Готові списки джерел за темами / Sex role

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Sex role"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 30 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Sex role"

Morgan, Michael. "Television, Sex-Role Attitudes, and Sex-Role Behavior." Journal of Early Adolescence 7, no. 3 (September 1987): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431687073004.

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Chambless, Dianne L., and Jeanne Mason. "Sex, sex-role stereotyping and agoraphobia." Behaviour Research and Therapy 24, no. 2 (1986): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(86)90098-7.

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St. Lawrence, Janet S., David J. Hansen, Teresa F. Cutts, Debra A. Tisdelle, and Jean D. Irish. "Sex Role Orientation." Behavior Modification 9, no. 3 (July 1985): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01454455850093007.

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Arrindell, Willem A., Annemarie M. Kolk, Mary J. Pickersgill, and Willem J. J. M. Hageman. "Biological sex, sex role orientation, masculine sex role stress, dissimulation and self-reported fears." Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 15, no. 2 (January 1993): 103–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(93)90018-w.

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Lombardo, John P., Patricia L. Francis, and Susan Brown. "Sex-Role and opposite-Sex Interpersonal Attraction." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 3 (December 1988): 855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.3.855.

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Androgynous, traditional, and undifferentiated male and female subjects indicated their attraction to three opposite-sex strangers who were described as having an androgynous, traditional, and undifferentiated sex-role. Subjects' ability to describe the sex-roles of the strangers was also measured. Androgynous strangers were most preferred, undifferentiated strangers least preferred. The least preferred undifferentiated strangers' sex-role was most accurately described. Subjects were least successful in describing the androgynous sex-role.

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Hawkins, Darryl, William G. Herron, William Gibson, Geraldine Hoban, and Mary Jane Herron. "Homosexual and Heterosexual Sex-Role Orientation on Six Sex-Role Scales." Perceptual and Motor Skills 66, no. 3 (June 1988): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.66.3.863.

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A comparison was made of the sex roles of homosexual and heterosexual men and women on the Bern Sex Role Inventory, Personality Attributes Questionnaire, Personality Research Form Androgyny Scale, Adjective Checklist Masculinity and Femininity Scales, Extended Personality Attributes Questionnaire and Undesirable Characteristics Scale. The results indicated that homosexuals and heterosexuals differ in their response to different aspects of sex roles. The most consistent difference was the greater femininity of male homosexuals in respect to male heterosexuals. Other differences were scale-specific and the low interscale comparability indicated such scales should not be used interchangeably. Differences between results of studies comparing sex roles of the homosexuals and heterosexuals appear attributable to sample heterogeneity and distinctions between sex-role scales.

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Chusmir, Leonard H., and Christine S. Koberg. "Dual Sex Role Identity and Its Relationship to Sex Role Conflict." Journal of Psychology 124, no. 5 (September 1990): 545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1990.10543247.

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Fullagar, Clive J., H. Canan Sumer, Magnus Sverke, and Renee Slick. "Managerial Sex-Role Stereotyping." International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 3, no. 1 (April 2003): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595803003001112.

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McConaghy, Nathaniel, and Ruth Zamir. "Sissiness, Tomboyism, Sex-Role, Sex Identity and Orientation." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 29, no. 2 (June 1995): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048679509075921.

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Masculinity and femininity have been studied by self-ratings in independent areas of research: one investigating personality traits considered masculine (M) or feminine (F); the other, behaviours statistically more common in one than in the other sex (sex-linked behaviours). The two approaches were compared for the first time in the present study of 66 male and 51 female medical students. Consistent with previous findings using the second approach, male but not female subjects' opposite sex-linked “sissy” and “tom-boyish” behaviours correlated significantly with their reported ratio of homosexual to heterosexual feelings (Ho/Het). Ho/Het did not correlate with either sex's M and F scores, but high M scores in women correlated strongly with several “tomboyish” behaviours. As “tomboyish” behaviours are shown more strongly by women exposed prenatally to increased levels of opposite sex hormones compared to controls, the findings have implications for the biological theory attributing Ho/Het to such prenatal hormonal exposure.

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Dambrot, Faye H., Diana C. Reep, and Daniel Bell. "Television sex roles in the 1980s: Do viewers' sex and sex role orientation change the picture?" Sex Roles 19, no. 5-6 (September 1988): 387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00289844.

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Дисертації з теми "Sex role"

Mohr, David Curtis 1957. "Sex, sex role, and the expression of depression." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276735.

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This study examined the relationship between sex, sex role and expression of depression. The Beck Depression Inventory, The Bem Sex Role Inventory, and the Inventory of Depressive Behaviors were administered to 589 college students. Sex differences in the expression of depression were similar to the findings of previous studies. Sex role differences in the expression of depression were found. Masculine sex role was related to expressive coping strategies along with instrumental strategies. Feminine sex role was related to behavioral and cognitive coping along with more expressive behaviors. The variance in expression of depression accounted for by sex was only partially accounted for by sex role. Undifferentiated individuals were significantly more depressed than Masculine, Feminine or Androgynous individuals, but there were no differences between the latter three groups. Thus, either masculinity or femininity appears to be associated with lower levels of depression.

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Lanter, Jason Richard. ""Not that there's anything wrong with that ..." perceptions of masculine men and feminine men as a breadwinner or caregiver /." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1218060049.

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Lanter, Jason Richard. "“Not that there’s anything wrong with that…”: Perceptions of Masculine Men and Feminine Men as a Breadwinner or Caregiver." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1218060049.

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Dunnington, Jason. "Learning gender at church." Available from ProQuest, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.drew.edu/pqdweb?index=0&sid=3&srchmode=2&vinst=PROD&fmt=6&startpage=-1&clientid=10355&vname=PQD&RQT=309&did=1633768391&scaling=FULL&ts=1263916678&vtype=PQD&rqt=309&TS=1263916689&clientId=10355.

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Woodruff, James Graham. "Sex-Role Stereotyping in Marital Counseling Sex- Role Style and Type of Problem Effects on Clinical Judgments." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332056/.

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The analogue study was designed to extend previous research on clinical sex-role stereotyping of individual clients into the realm of marital counseling. The effects of clinician and couple sex-role style and type of marital problem on clinical judgements of couples was examined through ratings of four audiotaped couples constructed from two scripts depicting either couple financial or sexual problems. Each script produced both a stereotypical and counterstereotypical sex-role styled couple through reversal of spouse verbalizations. A sample of 40 (32 male, 8 female) practicing doctorate-level psychologists rated either two stereotypical or two counterstereotypical couples for level of maladjustment, need for treatment, and prognosis. Individual spouse ratings were also obtained to examine client gender effects.

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Klimek, Jennifer L. "Sex differences in academic dishonesty : a sex role explanation." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1027124.

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Previous research on academic dishonesty in colleges and universities has consistently shown unacceptable rates of cheating, yet inconsistent reports of sex differences in cheating. Sex differences in cheating were studied in relation to sex role orientation and attitudes towards cheating, and in light of a distinction between two types of cheating; cheating to benefit oneself and cheating to benefit another. 256 undergraduate students completed anonymous surveys to tap their sex role orientation, attitudes towards cheating, and reported frequency of cheating. Although females reported having more disapproving attitudes towards cheating than males, they reported engaging in cheating just as much as males. Sex role orientation was not directly related to cheating, but female-associated characteristics were related to attitudes towards cheating, which, in turn, were strongly related to cheating behavior. It was also found that participants reported engaging in more cheating to benefit another person than cheating to benefit themselves.
Department of Psychological Science

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Cobb, Michelle D. (Michelle Denise). "Sex Role Types and Psychological Adjustment: Androgyny, Masculinity, or Self-Esteem." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500839/.

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Since the advent of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1974) two models, the Androgyny and Masculinity model, have been advanced to explain the sex role literature. This study attempts to rectify several methodological issues by experimentally controlling for the effects of self-esteem and using a quartile-split procedure for sex role type assignment. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate interpersonal problem solving ability among sex role types and to compare the predictions of the Androgyny model and the Masculinity model. The results of both experiments implicate the crucial role of self-esteem in sex role research. Self-esteem, rather than sex role type, appears to be more predictive of adequate psychological adjustment.

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Deitreich, Ken. "Honor, patriarchy, and disunion masculinity and the coming of the American Civil War /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4626.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iii, 294 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 278-294).

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Decker, Robert G. "The transformation of church leadership through an understanding of biblical maleness." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.

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Lam, Chuen-ping. "Sexuality in formation of lesbian identity : an exploratory study in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20125264.

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Книги з теми "Sex role"

Wheelwright, Julie. QED: Sex acts. London: BBC Education, 1995.

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1952-, Berryman-Fink Cynthia, Ballard-Reisch Deborah, and Newman Lisa H, eds. Communication and sex-role socialization. New York: Garland Pub., 1993.

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Clarke, Liz. Gender: An introduction. Slough: University Tutorial Press, 1985.

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Mohan, Lyne L. Relationship between dogmatism, extraversion, neuroticism, sex and sex-role. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Psychology, 1988.

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Endō, Shūsaku. Hitori o aishitsuzukeru hon. Tōkyō: Kōdansha, 1992.

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Sargent, Alice G. Beyond sex roles. 2nd ed. St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1985.

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Baksh, Ishmael J. Sex role, education and Grove's novels. St. John's, Nfld: Faculty of Education, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1985.

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Bakish, Ishmael J. Sex role, education and Grove's novels. St. John's, NFLD: Committee on Publications, Faculty of Education, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1985.

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Mariola, Chomczyńska-Rubacha, ed. Role płciowe: Socjalizacja i rozwój. Łódź: Wydawn. Wyższej Szkoły Humanistyczno-Ekonomicznej, 2006.

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Lea, Stewart, ed. Communication between the sexes: Sex differences and sex-role stereotypes. 2nd ed. Scottsdale, Ariz: Gorsuch Scarisbrick, 1990.

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Частини книг з теми "Sex role"

Ye, Sun, and Zhang Kan. "Sex Role." In The ECPH Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6000-2_521-1.

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Kamimura, Yoshitaka, and Kazunori Yoshizawa. "Sex Role Reversal." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_2012-1.

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Kamimura, Yoshitaka, and Kazunori Yoshizawa. "Sex Role Reversal." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 6379–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_2012.

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Hall, Paula. "Understanding the essential role of forgiveness." In Sex Addiction, 159–67. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351259996-20.

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Auster, Carol J. "Bem Sex-Role Inventory." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 445–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1207.

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Matud, M. Pilar. "Sex-Role Inventory, The." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3394-1.

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Kelly, Ivan W., and Bonnie Janzen. "Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 5884–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2667.

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Auster, Carol J. "Bem Sex-Role Inventory." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1207-1.

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Janzen, Bonnie, and Ivan Kelly. "Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_2667-2.

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Matud, M. Pilar. "Sex-Role Inventory, The." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 7238–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_3394.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Sex role"

Marec, Frantisek. "Role of sex chromosomes in sex determination of moths and butterflies." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.92757.

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Ryazanova, Anastasiya Alekseevna, and Alfiya Borisovna Zakirova. "Sex-role identification of preschool-age children." In VII International applied research conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-112230.

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Terrell, Jasmine L., Jace A. Aloway, Christy Ruteshouser, Vicki Huff, and Richard R. Behringer. "Role of Wilms' Tumor 1 in Sex Development." In The MD Anderson Summer Experience 2022. The University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52519/00029.

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Attanasi, M., A. Mian, E. R. Van Meel, S. M. Blaauwendraad, V. W. Jaddoe, and L. Duijts. "Role of sex and puberty on respiratory outcomes." In ERS International Congress 2022 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2022.3384.

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Oppenheim, Ilit, Yisrael Parmet, and Tal Oron-Gilad. "Can Driver Behavior be traced to Gender Role, Sex and Age?" In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002477.

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Traffic violations are deliberate deviations from safe driving rules associated with enhanced risks for crash involvement, impacted by traits and demographics. Violations tend to decrease with age, males and young drivers tend to make more violations. But some studies reported the opposite or no sex differences. We argue that part of this ambiguity can be attributed to gender role (Undifferentiated, Feminine, Masculine, and Androgynous). Previously, we showed that for a group of 527 adult drivers (mean age 29), gender role was a better predictor of violation tendency than sex. Now we extend this study by using a larger sample in three age categories (≤20, 21-54, and 55-65). We aim to examine whether gender role contributes to explaining violations. We distributed a web-based survey containing self-reports of traffic violations (DBQ; Reason et al., 1990), the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974), and demographics. In total we collected 1039 questionnaires, 485 females and 554 males. We used a K-Means cluster analysis to define the gender role groups and came up with 5 meaningful clusters (Undifferentiated, Feminine, Masculine, Androgynous, and Mid). The mid group is new, and indicative of possible preconception in gender roles of the Bem inventory. We then conducted a three-way interaction model on violations. Gender role, age and sex predicted respondents' violation tendency, and their three-way interaction was statistically significant. The masculine young males had the highest predicted DBQ violation scores. Scores decreased with age except for the older masculine males. Furthermore, androgynous elderly males had the lowest scores. Our results show that there is value to include gender role in analysis of violations, and that this factor contributes over age and sex alone. Including gender role yielded better predictors of driver behavior than sex alone. The effect of gender role on drivers' self-reported violation tendency is an exciting and intriguing finding which indicates the need to further examine gender role effects in driving.

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Khryanin, V. N., and N. A. Kagina. "The role of phytohormones in the manifestation of sex in plants." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-458.

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Thaler, Anne, Anna C. Wellerdiek, Markus Leyrer, Ekaterina Volkova-Volkmar, Nikolaus F. Troje, and Betty J. Mohler. "The role of avatar fidelity and sex on self-motion recognition." In SAP '18: ACM Symposium on Applied Perception 2018. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3225153.3225176.

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Sethi, Renuka, Dustin Foster, and Deborah Best. "The Self-Concepts and Sex Role Ideologies of Ukrainian University Students." In International Association of Cross Cultural Psychology Congress. International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4087/fqdy5199.

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Schrepper, A., M. Schwarzer, and T. Doenst. "Sex-Specific Differences in Septic Outcome: Does Mitochondrial Function Play A Role?" In 50th Annual Meeting of the German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (DGTHG). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1725675.

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"Sex-Role in Mathematical Dichotomy among Grade 7 Students in Bongabong South." In Multi-Disciplinary Manila (Philippines) Conferences Jan. 26-27, 2017 Cebu (Philippines). Universal Researchers (UAE), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/uruae.dir0117526.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Sex role"

Fantz, Charles. Relationships between sex role, empathy and anxiety. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2588.

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Monte, Erica. Sex-role Stereotypes: How Far Have We Come? Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6821.

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Savell, Joel M. Group-Gender-Composition Factors in Sex-Role-Attitude Measurement. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada172413.

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Dahlstrom, Susan. Sex role traits and psychological merger in lesbian relationships. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5753.

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Van Belthowing, Sheilagh. Lesbian Gender Identities: An Expansion of Bern's Sex-Role Inventory. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3036.

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Rau, Roland, and Gabriele Doblhammer. Seasonal mortality in Denmark: the role of sex and age. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2003-014.

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Greenberg, Shari. An analysis of sex role bias in clinician's evaluations of client behavior. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2853.

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Grumet, Rebecca, Rafael Perl-Treves, and Jack Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Cucumis Reproduction - from Sex Expression to Fruit Set. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696533.bard.

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Reproductive development is a critical determinant of agricultural yield. For species with unisexual flowers, floral secualdifferentation adds additional complexity, that can influenec productivity. The hormone ethylene has long, been known to play a primary role in sex determination in the Cucumis species cucumber (C. sativus) and melon (C. melo). Our objectives were to: (1) Determine critical sites of ethylene production and perception for sex determination; (2) Identify additional ethylene related genes associated with sex expression; and (3) Examine the role of environment ami prior fruit set on sex expression, pistillate flower maturation, and fruit set. We made progress in each of these areas. (1) Transgenic melon produced with the Arabidopsis dominant negative ethylene perception mutant gene, etrl-1, under the control of floral primordia targeted promoters [AP3 (petal and stamen) and CRC (carpel and nectary)], showed that ethylene perception by the stamen primordia, rather than carpel primordia, is critical for carpel development at the time of sex determination. Transgenic melons also were produced with the ethylene production enzyme gene. ACS, encoding l-aminocyclopropane-lcarboylate synthase, fused to the AP3 or CRC promoters. Consistent with the etr1-1 results, CRC::ACS did not increase femaleness; however, AP3::ACS reduced or eliminated male flower production. The effects of AP3:ACS were stronger than those of 35S::ACS plants, demonstratin g the importance of targeted expression, while avoiding disadvantages of constitutive ethylene production. (2) Linkage analysis coupled with SNP discovery was per formed on ethylene and floral development genes in cucumber populations segregating for the three major sex genes. A break-through towards cloning the cucumber M gene occurred when the melon andromonoecious gene (a), an ACS gene, was cloned in 2008. Both cucumber M and melon a suppress stamen development in pistillate flowers. We hypothesized that cucumber M could be orthologous to melon a, and found that mutations in CsACS2 co-segregated perfectly with the M gene. We also sought to identify miRNA molecules associated with sex determination. miRNA159, whose target in Arabidopsis is GAMYB[a transcription factor gene mediating response to10 gibberellin (GA)], was more highly expressed in young female buds than male. Since GA promotes maleness in cucumber, a micro RNA that counteracts GAMYB could promote femaleness. miRNA157, which in other plants targets transcription factors involved in flower development , was expressed in young male buds and mature flower anthers. (3) Gene expression profiling showed that ethylene-, senescence-, stress- and ubiquitin-related genes were up-regulated in senescing and inhibited fruits, while those undergoing successful fruit set up-regulated photosynthesis, respiration and metabolic genes. Melon plants can change sex expression in response to environmental conditions, leading to changes in yield potential. Unique melon lines with varying sex expression were developed and evaluated in the field in Hancock, Wisconsin . Environmental changes during the growing season influenced sex expression in highly inbred melon lines. Collectively these results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression. The fact that both cucumber sex loci identified so far (F and M) encode isoforms of the same ethylene synthesis enzyme, underscores the importance of ethylene as the main sex determining hormone in cucumber. The targeting studies give insight into developmental switch points and suggest a means to develop lines with earlier carpel-bearing flower production and fruit set. These results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression to facilitate shorter growing seasons and earlier time to market. Field results provide information for development of management strategies for commercial production of melon cultivars with different sex expression characteristics during fruit production.

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Perl-Treves, Rafael, Rebecca Grumet, Nurit Katzir, and Jack E. Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Sex Expression in Cucumis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586536.bard.

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Monoecious species such as melon and cucumber develop separate male and female (or bisexual) flowers on the same plant individual. They display complex genetic and hormonal regulation of sex patterns along the plant. Ethylene is known to play an important role in promoting femaleness and inhibiting male development, but many questions regarding critical sites of ethylene production versus perception, the relationship between ethylene and the sex determining loci, and the possible differences between melon and cucumber in this respect are still open. The general goal of the project was to elucidate the role of ethylene in determining flower sex in Cucumis species, melon and cucumber. The specific Objectives were: 1. Clone and characterize expression patterns of cucumber genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and perception. 2. Genetic mapping of cloned genes and markers with respect to sex loci in melon and cucumber. 3. Produce and analyze transgenic melons altered in ethylene production or perception. In the course of the project, some modifications/adjustments were made: under Objective 2 (genetic mapping) a set of new mapping populations had to be developed, to allow better detection of polymorphism. Under Objective 3, cucumber transformation systems became available to us and we included this second model species in our plan. The main findings of our study support the pivotal role of ethylene in cucumber and melon sex determination and later stages of reproductive development. Modifying ethylene production resulted in profound alteration of sex patterns in melon: femaleness increased, and also flower maturation and fruit set were enhanced, resulting in earlier, more concentrated fruit yield in the field. Such effect was previously unknown and could have agronomic value. Our results also demonstrate the great importance of ethylene sensitivity in sex expression. Ethylene perception genes are expressed in sex-related patterns, e.g., gynoecious lines express higher levels of receptor-transcripts, and copper treatments that activate the receptor can increase femaleness. Transgenic cucumbers with increased expression of an ethylene receptor showed enhanced femaleness. Melons that expressed a defective receptor produced fewer hermaphrodite flowers and were insensitive to exogenous ethylene. When the expression of defective receptor was restricted to specific floral whorls, we saw that pistils were not inhibited by the blocked perception at the fourth whorl. Such unexpected findings suggest an indirect effect of ethylene on the affected whorl; it also points at interesting differences between melon and cucumber regarding the mode of action of ethylene. Such effects will require further study. Finally, our project also generated and tested a set of novel genetic tools for finer identification of sex determining genes in the two species and for efficient breeding for these characters. Populations that will allow easier linkage analysis of candidate genes with each sex locus were developed. Moreover, effects of modifier genes on the major femaleness trait were resolved. QTL analysis of femaleness and related developmental traits was conducted, and a comprehensive set of Near Isogenic Lines that differ in specific QTLs were prepared and made available for the private and public research. Marker assisted selection (MAS) of femaleness and fruit yield components was directly compared with phenotypic selection in field trials, and the relative efficiency of MAS was demonstrated. Such level of genetic resolution and such advanced tools were not used before to study these traits, that act as primary yield components to determine economic yields of cucurbits. In addition, this project resulted in the establishment of workable transformation procedures in our laboratories and these can be further utilized to study the function of sex-related genes in detail.

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Bando, Rosangela, Florencia López Bóo, and Xia Li. Sex-Differences in Language and Socio-emotional Skills in Early Childhood. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011759.

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This study explores sex differences in language and socio-emotional skills. It focuses on children 7 months old to 6 years old in Chile in 2012 and Nicaragua in 2013. A focus on young children allowed for ruling out a set of environmental and identity effects to explain the gap. Females had an advantage in both countries and both dimensions. Males in Chile scored at -0.13 standard deviations (SD) in language in the distribution of females. In addition, males scored at -0.20 SD in socio-emotional skills. The gaps in Nicaragua were not statistically different to those in Chile. Thus geographical and cultural variation across the two countries did not affect the gap. Within countries, variation in family characteristics, parenting practices and health investments did not explain the gap either. These findings shed light on the role of biological and environmental factors to explain sex gaps. The identification of the role of these factors is necessary to inform policy.

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