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Статті в журналах з теми "Sex role – great britain"
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Ahmadi, Farajollah. "Communication and the Consolidation of the British Position in the Persian Gulf, 1860s–1914." Journal of Persianate Studies 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18747167-12341308.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The scale of Britain’s industrial expansion during the nineteenth century was vast and extraordinary. On the sea, Britain dominated the industrialized world both in tonnage and distance and established the largest shipping lines in the world. With the rapid increase in international trade, Britain led the world in the development of submarine telegraph cable and steamships. Although from the early decades of nineteenth century, Britain was expanding its ascendancy in the Persian Gulf, from 1860s onward, technological developments, mainly telegraph and steamship, led to a significant change in favor of British hegemony in the region. This technological progress had great impacts on the politics and economy of the area and neighboring centuries. The present article is an attempt to examine the process of communication system development in the Persian Gulf and its role in the consolidation of British position in the region.
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Furnham, Adrian, and Elena Farragher. "A Cross-Cultural Content Analysis of Sex-Role Stereotyping in Television Advertisements: A Comparison Between Great Britain and New Zealand." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 44, no. 3 (September 2000): 415–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4403_5.
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Bączyk-Rozwadowska, Kinga. "Status of a Child Born as a Result of IVF Procedure." Białostockie Studia Prawnicze 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2022.27.03.01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Due to the constant development of medicine and biotechnology, including the in vitro procedure, more and more infertile couples can fulfil their desire to have a child. Traditional rules of family law concerning the determination of status familiae of such children have then turned out to be insufficient. The situation is even more complicated when IVF procedure assumes the use of donated genetic material or the involvement of a surrogate mother. Therefore in the field of family law the intention to “create” a child starts to play quite an important role. Family law is then undergoing far-reaching transformations, especially in those countries where same-sex couples are eligible to start IVF procedures (Great Britain, USA, Germany, Austria).
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Michael Chamarette, R. "British Psychology and the Media: Cyril Burt at the BBC." History & Philosophy of Psychology 22, no. 1 (2021): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpp.2021.22.1.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Any balanced assessment of Cyril Burt’s historical significance needs to transcend older genres of the ‘Burt Affair’ and of the ‘great man’, with their emphasis upon Burt’s agency and influence within the theory and practice of psychology in Britain in the early and mid-twentieth century. In line with more contemporary approaches, Burt provides a case study that addresses the wider question of how psychological thought and practice mediated understanding of the self, and the intersection of differing views of human nature with a range of social, economic, political and ethical issues. In particular, there are issues of the nature of psychology, the authority of its exponents, and its relevance to the anxieties and aspirations of the British public during the interwar period. Two themes exemplify this – public confusion of psychology with Freudian psychoanalysis and both with the study of sex, and secondly the role psychologists as public scientific intellectuals. Any omission of Burt from these broader considerations risks distortion of our understanding of both psychology and of Britain during this period.
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Pocock, J. G. A. "History and Sovereignty: The Historiographical Response to Europeanization in Two British Cultures." Journal of British Studies 31, no. 4 (October 1992): 358–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When we were a little tiny colony of Britain(With a heigh ho, the winds and the waves)Our feckless history began to be written(And the waves break busily night and day).When first we fought in an Empire's cause(With a heigh ho, the winds and the waves)It wasn't for the loot, nor yet for the applause(And the waves break busily night and day).Then when we came to Dominion Status(With a heigh ho, the winds and the waves)Nor slump nor squeeze could alienate us(And the waves break busily night and day).These are lines in which Allen Curnow, New Zealand's most important living poet, responded in his secondary capacity, as Whim Wham, a weekly contributor of comic verse to newspapers, to the decision of Great Britain to seek entry to the European Community. He could see as everyone could that this would mean a dissolution of Britain's role in a global community and, in particular, of a relationship with Britain that had hitherto given meanings good and bad to New Zealand's history, its sense of itself, and the meaning of its existence.Sir, have you thought what it's like to be(With a heigh ho, the winds and the waves)All, all alone on a wide, wide sea?(And the waves break busily night and day).Much can happen in a very short time(With a heigh ho, the winds and the waves).A feckless history, a foolish rhyme!(And the waves break busily, night and day).
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Goncharenko, A. V. "GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIAL CONTRADITIONS IN THE PERIOD OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-1918 (BACKGROUND IS THE DOCUMENTS OF THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE)." Sums'ka Starovyna (Ancient Sumy Land), no. 55 (2019): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/starovyna.2019.55.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article investigates Britain’s position in colonial contradictions during World War I, based on the use of documents from Russia’s foreign policy department. The causes, course and consequences of the intensification of British politics in the colonial problem are described. The process of formation and implementation of London’s foreign policy initiatives in the colonial issue during the study period is examined. There are analyzed the role of Great Britain in the intensification of the colonial struggle between the great states during the First World War (1914-1918) and its perception by diplomatic representatives of the Russian Empire. During the First World War of 1914-1918, a set of problems and approaches to them were crystallized, which had a serious impact on the colonial contradictions between the great states in general and the position of Great Britain in this problem in particular. There is a considerable contrast between the methods of politics and the aspirations of the leading countries of the world at that time - Japan and Russia - on the one hand, and the United Kingdom and France - on the other. France is increasingly convinced that close co-operation in these matters with London is the only guarantee of the success of its colonialism. In addition, during the First World War, the new industrial states (Germany, Italy, and Japan) sought to capture the colonies for the sake of confirming their new status in the world, and the great colonial powers of the past (Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands) - to hold on to the rest for the sake of preservation of ephemeral international prestige, Russia - to expansion. The largest colonial empires - Great Britain and France were interested in maintaining the status quo. Whitehall’s policy on the colonial issue, at the time, can be traced to a very definite line, confirming the message of Russian diplomats linked to attempts to preserve the situation in their remote possessions and not get involved in conflicts and expensive measures where this can be avoided. In this sense, the British government has shown some flexibility and foresight - the relative weakening of the empire’s military and economic power about of the emergence of new, rapidly developing industrial powers and the achievement of colonies of certain selfsufficiency, made it necessary to revise traditional foreign policy. London was already unable to fully control the situation at sea, as well as to ensure the security of its vast possessions. Therefore, block cooperation with countries with close geopolitical interests comes to the fore, and policy in the colonies is gradually transformed from an expansionist one to a stabilization one aimed at reducing the costs of the metropolis and preventing potential conflicts in strategically important areas. In addition, Britain’s interests in the colonial issue largely coincide with the position of the United States, which also seeks to ensure “open doors” and “equal opportunities” instead of military-political contest. Key words: the Great Britain, First World War, international relationships, foreign policy, colonialism, colonial contradictions.
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KHUDAYBERDIEV, AZIZ. "Italian and British policy in Yemen between two world wars." Sharqshunoslik. Востоковедение. Oriental Studies 02, no. 02 (September 1, 2022): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/os/vol-01issue-02-13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on the documents of the National Archives of India, including diplomatic correspondence of the Foreign Office, the Ministry of Colonies, minutes of meetings classified as "secret", this article reveals the features of the policy of Italy and Great Britain in the south of the Arabian Peninsula in the 20-30s of the XX century. The relevance of this article topic lies in the fact that even after 100 years, in the 20s of the XXIst century, Yemen remains as the object of interference by the external actors, rivalry and attempts to divide this country. The article examines the methods used by Italy and Great Britain to expand their influence in the Red Sea, in particular, attempts to win over the ruler of Asir al-Idrisi and the ruler of Northern Yemen Imam Yahya. It was revealed that Great Britain and Italy focused their efforts on unleashing the Saudi-Yemeni war, aiming to weaken Yemen and Hijazo-Nejd. At the same time, each of the parties hoped to strengthen their own influence in the Red Sea basin. The article shows that Italy had certain economic interests in Yemen. The use of Yemen as a market for Italian products, the profitable trade of the famous Yemeni coffee, the monopoly on the sale of petroleum products in Yemen and other trade advantages provided by Imam Yahya in return for Italian aid, allowed the Italians to receive some additional profits. The reorientation of Yemeni trade from Aden to Massawa would significantly reduce the role of the British colony and increase the importance of Italian colony Eritrea. As a result of the study, it is concluded that the rivalry in the south of the Arabian Peninsula between Great Britain and Italy, in which the ruler of Northern Yemen, Imam Yahya, saw the threat of a new enslavement of Yemen, largely contributed to the choice of isolation policy, which, on the one hand, helped to preserve the independence of the country, but, on the other hand, slowed down the economic and socio-political progress of Yemen.
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Burachok, Liliia, and Mariia Demkiv. "Elizabeth II ― forming and becoming of personality." History Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 56 (December 30, 2022): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2022.56.114-120.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The monarchy is the oldest governing institution in Great Britain; called the British Monarchy or the Monarchy of Great Britain. It is one of the oldest European monarchies, as well as the most famous. Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state from 1952; she is also a symbol of stability and the main figure in Great Britain. Researching the stages becoming personality of queen, we see how formed her strong, unshakable character through the prism of historical events with which Elizabeth II managed to adapt to present and remain a national symbol for the Britishs. The epoch of Elizabeth II ruling (especially from the end of ХХ to beginning of XXI century) is an important period in British history. It is time for serious reforms in country and also for major changes on global: the collapse of the socialist system in Central and Eastern Europe, the collapse of the Warsaw Pact Organization, the end of the Cold War, unification of Germany, disintegration of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. During the queen's reign and her life in general, many important events took place. Her Majesty has also been involved in numerous changes to the monarchy, from becoming Queen at the age of twenty-five to traveling the world more than any other monarch before her. Elizabeth II managed to unite the countries of former British colonies and create Concord of nations, that she heads by now. Analysing activity of Her Majesty, it is possible to notice that Elizabeth ІІ supports conservatism, for example, she gives preference to classic style, old books and other things like that. However, at the same time, modernity makes Queen to get used also to new realities, such as radio, television and internet. The Queen is supposed to be impartial, but she is still the head of the executive, legislature and judiciary, as well as the role of Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces and Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Elizabeth II symbolizes the sovereignty of the state and her carries out only ceremonial functions in Great Britain and in the countries of Concord, mainly carrying out only official visits, since a leading role in political life of Great Britain is played by Prime Minister. Meantime a queen cares about representativity of her country and propagandizes such values, as following and unity, supports good relationships with foreign leaders out of politics. It seems that the reign of Elizabeth II, due to the individuality of the queen and the length of her reign, may go down in history as the "New Elizabethan Era".
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Williams, Mark. "Occupational Stratification in Contemporary Britain: Occupational Class and the Wage Structure in the Wake of the Great Recession." Sociology 51, no. 6 (July 7, 2017): 1299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038517712936.
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Occupations traditionally played a central role in stratification accounts. In the wake of the Great Recession, debates regarding the extent and nature of occupational stratification have been reinvigorated. An exploration of occupational wage stratification patterns defined by both detailed occupational unit groups and the broader occupational class categories of the National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NS-SEC) reveals the proportion of wage inequality between occupations and occupational classes has remained broadly stable 1997 to 2015. No compelling evidence is found for growing wage inequalities between detailed occupations within NS-SEC categories. This article underlines the continued utility of occupations and particularly the NS-SEC grouping of them in describing the structure of stratification in contemporary Britain.
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Meshcheryakov, A. N. "The perception of “insular” England in “insular” Japan." Japanese Studies in Russia, no. 1 (April 20, 2024): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.55105/2500-2872-2024-1-98-110.
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The insular position has serious influence on history and mentality. However, this provision “works” only in conjunction with other factors. Japan and England are island nations, but the history of England is characterized by the maximum number of foreign contacts, while that of Japan, until the middle of the 19th century, by the minimum one. The passive approach to space in Tokugawa period is explained by the following factors: high productivity of rice cultivation, lack of livestock farming, the conviction that Japan has the best climate, and the “closed country” policy. During the Meiji period, under the influence of the West (primarily Great Britain), the attitude towards space changed radically. The sea was conceptualized as a “conducting,” rather than “isolating” environment. The choice of Great Britain as a role model was determined, first of all, by its experience in the conquest of maritime space and the creation of a powerful colonial empire. The transition to a new model of “expanding space” was also justified by references to ancient times, when the Japanese had an “active” character, but the “closed country” policy “spoiled” the Japanese. As a result of military victories over China (1894–1895) and Russia (1904–1905), Japan began to be called “England of the East.” Great Britain ceased to be a role model after its withdrawal from the Japanese-British Alliance Treaty in 1922, and public discourse was directed towards justifying the uniqueness of the Japanese. The established characterization of the Japanese as adherents of tradition is dubious. The appeal to antiquity was indeed of great importance for the Japanese and, in this sense, they can be considered “traditionalists.” But, after the Meiji Revolution, they demonstrated amazing ability to embrace the “new” and destroy the “old,” but often boasted that they were “merely” recollecting their past. The concept of “traditionality” is too broad. Upon closer examination it does not provide much for understanding historical and cultural processes which require careful division into components that have an exact chronological and situational reference.
Дисертації з теми "Sex role – great britain"
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Perrott, Stella. "The masculinization of everyone? : a study of a profession in gender transition." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14397.
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This thesis is an exploration of how professional status is gained and sustained. Sociologists, in taking for granted which occupations are universally identified as professions have concentrated their studies on elite occupations, primarily law and medicine. Their attention has been focussed on the occupational, organizational and behavioural characteristics of these professions, rather than the personal or social characteristics of the incumbents. Consequently, although acknowledging that class, gender and race can provide or limit the resources for professionalizing, these personal attributes have not been considered central to the understanding of the term profession. The research is concerned with the relationship between professional status and gender in probation during a period in its history when it faced considerable threats. It traces the profession's history and maps its rise and fall in relation to its changing gendered composition, culminating in the government's decision to remove the prior qualification for practice in 1995 in order to attract ex-servicemen into probation. The reconstruction of probation into a credible profession is the substantive focus of this study. The analysis of the reconstruction is through a gendered lens and a discourse analytical approach is used to examine texts prepared by probation to promote its cause. This thesis concludes that the status of an occupation is directly related to its gendered construction and to be considered a 'full' profession requires middle class masculinity. Whilst masculine characteristics continue to be necessary for influence and success, the constant drift towards the masculinization of everyone undermines the contribution women can make to organizations and services. In retrospectively revealing the processes through which masculinization and professionalization are discursively achieved, the study opens up the possibility for future challenges to the devaluation of occupations dominated by women.
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Taylor, Edwin Arthur. "Engendering peace : masculinity, femininity, and the Good Friday negotiations in Northern Irealand [sic] /." view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1296094851&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. "Research for this dissertation took place from September 2003 to September 2005, and included two field research visits to Northern Ireland during September 3-17, 2003 and April 5-June 8, 2005"--P. 3. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-199). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Van, Reyk William George Anthony. "Christian ideals of manliness during the period of the evangelical revival, c.1730-c.1840." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670039.
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Stoodley, Nick. "The spindle and the spear : a critical enquiry into the construction and meaning of gender in the early Anglo-Saxon burial rite /." Oxford : British archaeological reports, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb371998509.
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Barnhill, Gretchen Huey, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Fallen angels : female wrongdoing in Victorian novels." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2005, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/241.
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In the Victorian novel, gender-based social norms dictated appropriate behaviour. Female wrongdoing was not only judged according to the law, but also according to the idealized conception of womanhood. It was this implicit cultural measure, and how far the woman contravened the feminine norms of society, that defined her criminal act rather than the act itself or the injury her act inflicted. When a woman deviated from the Victorian construction of the ideal woman, she was stigmatized and labelled. The fallen woman was viewed as a moral menance, a contagion. Foreign women who committed crimes were judged for their 'lack of Englishness.' Insanity evolved into not only a medical explanation for bizarre behaviour, but also a legal explanation for criminal behaviour. Finally, the habitual woman criminal and the infanticidal mother were seen as unnatural. Regardless of the crime committed, female criminals were ostracized and removed from 'respectable' English society.vii, 163 leaves ; 29 cm.
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Lawrence, Clinton Martin Norman. "Charles I and Anthony van Dyck portraiture : images of authority and masculinity." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of History, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3370.
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This thesis is an examination of Charles I of England’s projection of kingship
through Sir Anthony van Dyck portraits during his personal rule. These portraits provide
important insight into Charles’ vision of kingship because they were commissioned by
the king and displayed at court, revealing that his kingship rested on complementary
ideals of traditional kingship in addition to divine right. In this thesis, Charles’ van Dyck
portraits are studied in the context of seventeenth-century ideals of paterfamilias, knight,
and gentleman. These ideals provide important cultural narratives which were seen to be
reflective of legitimacy, power, and masculinity, which in turn gave legitimacy to
Charles’ kingship. The system of values and ideals represented in Charles’ portraits
reveal that his vision of kingship was complex and nuanced, demonstrating that divine
right was just one aspect of many, upon which his kingship was premised.viii, 164 leaves : [18] leaves of color plates ; 29 cm
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Carter, Sara. "The role of farms in rural business development." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2203.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years the rural enterprise has become a key theme in small business research. Despite an extensive and increasingly sophisticated literature analysing rural firms, the research effort has largely excluded agnculture. This exclusion reflects a wider separation of agriculture and industry which is apparent not only in scholarship, but in the political, social and economic institutions which surround the farm sector. Although there have been persuasive arguments for a more multi-disciplinary approach to the analysis of rurality and calls for comparisons to be drawn between farms and other small businesses, few such attempts have been made and the analysis of rural business development remains charactensed by disciplinary polarity. This thesis seeks to redress this by analysing farms using conventional small business paradigms and methodologies. Three specific issues were examined: the extent to which farms conform to small business norms; the engagement of farms in additional business activities; and the differences between farms undertaking additional business activities and those maintaining monoactive approaches. The results reveal similarities between farms and other rural enterpnses and demonstrate the continued importance of farms as creators of employment and wealth in rural areas Importantly, farms are shown to have a hitherto, unrecognized role in accommodating and fostenng rural small firms in non-farm sectors. The study supports the view that multiple business ownership activities may have been under-reported in the small business research literature. Tins analysis suggests that additional business activities are best viewed as a continuum, from the diversification of existing assets to the establishment of independent and separately registered firms. Policy liberalization, demand side changes and shifts in the demographic profile of farm owners are expected to increase the number of faims engaging in additional business activities. These factors are also expected to increase the smulanties between farms and other rural enterprises. The thesis concludes that there are benefits to be gamed from the inclusion of the farm sector in small business analyses. The sector is dominated by family owned, small businesses that have largely survived the transition through generations. As such, the sector offers small business researchers a unique opportunity to analyse issues at the centre of small business debate Moreover, it is argued that a small business approach to the analysis of the farm sector offers a particularly relevant, but hitherto absent, insight into the future development of rural areas.
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Digard, Léon Nicolas. "Sex offenders' and their probation officers' perceptions of community management in England and Wales." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609359.
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Derksen, Hanneke. "The role of Tony Blair's belief system in Great Britain's decision to support the war in Iraq." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1317324041&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Nunes, Bernardo F. "Three essays on retirement and savings behaviour." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24516.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation presents three essays on retirement and savings behaviour. It relies on secondary data from British national surveys to empirically address how workers prepare and adapt to the economic circumstances of later life. Chapter 1 analyses the effectiveness of providing workers with the opportunity to join workplace pension schemes to stimulate pension savings. It estimates the potential opt-in rate among employees who haven’t been offered a pension plan by an employer, had they been offered the opportunity to join a scheme. Governmental policies enforcing pension plan provision at every workplace could generate a major impact on aggregate participation rates. This potential success does not seem to be conditional on the existence of mechanisms imposed by law concerning the way workers are enrolled. Chapter 2 examines the effect of workplace pension schemes provision and participation on other individual financial savings, such as personal pension plans and financial assets. It exploits the variability in workplace pension scheme provision and membership induced by the employer’s payroll size as an identification strategy. No evidence is found that providing employees with access to workplace pension schemes would make them less likely to save through non-pension financial instruments. These results support the enforcement of the universal provision of workplace pension schemes as a national policy to improve financial preparation for retirement. Chapter 3 builds on the literature of the economic role of home production of goods and services at retirement. The literature usually restricts the explanation of retirees’ heterogeneous attitudes towards home production to gender differences or social norms related to couples’ division of labour. The present study provides novel evidence that non-cognitive skills in the form of personality traits explain the heterogeneous reallocation of time and consumption that occurs during a transition from the labour market to retirement.
Книги з теми "Sex role – great britain"
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1958-, Little Jo, Peake Linda 1956-, and Richardson Pat 1958-, eds. Women in cities: Gender and the urban environment. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Education, 1988.
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Gender, family, and society. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.
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Mackey, Allan M. A sociologicalsurvey and report by C.F.W.: A report generated from the results of a large survey performed in Great Britain by the Charitable Trust "Concern for Family and Womanhood" (Campaign for the Feminine Woman). Chedworth: Concern for Family and Womanhood, 1990.
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Sandra, Betts, ed. Our daughters' land: Past and present. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1996.
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Barrett, Michèle. The anti-social family. Brooklyn, NY: Verso, 2015.
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Gender in medieval culture. London: Bloomsbury Academic, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, Bloomsbury, 2015.
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Fletcher, Anthony. Gender, sex, and subordination in England, 1500-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
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Bingham, Adrian. Gender, modernity, and the popular press in inter-war Britain. Oxford: Clarendon, 2004.
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Jones, Karen. Gender and Petty Crime in Late Medieval England: The Local Courts in Kent, 1460-1560. Boydell & Brewer, Incorporated, 2006.
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10
Delamont, Sara. Sex Roles and the School. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Sex role – great britain"
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Walkland, S. A. "Consultation and the Role of Pressure Groups in Delegated Legislation." In The Legislative Process in Great Britain, 44–54. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003227274-5.
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Walkland, S. A. "Consultation and the Role of Pressure Groups in the Legislative Process." In The Legislative Process in Great Britain, 33–43. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003227274-4.
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Stilwell, Barbara, and Richard Hobbs. "The Developing Role of the Practice Nurse in Great Britain." In Nursing in General Practice:, 1–9. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315376158-1.
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Bickel, Jeff, and Ronald K. Taylor. "The Role of Women in Television Advertising in Great Britain: A Content Analysis." In Proceedings of the 1994 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, 174. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13162-7_43.
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Fingleton, Bernard, Danilo Camargo Igliori, and Barry Moore. "Employment Growth of Small Computing Services Firms and the Role of Horizontal Clusters: Evidence from Great Britain 1991–2000." In European Regional Growth, 267–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07136-6_10.
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Marks, Peter. "United Kingdom?" In Literature of the 1990s, 21–45. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474411592.003.0002.
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Post-war Britain has long been seen as a nation in decline: the loss of imperial territory and international clout from 1945 onwards undeniable and inexorable facts that exposed the fantasy that Britain remained a Great Power. That fantasy was still viable during conferences at Yalta and Potsdam in 1945 that set the boundaries for a new, Cold War, geography. The Suez Crisis of 1956 is an oft-recited marker of decline, exposing the myth of British imperial reach, and prompting US Secretary of State’s Dean Acheson’s crushing evaluation that Great Britain had lost an Empire but had not yet found a role. The 1980s might be read as slowing the pace of decline, the Thatcher government under its forthright, pro-American leader attempting to re-establish Britain’s credentials on the world stage.
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Malcolm, Noel. "Ali Pasha and Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars." In Rebels, Believers, Survivors, 149–244. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857297.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This essay, based on archival materials, analyses the relationship between Ali Pasha of Ioannina (or ‘of Tepelenë’) and Great Britain during the period 1799–1814. Ali Pasha controlled, directly or indirectly, most of mainland Greece, half of Albania and part of Macedonia. Any French invasion of the Ottoman Empire would probably have passed through those territories, so Ali’s role as an ally of Britain was potentially of huge importance. For the same reason Napoleon also sought his support; accordingly, over many years, Ali played off each of these powers against the other. His own ambitions were focused on gaining control over various places and territories formerly governed by Venice: Butrint, Parga, Preveza and Vonitsa on the mainland, and, if possible, the islands of Lefkada and Corfu. Thanks to the presence of British (and French) envoys at Ali’s court, the story of his political and diplomatic manoeuvrings can be told in detail; it is set here against the larger background of his conflict with rival pashas in Albania, and of his relations with the Ottoman government in Istanbul. One theme that emerges clearly is Ali’s underlying dependence on British support. This conflicts with what has become the most widely accepted modern interpretation of his relationship with Britain, which claims that the British subjected him to ‘Orientalist’ attitudes because they feared his superior power: that interpretation, together with its other claims about the role of ‘Orientalism’ in Ali Pasha’s case, is refuted here.
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Massa, Silvia. "‘And so the idea of the Collection was born’: The Macpherson Collection of Maritime Prints from its Inception to the First Display at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich." In Art and the Sea, 91–112. Liverpool University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781802070200.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter examines the significance of the Macpherson Collection of Maritime Prints at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. Silvia Massa argues that the Macpherson Collection has national significance as a visual display of Britain’s sea power, and is therefore far more than a repository of art works that depict the sea. It is proposed that the prints helped to shape the discourse around national identity in Great Britain during the nineteenth century. Consideration is also given to the role of a national maritime museum and its display practices. In particular, the author illuminates how the Macpherson collection shifts in meaning according to how it has been curated over time.
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Rostow, W. W. "The Role of the United States in the Post-Cold War World." In The Great Population Spike and After. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195116915.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As in the other chapters in this book, it is wise to begin by recalling the past. In this case, I begin with the history and concepts that have guided U.S. foreign policy. This historical survey is useful first because the issues we will confront in the next half century, while distinctive, will not be wholly new. Americans have wrestled with them, wisely or otherwise, in the past, and that should help provide perspective as we face the future on the other side of the Great Spike. Second, looking forward, it is necessary to see the past as objectively as we can. There are endless aphorisms about the usefulness of history to illuminate the present and the future, as well as many concerning its lack of usefulness. In general, the use of history as a guide to the future has a bad name. Samuel Taylor Coleridge in one century and Lewis Namier in another both asserted that humanity could only look at the past and was incapable of looking forward. But in a book about the future, there is virtue in trying to belie Coleridge and Namier and, looking backward as well as forward, in trying to clarify where we have come from and what we face in the time ahead. In the half century from the Revolutionary War to President James Monroe's message to the Congress in 1823, the United States evolved from a group of colonies to a nation-state. In this half century, the United States gained its independence with the decisive aid of France. It struggled through another war with Britain over a neutral country's right to freedom of the seas. In 1823, it moved to guarantee the independence of its hemisphere against military intrusion from outside. There was an abiding security as well as an ideological component in the Monroe Doctrine. As for security, it warned the nations of Europe, including Russia, not to extend their military presence in the hemisphere. John C. Calhoun, then secretary of war, wished the United States to guarantee not merely the independence of Latin America from any extension of European power but also Latin America's movement toward democracy. John Quincy Adams, then secretary of state, had two objections. First, he felt that "the feudal and clerical heritage" of Latin America would render its movement toward democracy problematic.
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Flewelling, Lindsey. "The Idea of America." In Two Irelands Beyond the Sea, 208–39. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786940452.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The United States played a significant role in unionist political thought and rhetoric throughout the Home Rule era. Ulster unionists used American examples to emphasize the need to maintain unity between Great Britain and Ireland, and to provide historical justification for unionist actions. This chapter examines the ways in which the American Revolutionary War, Civil War, and Constitution were utilized in unionist rhetoric. Unionists drew upon these American historical and constitutional examples to highlight ethnic connections to the United States, underscore the failed obligations of the British government to fight to save the Union, and legitimize Ulster militancy.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Sex role – great britain"
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Salibová, Kristina. "Brexit and Private International Law." In COFOLA INTERNATIONAL 2020. Brexit and its Consequences. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9801-2020-4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
My contribution deals with the issue concerning the question arising on the applicable law in and after the transition period set in the Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community. The aim of this contribution is to analyze how the English and European laws simultaneously influence one another. This analyzation will lead to the prognosis of the impact Brexit will have on the applicable English law before English courts and the courts of the states of the European Union. The main key question is the role of lex fori in English law. Will English law tend to return to common law rules post-Brexit, and prefer the lex fori?
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Sahnov, A., A. Klyuev, and L. Litvinova. "HISTORICAL LONDON." In Manager of the Year. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/my2021_276-280.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the capital of the United Kingdom. The description is based on a comparison of information about London in the past and modern London. It helps you to see the history of the capital of the United Kingdom in dynamics, assess the scale of changes and understand the reason for these changes. Modern London plays a significant role in the political, economic and cultural life of the country. Geographically the city, which is now a metropolis, is located on the River Thames in the south-eastern part of the island of Great Britain. All the famous parts of the city – the City, the West End, the East End, Westminster are quite old and historically significant and interesting. The authors trace the history of the city since its foundation, separately considering the informative names of London streets, its historical parts – the Town, many boroughs, the Tower and Hamlet.
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Rutsinskaya, Irina, and Galina Smirnova. "VISUALIZATION OF EVERYDAY SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PRACTICES: VICTORIAN PAINTING AS A MIRROR OF THE ENGLISH TEA PARTY TRADITION." In NORDSCI Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2021/b1/v4/37.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
"Throughout the second half of the seventeen and the eighteenth centuries, tea remained an expensive exotic drink for Britain that “preserved” its overseas nature. It was only in the Victorian era (1837-1903) that tea became the English national drink. The process attracts the attention of academics from various humanities. Despite an impressive amount of research in the UK, in Russia for a long time (in the Soviet years) the English tradition of tea drinking was considered a philistine curiosity unworthy of academic analysis. Accordingly, the English tea party in Russia has become a leader in the number of stereotypes. The issue became important for academics only at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Currently, we can observe significant growth of interest in this area in Russia and an expansion of research into tea drinking with regard to the history of society, philosophy and culture. Despite this fact, there are still serious lacunas in the research of English tea parties in the Victorian era. One of them is related to the analysis of visualization of this practice in Victorian painting. It is a proven fact that tea parties are one of the most popular topics in English arts of the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. No other art school in the world referred to the topic so frequently: painting formed the visual image of the English tea party, consolidated, propagandized and spread ideas of the national tea tradition. However, this aspect has been reflected neither in British nor Russian studies. Being descriptive and analytical, the present research refers to the principles of historicism, academic reliability and objectivity, helping to determine the principal trends and social and cultural features and models in Britain during the period. The present research is based on the analysis of more than one hundred genre paintings by British artists of the period. The paintings reflect the process of creating a special “truly English” material and visual context of tea drinking, which displaced all “oriental allusions” from this ceremony, to create a specific entourage and etiquette of tea consumption, and set nationally determined patterns of behavior at the tea table. The analysis shows the presence of English traditions of tea drinking visualization. The canvases of British artists, unlike the Russian ones, never reflect social problems: tea parties take place against the background of either well-furnished interiors or beautiful landscapes, being a visual embodiment of Great Britain as a “paradise of the prosperous bourgeoisie”, manifesting the bourgeois virtues. Special attention is paid to the role of the women in this ritual, the theme of the relationship between mothers and children. A unique English painting theme, which has not been manifested in any other art school in the world, is a children’s tea party. Victorian paintings reflect the processes of democratization of society: representatives of the lower classes appear on canvases. Paintings do not only reflect the norms and ideals that existed in the society, but also provide the set patterns for it."
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Dent, C. J., K. R. W. Bell, A. W. Richards, S. Zachary, D. Eager, G. P. Harrison, and J. W. Bialek. "The role of risk modelling in the Great Britain transmission planning and operational standards." In 2010 IEEE 11th International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems (PMAPS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pmaps.2010.5528890.
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Pipelzadeh, Yousef, Balarko Chaudhuri, and Tim C. Green. "Role of western HVDC link in stability of future Great Britain (GB) transmission system." In 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2015.7286089.
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Жолудов, М. В. "FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TWO-PARITY SYSTEM OF GREAT BRITAIN IN THE XIXth CENTURY." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/mcu.2021.22.66.016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
В статье рассматриваются особенности развития партийно-политической системы Велико-британии в XIX в. Особое внимание уделено исследованию влияния парламентских реформ на формирование партийных структур. Автор подчеркивает роль парламентской реформы 1832 г., положившей начало серьезным преобразованиям парламентской системы государства. В результа-те произошла трансформация двухпартийного тандема «виги – тори» в связку «либералы – кон-серваторы». Утверждается также, что к концу XIX в. в Великобритании были созданы массовые политические партии современного типа. The article deals with the specific features of the development of the party and political system of Great Britain in the XIXth century. The author emphasizes the role of the parliamentary reform of 1832, which marked the beginning of serious transformations of the parliamentary system of the state. As a result, there was a transformation of the bipartisan tandem of “Whig – Tory” into a bunch of “Liberals – Conservatives”. It is also argued that by the end of the XIXth century mass political parties of the modern type were created in Great Britain.
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Макаров, Е. П. "Political and Religious Freedom in the American Colonies of the Great Britain in the XVIIIth Century." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/semconf.2023.3.3.011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
В статье анализируется политическое и общественное развитие американских колоний Великобритании в XVIII века, обусловленное наличием видимых центробежных и центростремительных сил колониальной политико-экономической системы. Важнейший для колоний вопрос прав и свобод рассматривается в контексте социально-политической и культурной консолидации американских провинций и их постепенной радикализации до начала Американской войны за независимость. Исследование концентрируется на изучении роли и места локальных политических структур в процессе роста самосознания американского общества, а также отдельно выделяется место религиозных свобод и вопросов веры в жизни населения британской Америки. The article analyzes the political and social development of the American colonies of Great Britain in the XVIIIth century, determined by visible centrifugal and centripetal forces of the colonial political and economic system. The most important issue of rights and freedoms for the colonies is considered in the context of the socio-political and cultural consolidation of the American provinces and their gradual radicalization before the start of the American War of Independence. The study focuses on the analysis of the role and place of local political structures in the process of the growth of the self-awareness of American society, it also highlights the place of religious freedoms and issues of faith in the life of the population of British America.
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Khizriyev, A. Kh. "The Creation of the United Saudi State in the Context of International Relations in the 1920s-1930s." In IV Международный научный форум "Наследие". SB RAS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-6049863-7-0-66-71.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article studies the most crucial period in the history of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) – the emergence of the third Saudi state. This event was one of the immediate results of World War I since the winners – Great Britain and France – redrawn the Middle East map after the Ottoman Empire's dissolution. Its founder, Abdel-Aziz ibn Saud, played a vital role in creating the Saudi state. His personal leadership and diplomatic qualities influenced the success of restoring the Saudi state in the Arabian Peninsula. Nevertheless, the great powers were the main actors in this event and used it to create a political balance in the Middle East and gain their goals and interests in the region. Despite their prominent role in this process, they failed to obtain any significant benefits since the emergence of the Saudi state, and the policy of King Abdel-Aziz opened the door for the infiltration of American oil companies into the Middle East. Competing with British companies, they succeeded and eventually strengthened the political and economic influence of the USA in the Arab world.
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Marinković, Milica. "THE ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF RAILWAYS IN FRANCE." In International scientific conference challenges and open issues of service law. Vol. 2. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxmajsko2.035m.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The author gives an overview of the origin and development of railways in France. Created first for the needs of the mining industry, the railway quickly found its way into all branches of industry. Not only did the railway help the development of industry, but some economic branches, such as tourism, would not even exist in the form we know today without the railway. The development of railways and economy went hand in hand. By analyzing legal texts and decrees, as well as scientific papers from the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries, the author gives a picture of the place of the railway in the economic and personal life of France and the French. The state of France changed several different regimes during the 19th century, but the railway network, as a strategic asset, was continuously expanded over the decades. Unlike other liberal countries of the 19th century, such as Great Britain and the United States of America, in France the state apparatus had an active role in planning and regulating the railways.
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Slamova, Karolina. "THE SEARCH FOR AN APPROACH TO CZECH LITERARY HISTORY IN IGOR HAJEK�S CONCEPT." In 9th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2022. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2022/s10.22.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper focuses on the field of literary history in order to show what approach to the historiography of Czech literature was taken by the representative of Czech exile literary criticism, Igor Hajek. The context which Hajek entered during his study stays in the USA and Great Britain, and later in exile, was the reception horizon of the late 1960s, when the events of the �Prague Spring� attracted the attention of the West and turned attention to the Czech liberalisation movement, in which literature played a significant role. Hajek assumed the role of a mediator of the fundamental values of Czech literary production to the Western audience from the position of an expert in the Anglo-American cultural environment and Czech and foreign literary approaches. The specificity of his perspective is due to the fact that he tried to present the image of Czech national literature with respect to a non-Czech reader and that he aimed to clarify the main features of the development of Czech literature to international students and readers. The paper presents the conclusions of the analysis of Hajek�s literary-historical essays, which show that Igor Hajek relied mainly on the views of Arne Novak, a Czech literary historian and critic. The paper further assumes that Igor Hajek, due to his background in English studies, methodologically drew on some of the approaches that were being promoted in the West in his time and notes the connections between Hajek�s methods and the methodologies these approaches are based on.
Звіти організацій з теми "Sex role – great britain"
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Stark, Sasha, Heather Wardle, and Isabel Burdett. Examining lottery play and risk among young people in Great Britain. GREO, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33684/2021.002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose & Significance: Despite the popularity of lottery and scratchcards and some evidence of gambling problems among players, limited research focuses on the risks of lottery and scratchcard play and predictors of problems, especially among young people. The purpose of this project is to examine whether lottery and scratchcard participation is related to gambling problems among 16-24 year olds in Great Britain and whether general and mental health and gambling behaviours explain this relationship. Methodology: Samples of 16-24 year olds were pooled from the 2012, 2015, and 2016 Gambling in England and Scotland: Combined Data from the Health Survey for England and the Scottish Health Survey (n=3,454). Bivariate analyses and Firth method logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between past-year lottery and scratchcard participation and gambling problems, assessing the attenuating role of mental wellbeing, mental health disorders, self-assessed general health, and playing other games in past year. Results: There is a significant association between scratchcard play and gambling problems. The association somewhat attenuated but remained significant after taking into account wellbeing, mental health disorders, general health, and engagement in other gambling activities. Findings also show that gambling problems are further predicted by age (20-24 years), gender (male), lower wellbeing, and playing any other gambling games. Implications: Results are valuable for informing youth-focused education, decisions around the legal age for National Lottery products, and the development of safer gambling initiatives for high risk groups and behaviours, such as scratchcard play.
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Morehart, Miriam. "Children Need Protection Not Perversion": The Rise of the New Right and the Politicization of Morality in Sex Education in Great Britain, 1968-1989. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2204.
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Perl-Treves, Rafael, Rebecca Grumet, Nurit Katzir, and Jack E. Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Sex Expression in Cucumis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586536.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Monoecious species such as melon and cucumber develop separate male and female (or bisexual) flowers on the same plant individual. They display complex genetic and hormonal regulation of sex patterns along the plant. Ethylene is known to play an important role in promoting femaleness and inhibiting male development, but many questions regarding critical sites of ethylene production versus perception, the relationship between ethylene and the sex determining loci, and the possible differences between melon and cucumber in this respect are still open. The general goal of the project was to elucidate the role of ethylene in determining flower sex in Cucumis species, melon and cucumber. The specific Objectives were: 1. Clone and characterize expression patterns of cucumber genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and perception. 2. Genetic mapping of cloned genes and markers with respect to sex loci in melon and cucumber. 3. Produce and analyze transgenic melons altered in ethylene production or perception. In the course of the project, some modifications/adjustments were made: under Objective 2 (genetic mapping) a set of new mapping populations had to be developed, to allow better detection of polymorphism. Under Objective 3, cucumber transformation systems became available to us and we included this second model species in our plan. The main findings of our study support the pivotal role of ethylene in cucumber and melon sex determination and later stages of reproductive development. Modifying ethylene production resulted in profound alteration of sex patterns in melon: femaleness increased, and also flower maturation and fruit set were enhanced, resulting in earlier, more concentrated fruit yield in the field. Such effect was previously unknown and could have agronomic value. Our results also demonstrate the great importance of ethylene sensitivity in sex expression. Ethylene perception genes are expressed in sex-related patterns, e.g., gynoecious lines express higher levels of receptor-transcripts, and copper treatments that activate the receptor can increase femaleness. Transgenic cucumbers with increased expression of an ethylene receptor showed enhanced femaleness. Melons that expressed a defective receptor produced fewer hermaphrodite flowers and were insensitive to exogenous ethylene. When the expression of defective receptor was restricted to specific floral whorls, we saw that pistils were not inhibited by the blocked perception at the fourth whorl. Such unexpected findings suggest an indirect effect of ethylene on the affected whorl; it also points at interesting differences between melon and cucumber regarding the mode of action of ethylene. Such effects will require further study. Finally, our project also generated and tested a set of novel genetic tools for finer identification of sex determining genes in the two species and for efficient breeding for these characters. Populations that will allow easier linkage analysis of candidate genes with each sex locus were developed. Moreover, effects of modifier genes on the major femaleness trait were resolved. QTL analysis of femaleness and related developmental traits was conducted, and a comprehensive set of Near Isogenic Lines that differ in specific QTLs were prepared and made available for the private and public research. Marker assisted selection (MAS) of femaleness and fruit yield components was directly compared with phenotypic selection in field trials, and the relative efficiency of MAS was demonstrated. Such level of genetic resolution and such advanced tools were not used before to study these traits, that act as primary yield components to determine economic yields of cucurbits. In addition, this project resulted in the establishment of workable transformation procedures in our laboratories and these can be further utilized to study the function of sex-related genes in detail.
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Fearnley, Catherine, and John Rodgers. A survey of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) E. coli, Campylobacter and Salmonella on chicken and turkey meat on retail sale in the UK (2022). Food Standards Agency, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.jmu560.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The FSA is continuing to commission projects to improve our understanding of the role the food chain plays in the development and spread of AMR bacteria. Our AMR surveillance programme has been established for several years, with a particular focus on retail meats. From 2015 to 2020, FSA had been participating in the EU-harmonised survey on AMR E. coli in retail meats. This survey has generated AMR prevalence data, over several years, in beef, pork and chicken meat collected at retail in the UK. The survey confirmed that chicken, and to a lesser extent, beef and pork can be contaminated with AMR E. coli. Whilst it is no longer mandatory for Great Britain to carry out the EU survey following the UK’s exit from the EU, it is important that we continue with the monitoring of AMR in retail meats and aligning our surveillance to the EU surveys will allow comparison of AMR data. We have therefore commissioned an AMR survey in chicken and turkey meat collected at retail sale in the UK from January to December 2022. This has been identified as a surveillance priority to fill evidence gaps, provide continued monitoring for E. coli and Campylobacter as well as a baseline for Salmonella surveillance in this area.
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Knapp, Carolyn. HIV and partner violence: What are the implications for voluntary counseling and testing? Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2001.1011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Millions of women around the world face two great threats to their health and well-being: HIV/AIDS and violence by an intimate partner. One of the strongest associations between the two is the role that violence and the threat of violence play in limiting a woman’s ability to negotiate safer sex with a partner. A similar fear of violence also discourages women who receive HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) from telling partners about test results. This study explored the links between HIV infection, serostatus disclosure, and partner violence among women attending a VCT clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Researchers began with a qualitative research phase with VCT clients at the Muhimbili Health Information Center. In the second phase, researchers interviewed women who had been tested and counseled three months earlier. The details in this brief show that while there is considerable fear of a partner’s reaction, there is little evidence from HIV-positive or HIV-negative women surveyed that serostatus disclosure frequently leads to physical violence.
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Yaron, Zvi, Abigail Elizur, Martin Schreibman, and Yonathan Zohar. Advancing Puberty in the Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) and the Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis). United States Department of Agriculture, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695841.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Both the genes and cDNA sequences encoding the b-subunits of black carp LH and FSH were isolated, cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis of the bcFSHb and LHb5'flanking regions revealed that the promoter region of both genes contains canonical TATA sequences, 30 bp and 17 bp upstream of the transcription start site of FSHb and LHb genes, respectively. In addition, they include several sequences of cis-acting motifs, required for inducible and tissue-specific transcriptional regulation: the gonadotropin-specific element (GSE), GnRH responsive element (GRE), half sites of estrogen and androgen response elements, cAMP response element, and AP1. Several methods have been employed by the Israeli team to purify the recombinant b subunits (EtOH precipitation, gel filtration and lentil lectin). While the final objective to produce pure recombinantGtH subunits has not yet been achieved, we have covered much ground towards this goal. The black carp ovary showed a gradual increase in both mass and oocyte diameter. First postvitellogenic oocytes were found in 5 yr old fish. At this age, the testes already contained spermatozoa. The circulating LH levels increased from 0.5 ng/ml in 4 yr old fish to >5ng/ml in 5 yr old fish. In vivo challenge experiments in black carp showed the initial LH response of the pituitary to GnRH in 4 yr old fish. The response was further augmented in 5 yr old fish. The increase in estradiol level in response to gonadotropic stimulation was first noted in 4 yr old fish but this response was much stronger in the following year. In vivo experiments on the FSHb and LHb mRNA levels in response to GnRH were carried out on common carp as a model for synchronom spawning cyprinids. These experiments showed the prevalence of FSHP in maturing fish while LHP mRNA was prevalent in mature fish, especially in females. The gonadal fat-pad was found to originate from the retroperitoneal mesoderm and not from the genital ridge, thus differing from that reported in certain amphibians This tissue possibly serves as the major source of sex steroids in the immature black carp. However, such a function is taken over by the developing gonads in 4 yr old fish. In the striped bass, we described the ontogeny of the neuro-endocrine parameters along the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis during the first four years of life, throughout gonadal development and the onset of puberty. We also described the responsiveness of the reproductive axis to long-term hormonal manipulations at various stages of gonadal development. Most males reached complete sexual maturity during the first year of life. Puberty was initiated during the third year of life in most females, but this first reproductive cycle did not lead to the acquisition of full sexual maturity. This finding indicates that more than one reproductive cycle may be required before adulthood is reached. Out of the three native GnRHs present in striped bass, only sbGnRH and cGnRH II increased concomitantly with the progress of gonadal development and the onset of puberty. This finding, together with data on GtH synthesis and release, suggests that while sbGnRH and cGnRH II may be involved in the regulation of puberty in striped bass, these neuropeptides are not limiting factors to the onset of puberty. Plasma LH levels remained low in all fish, suggesting that LH plays only a minor role in early gonadal development. This hypothesis was further supported by the finding that experimentally elevated plasma LH levels did not result in the induction of complete ovarian and testicular development. The acquisition of complete puberty in 4 yr old females was associated with a rise in the mRNA levels of all GtH subunit genes, including a 218-fold increase in the mRNA levels of bFSH. mRNA levels of the a and PLH subunits increased only 11- and 8-fold, respectively. Although data on plasma FSH levels are unavailable, the dramatic increase in bFSH mRNA suggests a pivotal role for this hormone in regulating the onset and completion of puberty in striped bass. The hormonal regulation of the onset of puberty and of GtH synthesis and release was studied by chronic administration of testosterone (T) and/or an analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (G). Sustained administration of T+G increased the mRNA levels of the PLH subunit to the values characteristic of sexually mature fish, and also increased the plasma levels of LH. However, these changes did not result in the acceleration of sexual maturation. The mRNA levels of the bFSH subunit were slightly stimulated, but remained about 1/10 of the values characteristic of sexually mature fish. It is concluded that the stimulation of FSH gene expression and release does not lead to the acceleration of sexual maturity, and that the failure to sufficiently stimulate the bFSH subunit gene expression may underlie the inability of the treatments to advance sexual maturity. Consequently, FSH is suggested to be the key hormone to the initiation and completion of puberty in striped bass. Future efforts to induce precocious puberty in striped bass should focus on understanding the regulation of FSH synthesis and release and on developing technologies to induce these processes. Definite formulation of hormonal manipulation to advance puberty in the striped bass and the black carp seems to be premature at this stage. However, the project has already yielded a great number of experimental tools of DNA technology, slow-release systems and endocrine information on the process of puberty. These systems and certain protocols have been already utilized successfully to advance maturation in other fish (e.g. grey mullet) and will form a base for further study on fish puberty.