignores information about which parameters we know with some precision and which we do not. A second problem with most existing studies derives from the use of import price series to identify home vs. foreign substitution, for example, tends to systematically understate the true elasticity. This is because these estimates take price variation as exogenous when estimating the import demand functions, and ignore quality variation. When quality is high, import demand and prices will be jointly high. This biases estimated elasticities toward zero. A related point is that the fixed-weight import price series used by most authors are theoretically inappropriate for estimating the elasticities of interest. CGE modelers generally examine a nested utility structure, with domestic production substitution for a CES composite import bundle. The appropriate price series is then the corresponding CES price index among foreign varieties. Constructing such an index requires knowledge of the elasticity of substitution among foreign varieties (see below). By using a fixed-weight import price series, previous estimates place too much weight on high foreign prices, and too small a weight on low foreign prices. In other words, they overstate the degree of price variation that exists, relative to a CES price index. Reconciling small trade volume movements with large import price series movements requires a small elasticity of substitution. This problem, and that of unmeasured quality variation, helps explain why typical estimated elasticities are very small. The third problem with the existing literature is that estimates taken from other researchers’ studies typically employ different levels of aggregation, and exploit different sources of price variation, from what policy modelers have in mind. Employment of elasticities in experiments ill-matched to their original estimation can be problematic. For example, estimates may be calculated at a higher or lower level of aggregation than the level of analysis than the modeler wants to examine. Estimating substitutability across sources for paddy rice gives one a quite different answer than estimates that look at agriculture as a whole. When analyzing Free Trade Agreements, the principle policy experiment is a change in relative prices among foreign suppliers caused by lowering tariffs within the FTA. Understanding the substitution this will induce across those suppliers is critical to gauging the FTA’s real effects. Using home v. foreign elasticities rather than elasticities of substitution among imports supplied from different countries may be quite misleading. Moreover, these “sourcing” elasticities are critical for constructing composite import price series to appropriate estimate home v. foreign substitutability. In summary, the history of estimating the substitution elasticities governing trade flows in CGE models has been checkered at best. Clearly there is a need for improved econometric estimation of these trade elasticities that is well-integrated into the CGE modeling framework. This paper provides such estimation and integration, and has several significant merits. First, we choose our experiment carefully. Our CGE analysis focuses on the prospective Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) currently under negotiation. This is one of the most important FTAs currently “in play” in international negotiations. It also fits nicely with the source data used to estimate the trade elasticities, which is largely based on imports into North and South America. Our assessment is done in a perfectly competitive, comparative static setting in order to emphasize the role of the trade elasticities in determining the conventional gains/losses from such an FTA. This type of model is still widely used by government agencies for the evaluation of such agreements. Extensions to incorporate imperfect competition are straightforward, but involve the introduction of additional parameters (markups, extent of unexploited scale economies) as well as structural assumptions (entry/no-entry, nature of inter-firm rivalry) that introduce further uncertainty. Since our focus is on the effects of a PTA we estimate elasticities of substitution across multiple foreign supply sources. We do not use cross-exporter variation in prices or tariffs alone. Exporter price series exhibit a high degree of multicolinearity, and in any case, would be subject to unmeasured quality variation as described previously. Similarly, tariff variation by itself is typically unhelpful because by their very nature, Most Favored Nation (MFN) tariffs are non-discriminatory in nature, affecting all suppliers in the same way. Tariff preferences, where they exist, are often difficult to measure – sometimes being confounded by quantitative barriers, restrictive rules of origin, and other restrictions. Instead we employ a unique methodology and data set drawing on not only tariffs, but also bilateral transportation costs for goods traded internationally (Hummels, 1999). Transportation costs vary much more widely than do tariffs, allowing much more precise estimation of the trade elasticities that are central to CGE analysis of FTAs. We have highly disaggregated commodity trade flow data, and are therefore able to provide estimates that precisely match the commodity aggregation scheme employed in the subsequent CGE model. We follow the GTAP Version 5.0 aggregation scheme which includes 42 merchandise trade commodities covering food products, natural resources and manufactured goods. With the exception of two primary commodities that are not traded, we are able to estimate trade elasticities for all merchandise commodities that are significantly different form zero at the 95% confidence level. Rather than producing point estimates of the resulting welfare, export and employment effects, we report confidence intervals instead. These are based on repeated solution of the model, drawing from a distribution of trade elasticity estimates constructed based on the econometrically estimated standard errors. There is now a long history of CGE studies based on SSA: Systematic Sensitivity Analysis (Harrison and Vinod, 1992; Wigle, 1991; Pagon and Shannon, 1987) Ho

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Geologic map of the Low Wassie Quadrangle, Oregon and Shannon counties, Missouri. US Geological Survey, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/i2719.

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