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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Security financial collateral arrangements"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Security financial collateral arrangements"

1

Bidabad, Bijan. "Mortgage Securitization System (MSS) (a complementary system of Rastin Banking)." International Journal of Law and Management 59, no. 6 (November 13, 2017): 778–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-05-2016-0045.

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Анотація:
Purpose This paper aims to define a new system to facilitate obtaining reliable collaterals and guarantees for financial activities from tangible assets through a new financial instrument of “guarantee certificates”. Design/methodology/approach This system makes it possible to securitize movable/immovable assets into negotiable paper lots, namely, “guarantee certificates”. Each lot of these certificates can be used as a guarantee or collateral for any guarantee-backed activity in banks or other activities. Findings The mortgage securitization system (MSS) securitizes tangible assets and provides necessary collaterals and guarantees to be used for different purposes. The operations are carried out through notary offices. This system, as a complementary system of the Rastin Banking system, can also be executed separately. Research limitations/implications The system is novel and needs to be more elaborated for further practical development and adjustment. Although this paper deals with only securitization of tangible assets, research can also be extended to securitization of intangible assets, through new institutions and rules. Practical implications Many properties and assets can be used as guarantees for observing obligations. The available ways for changing (especially large) properties into small guarantees are not easy and efficient. The MSS was designed to break large assets into many guarantee (certificate) lots and reduce the formalities of mortgaging and its transfer. Social implications This system provides reliance and security upon collaterals and conditions for fast claim-clearing and low formalities without time-consuming adjudication processes. Originality/value Complementary systems in Rastin Banking have been designed to solve prevailing problems of banking and financial activities. The MSS was designed to provide necessary arrangements for transforming assets into negotiable papers.
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Bidabad, Bijan, and Mahmoud Allahyarifard. "Interbank Withdrawal Protocol (IWP): A Complementary System of Rastin Banking." International Journal of Islamic Business & Management 3, no. 1 (May 22, 2019): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibm.v3i1.259.

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Purpose: This paper aims to define a new protocol, whereby brings the required preparations for the bank to collect its claim or its customer’s claim through withdrawal from the debtor’s account in other banks and financial institutions that have signed the protocol. Design: According to this protocol and under central bank supervision, the bank (as owner or attorney of the third party) as claimer of check, promissory note, bill, or a debt initiated by customer's commitment based on collaterals or guarantees, withdraws the claim from the debtor’s accounts in other banks and financial institutions that are members of the protocol through Automatic Clearing House (ACH). Findings: Despite taking collaterals, guarantees, and binding of contracts, executive debt collection process through the legal proceedings is a major challenge that banks, financial institutions, and persons are facing. The legal and execution process of debt collection through collaterals and guarantees are complicated, lengthy, and costly. Interbank Withdrawal Protocol (IWP) solves the problem by proposing a protocol to be accepted by banks to permit withdrawal of the account of the debtor in other banks. Practical implications: It is seen much that a person owes a lot to a person or bank, but s/he deposits her/his money at her/his accounts in other banks. The Interbank Withdrawal Protocol (IWP) is an agreement between banks which permits the bank to collect the debt through online-withdraw from the accounts of the debtor at other banks after depleting the account of the debtor at the agent bank. Social implications: This protocol increases reliance and security upon commitments and provides fast settlement and debt collection without time-consuming judicial process. It also reduces judicial proceedings and execution of active files in courts and consequently related costs. Originality/value: Complementary systems in Rastin Banking have been designed to solve the prevailing problems of banking and financial activities. IWP was designed to provide necessary arrangements for fast, clean debt collection and encashing check and collecting the bill. JEL: L86, L87, G21, G24
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3

Kim, Jewan. "Chonse, a real property lease transaction unique to South Korea." Pravovedenie 66, no. 3 (2022): 276–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2022.303.

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This article is a tentative analysis of Korean real property lease transaction system, chonse, a lease with a large sum of the key money deposit and without monthly rent payments. Chonse is the dominant form of lease arrangement used by most middle-class families in Korea without ownership of real property for both principal residences and commercial business places. The author analyzes this unique institution of real estate lease exclusive to South Korea and describes main features and details of it as well as related legal systems. Chonse also has the character of a lending system for the real property owners, where the landlord has the same position of borrowing the money from the tenant and the lending term is the same as the lease period. The tenant as a creditor has the leased property at his/her possession for the term and the tenant has the legal interest not only of a usufructuary right but also of a security right of pledge or collateral. After a brief review of the legal characteristics and roles of chonse in the modern period of development of South Korea, the author critiques the changing role of the chonse system in the modern South Korean society. Continuous economic development, reform of the financial system, globalized lifestyle and home living, and most of all its shrinking and aging population as well as low interest rates and the flourishing of long-term mortgages are all circumstances that need to be taken into account in assessing the implications of the changes taking place with regard to chonse.
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Choi, Gongpil. "Toward a Central Bank Collateral Framework for ABMI." Journal of Asian Research 5, no. 2 (June 6, 2021): p23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jar.v5n2p23.

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Анотація:
The post-global financial crisis highlighted the importance of engaging in collateralized securities financing to meet the ever-increasing market needs for liquidity and risk management. Given the heavy reliance on volatile Eurodollar system and the fragmented governance and limited cross-border usability of the collateral among ASEAN+3 countries, it is important to relax prevailing constraints on collateral and mobilize cross-border transactions. To address the imperatives for securing collateral-based cross-border financial markets in the region, Asia needs the initiatives of central banks to develop a regional collateral framework for better financial plumbing. By collaborating on common grounds for cross-border collateral utilization, some of the prevailing constraints on collateral use can be relaxed. The inclusive collateral framework that incorporates CBCA (Central Bank Collateral Arrangement) would provide strong initial market support for the ABMI, thus help achieve sustainable financial stability.
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Patrick, Hamish. "The Financial Collateral Arrangements Regulations: some Scottish issues." Law and Financial Markets Review 3, no. 6 (November 2009): 532–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17521440.2009.11428087.

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6

Ezike, Obiora. "Identifying a system-neutral meaning of a title transfer financial collateral arrangement in the Financial Collateral Directive." Uniform Law Review 26, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 554–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unab023.

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Abstract European Union (EU) directives adopt a functional method. This implies that they are drafted on the assumptions that implementing laws are functionally equivalent and, crucially, that the concepts they contain are system neutral without doctrinal commitment. This article primarily tests these assumptions by exploring the definition of title transfer financial collateral arrangements (TTFCA) in the Financial Collateral Directive. It is argued that the Directive offers a stable meaning of a TTFCA that can be identified in most systems, although, in some cases, there are slight conceptual tensions that require a more contextual, rather than a functional, perspective.
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7

Bridge, Michael. "Security financial collateral transfers and prime broker insolvency." Law and Financial Markets Review 4, no. 2 (March 2010): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17521440.2010.11428111.

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8

Bilous, Kostiantyn. "Collateral security portfolio as an object of financial management." Scientific Bulletin of the Odessa National Economic University 1-2, no. 278-279 (2021): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32680/2409-9260-2021-1-2-278-279-19-23.

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9

Pahl, Jan. "Personal Taxation, Social Security and Financial Arrangements within Marriage." Journal of Law and Society 13, no. 2 (1986): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1410283.

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10

Maiangwa, MG. "Loan collaterals and collateral substitutes in rural finance: a review." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2015): 36–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v11i2.4.

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Анотація:
Poor farm households and other microentrepreneurs have difficulties in obtaining loans from banks and other financial institutions because they are unable to provide securities or collaterals for the loans. Collaterals on loans reduce uncertainty and moral hazard problems for creditors. They also serve as a measure of the seriousness of the borrower. The limited availability of conventional collaterals in rural financial markets has led to the acceptance of non-traditional methods of loan security referred to as collateral substitutes. This paper reviews loan collaterals and collateral substitutes in the rural financial markets of developing countries.Keywords:: Collaterals, collateral substitutes, rural finance.
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Дисертації з теми "Security financial collateral arrangements"

1

Keijser, Thomas Rudolf Maria Pius. "Financial collateral arrangements : the European collateral directive considered from a property and insolvency law perspective /." Deventer : Kluwer, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/51637110X.pdf.

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2

Heimdal, Kristen R. "Investing in the Relationship: Financial Arrangements and Kin Relations Among Cohabiting and Married Couples." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1222150626.

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3

Nader, Jad. "Les garanties réelles dérogatoires du code monétaire et financier." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00975919.

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Анотація:
La construction des garanties réelles dans le Code monétaire et financier s'est faite sans approche coordonnée. Le législateur s'est limité à produire des réponses pragmatiques aux besoins des praticiens, dotant ces garanties d'une souplesse et d'une sécurité renforcées. Or, seul le caractère dérogatoire des mesures qui visent à renforcer la sécurité, face aux procédures collectives notamment, caractérise ce que nous identifions comme des garanties réelles dérogatoires tant des garanties réelles de droit commun que des autres garanties sur actifs financiers. Il convient alors d'en tirer les conséquences pour proposer une construction rationnelle d'une garantie réelle financière unique mais protéiforme. C'est l'entrée en vigueur de la directive 2002/47/CE et sa transposition en droit français qui invitent à envisager un remodelage des garanties sur actifs financiers. Une approche commune et unitaire inspirée par cette directive paraît inévitable pour la cohérence de la matière.
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4

Podpěra, Dan. "Finanční zajištění." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-297524.

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Анотація:
Title Financial Security ANNOTATION The diploma work presented deals with financial security, i.e. with one of the methods of securing an obligation, as set out under the provision of Section 323a et seq. of Act No. 513/1991 Coll., The Commercial Code, as amended. In the work as a whole, I deal in detail, on the one hand, with description of the above- mentioned legal institution, financial security, in the form ascribed to it presently by the valid and effective legal regulations in the Czech Republic. Thus, I deal with the concept of financial security in our system of law, origin of the legal institution and its inclusion in the system of law of the Czech Republic, while defining the fundamental notions being necessary to study this part of the commercial law of the Czech Republic. Further, I address explanatory and interpretation problems of financial security, both in the light of the European Union's legal regulations, which are, if simplifying, a template for our legal regulations concerning financial security, and from the point of view of our reputable law specialists, who dealt with financial security in specialised publications, in particular in their commentaries on the Commercial Code, and in articles published in professional periodicals. Also I devote a significant part of this work to the...
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Šovar, Jan. "Finanční zajištění s mezinárodním prvkem v případech zaknihovaných cenných papírů." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-340185.

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Анотація:
This paper deals with the phenomenon of the financial collateral arrangements, under which parties transfer book-entry securities. It focuses on the legal questions link to the international element. Financial collateral arrangements typically occur in securities repurchase and securities lending. These transactions play important role in order to guarantee liquidity cash and proper functioning of capital markets in the European Union. Simultaneously, securities are no longer only of a tangible goods nature; instead they exists as electronic records in securities accounts. This is why conflicts of law issues have become so paramount. This study analyses the approach of Czech law to financial collateral arrangements. In particular, if the collateral is represented by a book-entry share, bond or fund unit. It pays attention to such a matter from the national as well as the harmonised EU perspective. On an EU level, such arrangements are primarily regulated by the Collateral Directive (FCAD). The Hague Convection on the Law Applicable to Certain Rights in Respect of Securities held with Intermediaries, which has had a profound impact on the notion of book-entry securities conflicts of law rules, is specifically discussed too. Both methods to provide financial collateral, i.e. the outright transfer and...
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Книги з теми "Security financial collateral arrangements"

1

Collateral and financial plumbing. London: Risk Books, 2014.

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2

Gelos, Gaston. Financial liberalization, credit constraints, and collateral: Investment in the Mexican manufacturing sector. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, Research Department, 1999.

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3

Riles, Annelise. Collateral knowledge: The emergence of legal thinking about markets. Chicago, Ill: American Bar Foundation, 2000.

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4

Platteau, J. P. The gradual erosion of the social security function of customary land tenure arrangements in lineage-based societies. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2002.

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5

Keijser, Thomas. Financial Collateral Arrangements. Kluwer Law International, 2006.

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6

Charles, Proctor. Part E Guarantees and Security, 35 Financial Collateral Arrangements. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199685585.003.0035.

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Анотація:
When a charge is taken over cash or securities transferred or held in a recognized clearing and settlement system, the security position of the charge is in some respects reinforced. The European Commission has been concerned with managing systemic risk in such settlement systems. This chapter examines the two key measures to support the stability of such systems: firstly, the Directive on Settlement finality in Payment and Securities Systems; and, secondly, the Directive on financial collateral arrangement.
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Hugh, Beale, Bridge Michael, Gullifer Louise, and Lomnicka Eva. The Law of Security and Title-Based Financing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198795568.001.0001.

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Анотація:
Personal property security is an important subject in commercial practice as it is the key to much of the law of banking and sale. This book examines traditional methods of securing debts (such as mortgages, charges, and pledges) on property other than land, describing how these are created, how they must be registered (or otherwise ‘perfected’) if they are to be valid, the rights and duties of the parties, and how the security is enforced if the debt is not paid. This third edition has been updated to cover the wealth of case law, including new cases on control of financial collateral, and relief against forfeiture under a financial collateral arrangement; on retention of title (including the effect of ‘extended’ clauses); estoppel and the HPI register; availability of set-off against assignee; a number of cases on enforcement of security; equitable liens; solicitor’s liens and databases; on priority or purchase money security interests; and the Irish Supreme Court decision on floating charge and crystallization. There have also been significant legislative changes, which are discussed in detail, most notably the 2013 amendments to Companies Act 2006 Part 25, and Cape Town Convention. The book covers traditional security over personal property and also devices that fulfil a similar economic function, such as retention of title and sales of receivables.
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Olivier, Hubert. 14 France. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808589.003.0014.

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This chapter examines the law of set-off in France and how the country's bankruptcy law may affect the effectiveness of set-off. In France, set-off has been reaffirmed by specific rules regarding the netting of derivative products or by the EU Directive on Financial Collateral Arrangements (Collateral Directive). Other laws with relevant provisions for set-off include the French Civil Code and the French Monetary and Financial Code. The chapter first provides an overview of set-off between solvent parties, focusing on legal set-off, contractual set-off, enhanced set-off of financial obligations, cash-pooling arrangements, and security interests. It then considers set-off against insolvent parties, taking into account issues relating to automatic stay, fraudulent transfers/suspect period, and set-off of financial obligations after opening of an insolvency procedure. It also discusses the key set-off provisions of the Collateral Directive before concluding with an analysis of the law applicable to set-off in a cross-border context.
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William, Johnston. 17 Ireland. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808589.003.0017.

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Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law of set-off in Ireland. Under Irish laws, a set-off agreement serves as a mechanism for a lender to take effective security over a customer's account with it. Set-off may be considered a self-help remedy that prevents uncertainty when enforcing security against persons. The chapter first provides an overview of set-off between solvent parties, focusing on statutory set-off, contractual set-off, cash management (pooling) arrangements, and security interests. It then examines the effect of a mareva injunction on the validity of the right to set-off or security before proceeding with an analysis of set-off against insolvent parties. The rule against double proof is explored, along with set-off on winding-up, set-off in financial contracts, and financial collateral arrangements. The chapter concludes with an assessment of cross-border issues arising from the right of set-off.
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Britain, Great. Financial Collateral Arrangements (No. 2) Regulations 2003. Stationery Office, The, 2003.

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Частини книг з теми "Security financial collateral arrangements"

1

Jourenko, Maxim, Mario Larangeira, and Keisuke Tanaka. "Payment Trees: Low Collateral Payments for Payment Channel Networks." In Financial Cryptography and Data Security, 189–208. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_10.

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"7 Title Transfer and Recharacterization." In Financial Collateral, edited by Haentjens Matthias. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198816935.003.0007.

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Анотація:
This chapter explores another main category of collateral transactions: transactions under which ownership or title in the assets provided as collateral is transferred to the collateral taker. These transactions are called title transfer collateral transactions or title transfer financial collateral arrangements in the EU context (title transfer FCAs or TTFCAs). More specifically, the EU Collateral Directive has defined a title transfer FCA as an arrangement under which a collateral provider transfers full ownership of, or full entitlement to, financial collateral to a collateral taker for the purpose of securing or otherwise covering the performance of relevant financial obligations. Most legal standard documentation for title transfer collateral transactions, such as the General Master Repurchase Agreement, the General Master Securities Lending Agreement, and most ISDA Credit Support Documents provide for an outright transfer of collateral especially in as far as these agreements are English law governed. While title transfer collateral transactions are widely used, they are not without (legal) risks. The chapter focuses particularly on the so-called recharacterisation risk, which may jeopardise title transfer collateral transactions both under EU laws and US law.
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"Article 5 Right of use of financial collateral under security financial collateral arrangements." In European Financial Services Law, edited by Matthias Lehmann and Christoph Kumpan, 1728–31. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845279893-1728.

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Parry, Rebecca. "Avoidance of Floating Charges (Insolvency Act 1986, Section 245: Corporate Insolvency Only)." In Transaction Avoidance in Insolvencies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793403.003.0021.

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Анотація:
A floating charge, of course, increases the likelihood upon the winding up of the debtor that a creditor will receive payment for sums that the creditor has advanced. Conversely, the existence of a charge over property reduces the likelihood of payment for creditors, such as those who supplied the property in the first place. Limitations have accordingly been placed on the availability of such charges in order to ensure that any creditor obtaining the advantage of this method of security has earned the priority that it confers. Section 245, which applies only in the context of liquidation and administration, provides that any floating charge that is created within a specified period of the onset of insolvency is void except to the extent that the charge holder advanced value to the debtor at the same time as, or after, the creation of the charge. Unlike many of the other avoidance provisions, the operation of section 245 is automatic and does not depend on an application being made by the liquidator or administrator. An exception to the operation of section 245 applies in the context of financial collateral arrangements.
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"6 Security Interest and Right of Use." In Financial Collateral, edited by Haentjens Matthias. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198816935.003.0006.

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Анотація:
This chapter assesses the important elements of collateral transactions under which the collateral taker receives a security interest in the collateral while the collateral provider retains some form of proprietary interest in the collateral. In the EU context, the 'right of use' that is commonly agreed under a security collateral transaction is one of, if not the most, important issue in this regard. The right of use has its origins in prime brokerage agreements and the ISDA Credit Support Documents governed by New York law. The chapter then discusses the risks associated with what is also called 'reuse' and 'rehypothecation'. It also considers the right of use before and after the implementation of the Collateral Directive. Moreover, the chapter addresses the legal consequences of the collateral taker's exercise of the right of use. Finally, it examines US law. In particular, because the right of use has limited recognition under the Uniform Commercial Code, more focus will be on how it is employed pursuant to contract and subjected to extensive regulation intended to protect customers.
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"Article 4 Enforcement of financial collateral arrangements." In European Financial Services Law, edited by Matthias Lehmann and Christoph Kumpan, 1724–28. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845279893-1724.

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Wibier, Reinout M. "11. Financial Collateral Arrangements and Party Autonomy." In Party Autonomy in International Property Law, edited by Roel Westrik and Jeroen van der Weide. Berlin, New York: Sellier - De Gruyter, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783866539327.225.

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"5 Formalities and Control." In Financial Collateral, edited by Haentjens Matthias. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198816935.003.0005.

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Анотація:
This chapter focuses on the creation of a collateral transaction. It looks at two issues: (i) which formalities must be fulfilled in order to create a collateral transaction, or, more specifically, to validly provide collateral? And (ii) to what extent must the collateral taker have 'possession' or 'control' for a valid provision of collateral? These two issues seem to be especially problematical in the jurisdictions of the EU Member States. The problems follow from the implementation of the Collateral Directive into EU Member States laws, where both issues required derogations of, or at least amendments of, their national (property) laws. More specifically, the Collateral Directive aims to dis-apply formal requirements for collateral transactions to be validly created, i.e. for collateral to be validly provided. Examples of such formal requirements are the registration of a security interest with a public register and the execution of a specific document in a mandatory way. Meanwhile, general US property law requires the collateral taker to be in control of the collateralized assets as a means of perfecting a security interest.
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"2 Financial Collateral, How It Is Held and Transferred." In Financial Collateral, edited by Haentjens Matthias. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198816935.003.0002.

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Анотація:
This chapter discusses the use of securities, cash, and credit claims as collateral in finance transactions. To understand any interest in collateralized securities, cash, and credit claims, it is important to consider the concept of asset segregation and the way securities, cash, and credit claims are held. Of these types of collateral, the more difficult legal issues arise in the context of securities. Therefore, the largest part of the chapter is concerned with the custody of securities and the legal treatment, under different national laws, of the transfer and creation of security interests in securities. The challenges regarding the custody and administration of securities mainly follow from differences in the treatment, under different national laws, of the proprietary relationship between the 'owner' of securities and the securities themselves. This relationship is highly relevant, as the manner to provide financial collateral - both practically and legally, and either by way of title transfer or by way of creating a security interest - will be determined by this relationship. Consequently, differences in the treatment of 'owning' securities significantly add to the complexity of providing collateral in an international context.
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"1 Introduction." In Financial Collateral, edited by Haentjens Matthias. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198816935.003.0001.

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Анотація:
This introductory chapter provides a background and overview of financial collateral. One of the most significant changes in which financial markets have functioned since the global financial crisis is the 'flight to security'. Both the need for secured lending as well as regulatory requirements to reduce credit risk have contributed to the increased need for collateral, i.e. for liquid, high-quality assets that may be used as collateral. On the one hand, increasing concerns about counterparty risk have meant that secured borrowing and lending have become the normal means by which funding is accessed, largely replacing unsecured finance. On the other hand, the Basel III framework - and the need for better capitalization and liquidity of financial institutions - has made it more important for banks to hold a greater stock of high-quality securities. The global financial crisis and the resulting regulatory responses have thus profoundly affected the supply of, and demand for, financial collateral in that financial collateral has become much scarcer and more important. This book focuses on collateral in international finance transactions. It provides practitioners and academics with a comprehensive handbook on the various aspects of financial collateral and its use. The chapter then describes the terms finance, credit, security, and collateral.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Security financial collateral arrangements"

1

Troxymenko, Iryna. "STRUCTURED FORMATION OF RESERVES FOR FUTURE EXPENSES AND PAYMENTS AT THE ENTERPRISE: ACCOUNTING MOMENTS." In Proceedings of the XXIX International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25052021/7560.

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The method of accounting is clarified operations of formation of collateral of the following costs and payments. The task of accounting in the work the use of existing mechanisms is determined formation of collateral and selection of the best option to create such reserves. The methodological approach to the formation of reserves in the traditional models of accounting in agricultural enterprises is analyzed. Generalized concepts of formation and use of reserves in national regulations (standards) of accounting and international standards of financial reporting. The conceptual direction in accounting provides economic information on costs, which is used in management functions, namely in planning, analysis, control, regulation, incentives, justification of decisions on strategic development and financial and economic security.
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2

Kuzu, Serdar. "The Effects of the Illiquidity Premium on Security Returns and its Importantance for Eurasia." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00269.

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This study investigates the illiquidity premium, which has major impact on Eurasian economies, and its term structure. For this aim, The Germany which is very important for Europa and Asia countries is investigated. In this study, the effects of the term structure of the illiquidity premium on government and corporate bonds and “the return of securities – illiquidity premium – expectation theory relationship” are investigated through various parameters and formulations. Consequently, the study is used to Kempf, Korn and Uhrig-Homburg’ study, which aims to investigate relations between German public sector’s bonds and private sector’s bonds and it was realized 2009. It is found that illiquidity premium varies in short, medium and long terms depending upon different factors and the curve that connects illiquidity premiums with different terms is a U shaped curve. Studies that use traditional methods in asset pricing evaluate the illiquidity premium as a systematic risk criteria. But, illiquidity is a risk factor that should be investigated alone instead of be investigated with all of the risk factors. Financial market makers aim to make arrangements that remove the problems arising from the level of liquidity, in other words increase the level of liquidity, and contribute to the formation of efficient price.Further studies in this field will be very important in the development process of corporate bonds market with the decrease of interest rates in international markets and the issue of new corporate bonds in developing countries recently.
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3

Mitrea, Ioan. "LEARNING THROUGH STRATEGIC COMPUTER GAMES IN MILITARY TRAINING." In eLSE 2013. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-13-061.

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This paper describes the games based learning in continuous training for military personal in order to increase their capacity to assume the functions or leadership roles from the organization chart and includes any combination of courses, applications and participation in the theatres of operations in Afghanistan, Iraq and Kosovo. Today the military training has a specific character given by the possibility for simulation war games in conditions close to reality. To be well prepared army it is necessary to assure a balance between classical training and simulated tactical situations through strategic games which offers experiential learning model. All methods are performed by well standardized regulations in accordance with NATO standards and makes possible strategic games in e-learning systems. Also, the concept of professional performance in the military institution is a set of behaviours, closely related to individual motivation, which are involved in resolving problems through games based learning that are relevant to the military profession and organization goals. The mainly advantages of using strategic games in military training are that the environment does not support damages caused by military explosive material used in classical simulations in the field, the lack of collateral victims, and minimize the possible accidents during the simulation. Also, privacy and confidentiality is ensured through security operations provided by computer. In the military field, in particular, application of traditional criteria "efficiency" is problematic (there is no clear relationship between the "costs" and "results"), not all work can be valued in financial terms. However, the strategic computer games offer the possibility to measure parameters which are not possible to identify in real condition and "learning by doing".
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4

Ivan, Lucian. "Management of Covid-19 Crisis at the Level of Defence Industry." In International Conference Innovative Business Management & Global Entrepreneurship. LUMEN Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ibmage2020/21.

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According to estimates and analyses by the international community of economic analysts, the medical crisis generated by the Covid-19 pandemic will induce a major economic and financial crisis worldwide which, in conjunction with the current geopolitical situation, characterized by a high degree of uncertainty (e.g. strategic economic confrontation between the US and China, the position of force adopted by the Russian Federation), will affect production and supply chains, amplify the phenomenon of the adoption of trade policies of a protectionist nature, and, indirectly, will significantly affect national defense budgets. In this fluid geopolitical context, characterized by insecurity and systemic instability, a strategic rethink and recalibration of defence policies can be predicted in a new context, defined by the multipolar competition and the asymmetry of geopolitical geometry, the conflict between civilizational models (competition between democracy vs. autocratic/totalitarian political regimes), to the detriment of regional and international collective security arrangements. Changing government priorities generated by the pandemic crisis generated by Covid-19 may lead to a reduction in budgets for military endowment programs. Most governments allocate about 2% of GDP annually to the defence sector. Given the pandemic generated by Covid-19, there is a risk that some states will significantly reduce the budget allocated to the defence industry in order to increase the budgets for health systems, given the need to expand hospitals, as well as the purchase of medical equipment and services. In Romania, the topic of tools and opportunities that may be able to ensure the improvement of the effects and overcoming the economic crisis is currently being discussed through active economic measures, including in the field of the defence industry. In Romania, however, the path from debate to public policy and strategy assumed and applied is traditionally long and hard, requiring more pragmatism in addressing strategic economic issues.
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5

Hayes, Jan, Lynne Chester, and Dolruedee Kramnaimuang King. "Is Public Safety Impacted by the Multiple Regulatory Regimes for Gas Pipelines and Networks?" In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78160.

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Анотація:
Gas pipelines and networks are subject to multiple regulatory governance arrangements. One regime is economic regulation which is designed to ensure fair access to gas markets and emulate the price pressures of competition in a sector dominated by a few companies. Another regime is technical regulation which is designed to ensure pipeline system integrity is sufficient for the purposes of public safety, environmental protection and physical security of supply. As was highlighted in analysis of the San Bruno pipeline failure, these two regulatory regimes have substantially different orientations towards expenditure on things such as maintenance and inspection which ultimately impact public safety. Drawing on more than 50 interviews, document review and case studies of specific price determinations, we have investigated the extent to which these two regulatory regimes as enacted in Australia may conflict, and particularly whether economic regulation influences long-term public safety outcomes. We also draw on a comparison with how similar regulatory requirements are enacted in the United Kingdom (UK). Analysis shows that the overall orientation towards risk varies between the two regimes. The technical regulatory regime is a typical goal-setting style of risk governance with an overarching requirement that ‘reasonably practicable’ measures are put in place to minimize risk to the public. In contrast, the incentive-based economic regulatory regime requires that expenditure should be ‘efficient’ to warrant inclusion in the determination of acceptable charges to customers. How safety is considered within this remains an open question. Best practice in performance-based safety regimes such as those used in the UK and Australia require that regulators adopt an attitude towards companies based on the principle of ‘trust but verify’ as, generally speaking, all parties aim for the common goal of no accidents. Equally, in jurisdictions that favor prescriptive safety requirements such as the United States (US) the common goal remains. In contrast, stakeholders in the economic regulatory regime have significantly diverse interests; companies seek to maximize their individual financial returns and regulators seek to exert downward price pressures. We argue that these differences in the two regulatory regimes are significant for the management of public safety risk and conclude that minimizing risk to the public from a major pipeline failure would be better served by the economic regulatory regime’s separate consideration of safety-related from other expenditure and informed by the technical regulator’s view of safety.
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