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Статті в журналах з теми "SEASONAL COMMODITY"
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Borovkova, Svetlana, and Helyette Geman. "Seasonal and stochastic effects in commodity forward curves." Review of Derivatives Research 9, no. 2 (August 18, 2007): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11147-007-9008-4.
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Gómez-Valle, L., Z. Habibilashkary, and J. Martínez-Rodríguez. "A multiplicative seasonal component in commodity derivative pricing." Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 330 (March 2018): 835–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2017.05.014.
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DEWI, IDA AYU PUTU CANDRA, KOMANG DHARMAWAN, and NI MADE ASIH. "APLIKASI MODEL MEAN REVERSION DENGAN MUSIMAN DALAM MENENTUKAN NILAI KONTRAK OPSI TIPE EROPA PADA HARGA KOMODITAS KAKAO." E-Jurnal Matematika 6, no. 4 (November 28, 2017): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mtk.2017.v06.i04.p170.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many literatures explain that commodity prices tend to follow the pattern of Mean Reversion models, commodity prices are controlled by seasonal supplies resulting in price fluctuations. To overcome the risk of fluctuations in the price, an investor can hedge with option contracts. The purpose of this research was to know the application of Mean Reversion model with seasonal in determining the value of European option contract from commodity ,by estimating the parameters and simulating the model in order to get the value of European option contract. Thus, the values of the options obtained with the model was compared with the value of the options calculated by the Black-Scholes model. The results of this study indicated that the value of contract option of Mean Reversion model with seasonal value was lower than the Black-Scholes model.
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Mirantes, Andrés García, Javier Población, and Gregorio Serna. "The stochastic seasonal behavior of energy commodity convenience yields." Energy Economics 40 (November 2013): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.06.011.
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Arismendi, Juan C., Janis Back, Marcel Prokopczuk, Raphael Paschke, and Markus Rudolf. "Seasonal Stochastic Volatility: Implications for the pricing of commodity options." Journal of Banking & Finance 66 (May 2016): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016.02.001.
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Diewert, W. Erwin. "INDEX NUMBER APPROACHES TO SEASONAL ADJUSTMENT." Macroeconomic Dynamics 3, no. 1 (March 1999): 48–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100599010020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A seasonal commodity is one that either (1) is not available during certain seasons or (2) is always available but its prices or quantities fluctuate with the season or time of year. The existence of type-1 seasonal commodities in consumer preference functions means that the usual economic approach to index number theory cannot be applied to construct a short-term month-to-month or quarter-to-quarter consumer price index. We postulate various separability assumptions on intertemporal preferences that can be used to justify various seasonal index number formulas. One of our approaches leads to an index number solution to the problem of seasonal adjustment.
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Wang, Xue Wu, Jiao Meng, and Ping Jiang. "The Ordering Strategy of ES Model and Option Contract." Advanced Materials Research 1037 (October 2014): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1037.522.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, we incorporate retailer’s risk attitude by means of ES model into the ordering decision for seasonal product and discuss the optimal ordering decisions of the retailer under the option contract mechanism and the wholesale price contract mechanism. We show that the optimal ordering quantities of spot commodity and option commodity are exist and unique.And further analyze that the effect of retailer’s effected profit, option contract on the optimal ordering decision. Finally, we exam our theories by some numerical examples.
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Qadan, Mahmoud, David Y. Aharon, and Ron Eichel. "Seasonal patterns and calendar anomalies in the commodity market for natural resources." Resources Policy 63 (October 2019): 101435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101435.
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Soni, Hari Prasad, Chitta Shyamsuder, and KDV Prasad. "Risk return profile of commodity derivatives: an investors perception." Revista de Gestão e Secretariado (Management and Administrative Professional Review) 14, no. 7 (July 25, 2023): 12004–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7769/gesec.v14i7.2389.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article provides an overview of the literature on the commodity market, with a particular focus on the risk of commodity investment. The sources of return in the commodity market are examined, as well as the impact of various macroeconomic factors such as interest rates and inflation on the return. The commodity market is an increasingly popular investment opportunity for investors looking to diversify their portfolio. However, investing in commodities is not without risk. The volatility of commodity prices can lead to significant losses for investors, especially those who are not familiar with the market. One of the primary sources of return in the commodity market is through price appreciation. This is driven by supply and demand factors, such as changes in weather patterns, geopolitical events, and changes in consumer tastes. In addition, commodities can also generate returns through passive income, such as through rental income from real estate or dividends from stocks. Interest rates and inflation are two key macroeconomic factors that can have a significant impact on the return of commodity investments. Higher interest rates can lead to lower commodity prices, as investors seek out higher yield investments. Inflation can also impact the return of commodity investments, as it can lead to higher prices for raw materials and other inputs. For wheat, corn, and soybean futures, seasonality of return is an important consideration for investors. The prices of these commodities are often influenced by seasonal factors, such as weather patterns and harvest cycles. Understanding these seasonality patterns can help investors make more informed investment decisions. In conclusion, this study is mostly descriptive in nature, providing an overview of the literature on the commodity market and the risks associated with commodity investment. The impact of various macroeconomic factors, such as interest rates and inflation, on the return of commodity investments is also examined. Finally, the seasonality of return for wheat, corn, and soybean futures is discussed as an important consideration for investors.
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Diawara, Halimatou, Fadima Yaya Bocoum, Alassane Dicko, Ann Levin, Cynthia Lee, Fatoumata Koita, Jean Bosco Ouédraogo, et al. "Cost of introducing and delivering malaria vaccine (RTS,S/AS01E) in areas of seasonal malaria transmission, Mali and Burkina Faso." BMJ Global Health 8, no. 4 (April 2023): e011316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-011316.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundThe WHO recommends use of the RTS,S/AS01E(RTS,S) malaria vaccine for young children living in areas of moderate to highPlasmodium falciparummalaria transmission and suggests countries consider seasonal vaccination in areas with highly seasonal malaria. Seasonal vaccination is uncommon and may require adaptations with potential cost consequences. This study prospectively estimates cost of seasonal malaria vaccine delivery in Mali and Burkina Faso.MethodsThree scenarios for seasonal vaccine delivery are costed (1) mass campaign only, (2) routine Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) and (3) mixed delivery (mass campaign and routine EPI)), from the government’s perspective. Resource use data are informed by previous new vaccine introductions, supplemented with primary data from a sample of health facilities and administrative units.FindingsAt an assumed vaccine price of US $5 per dose, the economic cost per dose administered ranges between $7.73 and $8.68 (mass campaign), $7.04 and $7.38 (routine EPI) and $7.26 and $7.93 (mixed delivery). Excluding commodities, the cost ranges between $1.17 and $2.12 (mass campaign), $0.48 and $0.82 (routine EPI) and $0.70 and $1.37 (mixed delivery). The financial non-commodity cost per dose administered ranges between $0.99 and $1.99 (mass campaign), $0.39 and $0.76 (routine EPI) and $0.58 and $1.28 (mixed delivery). Excluding commodity costs, service delivery is the main cost driver under the mass campaign scenario, accounting for 36% to 55% of the financial cost. Service delivery accounts for 2%–8% and 12%–23% of the total financial cost under routine EPI and mixed delivery scenarios, respectively.ConclusionVaccine delivery using the mass campaign approach is most costly followed by mixed delivery and routine EPI delivery approaches, in both countries. Our cost estimates provide useful insights for decisions regarding delivery approaches, as countries plan the malaria vaccine rollout.
Дисертації з теми "SEASONAL COMMODITY"
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Hsueh, Chiao-Ni, and 薛巧妮. "Investigating Seasonal Effects in Commodity Futures Markets." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33806193183408837039.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立中正大學
財務金融研究所
100
This study investigates seasonal effects for four commodity futures contracts, including gold, crude oil, coffee and corn. The sample period starts from 1983/03/30 to 2011/06/24. The OLS, ARCH and GARCH models are used to examine the overnight effect, the day-of-the-week effect, the turn-of-the-month effect and the January effect. The whole sample period is divided into three sub-periods in order to investigate whether seasonal effects exist in these four commodity futures and whether they are related to futures volatility which became much larger in recent years. The empirical results indicate seasonal effects exist in gold futures, crude oil futures, and corn futures but not in coffee futures. In particular, seasonal effects show up more frequently in gold futures than in others, which mean that investing in gold futures can have a better chance to make profit than investing in other futures. With regard to results of the sub-sample periods, seasonal effects have been declining over time. Based on the empirical results, large volatility would not be a factor which leads to significant seasonal effects in recent year. The study provides investors with a clear understanding of the characteristics of various commodity futures and thus can help them make good investment decisions.
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SINGH, NARINDER PAL. "EFFICIENCY, SEASONALITY AND MACROECONOMIC ISSUES IN INDIAN COMMODITY FUTURES MARKET." Thesis, 2019. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/16880.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Commodity futures markets provide a platform to commodity producers, consumers and traders to hedge their price risk. Price discovery and risk management are two essential roles of the commodity futures market. The commodity futures market has to be efficient to perform these functions. Agro-commodities futures market plays a crucial role in the economic foundations of a country like India that is substantially driven by the agricultural sector performance. At the same time, non-agro-commodity futures markets are imperative to both the policy makers and the other stakeholders in India since they carry a direct implication for the captive consumption and exports. This study analyses the efficiency, seasonality and macroeconomic issues in commodity futures market in India for commodities namely gold, crude oil, copper and chana (chick pea).
The period of this study is 2004-2017. There are 113 commodities traded on commodity exchanges. Owing to time and resource constraints, the scope of this study is limited to four commodities namely gold, crude oil, copper and chana (chick-pea). These commodities (gold, copper, crude oil, and chana or chick pea) belong to precious metals, non-precious metal, energy, and agri-commodities categories respectively. The selected commodities are the top weighted commodities (in Comdex) of their own category collectively accounting for more than 60% weight in Comdex-the commodity index of MCX. As such it may be taken as representative of the commodity market. The data on the select commodities has been collected from Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX), India, National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) Ltd., India, New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) and Shanghai Futures Exchange (SHFE).
Here, the efficiency of commodity market has been studied by analyzing the price discovery role of futures market. To investigate the efficiency of select futures markets, this study uses Johansen's cointegration and Granger Causality techniques for the two sub-periods, i.e., the pre-crisis period (from 2004 to 14thSeptember 2008) and the post-crisis period (from 15thSeptember 2008 to 2017). Johansen's test results indicate that the spot and futures prices are cointegrated for all the select commodities. In other words, futures and spot prices bear a long-run equilibrium relationship with each other for the select commodities in both the sub-periods. Causality results report that futures marketshave ability to estimate spot prices for gold and copper is higher as compared crude oil and chana, and has improved across the periods. Thus from the results of cointegration and causality, it is concluded that the futures market for all select commodities namely chana, gold, crude oil, and copper are efficient.
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Seasonality is an important price determinant amongst factors like government policies like Minimum Support Price (MSP), demand of commodity, the price of substitutes, etc. The seasonality, in turn, may interfere with futures market efficiency. Most of the agri-products traded in the futures market are seasonally grown. For instance, Chana (chickpea) is also a seasonal commodity. During the sowing period, the prices may be trending upwards. But post-harvest, the prices are usually expected to fall. Thus, the seasonality may interfere with futures market efficiency. Therefore, this study also investigates the seasonality effect of chana crop on its futures market efficiency at NCDEX.
To analyze seasonality, a dummy is introduced in the regression model wherein futures price is dependent variable and spot price is the independent variable. The dummy assumes value 1 for the months of the season of the crop (from March to September) and 0 for off-season months (from October to February). To test the linearity of the regression model, Ramsay RESET test has been employed here. The results of the Ramsay RESET test for the given regression model shows that the relationship between natural logarithmic returns on spot price and natural logarithmic returns on futures prices is linear in nature. On introducing dummy variable in the regression model, the results show that there is a significant influence of futures returns on spot prices returns while the impact of seasonality is insignificant. It means the relationship between the chana futures and spot prices is not affected by the seasonality.
Moving to macroeconomic issues related to commodity futures trading, Inflation is a matter of economic concern all over the globe. In 2007, India's parliamentary standing committee on food and public distribution held futures trading responsible for inflation in India. Following the suggestions of the panel and increasing pressure from political circles, the GoI banned futures trading on some essential agro-commodities like wheat, rice and two varieties of lentils while temporarily suspended futures trading in commodities like chana (chick pea), soyoil, rubber, and potato. AbhijitSen committee (2008), the committee by GoI, did not find sufficient evidence of the inflationary effect of futures trading in India. Thus, this study attempts to bridge up the research gap by analyzing the causal relationship between commodity (argi, metals, and energy) futures trading, and commodity specific Wholesale Price Index (WPI) inflation in India.
Toda Yamamoto modified Granger causality technique has been employed on the monthly futures volume and commodity specific WPI data. The results indicate that crude oil futures trading lead to a surge in crude oil prices in the spot market. However, there is no causality from futures trading volume to WPI for chana, gold, and copper. In a nutshell, this study
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doesn't find any relationship between futures trading and inflation for three out of four select commodities. Thus, this study concludes that commodity futures trading does not lead to higher inflation in India.
Over the last couple of decades, financial integration and volatility of international markets have increased. International linkage of markets proved to be a bane for events like the recent global financial crisis that affected stock and commodity markets almost all over the globe. Thus, the crisis may have affected the spot market volatility of internationally traded commodity crude oil. Moreover, Futures prices play a better role than cash prices, in absorbing and reflecting market information for high trade volume commodities like gold, crude oil, and copper in international markets. Thus, there is a possibility of international associations of gold, crude oil, and copper futures markets of India.
This study employs Johansen's cointegration and Granger causality techniques to analyze the linkage and causality between the select markets. From results, this study concludes that the global financial crisis affected the return on crude oil spot prices but did not affect the volatility of the crude oil spot market. The possible reason for the volatility of crude in 2008 could be financialization of commodity exchanges and excessive speculation in crude oil futures. Without dummy, the results show the presence of ARCH and leverage effects up to three lags. The results also support the existence of volatility clustering.
Thus, from the results of linkage analysis of Indian commodity futures market with international markets this study concludes that futures markets of copper and crude oil are not efficient as their market at MCX and their respective foreign futures market are cointegrated. However, the gold futures market at MCX and NYMEX are not cointegrated and hence efficient. However, the gold futures market at NYMEX leads MCX market.
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Lee, Kuei-Chih, and 李桂枝. "Seasonal Regularities and Information Transmissions: Evidences from the U.S. and Chinese Commodity Futures Markets." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72479005135685736821.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
博士逢甲大學
商學研究所
98
The area of calendar anomalies has received much attention, while the use of the regression analysis by prior studies may have statistical problems. This study first adopts the stochastic dominance theory, which appears to be a preferred approach, to examine the weekly and monthly returns patterns for the U.S. (developed) and Chinese (emerging) Chinese commodity futures markets. For the day-of-the-week effect, the sample includes six most actively traded commodity contracts, aluminum, copper, corn, cotton, soybeans and wheat, in the U.S. and the Chinese commodity futures markets. The empirical results indicate that higher returns generally appear on Monday or Friday for the U.S. market but on Monday in the Chinese markets, which confirm the presence, but different patterns, of the day-of-the-week effect in two countries. The findings show the presence for the day-of-the-week pattern in the U.S. and China markets, which reveal information transmissions across the two markets, depending on the leading role of each market. For example, the Monday effect of copper and corn futures in the Chinese markets is possibly caused by Friday effect in the U.S. markets. In particular, Chinese market plays a primary role in cotton market. As a result, the Monday effect of cotton futures in the U.S. market may be the result of the spillover effect from the high Monday returns in China. For the monthly effect, the sample includes eight most actively traded commodity contracts, copper, corn, gold, light crude oil, natural gas, soybeans, soybean meal and wheat, in the U.S. commodity futures markets. The empirical results show that March returns dominate over the non-March returns for the natural gas futures. Moreover, January returns dominate over the non-January returns for the copper and light crude oil futures. For the other five futures, empirical results indicate that higher returns generally appear from August to October. These findings confirm the existence of the monthly effect in the U.S. commodity futures markets, but different patterns are present across various commodity contracts. Moreover, our SD test for the commodity futures provide practical evidence that seasonal factor is a possible explanation for monthly effect in some futures prices, a result confirming other investigations. In our analysis, allocating part of investors’ assets in risk-free assets is useful in distinguishing returns among weekdays and months for the various futures, which imply that investors can choose an optimal proportion of investment between risky assets and risk-free assets. In general, the simulation results clearly confirm that the investors, if they follow our optimal assets allocation, could make the highest trading profits with and without transaction costs for all eight futures. Thus, the detected returns patterns in the U.S. developed commodity futures markets may not be artificial but real.
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Groberman, Michael Allan. "Learning when to breathe : performance as art and commodity in Opera Breve’s first season." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis documents the growth of Opera Breve, a new performing arts
organization in Vancouver, over the course of the 1997-98 season. The time frame
begins with the company's conception in a basement cafeteria, and ends with a
meeting a week following the season's final curtain. This chronicle of a new
performing arts company, a self-initiated project by artists and arts managers to
provide themselves artistic and managerial opportunities, is an example of how
individuals with a shared ideal try to organize themselves into a productive entity.
The thesis critically examines the main elements of the producing organization:
artistic direction, management, marketing, etc. It examines how the current artistic,
social and economic atmosphere affords and prevents cultural development.
Finally, the thesis draws conclusions and makes recommendations for Opera Breve
and, by extension, other new arts organizations.
Книги з теми "SEASONAL COMMODITY"
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Bernstein, Jacob. Jake Bernstein's seasonal futures spreads: High-probability seasonal spreads for futures traders. New York: Wiley, 1990.
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Bernstein, Jacob. Jake Bernstein's seasonal trader's bible: The best of the best in seasonal trades. 2nd ed. Van Nuys, Calif: MBH Commodity Advisors, Inc., 1997.
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Seasonal concepts in futures trading: Turning seasonality into profits. New York: Wiley, 1986.
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Seasonal charts for futures traders: A sourcebook. New York: Wiley, 1987.
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E, Sarhan M., and Sudan. Wizārat al-Zirāʻah wa-al-Mawārid al-Ṭabīʻīyah. Marketing Section., eds. Seasonal movements in Sudan's agricultural commodity prices and the use of seasonal price indices in forecasting and in making sell/hold decisions. Khartoum: Marketing Section, Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Planning and Agricultural Economic Administration, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1988.
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Trade, Chicago Board of, ed. Weather and the wheat market. Chicago, IL: Chicago Board of Trade, 1997.
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Trade, Chicago Board of, ed. Weather and the soybean market. [Chicago]: Chicago Board of Trade, 1987.
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Trade, Chicago Board of, ed. Weather and the corn market. [Chicago]: Chicago Board of Trade, 1987.
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Trade, Chicago Board of, ed. Weather and the corn market. Chicago, IL: Chicago Board of Trade, 1997.
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Trade, Chicago Board of, ed. Weather and the wheat market. [Chicago, IL]: Chicago Board of Trade, 1987.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "SEASONAL COMMODITY"
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Moreda, Guillermo P. "Sensors for crop productivity, yield maps." In Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche, 13. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-044-3.13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For gathering the final results of a season-round crop work, the georeferenced yield is a key piece of information. Harvesting equipment can be equipped with sensors to gather such information. Systems based on different technologies (impact, volume, optics, density, gravity…) will be explained for recording the yield flow inside the machinery, during the harvesting. Adaptations of yield sensors depending on the commodity, along with new sensing systems will be discussed. Sensor for quality quantification will also be explained, as they are important for certain crops. Basic procedures for the calibration of the sensing system and the proper registration of yield data to generate a successful yield map are presented.
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Morgan, Kevin, Terry Marsden, and Jonathan Murdoch. "The Commodity World in Wales." In Worlds of Food. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199271580.003.0014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As the first industrial nation, the UK was one of the earliest countries to experience the industrialization of agriculture, a process that led to an unprecedented increase in productivity, with more and more food produced by fewer and fewer people. Early exposure to intensive food production clearly left an abiding cultural legacy; to this day, one of the proudest boasts of the British food industry is that it renders cheap food to the consuming public at ever lower prices. This production ethos was both cause and consequence of a mainstream consumption culture which sets a high premium on price and treats food more as fuel than as pleasure. In his thousandyear history of British food, Spencer (2002) caught this aesthetic perfectly when he suggested that the British ‘were unexcited by the food they ate, but they knew that they had to get on and eat the wretched stuff’. In its attachment to cheap, processed food, the UK is far closer to the US, the quintessential fast-food nation, than to Italy, France, or Spain, countries where there continues to be a strong cultural appetite for fresh, local, and seasonal food. Although Britain’s cheap-food culture has complex and manifold causes, its origins lie in the early period of industrialization, especially in the system of colonial preferences from the Commonwealth countries, which created a low-cost template for locally produced food. In other words, the global–local interplay that did so much to shape economy and society in Britain also influenced the economics of food production and the culture of food consumption. To a greater extent than in other European countries, the supermarkets have become the key players in shaping food consumption patterns in the UK. As in California, retailer power is now the key to understanding the enormous asymmetries of power that punctuate the British agri-food chain from farm to fork. One reason why supermarkets seem to wield so much more power in the UK than their analogues in other countries is that there is less countervailing power at the production end of the UK food chain.
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Scholl, Lars U., Lars U. Scholl, and Lars U. Scholl. "The Shipping of the North Atlantic Cotton Trade in the Mid-Nineteenth Century." In Merchants and Mariners. Liverpool University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780968128886.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This essay analyses the North Atlantic Cotton Trade through records of cotton arrivals at Liverpool, using two sets of data from 1830-1832 and 1853-1855. Using Customs Bills of Entry, Williams presents data of cotton receipts from the United States to Liverpool; quantities of bales exported; numbers of vessels; origin ports of vessels; distinguishes between regular and occasional cotton traders; arrivals at Liverpool by nationality; and vessel tonnage. He determines that the majority of vessels participated in the cotton trade seasonally, and suggests that the cotton trade was not self-contained, but part of a complex interrelationship within the North Atlantic trade system, encompassing commodity dealings, shipping employment levels, and the seasonal characteristics of cargo. The conclusion requests further scholarly research into the pattern of ship movements in the Atlantic. Two appendices provide more data, concerning arrival dates of regular traders in Liverpool, and the month of departure of cotton vessels from Southern states.
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Ura, Karma. "Back-Pack Traders and Caravans." In Bhutan: The Unremembered Nation, 213—C6.F22. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192865403.003.0006.
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Abstract Deep in the forest lies a network of derelict mule tracks connecting Bhutan, Tibet, and India, and those connecting different settlements in Bhutan. The network came to strategic traffic points at bridges and passes. Bridges were especially secured to tax traders and check movements. Dzongs or castles came to be built next to major bridges because these castles could be guarded better by controlling bridges. Access to Bhutan was through snow mountain passes in the north, and from the 18 Duars Bhutan held, through door-like passes from the plains of Assam and Bengal into mountainous Bhutan. Mule tracks were the medieval highways and they were busy with backpack traders, caravans, seasonal human and livestock migrations, and transportation of official loads. Delivering official loads consisting of commodity taxes were a major, sometimes excruciating, obligation of the households. Not only porterage of official loads, people had to work every season to rebuild medieval transport infrastructure. For trading, marts were organized between Bhutanese and Tibetans along northern border areas in summer while marts were held in winter between Bhutanese and Indians along the southern borders. Many villages in south eastern Bhutan moved lock, stock, and barrel to warmer border areas and enjoyed months of winter camping with their Assamese hosts.
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Willmer, Pat. "Rewards 2: The Biology of Nectar." In Pollination and Floral Ecology. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the biology of nectar, the main secondary floral reward in an evolutionary sense. As a commodity, nectar is easy for plants to produce and easy for animals to handle; its sugars are simple to metabolize and thus to use as a readily available fuel for an animal’s activities. Nectar is a crucial factor in determining the interactions of flowers and their visitors. The chapter first provides an overview of how floral nectar is produced in a nectary before discussing nectar secretion, the chemical composition of nectar, and nectar volume. It then considers nectar concentration and viscosity, nectar as a sugar and energy reward, and nectar as a water reward. It also explores daily, seasonal, and phylogenetic patterns of nectar production, how flowers control their nectar and their pollinators, and problems in measuring and quantifying nectar. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the costs of nectar gathering.
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Clark, Sam. "Global outlook." In Inside Retirement Housing, 254–62. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447357629.003.0016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chapter 15 acknowledges the step change that has occurred within UK housing provisions for older people and changed attitudes within architectural practice. It suggests a new normal for architects, evidencing global ‘starchitects’ engaged in projects delivering contemporary housing for older people in different parts of the world. This closing chapter provides a counterpoint to the British retirement housing experience foregrounded in this volume. It turns readers’ attention to the global challenge of accommodating older people, with reference to an international housing market, retirement tourism and options for seasonal migration or relocation. The chapter explores housing as a global commodity; one increasingly designed and marketed around lifestyle – the promise of a better life in the sun, for instance – and to varying degrees, perpetuating forms of ‘luxury’ living. In doing so the chapter introduces readers to international precedent and design inspirations, including new forms of collective living that are predicated on different models of property ownership or renting, without compromising on lifestyle. The chapter closes with some thoughts for the future, including consideration for the significant and growing challenge of housing inequality and need for urgent responses to overlapping crises of access to affordable housing and the effects of climate change.
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Bosede Adeoye, Iyabo. "Market Performance and Structure of Cucumber in Ibadan, Oyo State." In Studies on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96187.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cucumber is an important vegetable due to its numerous health benefits. There are a number of empirical studies on the economics of production of the commodity, but there is insufficient information on marketing of the commodity. The study was therefore carried out to examine market performance, structure and constraints in cucumber marketing. Primary data was collected from 70 randomly selected actors in the supply chain (54 Retailers and 16 wholesalers). Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics, net marketing margin, efficiency and Gini coefficient. Findings revealed that most of the retailers (70.4%) and wholesalers (81.3%) were male. Most of the retailers were within 31–40 years whereas majority of the wholesalers were within 41–50 years and all the marketers had secondary level of education (47.2%). Cucumber marketing was profitable at the wholesale and retail level both at the peak and lean season of cucumber production. Retailers sell an average of 159.8 kg and 83.8 kg weekly in the peak and lean season. Whereas wholesalers sell an average of 1,000 kg and 870 kg weekly in the peak and lean season respectively. Net margin at retail level was higher in the lean season (68.8/kg) compared to the peak season (46.6/kg). Similarly, at wholesale level, net marketing margin at the lean season was 17.5/kg and was higher than 6.3/kg obtained during the peak season. Marketing efficiency was greater than one for the wholesalers and retailers in both seasons. Gini coefficient of retailer was 0.32 and 0.36 for the peak and lean season indicating that the market was competitive. There was inequality in the wholesale market as indicated by the gini coefficient result. The most important constraint to cucumber marketing was perishability of the produce and price fluctuation. The study recommends improved sensitization on adequate post-harvest handling practices and storage to reduce the levels and consequences of the perishable nature of the commodity.
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Öhrström, Lars. "When State Security was a Stinking Business." In The Last Alchemist in Paris. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199661091.003.0019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is spring 1708, and Sweden has been at war for eight years. Charles XII camps out with the army in Lithuania, still a year from the fatal battle of Poltava in Ukraine, and it is a busy time for seasonal workers Per Larsson Gässaboda and Esbjörn Persson Bölsö. In the southern province of Småland (The Small Lands), the former border region with Denmark now just north of the new Swedish province of the recently occupied Skåne, the cows are out of the barns in which they have spent the cold winter, and it is time for Per and Esbjörn to take out their shovels, load their wagon, and set out on their mission for the King to the farmers of the region. They are part of the army, enrolled men, but not for combat because they are petermen, or ‘sjudare’ (simmers) as they were called in Swedish. The farmers do not look forward to their visits as these men can command their chariots and their horses at will, take the firewood (and they need huge quantities), and wreak havoc to barns, stables, and houses in their quest for the manure and urine-rich soils that form the valuable raw material for their trade. These men make nitrate—or to be specific, potassium nitrate (KNO3), also known as saltpetre—for delivery to the King’s gunpowder factories. More than 100 years ago Henry VIII’s contemporary, the equally shrewd and ruthless King Gustav Wasa, had realized Sweden’s precarious situation when it came to gunpowder, and with a simple stroke of his pen ruled that the soil underneath barns, stables, and cowsheds belonged to the King. In an additional law, perhaps more illustrating his fear of being cheated by innovative farmers than his well-known attention to detail, he also banned any building housing livestock from being paved with a stone floor. In a country in which buildings of stone were virtually unheard of, except for housing the very rich, this was hardly likely anyway, but the King didn’t like to take chances with money and the saltpetre was a valuable commodity that otherwise would have had to be imported.
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Dewani, Deepti, Shreyansh Jain, and Sumeet Gupta. "Supply Chains of Commodity Products in India." In Cases on Supply Chain and Distribution Management, 97–115. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0065-2.ch005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rice is one of the major commodities produced and consumed in India. India is also home to one of the finest varieties of rice sold under the name of Basmati. The State of Chhattisgarh is considered the Rice Bowl of India as it is one of the largest contributors to paddy production in India. Around 3 million families subsist on farming in Chhattisgarh, out of which, 1.522 million families are small farmers (owning less than 2 hectares of land). The Government of Chhattisgarh procures paddy in Chhattisgarh on behalf of Government of India. This scheme benefits about 1 million farmer families by procuring about 3 million metric tons of paddy in the Kharif Marketing Season (KMS) of a year, spending about 600 Million US Dollars. The procurement takes place through about 1333 Primary Agricultural Societies in the whole state covering geographical area of 135000 sq. km. The paddy procured is converted into rice by millers after entering into an agreement. Rice is then handed over to Chhattisgarh State Civil Supplies Corporation to use it in another important scheme for providing food security to the poor. The supply chain of rice production is very simple. It is harvested in the form of paddy from the field and sold to the millers who then process the rice. The processed rice is then sold to the market. Although simple, there are a number of inefficiencies present in its supply chain. This case familiarizes the readers of the distribution system of rice, various government policies in its distribution system, and the issues that need to be addressed in a typical distribution system of rice. The case also urges the readers to mull over how these inefficiencies can be overcome with the latest supply chain management techniques so as to make its distribution efficient and cost effective.
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Rosenzweig, Cynthia, and Daniel Hillel. "Links to Agroecosystems: Processes and Productivity." In Climate Variability and the Global Harvest. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195137637.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The climate teleconnections related to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events described in chapter 1 have global implications regarding agriculture. In many locations, ENSO events appear to account for a significant part of the climate variability that governs the responses of crops and livestock on a range of temporal and spatial scales. Teleconnections affect variations in production both within growing seasons and from one season or year to another. Precipitation, temperature, and other climate variables are key determinants of crop growth and livestock health, affecting all aspects of agroecosystems, including the survival and reproduction of both beneficial and damaging insects. An understanding of ENSO teleconnections may help farmers and regional planners assess changes in probable yield levels before the growing season and thus provide guidance for improved management. In this chapter we introduce agricultural responses to climate extremes in general and to ENSO climate teleconnections in particular. Subsequent chapters describe methods of analysis, use of ENSO predictions for agriculture, and regional aspects in more detail. Variability in agricultural production affects risk on at least five levels: individual farms, farming regions within nations, nations, groups of nations, and the global food system. Contributing factors and consequences of variability at successive levels differ in type and scale. Perhaps the most relevant example of these differences is the contrast between the effect of variability on a single farm and its effect at the national level for any country in which the agricultural sector plays a significant role in the overall economy. At the individual farm level, the aim is generally to produce high yields as consistently as possible. Hence, the main concern regarding climate is the occurrence of seasons with low yield levels that threaten subsistence or income. When regional or national yields are very low, overall food security may be threatened, necessitating relief efforts by donor countries and agencies. At the national level, however, problems may be caused not only by low yields but also by the opposite—unusually high yields. Whereas low national yields may cause food shortages and high food prices, high overall yields tend to lower commodity prices paid to farmers and create excessive surpluses that necessitate government intervention. High variability in food production at the national level thus can destabilize domestic prices, farm income, and national budgets.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "SEASONAL COMMODITY"
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Staugaitis, Algirdas Justinas. "Financial speculation impact on agricultural commodity price volatility: TGARCH approach." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Motivated by agricultural commodity price fluctuations and spikes in the last decade, we investigate whether financial speculation destabilizes the price of agricultural commodities. The aim of this research is to assess the impact of financial speculation on agricultural commodity price volatility. In our study we use weekly returns on wheat, soybean and corn futures from Chicago Mercantile of Exchange. To measure this impact, we apply autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) technique. We also propose a model with seasonal dummy variables to measure if financial speculation impact on price volatility differs among seasons. The results of our research indicate that financial speculation as an exogenous factor has either no effect or reduces the volatility of the underlying futures prices. Therefore, we conclude that the increase of non-commercial market participants does not make the agricultural commodity prices more volatile or this link is at least questionable.
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Bai, Bing, Mandar Jawale, and Bernd Noche. "Evaluative Comparison of Inland Shipping with Multimodal Transports for Seasonal Commodity Supplies through Simulation." In 16th COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479896.048.
Повний текст джерела
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Mao, Yujie, Sherief Elsibaie, Bilal M. Ayyub, Magdy Elsibaie, Tarek Omar, and Karen McClure. "Weighted Rail Network Topological Analysis by Waybill Commodity Volumes." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95460.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This paper examines the topology of railroad networks using weight factors based on network topological attributes, such as commodity volumes transported; therefore, offering additional insights for enhancing freight rail networks and informing planning and operational decisions. The method proposed in this paper uses connectedness efficiency for network performance by considering node and link weights based on origination, termination, and interchange commodity volumes. These volume-based weights are designed to enable mixed units through normalizations. This paper uses freight traffic1 and associated volumes of goods moved as attributes to analyze the topology of an aggregate U.S. national railroad network as a case study. Following the topology of the aggregate network, freight data associated with U. S. counties are assigned to the nearest nodes in the network, and used to calculate node weights. After the assignment of node weights, connectedness efficiency was computed as a primary measure to assess the network for both unweighted and weighted cases with weights node for comparison purposes. It can be used for modeling network resilience at a topological level. In addition, the criticality of nodes and links were assessed reflecting the impact on network efficiency with a single node or single link loss or disability. Quarterly and annual waybill data were examined to assess seasonal changes and influences.
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Ziankova, Larysa, Sergey Yashin, Vladislav Frolov, Yuliya Popova, and Yuliya Chemodanova. "Unemployment and employment management in the context of digitalization of anti-crisis regulation." In Human resource management within the framework of realisation of national development goals and strategic objectives. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.fonc8076.
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The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between the level of employment, unemployment and the dynamics of GDP in the framework of cyclical nature studies of the Belarus national economy, the possibility of digitalization within economic cycle crisis phase anticipation and hence forecasting the unemployment dynamics. The study used a comparative analysis of the employment level statistical base and the dynamics of real GDP growth rates over the last 2 crises based on STATISTICA 10. The non-linear forecast of the employment level in Belarus for 2022 was also made using the Eviews 10 application software packages. The methodological basis for the choice of IT tools was the need to take into account cyclical, seasonal, delayed and prolonged reaction of the labor market to changes in the commodity market. Therefore, polynomial autoregression with distributed lag (PDL) was chosen from econometric methods. The comparative analysis of the employment level statistical base and the dynamics of real GDP growth rates over the last 2 crises showed that the dynamics of the employment level behaves as an acyclic indicator. As a result, an algorithm is proposed for setting a task for programmers when creating a management platform for the labor market and linking it with other parameters of public administration system digitization. The actions proposed will allow to plan the item of consolidated state budget expenditures for the payment of unemployment benefits more accurately and to form the targets of state employment assistance programs.
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Chadha, Shyam, Daniel Hung, and Samir Rashid. "A Novel Approach to Evaluating Leak Detection CPM System Sensitivity/Reliability Performance Trade-Offs." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33650.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As defined in American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice 1130 (API RP 1130), CPM system leak detection performance is evaluated on the basis of four distinct but interrelated metrics: sensitivity, reliability, accuracy and robustness. These performance metrics are captured to evaluate performance, manage risk and prioritize mitigation efforts. Evaluating and quantifying sensitivity performance of a CPM system is paramount to ensure the performance of the CPM system is acceptable based on a company’s risk profile for detecting leaks. Employing API RP 1130 recommended testing methodologies including parameter manipulation techniques, software simulated leak tests and/or removal of test quantities of commodity from the pipeline are excellent approaches to understanding the leak sensitivity metric. Good reliability (false alarm) performance is critical to ensure that control center operator desensitization does not occur through long term exposure to false alarms. Continuous tracking and analyzing of root causes of leak alarms ensures that the effects of seasonal variations or changes to operation on CPM system performance are managed appropriately. The complexity of quantifying this metric includes qualitatively evaluating the relevance of false alarms. The interrelated nature of the above performance metrics imposes conflicting requirements and results in inherent trade-offs. Optimizing the trade-off between reliability and sensitivity involves identifying the point that thresholds must be set to obtain a balance of a desired sensitivity and false alarm rate. This paper presents an approach to illustrate the combined sensitivity/reliability performance for an example pipeline. The paper discusses considerations addressed while determining the methodology such as stakeholder input, ongoing CPM system enhancements, sensitivity/reliability trade-off, risk based capital investment and graphing techniques. The paper also elaborates on a number of identified benefits of the selected overall methodology.
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Nguyen, C. N., and B. P. Huynh. "Water Loss by Evaporation From Partially Covered Water Bodies." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65082.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fresh water is a very precious commodity in most parts of the world; and much of it is held in lakes and reservoirs. Yet significant amount of this water is continuously lost due to evaporation, especially during hot seasons. One way to reduce this loss is to cover the water surface. However, due to its often large size, it is not practical to cover it totally. Furthermore, environmental considerations (like access to the water for water birds, not turning the water bodies into “hot soup”, etc.) would render such attempt at total cover very undesirable. Instead, it is proposed here to partially cover these water bodies with floating covers which are of manageable size and easy to manufacture. They are supported by floats and leave an air gap (for environmental reasons) above the water surface. In this work, the covers are of hexagonal shape; and when used they together cover about 60% of the water surface area. Measurements have been conducted in situ of day-time evaporation levels from covered and uncovered water tanks, along with weather data (wind speed and direction, air temperature, solar radiation, and humidity) during a summer season (excluding rainy days) at a Sydney suburb. Results have shown that depending on the weather, reduction of evaporation in the range of 5–30% has been achieved with the covers. Results from this work also helps with understanding the evaporation process from lakes and reservoir, and the design of better covers.
Звіти організацій з теми "SEASONAL COMMODITY"
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Los, Josyp. Панорама сенсів: аргументи авторитетів світоглядної публіцистики. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, березень 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11731.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with the problem of the meaningfulness (essence) of the worldview journalism in the context of the argumentative resources of the work of influentive authors, for which the missionary role of the word is decisive. The search for meaning has been debated for centuries by orators, philosophers, psychologists, writers, sociologists, historians, journalists, and so on. In addition to other factors, a combination of the principles of worldview journalism and conceptual humanitarianism gives effective results. The author explores the acute problem of the effectiveness of a journalistic text through the prism of knowing the truth, meaning, since this is precisely where the source of wisdom is found; we are talking about spirituality, culture, historical memory. As influental authors proved with their arguments, the collection of facts is not enough, it is important to find the meaning of the existence of the individual, communities, and humanity. A number of examples show how the speakers of worldview journalism use all texts, not only from the archives: we are talking about poetry, art, in general, about literature, which revealed the most truth. Figuratively speaking, it is not only about the world of borders, it is important to consider horizons. Turning information into a commodity, focusing on “seasonal” interest based on the materialism of facts, or the inadequacy of many concepts and categories, the faking of media, relativity, obscurity of texts, anti-culture, in other words, the revolution of nihilism inevitably relativizes the very essence of journalism. If creative life is a manifestation of the freedom of the spirit, based on authentic truth, then we should strive to achieve the “extension of vision”, to master combinatorial (combinative) thinking. The ability to think in this way differs from ordinary logic in which the main universal thing remains in the center of attention, and the personality is not lost in individual details. Consequently, we can build a genealogy of ordered things and concepts, feel their inner relationship. Key words: meaning, worldview, journalism, argument, influence, moral principles, creativity.