Готові списки джерел за темами / Separation media

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Separation media"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 26 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Separation media"

1

van Kooy, Laurens, Marieke Mooij, and Peter Rem. "Kinetic Gravity Separation." Physical Separation in Science and Engineering 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207390410001710717.

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Separations by density, such as the separation of non-ferrous scrap into light and heavy alloys, are often realized by means of heavy media. In principle, kinetic gravity separations in water can be faster and cheaper, because they do not rely on suspensions or salt solutions of which the density must be tightly controlled. Test results of a prototype kinetic gravity separator in combination with suitable size classification techniques show promising results for particle sizes between 2 and 10 mm.
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2

Wirth, Mary J. "Separation Media for Microchips." Analytical Chemistry 79, no. 3 (February 2007): 800–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0718703.

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NAKAHIRO, YOSHITAKA. "Recycling. Physical Separation Techniques. Gravity Separation and Heavy Media Separation." Shigen-to-Sozai 113, no. 12 (1997): 912–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.113.912.

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WAKITA, Masa-aki, and Masanori HASHIMOTO. "Novel Separation Media Prepared from Chitosan." Kobunshi 45, no. 8 (1996): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.45.562.

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Kanao, Eisuke, Takuya Kubo, and Koji Otsuka. "Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Separation Media." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 93, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.20190372.

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Lv, Wenbao, and Chuanzhen Wang. "Intelligent control of heavy media separation." International Journal of Global Energy Issues 45, no. 1 (2023): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgei.2023.127645.

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Wang, Chuanzhen, and Wenbao Lv. "Intelligent control of heavy media separation." International Journal of Global Energy Issues 45, no. 1 (2023): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgei.2023.10052118.

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8

Zhang, Hailong, Ao Li, Kai Li, Zhipeng Wang, Xiaocheng Xu, Yaxing Wang, Matthew V. Sheridan, et al. "Ultrafiltration separation of Am(VI)-polyoxometalate from lanthanides." Nature 616, no. 7957 (April 19, 2023): 482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05840-z.

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AbstractPartitioning of americium from lanthanides (Ln) present in used nuclear fuel plays a key role in the sustainable development of nuclear energy1–3. This task is extremely challenging because thermodynamically stable Am(III) and Ln(III) ions have nearly identical ionic radii and coordination chemistry. Oxidization of Am(III) to Am(VI) produces AmO22+ ions distinct with Ln(III) ions, which has the potential to facilitate separations in principle. However, the rapid reduction of Am(VI) back to Am(III) by radiolysis products and organic reagents required for the traditional separation protocols including solvent and solid extractions hampers practical redox-based separations. Herein, we report a nanoscale polyoxometalate (POM) cluster with a vacancy site compatible with the selective coordination of hexavalent actinides (238U, 237Np, 242Pu and 243Am) over trivalent lanthanides in nitric acid media. To our knowledge, this cluster is the most stable Am(VI) species in aqueous media observed so far. Ultrafiltration-based separation of nanoscale Am(VI)-POM clusters from hydrated lanthanide ions by commercially available, fine-pored membranes enables the development of a once-through americium/lanthanide separation strategy that is highly efficient and rapid, does not involve any organic components and requires minimal energy input.
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Cutler, Bruce, Joseph Algaier, and Frantisek Svec. "SEM analysis of in situ polymerization products for chromatographic separations." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100163344.

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Two inherent problems associated with chromatographic separations are peak broadening and column efficiency. These are directly attributable to the interparticular porosity of the separation media in which limited utilization of column space results in column void volumes. In theory, a minimum of 26% void volume will occur if a column is packed using perfectly arranged monodispersed beads. Typically, with the best packed columns void volumes are 30 to 40%. Svec and Fréchet have introduced an HPLC separation media with no discontinuity that are prepared in a single step by a free-radical polymerization within a column acting as a mold. The resulting rods consist of a continuous molded monolith of rigid, highly porous polymer. These columns proved to be very efficient and extremely fast for reverse-phase HPLC separation of proteins and for the separation of small and mid-size molecules. In this study, we continue to explore various reaction conditions with the resulting polymerization products examined by SEM, for internal morphology.
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Zhou, Yang, and Huazhong Wang. "Efficient wave-mode separation in vertical transversely isotropic media." GEOPHYSICS 82, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): C35—C47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0191.1.

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Wave-mode separation can be achieved by projecting elastic wavefields onto mutually orthogonal polarization directions. In isotropic media, because the P-wave’s polarization vectors are consistent with wave vectors, the isotropic separation operators are represented by divergence and curl operators, which are easy to realize. In anisotropic media, polarization vectors deviate from wave vectors based on local anisotropic strength and separation operators lose their simplicity. Conventionally, anisotropic wave-mode separation is implemented either by direct filtering in the wavenumber domain or nonstationary filtering in the space domain, which are computationally expensive. Moreover, in conventional anisotropic separation, correcting for amplitude and phase changes of waveforms by applying separation operators is also more difficult than in an isotropic case. We have developed new operators for efficient wave-mode separation in vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) media. Our separation operators are constructed by local rotation of wave vectors to directions where the quasi-P (qP) wave is polarized. The deviation angles between the wave vectors and the qP-wave’s polarization vectors are explicitly estimated using the Poynting vectors. Obtaining polarization directions by rotating wave vectors yields separation operators in VTI media with the same forms as divergence and curl operators, except that the spatial derivatives are now rotated to implement wavefield projections in accurate polarization directions. The main increase in computational cost relative to isotropic separation operators is the estimation of the Poynting vectors, which is relatively small within elastic-wave extrapolation. As a result, applying the proposed operators is efficient. In the meantime, the waveforms corrections for divergence and curl operators can be directly extended for our new operators due to the similarities between these operators. By numerical exercises, we have determined that wave modes can be well-separated with small numerical cost using the present separation operators. The conservation of energy in wave-mode separation by applying waveform corrections was also verified.
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Дисертації з теми "Separation media"

1

Addo, Martin Adomako. "Developments in ion exchange media for protein separation." Thesis, University of Bath, 1988. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760580.

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Yang, Xi. "Vibration Assisted Water-Diesel Separation by Glass Fiber Media and Electrospun Fiber Media." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1473807740607763.

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Lifsey, Karen Marie. "Liquid crystal polymers : a unique class of separation media." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365163.

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Sánchez, Lana Diego Paul. "Fluid driven separation and pattern formation in granular media." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417966.

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Lohse, Walter H. "Separation of algae from growth media by CGA flotation." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50061.

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The efficiency of colloidal gas aphron (CGA) flotation for separation of algae from growth media was investigated. Anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants were used to generate CGAs. Preliminary batch studies showed that two CGA flotation procedures could be successfully used for algae flotation. CGA flotation without pretreatment of algae was only successful using cationic surfactants. All three types of surfactants yielded promising results while combining CGA flotation with alum flocculation as a pretreatment step. Observed removal efficiencies were above ninety percent for batch applications. “Pure CGA flotation” was studied in countercurrent continuous flow operations. Satisfactory removal of algae could be achieved even at substantially reduced volume ratios of CGAs to algae solution. However, TOC concentrations increased with higher volume ratios and higher flowrates due to carryover of CGA bubbles and diffusion of surfactant molecules into the bulk solution. The cationic surfactant Cetyl Pyrimidinium Chloride, present at very low concentrations in the raffinate and the froth algae mixture, exhibited biostatic and biocidal properties in the microbial activity test.
Master of Science
incomplete_metadata
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Dioum, Ndeye. "Biocatalysis of immobilized lipoxygenase in organic solvent media." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0033/MQ64344.pdf.

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Smaragdis, Paris J. "Information theoretic approaches to source separation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62337.

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McCarney, Jonathan Paul. "Reactions and process separations in environmentally benign media." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30362.

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Gronow, Martin. "Separation of rhodium(III) from copper(II) in acidic chloride media." Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303893.

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Shen, Dawei. "Co-channel digital signal separation : application and practice." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42408.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-86).
This thesis studies the theory and application of co-channel digital signal separation techniques. We set up a test-bed with the GNU Software Defined Radio (SDR) platform where we implement and experiment with single-antenna signal separation algorithms. We mainly investigate linearly-modulated digital signals. To do this, we design a multiple RFID card reader capable of decoding multiple commodity ID cards simultaneously. These passive RFID cards transmit DBPSK waveforms once activated. A signal separation function at the receiver delivers great convenience to the users without increasing the complexity and cost of the cards. Second, we derive the optimal criteria for deciding the start of an RFID frame. We show that the commonly utilized correlation rule is suboptimal and that a correction term needs to be considered to achieve the best detection performance. Several rules for frame synchronization are proposed and analyzed numerically using Monte Carlo simulation. These signal separation techniques present an opportunity to improve the capacity of wireless systems and combat interference. This thesis documents design issues in the physical and application layers, thereby demonstrating the great flexibility and strength of the GNU SDR system.
by Dawei Shen.
S.M.
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Книги з теми "Separation media"

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1949-, Hinze Willie L., Armstrong Daniel W. 1949-, American Chemical Society. Division of Analytical Chemistry., American Chemical Society Meeting, and Symposium on Use of Ordered Media in Chemical Separations (1986 : New York, N.Y.), eds. Ordered media in chemical separations. Washington, DC: The Society, 1987.

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Braithwaite, J. The separation of dilute droplet dispersions in porous media. Manchester: UMIST, 1989.

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The breakup 2.0: Disconnecting over new media. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010.

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Rowley, M. E. Flow and separation of dispersions in media beds and tilted plate separators. Manchester: UMIST, 1988.

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5

Wilk, Elly van der. Macht, media & Montesquieu: Over nieuwe vormen van publieke macht en machtsevenwicht. [Leiden, Netherlands]: Leiden University Press, 2009.

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Macht, media & Montesquieu: Over nieuwe vormen van publieke macht en machtsevenwicht. [Leiden, Netherlands]: Leiden University Press, 2009.

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Hinze, Willie L., and Daniel W. Armstrong, eds. Ordered Media in Chemical Separations. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1987-0342.

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Calise, Mauro. La costituzione silenziosa: Geografia dei nuovi poteri. Roma: Laterza, 1998.

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9

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ed. The non-Newtonian heat and mass transport of He II in porous media used for vapor-liquid phase separation: A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Enginering. Los Angeles, Calif: University of California, 1985.

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10

Dickens, Charles. La verità sul caso D.: Romanzo. Torino: Einaudi, 1989.

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Частини книг з теми "Separation media"

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Alvarado, Lorena. "Singing about Separation." In The Routledge Companion to Latina/o Media, 259–73. New York : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315858005-19.

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Cristoferi, Riccardo, Irene Fonseca, and Raghavendra Venkatraman. "Phase Separation in Heterogeneous Media." In Association for Women in Mathematics Series, 367–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04496-0_16.

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Goldburg, Walter I. "Phase Separation in Porous Media." In Dynamics of Ordering Processes in Condensed Matter, 361–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1019-8_49.

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Shirazi, Mohammad Mahdi A., and Morteza Asghari. "Electrospun Filters for Oil–Water Separation." In Filtering Media by Electrospinning, 151–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78163-1_7.

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Zelcer, Andrés, Glenna L. Drisko, and Galo Soler-Illia. "Bicontinuous Porosity By Spinodal Phase Separation." In Album of Porous Media, 22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23800-0_13.

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Concha A., Fernando. "Flow Through Rigid Porous Media." In Solid-Liquid Separation in the Mining Industry, 119–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02484-4_6.

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Ye, Zi, and Valentina Prigiobbe. "Transport of Major Elements in Produced Water through Reactive Porous Media." In Solid–Liquid Separation Technologies, 75–99. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003091011-4.

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Maina, J. N. "Separation of Respiratory Media in Gas Exchangers." In Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology, 33–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55917-4_11.

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Macdonald, Myra. "Discourses of Separation: News and Documentary Representations of Muslims in Britain." In Postcolonial Media Culture in Britain, 127–41. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28577-5_10.

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Spielman, Lloyd A. "Flow Through Porous Media and Fluid-Particle Hydrodynamics." In Mathematical Models and Design Methods in Solid-Liquid Separation, 25–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5091-7_3.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Separation media"

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Said, Sazali, Iqbal Adnan, Norisha Shabri, Ahmad Syafiq, Shafiq Azman, and Shahrizan Yusoff. "Valuation of Industrial Water Quality on Coconut Composite as Filter Media." In Third International Conference on Separation Technology 2020 (ICoST 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.201229.007.

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Yan, Jia, and Paul Sava. "Elastic wavefield separation for VTI media." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2008. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3059321.

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Zhou, Y., and H. Z. Wang. "Efficient Wave Mode Separation in Anisotropic Media - Part I-Separation Operators." In 78th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2016. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201600619.

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Yan, Jia, and Paul Sava. "Elastic wave mode separation for TTI media." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2009. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3255066.

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Ahmed, Mohamed Abdelaziz, Francois Pitite, and Anil Kokaram. "Motion Estimation for Regions of Reflections through Layer Separation." In 2011 Conference for Visual Media Production (CVMP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvmp.2011.12.

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Dellinger, Joe, and John Etgen. "Wave‐type separation in 3‐D anisotropic media." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1989. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1889836.

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Zhou*, Yang, and Huazhong Wang. "Fast wave mode separation for weakly VTI media." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2015-5897161.1.

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Arora, Yogesh, and Ilya Tsvankin. "Separation of diffracted waves in transversely isotropic media." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2015-5926478.1.

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HE, XIANGLING, TIANWEI TAN, BINGZE XU та JAN-CHRISTER JANSON. "SEPARATION FLAVONOIDS USING β-CYCLODEXTRIN COUPLED GEL MEDIA". У Proceedings of the 4th International Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702623_0144.

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Yan, Jia, and Paul Sava. "3D elastic wave mode separation for TTI media." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2009. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3255781.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Separation media"

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Orth, R. J., K. P. Brooks, and D. E. Kurath. Review and assessment of technologies for the separation of cesium from acidic media. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10184605.

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Spence, R. D., I. L. Morgan, and D. R. Trotter. Evaluation of density separation and other treatment methods for plastic media blasting (PMB) waste. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/82523.

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Orth, R. J., and D. E. Kurath. Review and assessment of technologies for the separation of strontium from alkaline and acidic media. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10134949.

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Rudyk, Myroslava. JOURNALISM STANDARDS AND BLOGGING: PROFESSIONAL PRINCIPLES OF WORKING WITH INFORMATION IN THE BLOGOSPHERE. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11398.

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The article is devoted to the study of journalistic standards in the blogosphere, i.e. the extent to which bloggers adhere to professional principles in their work with information. The popularity of the blogosphere has spread not only to journalists but also to influential people, as well as amateur bloggers, who have created their own platforms to distribute useful or entertaining content. However, not all bloggers work on a professional basis, which creates many opportunities to spread misinformation and manipulate consciousness. Standard approaches to working with information, which have historically been developed in journalism, help to avoid hassles, create professional principles, which ultimately distinguishes journalism from amateur media. In total, researchers distinguish 6 standards of journalism: accuracy, promptness, reliability, completeness of information, the balance of opinions, separation of facts from comments. In the modern world, the approach to defining the concept of “media” has changed significantly. At one time, only professional communicators and traditional media could apply for this status. However, with the development of democratic processes, pluralism of opinion, mass internetization, globalization, and the spread of information beyond the borders of a particular country or locality, alternative sources of information began to appear. Domestic processes of media privatization and oligarchization also contributed to this, when the media became not only repeaters of information, but also a component of the media business and big politics, thus losing the trust of the audience. That is why the popularity of bloggers as independent communicators, opinion leaders, experts in various fields has grown. This was facilitated by the rapid development of information technology, the ability to quickly transmit information of any content, as well as no need for professional training in the field of media. The popularity of the blogosphere is due to the fact that with the new role of a blogger, everyone is given the opportunity to communicate publicly through the use of previously unknown and inaccessible tools. As for professional standards of working with information, bloggers mostly lack the reliability of the information, the balance of opinions and judgments, the separation of facts from comments. And the subjective author’s position is an advantage, giving the blogger an individual way of self-expression.
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Balmer, M. L., Bruce Bunker, and Delbert E. Day. Waste Forms Based on Separations Media (DOE 360-94). The Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada363257.

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Rogers, Robin D. Alternative (Potentially Green) Separations Media: Aqueous Biphasic and Related Systems Extending the Frontier Final Report For Period September 1, 2002 January 31, 2007. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/909126.

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Pavlyuk, Іhor. Культурно-інформаційний простір України в роки німецько-фашистської окупації: за матеріалами україномовної колаборантської преси. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, березень 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11719.

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The purpose of thіs artіcle іs to cover the cultural and іnformatіon space of the western Ukraіnіan lands durіng the Nazі occupatіon: accordіng to the Ukraіnіan-language collaboratіng press іn the context of exіstentіal projectіons on the modern war іn Ukraіne wіth Russіa’s occupatіon of some Ukraіnіan terrіtorіes. The methodologіcal basіs of our study іs the groupіng and іnductіve-deductіve analysіs of the then medіa (іncludіng the press) by place of publіcatіon and genre-thematіc focus (perіodіcals for women, chіldren’s magazіnes, busіness newspapers and magazіnes), the separatіon of іnformatіon-analytіcal neutral and the propaganda paradіgm wіth pro-Ukraіnіan and pro-German, antі-Bolshevіk socіo-polіtіcal vectors: dіstіnguіshіng between “Ukraіnіan-language” and “Ukraіnіan-language” journalіsm, whіch іn the mass medіa turn the press іnto a metatext whose modalіty can be useful and constructіve. (state-buіldіng) and negatіve (destructіve) patterns of functіonіng of the medіa іn the enemy-occupіed terrіtory, when іt іs necessary to fіght on several fronts at the same tіme. Among the research methods used іn the artіcle: comparatіve, phenomenologіcal, psychoanalytіc (probіng archetypes), hermeneutіc, deconstructіvіst, socіo-psychologіcal. The study showed and confіrmed that one of the best іllustratіons of German polіcy іn Ukraіne durіng World War ІІ was the attіtude of the occupіer to relіgіon, Ukraіnіan women, chіldren, and other occupіers, іncludіng the Bolshevіks, as reflected іn the eponymous Ukraіnіan magazіnes (“Ukraіnіan chіld”, “Farmer”, etc.) and, of course, іn theіr content and even formal desіgn, as stated іn the text of the artіcle The obtaіned results allowed us to formulate the followіng conclusіons. An analysіs of the Ukraіnіan-language (collaboratіng) press publіshed іn the western part of Ukraіne іn 1941-1944 convіncіngly proves that only an іndependent, sovereіgn state can claіm authentіcally, deeply іts own, іdentіcal mass medіa. And controlled, because the medіa fіnanced by the occupatіon authorіtіes, although publіshed іn Ukraіnіan, were Ukraіnіan-speakіng іn letter, but German-speakіng іn spіrіt, іe not Ukraіnіan-speakіng, although well-known Ukraіnіan artіsts took part іn the creatіon of these propagandіstіc sources of іnformatіon. sіgnіfіcant names and archetypes of Ukraіnіan culture were engaged at that tіme. Key words: collaboratіng press, propaganda, іdentіty, mass medіa, cultural and іnformatіon space.
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Oughston, Kurt. The Asymptotic Theory of the Reflection and Transmission of a Pulsed Electromagnetic Beam Field at a Planar Interface Separating Two Dispersive Media. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada269033.

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Quak, Evert-jan. Russia’s Approach to Civilians in the Territories it Controls. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.041.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic sources, knowledge institutions, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and trusted independent media outlets on the approach used by the Russian government to provide any support or services to civilians in the territories it controls. The rapid review concludes that Russia provides economic, social, government, and military support to de facto states that it controls, such as Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria and the Donbas region. Russia covers large parts of the state’s budget of these separatist regions. This review uses the term aid referring to a wide range of support, such as humanitarian, social safety nets, basic services, infrastructure, state development, and security. Due to the lack of transparency on the Russian aid money that flows into the regions that are the subject of this review, it is impossible to show disaggregated data, but rather a broader overview of Russian aid to these regions. Russia used humanitarian aid and assistance to provide for civilians. During armed conflict it provided, to some extent, food, and medicines to the people. However, from the literature Russia has used humanitarian aid and assistance as an instrument to pursue broader policy goals that could not be defined as humanitarian in nature. Russia often relied on the language of humanitarianism to strengthen its credentials as a neutral and impartial actor and to justify its continued support for the residents and de facto authorities of Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Transnistria, to secure its aim to strengthen the political and social ties with these regions while weakening their allegiance to Georgia and Moldova. As the humanitarian activities to the Donbas region in eastern Ukraine demonstrate, the Russian state is not willing to allow scrutiny of their humanitarian aid by independent organisations. Mistrust, corruption, and the use of aid for propaganda, even smuggling arms into the separatist region, are commonly mentioned by trusted sources. After a conflict becomes more stabilised, Russia’s humanitarian aid becomes more of a long-term strategic “friendship”, often sealed in a treaty to integrate the region into the Russian sphere, such as the cases of South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and Transnistria clearly show. Although all these separatist regions rely on Russia (economically, politically, and through Russia’s military presence), this does not mean that they always do exactly what Russia wants, which is particularly the case for Abkhazia and Transnistria.
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Borch, Thomas, Yitzhak Hadar, and Tamara Polubesova. Environmental fate of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites: Biodegradation, complexation, and photodegradation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597927.bard.

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Many pharmaceutical compounds are active at very low doses, and a portion of them regularly enters municipal sewage systems and wastewater-treatment plants following use, where they often do not fully degrade. Two such compounds, CBZ and LTG, have been detected in wastewater effluents, surface waters, drinking water, and irrigation water, where they pose a risk to the environment and the food supply. These compounds are expected to interact with organic matter in the environment, but little is known about the effect of such interactions on their environmental fate and transport. The original objectives of our research, as defined in the approved proposal, were to: Determine the rates, mechanisms and products of photodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites in waters exposed to near UV light, and the influence of DOM type and binding processes on photodegradation. Determine the potential and pathways for biodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites using a white rot fungus (Pleurotusostreatus) and ADP, and reveal the effect of DOM complexation on these processes. Reveal the major mechanisms of binding of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to DOM and soil in the presence of DOM, and evaluate the effect of this binding on their photodegradation and/or biodegradation. We determined that LTG undergoes relatively slow photodegradation when exposed to UV light, and that pH affects each of LTG’s ability to absorb UV light, the efficiency of the resulting reaction, and the identities of LTG’sphotoproducts (t½ = 230 to 500 h during summer at latitude 40 °N). We observed that LTG’sphotodegradation is enhanced in the presence of DOM, and hypothesized that LTG undergoes direct reactions with DOM components through nucleophilic substitution reactions. In combination, these data suggest that LTG’s fate and transport in surface waters are controlled by environmental conditions that vary with time and location, potentially affecting the environment and irrigation waters. We determined that P. ostreatusgrows faster in a rich liquid medium (glucose peptone) than on a natural lignocellulosic substrate (cotton stalks) under SSF conditions, but that the overall CBZ removal rate was similar in both media. Different and more varied transformation products formed in the solid state culture, and we hypothesized that CBZ degradation would proceed further when P. ostreatusand the ᵉⁿᶻʸᵐᵃᵗⁱᶜ ᵖʳᵒᶠⁱˡᵉ ʷᵉʳᵉ ᵗᵘⁿᵉᵈ ᵗᵒ ˡⁱᵍⁿⁱⁿ ᵈᵉᵍʳᵃᵈᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ. ᵂᵉ ᵒᵇˢᵉʳᵛᵉᵈ ¹⁴C⁻Cᴼ2 ʳᵉˡᵉᵃˢᵉ ʷʰᵉⁿ ¹⁴C⁻ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿʸˡ⁻ labeled CBZ was used as the substrate in the solid state culture (17.4% of the initial radioactivity after 63 days of incubation), but could not conclude that mineralization had occurred. In comparison, we determined that LTG does not degrade in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater, but that P. ostreatusremoves up to 70% of LTG in a glucose peptone medium. We detected various metabolites, including N-oxides and glycosides, but are still working to determine the degradation pathway. In combination, these data suggest that P. ostreatuscould be an innovative and effective tool for CBZ and LTG remediation in the environment and in wastewater used for irrigation. In batch experiments, we determined that the sorption of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to agricultural soils was governed mainly by SOM levels. In lysimeter experiments, we also observed LTG and CBZ accumulation in top soil layers enriched with organic matter. However, we detected CBZ and one of its metabolites in rain-fed wheat previously irrigated with treated wastewater, suggesting that their sorption was reversible, and indicating the potential for plant uptake and leaching. Finally, we used macroscale analyses (including adsorption/desorption trials and resin-based separations) with molecular- level characterization by FT-ICR MS to demonstrate the adsorptive fractionation of DOM from composted biosolids by mineral soil. This suggests that changes in soil and organic matter types will influence the extent of LTG and CBZ sorption to agricultural soils, as well as the potential for plant uptake and leaching.
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