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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Sex discrimination against women"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 30 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Sex discrimination against women"

Firdaus, Nada, and Yulistiyanti Yulistiyanti. "DISCRIMINATION OF GENDER AGAINST WOMEN IN THE NOVEL KIM JI-YOUNG, BORN 1982 BY CHO NAM-JOO." Dinamika Bahasa dan Budaya 17, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35315/bb.v17i2.9068.

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Sex-based discrimination includes gender discrimination. The fundamental cause of gender discrimination against women is that patriarchal ideology shapes society’s attitudes and behaviors. This study examines how women are treated differently because of their gender in the novel Kim Ji-Young, Born 1982. This study aims to find out the types and impacts of gender discrimination against women in the novel. This study is categorized as qualitative research and uses a feminism approach. The feminism theory presented in Simone de Beauvoir’s book The Second Sex (1949) is used by the researcher to analyze the novel. The researcher discovered two types of gender discrimination in Kim Ji-Young, Born 1982; gender discrimination in domestic spaces and gender discrimination in public spaces. The five different forms of gender discrimination in domestic spaces are; (1) the expectation that women should have male offspring, (2) the favoritism toward sons over daughters, (3) the idea that sons are the ones who ensure the success of the family, (4) woman as a reproducer, and (5) woman as a housewife. The novel also shows three forms of gender discrimination in public spaces; (1) discrimination toward women in school, (2) discrimination toward women in the workplace, and (3) sexual harassment of women. Furthermore, the main character, Kim Ji-Young, experiences gender discrimination against women, and the impacts of the gender discrimination on Kim Ji-Young are feeling inferior and experiencing mental changes. Keywords: gender discrimination, feminism, patriarchy ideology, novel

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Liu, Zhuoran. "Causes and Analysis of Sex Discrimination in Price Discrimination." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 24 (January 22, 2024): 2307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/3axsbj28.

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Price discrimination in marriage and gender discrimination in the labor market are common problems in Chinese society. By exploring the pressure and impact of these issues on men and women, this article analyzes the excessive financial pressure that men bear in marriage and the various unfair treatments that women encounter in the labor market. In response to price discrimination against women in the labor market, this article puts forward a series of policy recommendations, including improving relevant laws and regulations to protect women's legitimate rights and interests, increasing penalties for gender discrimination by employers, and improving social concepts to promote gender equality. By releasing women's productivity and enabling women to earn income independently to support their families, it can reduce men's financial pressure in marriage and achieve the best of both worlds for social development goals. The innovation of this article is that it deeply explores gender issues in marriage and the labor market in Chinese society and puts forward feasible policy suggestions for these issues. Through the research of this article, People can deepen people's understanding of gender discrimination, promote the change of social concepts, create a more equal and just social environment, and achieve sustained social stability and sustainable development.

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Alessa, Amani Saleh. "Sex Discrimination within Kuwaiti Laws. Part 2." Arab Law Quarterly 24, no. 3 (2010): 225–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302510x504962.

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AbstractThis article focuses on several different issues of discrimination against women. While some such discriminatory issues are based on law, others are in fact based on just a matter of practice. Interestingly enough, some of the sex discrimination issues actually dispute the Shari‘a. One example can be found in education. The Shari‘a encourages education for both sexes while, historically, women have been denied education. The importance of mentioning the Shari‘a here is that, while Kuwait claims that it is an Islamic country and devoted to the Shari‘a, especially when it comes to women, this article proves that it is culture, not the Shari‘a, that represses women.

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Davitadze, Tamila, and Nana Mazmishvili. "Writer Fighting against Discrimination and Eastern Reality." Balkanistic Forum 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v32i2.18.

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Discrimination against women and girls – including gender-based violence, harmful traditional practices – is the most common form of inequality. Giving preference, privileges to sons and underestimating girls, which is the main cause of the harmful practice of sex selection based on gender, is still a widespread practice in some countries. Against this background, the role and contribution of those politicians, writers and people interested in this issue, who, at the risk of their lives, fight to improve the situation, is invaluable. Among the people with their priceless input in promotion of the above mentioned issue, we would distinguish Jean Sasson, the modern American writ-er and researcher who considered the request of an Arab woman and turned her notes about real stories into an artistic reality. In the novel “The Princess’ Diaries,” the victim of discrimination asks for help, as there is no other way for her to change any-thing; however, she hopes the situation in her country will change for the benefit of women and as it is believed, fighting always makes sense. The objective of the given paper is to bring to light the form of expressing the protest against unfair reality by the victim herself. Moreover, we aim to draw a parallel between two women and the ways they communicate the harsh reality to the rest of the world.

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Alessa, Amani Saleh. "Sex Discrimination within Kuwaiti Family Law. Part 1." Arab Law Quarterly 24, no. 2 (2010): 119–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302510x497312.

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Family Law in Middle Eastern countries in general and in Kuwait in particular has always been an example of the subordination of women in areas such as marriage, divorce, alimony, and custody. Since Family Law is based on the Shari'a, some jurisprudents claim that it is fair to all women and that claiming otherwise is speaking against the Shari'a. However, this article is meant to get to the root of Family Law articles that show unjust treatment of women. Much of such injustice depends on the opinions of some jurisprudents with no evidence from either the Qur'ān or the Hadīth, while other articles that are rooted in the Qur'ān can be interpreted in different ways that provide a certain degree of justice to women.

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Baker, Lesley. "Sex Discrimination Against Part-Time Workers: The “Biggs” Issues for Women." Feminist Legal Studies 6, no. 2 (May 1998): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03359632.

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Dwi Agustina, Maftuchah. "The Struggle of Woman Emancipation in the Movie “On The Basis Of Sex”: A Feminist Criticism." ENLIT Journal 2, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33654/enlit.v2i1.1826.

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As stated in the theory of reception that literature including movie is a reflection of real world, this research tried to unveil social phenomenon within movie entitled “On the Basis of Sex”. In order to conduct the analysis, Marxist feminism is used as a theory. The method used in the study was descriptive qualitative method in which the movie script is the main source of the data. The result of the study showed that women did the struggle against discrimination and domination of patriarchy in some aspects, such as job and occupation, law, social environment, and cultural structure. This is a very interesting movie that brings the issue of discrimination, oppression, localization, commoditization and also the struggle to get rid of them and to establish women emancipation. The movie succeeded in portraying those social problems. The viewers of the movie could be aware of those issues. Men should be aware that they have to look at women equally. Furthermore, women also have to struggle for their right. Women should be independent. Ruth is the best example of how women should do. We have to fight against anything to establish women emancipation, even we have to fight the laws that are discriminative.

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Hong, Yanqiu, Jun Wei, Qiuyu Wu, Zhining Zhang, and Jiaoyang Xu. "A Study on Bias Against Women in Advertisements." Communications in Humanities Research 31, no. 1 (May 17, 2024): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/31/20232067.

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In the era of digitalization and globalization, advertising wields an even greater impact on modern society than ever before. While feminism has challenged the male-dominated society for decades, one can still observe the persistence of gender stereotypes, especially sexist discrimination, influencing the representation of women in the media. This paper aims to critically examine several advertisements for daily necessities, analyzing their content and impact to investigate specific patterns of discrimination against women in the modern advertising industry. In terms of structure, this paper will address the following issues: First, it will provide a brief review of recent research on motherhood and the male gaze. Then, it will analyze specific examples of advertisements, discussing the contested female images they portray. In particular, this research will focus on pressures related to gender roles, sex discrimination, and the male gaze as three typical issues. Finally, we will offer suggestions for the advertising industry and content creators. The goal of this paper is to present a clear picture of the persistent gender issues within advertising today and propose ways to address them in the future. By analyzing the framework of advertisements and their cultural implications, this research will shed light on a more comprehensive examination of the misrepresentation of women in the media.

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Davies, Gareth. "The Netherlands." European Constitutional Law Review 2, no. 1 (February 2006): 152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019606001520.

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The court in this case decided that state subsidy to political parties that discriminate against women is prohibited by international treaties, notably the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.This raises a number of issues. Where the discrimination is for religious reasons, does sex equality need to be balanced against religious freedom? Both are usually seen as fundamental rights. What about discrimination against men, in favour of women; is that also against the law? Finally, is the obligation not to discriminate only binding on the state, or also on the party itself? Could such a party be banned from politics? Some of these issues were touched on by the court, although not convincingly, and some of them, such as religious freedom, were scandalously ignored.

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Briddick, Catherine. "When Does Migration Law Discriminate Against Women?" AJIL Unbound 115 (2021): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2021.50.

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It is possible to identify gendered disadvantage at almost every point in a migrant woman's journey, physical and legal, from country of origin to country of destination, from admission to naturalization. Rules which explicitly distribute migration opportunities differently on the grounds of sex/gender, such as prohibitions on certain women's emigration, may produce such disadvantage. Women may also, however, be disadvantaged by facially gender-neutral rules. Examples of indirectly disadvantageous provisions include those which classify certain forms of labor as either “low-” or “high-” skilled, using this categorization to distribute migration opportunities differentially. Such rules may disproportionately affect the mostly female workers whose labor in certain fields is considered “low-skilled” in comparison to that undertaken by their predominantly male, “high-skilled” counterparts. Scholars have identified the diverse ways in which states’ immigration and nationality laws continue to involve gendered and racialized exclusion, subordination, and violence. Migration control practices, including those concerned with deterrence, detention, and deportation, have also been impugned on these bases. This essay draws on this literature to examine whether rules that produce gendered disadvantage are open to challenge under the international legal regime charged with eradicating discrimination against women, the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).

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Дисертації з теми "Sex discrimination against women"

Yau, Kin-man Angela. "Changes in educational and working opportunities for women of China and Japan." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31953335.

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Chwang, Lam-ying Constance. "Working women in Japan and Hong Kong." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1991. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13022180.

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Cheung, Wing-kan Simon. "The changing role of women police officers in the Royal Hong Kong Police during the past ten years." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18596514.

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Bundens, Robert William. "The effects of employee gender, performance level, and decision-maker's dogmatism on causal attributions and personnel decisions /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1986. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8605247.

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Bougie, Evelyne. "Group processes and the perception of discrimination." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64323.pdf.

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Du, Preez Martelizé. "The construction of multiple identites in the display of women as objects of desire and submission /." Link to the onlline version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1014.

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Campbell, Sarah Ann Sparks. "Female infanticide in China and India: a comparative study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29520253.

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Yona, Noxolo Nondwe Trewhellah. "Effects of discrimination on promotion of women into top managerial positions in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57.

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Анотація:

The effects of discrimination on promotion of women into top managerial positions is investigated in this study. In order to investigate these effects, the use of a questionnaire for survey was developed. The questionnaire consisted of thirty-one statements in which a response to each question contributed towards the results of this study. The literature study was used as an eye opener to the South African situation with comparison to other countries. The purpose of the empirical study was to determine the effects of discrimination especially in the Eastern Cape. The answers of the respondents were analysed and interpreted with relation to the findings from the literature study. Concluding remarks are provided which could assist firms in the private sector when faced with the challenge of the advancement of women and the implementation of the Labour policies which endorse the equal opportunity programme.

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Edwards, Larry Guy. "Dimensions of gender discrimination in Oklahoma's system of higher education : case studies /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1989.

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Deitle, Lisa A. "Macroeconomic consequences of job discrimination agains women in Russia." Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FDeitle.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Europe and Eurasia))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Looney, Robert ; Second Reader: Moltz, James. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Russian economic policy, job discrimination, Russian women, macroeconomics, demographic-economic paradox Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-80). Also available in print.

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Книги з теми "Sex discrimination against women"

New Zealand. Ministry of Foreign Affairs., ed. Discrimination against women: NZ report. Wellington, N.Z: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1988.

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Jaffri, Mohsin S. Other half: Discrimination against women. Karachi: Royal Book Company, 2004.

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Beleza, Maria Leonor. Discrimination against women with disabilities. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2003.

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Longwe, Sara H. Legalised discrimination against women in Zambia. [Lusaka?: s.n., 1985.

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Bolger, Marguerite. Sex discrimination law. Dublin: Round Hall Sweet & Maxwell, 2000.

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Longwe, Sara H. Legalized discrimination against women in Zambia. [East Lansing, Mich.]: Michigan State University, 1985.

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1954-, Landrine Hope, and Klonoff Elizabeth A, eds. Discrimination against women: Prevalence, consequences, remedies. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 1997.

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Jaffri, Mohsin S. The other half: Discrimination against women. Karachi: Royal Book Co., 2004.

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Institute, Pennsylvania Bar, ed. Sex discrimination in the legal profession. Mechanicsburg, Pa: Pennsylvania Bar Institute, 2007.

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O'Connor, Kevin, and Melvina C. Ford. Sex discrimination in employment. 4th ed. [Baltimore, MD]: Maryland Commission for Women, 2002.

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Частини книг з теми "Sex discrimination against women"

Argren, Rigmor, Marco Evola, Thomas Giegerich, and Ivana Krstić. "The Evolving Recognition of Gender in International and European Law." In Gender-Competent Legal Education, 261–303. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14360-1_8.

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AbstractThis chapter explains the development of international and European law from a gender perspective and describes how the process from a gender-neutral to a gender-sensitive approach was developed.Since 1945 and the adoption of the UN Charter, the idea of achieving greater gender equality was merged into many international documents, including the first catalog of women’s rights—Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women. Many principal and subsidiary bodies were established, contributing to the elimination of gender discrimination and to awareness-raising on some critical issues which were an impediment to achieving gender equality. Twenty years ago, UN Security Council Resolution 1325 was adopted, due to a global effort to establish a platform as a foundation to national and international policies to ensure greater protection of women and girls, during and after, armed conflicts. International Humanitarian Law, enshrined in the Geneva Conventions, also has rules that specifically seek to protect women during armed conflicts. Also, International Criminal Law has been developed to recognize extreme forms of sexual violence as international crimes.On the European level, under the auspices of the Council of Europe, several international conventions were adopted to achieve gender equality. One of the main instruments, the European Convention on Human Rights, provides broad protection from discrimination based on gender, established in a comprehensive jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. The EU has a set of primary and secondary sources on anti-discrimination, which provides comprehensive protection from gender discrimination and serves as an inspiring model to States candidates and other European countries.

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Cannoot, Pieter, Cathérine Van de Graaf, Ariël Decoster, Claire Poppelwell-Scevak, and Sarah Schoentjes. "Hormonal Eligibility Criteria in Women’s Professional Sports Under the ECHR: The Case of Caster Semenya v. Switzerland." In Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 95–123. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56452-9_5.

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AbstractAlthough society is (slowly) evolving, rigid gender stereotypes still persist in the world of professional sports. In line with the creation of a strict binary division of athletes, sex-testing policies based on stereotypical considerations of womanhood have come to target ‘overly masculine’ women athletes with variations of sex characteristics (VSC), as elevated levels of testosterone are believed to constitute a competitive advantage.Some international sports federations, such as World Athletics, have adopted hormonal eligibility criteria (HEC) for women’s sports competitions, although the underlying scientific evidence has been strongly contested. Athletes are excluded if they do not comply with these requirements. The standard way of reducing testosterone levels is via the use of hormonal contraceptives, although irreversible surgical treatment also occurs. HEC for sports competitions raises important issues in respect of the fundamental rights of professional women athletes with VSC, and have been challenged before the Court of Arbitration for Sports (CAS).In this chapter, we analyze the HEC set by World Athletics in light of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which is the relevant framework for addressing human rights concerns since Switzerland accepts jurisdiction for appeals against CAS decisions. We discuss the relevant societal background, argue how HEC for sports competitions violates the individual’s right to bodily and mental integrity as protected by Article 3 ECHR, and explain that the scope of the state’s positive obligations under Article 8 ECHR needs to be interpreted as encompassing a duty to ensure the effective protection of an athlete’s bodily and psychological integrity. Finally, we set out why HEC directed at women athletes with VSC amounts to intersectional discrimination in breach of Article 14 ECHR in conjunction with Articles 3 and 8 ECHR.

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Bowman, Marjorie A. "Sexual Harassment and Sex Discrimination." In Women in Medicine, 67–77. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0031-1_7.

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Bergmann, Barbara R. "Government Action Against Discrimination." In The Economic Emergence of Women, 103–18. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403982582_7.

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Padrón, Thais Guerrero, Ljubinka Kovačević, and Mª Isabel Ribes Moreno. "Labour Law and Gender." In Gender-Competent Legal Education, 583–630. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14360-1_17.

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AbstractThe chapter presents an overview of key labour law institutions, aiming at discussing the importance of the gender perspective in labour law. Therefore, the introductory section of the chapter will put this issue into the context of historical and conceptual framework genesis of regulating employment relationships. These issues are connected with the legal subordination and economic dependence of employees, which produce the need to create and implement norms that protect employees, as a weaker party to the employment relationship. This includes the limitation of employers’ (managerial, normative and disciplinary) prerogatives, in order to create the conditions for effective enjoyment of the right of jobseekers and employees for protection against gender-based discrimination. The labour law is, in this regard, traditionally conceived according to the model of a male worker, who is employed on the basis of a standard employment contract (open-ended full time employment contract). This then results in a failure to recognise or provide sufficient consideration of the specific needs that women have as participants in the labour market. The use of the feminist method, which included the understanding of gender as an analytical category in the field of labour law, opened up a new set of labour law issues. For example, in easing the ban on women working in physically demanding jobs, and the conceptualisation of the need to reconcile the professional and family duties of employees.. On the other hand, contemporary labour law, when creating conditions for achieving gender equality, is aimed primarily at women’s empowerment in the world of work. Persisting with this approach can lead to an oversimplified understanding of the principle of gender equality, ignoring the special needs of men in the world of work, as well as ignoring the importance of their role for consistent implementation of the principle of gender equality and women’s empowerment. The second section of the chapter will provide analysis of gender-based discrimination during the hiring process. Other sections will cover the risk of gender-based discrimination regarding rights, obligations and duties deriving from employment relationship, labour law measures to encourage improvements in the occupational safety and health, work-life balance for parents and caregivers, sexual harassment at work and promotion of gender equality in collective labour law.

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Chisholm, Dianne. "Violence Against Violence Against Women: An Avant-Garde for the Times." In The Last Sex, 29–66. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22944-4_3.

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Heilman, Madeline E. "Sex Discrimination and the Affirmative Action Remedy: The Role of Sex Stereotypes." In Women in Corporate Management, 5–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5610-3_2.

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Jack, Dana C., and Jill Astbury. "Overcoming Discrimination, Persecution, and Violence Against Women." In International and Cultural Psychology, 207–29. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7391-6_9.

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Roe-Sepowitz, Dominique, and Kristine Hickle. "Human Trafficking: A Spotlight on Sex Trafficking." In Sourcebook on Violence Against Women, 203–28. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483399591.n11.

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Bartels, Lynn K. "Fat Women Need Not Apply: Employment Weight Discrimination Against Women." In Handbook on Well-Being of Working Women, 33–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9897-6_3.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Sex discrimination against women"

Majstorović, Marija, Lazar Cvijić, and Milan Radosavljević. "Real Estate Business is Ruled by Women - Myth or Truth." In Values, Competencies and Changes in Organizations. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-442-2.39.

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The 21st century represents a century in which the world has flourished through technological progress, transforming many businesses in line with digitalization, social networks, and the tendencies brought by the internet generations. In sociological terms, many problems have remained the same despite progress. In this sense, women continue to fight for one of the fundamental human rights - gender equality and non - discrimination against male - female in the social, business and political environment. However, there are many positive examples of women leaders today, presidents of governments and large companies, successful women entrepreneurs, and they dominate in certain branches of the economy. Although care, pharmacy, education, and the like have so far been considered "typically female" professions, the business of intermediation in the sale and lease of real estate is attracting more and more attention of female gender. Whether women dominate such a significant branch of the economy, and why, the author will try to answer by looking at the results and statistics of one of the most developed real estate markets in the world - the real estate market in the United States. Whether women are naturally gifted in the field of mediation in buying or selling real estate or have managed to dominate the market with their professionalism and motivation, are questions that occupy the scientific public, but it is gratifying to see examples of so many successful women in the real estate with amazing careers and results. It can be concluded that it would be commendable if this trend spread over to other branches of the economy, as well as to other countries in the world.

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Kostrova, Yuliya. "Discrimination Against Women In The Modern Labor Market: Specifics And Contradictions." In II International Conference on Economic and Social Trends for Sustainability of Modern Society. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.09.02.281.

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Kozhaeva, A. A. "Struggle of women deprived of voting rights in Siberia against legal discrimination (1928–1936)." In Current Challenges of Historical Studies: Young Scholars' Perspective. Novosibirsk State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1110-2-200-208.

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Schallemberger, Rafaelly Andressa. "Brazilian Women: A Struggle to be Heard." In 13th Women's Leadership and Empowerment Conference. Tomorrow People Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/wlec.2022.002.

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Abstract Outsiders may wonder what Brazilian women’s lives are like here and who the women activists influencing human rights, female empowerment, and social change are. As in other countries, during the past few decades Brazilian women have revolted against patriarchy by raising their voices and creating social impact. This qualitative study, using secondary research, identifies Marielle Franco, Zilda Arns, Maria da Penha, Marta Vieira da Silva, and Dilma Rousseff as five empowered Brazilian women. Most came from humble origins - families that were examples of charity and struggled for rights, but all obtained degrees either in higher education or in their specialization. However, their origins did not determine social action. The driving force was their suffering from discrimination, specifically because they were women and, furthermore, because they occupied places that were previously reserved for white men. Almost all were persecuted, while others also suffered discrimination because of their skin color and ethnicity. Even so, being wives and mothers, all were excellent professionals, searching for success and achieving progress in their dedicated areas by creating social changes, especially in human rights for children and women. Those who are still alive continue the battle against the entrenched patriarchy in a predominantly macho society as they continue their strife for more progress. Finally, those committed to building an evolved, modern, inclusive, and respectful Brazilian society perceive the macho practices that prevail as inadequate and detrimental to women. As more and more women carry on in the fight for human rights, society will evolve. Keywords: Brazilian women, human rights, discrimination, women’s rights

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Karaman, Ebru. "Government’s Responsibility to Prevent the Violence against Women in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01228.

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Violence against women, which is accepted as a violation of human right in Turkey and in whole world for many years, causes physical and mental harms by practicing all kind of personal and collective behavior including force and pressure. Femicides have increased 1400% in the last seven years and one of every three women is subjected to violence. It is doubtful that in international law; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and Council of Europe Convention and in additional to this in national law; The 1982 Constitution and The Law to Protect Family and Prevent Violence Against Women can provide effective guarantee to protect the place of woman in Turkish Society or not? Despite all of the legislative regulations, the violence against women in Turkey increasingly goes on. For this reason it is crucial to evaluate the articles no 5th, 10th, 17th, 41st and 90th of Constitution which compose the legal basis for preventing violence against women. Republic of Turkey’s founding philosophy bases on equality of women and men, which means equal rights for every single citizen. To end this violence against women; can be achieve only through provide this equality legally and defacto, and also, apply social state’s principles in real life. Because in social states, struggling against this violence should be accepted as government’s policy. The state should be in cooperation with all women's organizations and provide training for related trade bodies.

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Aziz Sadiq Kasnazany, Taib. "Prosecute and punish the perpetrators of sexual violence against Yazidis as a crime against humanity, even the possible genocide committed by ISIS." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/61.

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"Abstract On the 3rd of August 2014, ISIS fighters attacked the Sinjar region in northern of Iraq, mostly populated by Yazidis, a religious minority. In almost 3 days, most of the villages in the region were vacated and their residents captured. These events mark the beginning of a campaign of extreme violence that has left men and women apart. Adult men were massacred while girls and women were held for sale as sex slaves. More than 7 years after these events, no prosecution has been brought by International Criminal Court. States are unwilling to try their nationals guilty of crimes of genocide against the Yazidis. This paper aims to analyze the genocide of the Yazidis from the perspective of sexual violence and in particular to determine whether it can be considered to the status of genocide. The origins and legal sources of the genocide are first analyzed. This violence is then examined in the light of certain elements constituting the crime of genocide. Finally, the challenges to be met in the fight against impunity in International Criminal Court are mentioned in the conclusion."

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Václavová, Veronika. "Slovenská republika ako právny štát s ohľadom na garanciu ľudských práv." In Naděje právní vědy 2022. University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/zcu.nadeje.2022.745-750.

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In the contribution we consider the question whether the Slovak Republic really fulfills all the attributes of the rule of law, which it is considered to be in accordance with the Constitution of the Slovak Republic. The article discusses the issue from the point of view of the guarantee of human rights; it is concretized on the rights of persons, or same-sex couples. The legal recognition and creation of a legal union of same-sex couples is an important human rights issue resolved within the framework of the right to private and family life, which is guaranteed by Art. 8 of the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. We are of the opinion that the legal absence of recognition of the cohabitation of same-sex couples does not respect the human rights obligations of the Slovak Republic. We believe that as long as a certain right is granted to the majority, it should be a certainty for all, otherwise there is discrimination and at the same time disrespect for the codes that guarantee this. At the same time, discrimination against same-sex couples contradicts the declared model of a free and democratic society.

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Fatima, SLIMANI. "Criminal Protection of Women from Violence in Algerian Legislation." In I.International Congress ofWoman's Studies. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/lady.con1-25.

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Criminal protection for women includes the protection of human life, health, bodily integrity and social and economic security through legislation that strives to reduce attacks on their life, health and security needs. In the interest of the Algerian legislator to protect women, he issued many laws to regulate this protection, in line with international and regional agreements aimed at protecting women from violence, which Algeria has ratified, especially the Convention "CEDAW", which prohibits all forms of discrimination against women, and this is evident through the Algerian legislator's amendment of the Algerian Penal Code under Order 19/15 of 30/12/2015, which includes new texts criminalizing various forms of violence against women, such as the crime of sexual harassment and crimes of domestic violence against women. It was physical or moral violence, with the tightening of its penalties up to custodial penalties and financial fines, and with the aim of the legislator to try to limit the spread of this phenomenon in Algerian society. Keywords: Custodial Penalties, Moral Violence, Tightening.

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Kashnikova, Daria. "IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UN CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN THE CHINESE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC." In Россия и Китай: история и перспективы сотрудничества. Благовещенский государственный педагогический университет, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48344/bspu.2020.20.72.014.

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Zhang, Ruohong. "On Gender Justice in School Education." In 2021 International Conference on Culture, Literature, Arts & Humanities. Clausius Scientific Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/icclah2021038.

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In her masterpiece, The Second Sex, French writer Simone de Beauvoir stated: "Human society is devoid of all natural elements. Females, like many others, are a product of civilization. " Other people's intervention in her fate was usually decisive. If we had acted in a different direction, a totally different outcome would have resulted. The status of women has improved with the times, but the existence of sexual injustice cannot be denied. Overt gender discrimination has decreased considerably, but gender injustice is not currently decreasing and is everywhere in schooling.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Sex discrimination against women"

Tadros, Mariz. Violence and Discrimination against Women of Religious Minority Backgrounds in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.003.

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The theme of this special collection of papers, the lived experiences of women who belong to religious minorities, has been a blind spot both in international development policy engagement and in much of the international scholarship on women, security and peace. Women who belong to religious minorities, who are socioeconomically excluded and are vulnerable to multiple sources of gender-based violence in Pakistan seem to have fallen through the cracks of the ‘leave no one behind’ agenda. The aim of this volume is to shed light on the day-to-day experiences of women and their families who belong to the Ahmadiyya, Christian, Hindu and Hazara Shia religious minorities in Pakistan. Each of the papers in this collection exposes the complexity of the intersections of gender, class and religious marginality in shaping the realities for women from these religious minorities.

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Tadros, Mariz, Sofya Shabab, and Amy Quinn-Graham. Violence and Discrimination Against Women of Religious Minority Backgrounds in Iraq. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2022.025.

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This volume is part of the Intersections series which explores how the intertwining of gender, religious marginality, socioeconomic exclusion and other factors shape the realities of women and men in contexts where religious inequalities are acute, and freedom of religion or belief is compromised. This volume looks at these intersections in the context of Iraq. Its aim is to amplify the voices of women (and men) whose experiences of religious otherisation have accentuated the impact of the intersections of gender, class, geography and ethnicity. At time of publication, in December 2022, the country is going through a particularly turbulent phase, prompting some to wonder why now? Isn’t it bad timing to focus on the experiences of minorities, let alone inter- and intra-gender dynamics? Iraq is caught in the middle of geo-strategic struggles of tectonic proportions but this is all the more reason to understand the dynamics of micro-politics through a gender-sensitive lens. Doing so sheds light on the interface between global, regional and local power struggles in tangible and concrete ways.

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Goldin, Claudia. Marriage Bars: Discrimination Against Married Women Workers, 1920's to 1950's. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2747.

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Cantet, Natalia, Brian Feld, and Mónica Hernández. Is there discrimination against children of same-sex households? Evidence from an experimental study in Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004741.

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We measure the extent of discrimination against same-sex couples by schools in Colombia using a matched-pair correspondence study. We send requests to visit private schools from several couples of different sexual orientation as conveyed by the names of the parents. We track the response rate from schools, the time to reply and the quality of the reply. We find that schools are 12 percentage points (22.3%) less likely to respond to a request sent by a homosexual couple with respect to one sent by a heterosexual one. When no information about sexual orientation is provided, the response rate decreases by 20pp. (37%) versus an explicitly heterosexual couple. Conditional on replying, we find no difference in the time schools take to respond or the quality of the reply across couples, a result plausibly driven by selection into responding. Our findings suggest that, despite a strong legal framework that protects LGBTQ rights, discrimination against same-sex couples is pervasive and can have intergenerational consequences.

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Abbate, Nicolás, Inés Berniell, Joaquín Coleff, Luis Laguinge, Margarita Machelett, Mariana Marchionni, Julián Pedrazzi, and María Florencia Pinto. Discrimination against gay and transgender people in Latin America: a correspondence study in the rental housing market. Madrid: Banco de España, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/30131.

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We assess the extent of discrimination against gay and transgender individuals in the rental housing markets of four Latin American countries. We conducted a large-scale field experiment based on the correspondence study methodology to examine interactions between property managers and fictitious couples engaged in searches on a major online rental housing platform. We find no evidence of discrimination against gay male couples but we do find evidence of discrimination against heterosexual couples with a transgender woman partner (trans couples). The latter receive 19% fewer responses, 27% fewer positive responses, and 23% fewer invitations to showings than heterosexual couples. We also assess whether the evidence is consistent with taste-based discrimination or statistical discrimination models by comparing response rates when couples signal being professionals with stable jobs (high SES). While we find no significant effect of the signal for high-SES heterosexual or gay male couples, trans couples benefit from this. Their call-back, positive-response, and invitation rates increase by 25%, 36% and 29%, respectively. These results suggest that discrimination against trans couples is consistent with statistical discrimination. Moreover, we find no evidence of heterosexual couples being favored over gay male couples, nor evidence of statistical discrimination for gay male or heterosexual couples.

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Abbate, Nicolás, Inés Berniell, Joaquín Coleff, Luis Laguinge, Margarita Machelett, Mariana Marchionni, Julián Pedrazzi, and María Florencia Pinto. Discrimination Against Gay and Transgender People in Latin America: A Correspondence Study in the Rental Housing Marke. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004753.

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We assess the extent of discrimination against gay and transgender individuals in the rental housing markets of four Latin American countries. We conducted a large-scale field experiment building on the correspondence study methodology to examine interactions between property managers and fictitious couples engaged in searches on a major online rental housing platform. We find evidence of discriminatory behavior against heterosexual couples where the female partner is a transgender woman (trans couples): they receive 19% fewer responses, 27% fewer positive responses, and 23% fewer invitations to showings than heterosexual couples. However, we find no evidence of discrimination against gay male couples. We also assess whether the evidence is consistent with taste-based discrimination or statistical discrimination models by comparing response rates when couples signal high socioeconomic status (high SES). While we find no significant effect of the signal on call-back rates or the type of response for high-SES heterosexual or gay male couples, trans couples benefit when they signal high SES. Their call-back, positive-response, and invitation rates increase by 25%, 36% and 29%, respectively. These results suggest the presence of discrimination against trans couples in the Latin American online rental housing market, which seems consistent with statistical discrimination. Moreover, we find no evidence of heterosexual couples being favored over gay male couples, nor evidence of statistical discrimination for gay male or heterosexual couples.

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M., K. Discrimination, Marginalisation and Targeting of Ahmadi Muslim Women in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.014.

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Ahmadi Muslims are criminalised for practising their faith in Pakistan which has resulted in widespread discrimination and continuous, sporadic acts of violence leading many to flee their cities or their country altogether. This is not always an option for those who are poor and socioeconomically excluded. A recent study into the experiences and issues faced by socioeconomically excluded women from the Ahmadiyya Muslim community has found that Ahmadi Muslim women in particular are marginalised, targeted, and discriminated against in all aspects of their lives, including in their lack of access to education and jobs, their inability to fully carry out their religious customs, day-to-day harassment, and violence and lack of representation in decision-making spaces.

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Roselló Soberón, Estela. Working paper PUEAA No. 18. Women in resistance: avatars of Afghan and Mexican women in their daily fights against contemporary violence. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Programa Universitario de Estudios sobre Asia y África, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/pueaa.003r.2023.

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The next reflection has the purpose of analyzing the resilience strategies of Afghan women and girls throughout the 21st century to compare them with those other strategies that many Mexican women and girls from rural and urban communities have to use on a daily life to survive in the midst of different types of conditions of marginalization, discrimination and violence. The communication compares the representation and construction of negative female stereotypes originated in the most traditional visions of islam and catholicism to analyze the response that contemporary, resilient, and combative women have offered to fight against these cultural assumptions in search of greater freedoms, rights, and opportunities to live with dignity. This cultural comparison has the purpose of looking at women as active subjects, capable of responding and acting in situations of oppression, discrimination, and daily mistreatment in patriarchal societies where violence against women is one of the social, political, economic and cultures of most urgent attention.

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Price, Roz. Inclusion of Marginalised Groups in Sensitive Programming in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.090.

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This rapid review focuses on the different variations of discrimination against marginalized groups, with a focus on the effect of intersecting and overlapping inequalities and the different experiences and outcomes they have on the varied groups. It highlights how marginalized groups have been included in interventions addressing issues of discrimination in Pakistan. The review also looks into different change interventions that deliver inclusive outcomes for women, girls and persons with disabilities with a focus on preventing violence against those groups. The review notes that intersecting inequalities have led to different experiences and outcomes relating to discrimination. It states that there is a need to address the different groups facing discrimination in a way that addresses their specified experiences because the effects of discrimination are not the same for every person. The review states that in addressing discrimination for the different groups, programmes should pursue multiple entry points to promote non-discrimination, they should work in multiple sites within and across countries and they should work with multiple partners who play different roles in communities.

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Candelo, Natalia, Rajiv Sethi, Alejandro Gaviria, Juan Camilo Cárdenas, and Sandra Polanía. Discrimination in the Provision of Social Services to the Poor: A Field Experimental Study. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011266.

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This paper uses an experimental field approach to investigate the pro-social preferences and behavior of social services providers and the behavior of potential beneficiaries in Bogota, Colombia. Field experiments were conducted using games including a newly designed Distributive Dictator Game in order to examine traits and mechanisms guiding pro-sociality. Replicating the patterns of previous studies, individuals showed a preference for fair outcomes, positive levels of trust and reciprocity, and willingness to punish unfair outcomes. The results provide evidence that the poor trigger more pro-social behavior from all citizens, including public servants, but the latter display strategic generosity. Additional observations include a bias in favor of women and households with more dependents, but discriminatory behavior against stigmatized groups.

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