Добірка наукової літератури з теми "SCR free"

<p>We introduce convenient model and an optimization scheme to optimize the signal-to-crosstalk ratio (SCR) in a free space optical interconnects (FSOIs) system that uses microlenses with finite circular apertures. In this model, we consider both the stray light crosstalk and the crosstalk due to the diffraction at the microlens apertures to evaluate the SCR. Using cylindrical form of Collins diffraction integral and the Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beam model, we derive an approximate closed form formula for the optical field of a multimode LG beam propagating through circular apertured FSOIs by expanding the hard edge circular aperture function of the microlens in terms of complex Gaussian functions. The analyses indicate that the size of the detector is an important factor to optimize the SCR for both the apertured and the unapertured misaligned FSOIs system. The effect of higher order mode of the laser source on the SCR is also considered. </p>

We introduce convenient model and an optimization scheme to optimize the signal-to-crosstalk ratio (SCR) in a free space optical interconnects (FSOIs) system that uses microlenses with finite circular apertures. In this model, we consider both the stray light crosstalk and the crosstalk due to the diffraction at the microlens apertures to evaluate the SCR. Using cylindrical form of Collins diffraction integral and the Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beam model, we derive an approximate closed form formula for the optical field of a multimode LG beam propagating through circular apertured FSOIs by expanding the hard edge circular aperture function of the microlens in terms of complex Gaussian functions. The analyses indicate that the size of the detector is an important factor to optimize the SCR for both the apertured and the unapertured misaligned FSOIs system. The effect of higher order mode of the laser source on the SCR is also considered.

PURPOSE: Advances in chemotherapy and supportive care have slowly improved survival rates for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. The focus of many of these chemotherapeutic advances has been dose intensification. In this phase II trial involving children with advanced neuroblastoma, we used a program of induction chemotherapy followed by tandem high-dose, myeloablative treatments (high-dose therapy) with stem-cell rescue (HDT/SCR) in rapid sequence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients underwent induction chemotherapy during which peripheral-blood stem and progenitor cells were collected and local control measures undertaken. Patients then received tandem courses of HDT/SCR, 4 to 6 weeks apart. Thirty-nine patients (age 1 to 12 years) were assessable, and 70 cycles of HDT/SCR were completed. RESULTS: Pheresis was possible in the case of all patients, despite their young ages, with an average of 7.2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg available to support each cycle. Engraftment was rapid; median time to neutrophil engraftment was 11 days. Four patients who completed the first HDT course did not complete the second, and there were three deaths due to toxicity. With a median follow-up of 22 months (from diagnosis), 26 of 39 patients remained event-free. The 3-year event-free survival rate for these patients was 58%. CONCLUSION: A tandem HDT/SCR regimen for high-risk neuroblastoma is a feasible treatment strategy for children and may improve disease-free survival.

Stress-corrosion cracking of austenitic alloys in an oxygen-free carbon dioxide environment containing chloride ions was studied under static conditions. Stiffness and X-ray measurements supported results obtained from SEM photomicrographs indicating that the CT specimens loaded to a stress intensity of 22 ksi-in^.5 were not susceptible to SCC in this environment. These alloys were also evaluated for their SCC resistance in boiling MgCl₂ and NaCl solutions. Results of this study indicated that alloys containing higher nickel contents were more resistant to chloride SCC.
Master of Science

The research investigates the influence on the human body on a communication system. To understand this, the effect of hands free kit (HFK) on energy absorption in the body was investigated when operating a smart phone at 2G. Findings on the research are given in the thesis report. Also, the influence of the way in which a phone is held on a phone s received power was investigated. The result was compared to that obtained using a hand phantom acquired from SPEAG. This was to check if the hand phantom best represents the human hand when using it in experiments. The setup for the experiment was in an anechoic chamber at Loughborough University. The mobile phone transmitted in the 2G system. In further experiments carried out on the body, two antennas were attached to the body in six different orientations to receive power from a source creating a Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) system. The antennas used were monopoles mounted on a circular ground plane. These antennas were designed and constructed with the influence of the body taken into consideration. The use of diversity techniques to improve transmission to an on-body system is investigated with the antennas on the body. For each alignment, the transmission to the on-body was compared with the transmission to the corresponding off-body (free space). Experiments for this work were carried out in three environments.

Unlike other regenerative organs such as the liver, the adult mammalian heart does not regenerate tissue lost following injury such as myocardial infarction (MI). Instead a non-contractile fibrous scar develops that in the longer term leads to the development of heart failure (HF). In contrast to the adult, neonatal mammals, including mice and man, retain potent cardiac regenerative capacities and can replace myocardium lost following injury. Understanding the mechanisms underlying scar free repair in the neonate may help in development of new approaches to reduce the impact of myocardial injury in adults. In this thesis MI was induced by coronary artery ligation in mice at post-natal day 1 (P1). Novel electrocardiogram gated high resolution cardiac ultrasound was developed to permit non-invasive confirmation of injury 1 day later and regeneration 21 days later by loss, then restoration, of contractile function. Macrophages (MФ) play important roles in organ growth and homeostasis, and are required for scar-free regeneration of the neonatal mouse heart following MI. WNTs are secreted lipophilic proteins with multiple roles in development. MФ-derived WNTs are essential for scar free tissue regeneration following injury in the kidney, liver, and gut, but their role in the heart is unknown. The primary aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of MФ, and in particular MФ-derived WNTs in determining normal growth of the myocardium from neonate to adult and also in regeneration of the neonatal heart following injury. In wild-type neonatal mouse hearts, Csf1r-expressing cells density (mostly macrophages) was consistent across all time points studied. Three populations of resident cardiac mononuclear phagocytes were identified by flow cytometry: F4/80hi, CD11blo, Ly6C-ve - F4/80lo, CD11bhi, Ly6C-ve - F4/80lo, CD11bhi, Ly6C+ve. F4/80hi, CD11blo, Ly6C-ve cells were hypothesised to correspond to yolk-sac derived mononuclear phagocytes and F4/80lo, CD11bhi, Ly6C-ve - F4/80lo, CD11bhi, Ly6C+ve to foetal liver/bone marrow derived mononuclear phagocytes. Three phases of myocardial growth were identified by ultrasound and histological techniques: hyperplastic (P2-P8, with increased Ki67 and cardiac troponin immunopositive cells), hypertrophic/reorganisation (P8-P21, with increasing cardiomyocyte size and no change in left ventricle wall thickness), and finally hypertrophic solely (P21-P42, with increasing cardiomyocyte size and left ventricle wall thickness). Average coronary vessel size was shown to decrease between P2 and P8 whilst vessel density was increased. The number of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) coated vessels greatly increased between P8 and P42, indicating vessel maturation. Throughout all phases cardiac systolic function was maintained at steady state. Diastolic function was however shown to mature from a foetal to an adult pattern between P2 and P8, with reversal of the E:A wave ratio on Doppler ultrasound. In mice globally deficient in MФ due to a germline knock-out of the Csf1r gene (Csf1rnull mice), both body and heart weights were decreased from P7 onwards. The number of proliferating (Ki67+ve) cardiomyocytes at P1 and P7 was unchanged in Csf1r-null mice but there was a trend towards decreased cardiomyocyte size at P7, suggesting an influence on hypertrophic rather than hyperplastic growth of the myocardium. There was also a trend for slowed vascular network maturation, with a delay in the shift from large to smaller vessels in hearts from Csf1r-null mice. In mice with MФ-directed (Csf1r-icre mediated) depletion of Porcupine (Porcn), a gene encoding an enzyme required for WNT acylation and secretion cardiac growth, vascularisation, fibrosis and function were all similar in Cre-ve and Cre+ve animals until P41, when cardiomyocyte size and cardiac systolic function were both significantly increased in Cre+ve animals. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. In the neonatal mice, Csf1r expressing cells, mostly MФ, were identified in association with regenerating myocardium after induction of MI at P1. Flow cytometry data showed that by P7 the putative resident yolk-sac derived population had mostly disappeared from the heart and was replaced by F4/80lo cells, similar to the pattern reported in the adult. In the regenerating myocardium, Axin2 expression was increased consistent with activation of canonical Wnt signalling. Expression of Wnt5b and Fzd2 receptor, both associated with fibrosis, was significantly increased relative to age matched uninjured hearts. MФ-directed depletion of Porcn did not influence either the functional decrease at day 1 or recovery at day 21 following induction of MI at P1. Coronary re-vascularisation was also unaffected by the genotype. However, retention of intra-myocardial fibrosis (picrosirius red staining) was significantly increased in hearts at day 21 post-MI from mice with MФ-directed depletion of Porcn. MФ-derived WNTs are therefore required for scar-free wound healing in the heart, as they are in the liver and the kidney where they regulate matrix metalloproteinase activity. In summary, novel ECG-gated high-resolution in vivo ultrasound developed in this project has allowed characterisation of cardiac structure and function during early post-natal growth and following injury and regeneration in neonatal mice. The resident MФ population of the heart is established pre-natally, and may play a role in determining maturation of the developing vascular network, although this does not involve MФ-derived Wnt signalling. Following MI, the MФ population may expand from bone marrow cells and MФ accumulate around the regenerating tissue. MФ derived WNTs are not required for regeneration of the neonatal myocardium but do have a role in ensuring scar free wound healing and this merits further investigation.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In this work the relationship between two famous conceptions of existence is investigated. The first, proposed by Kant, excludes the concept of existence from the set of possible predicates or properties of objects. The second, later proposed by Frege, treats the concept of existence as a higher-level predicate, i.e., it presents this concept as a predicate of predicates rather than as a predicate of objects. A closer look at these conceptions reveals, however, that despite this similarity it would be premature to identify their conceptions, because there are differences with regard to the systems in which they are embedded as well as differences with regard to the aims that they pursue. The present work tries to show that Kant developed his conceptions of the concept of existence in an epistemological context whose aim was, as he makes clear in his opus magnum, to warrant the claim that every knowledge should have besides a conceptual element also a counterpart arising from the intuition. Frege, on the other hand, develops his conception in a basically logical context, in which the treatment of expressions is submitted to strong rigor. The aim of the present work is to compare Kant s and Frege s approaches in order to answer the question whether there are significant differences between their characterizations of the concept of existence and, if so, which ones. One important result of the present work is that the differences in their positions are consequences of some differences between the contexts in which they are developed. Another result is that their conceptions include some common theses, such as the claim that the concept of existence is not a concept that can be used to characterize an object, or the claim that existential statements constitute an odd type of judgement whose appearance in natural languages suggests an erroneous reading of them. On the other hand, however, there are significant differences between the positions advocated by Kant and Frege as, for instance, differences with regard to the possibility of deriving statements of existence from the analysis of concepts, a possibility that is categorically denied by Kant but admitted, with some qualifications, by Frege. The third important result finally is that Frege s conception of existence must be regarded as an improvement, not as a mere repetition, of Kant s conception.
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da relação entre duas célebres abordagens do conceito de existência. A primeira, apresentada por Kant, exclui o conceito de existência do conjunto dos possíveis predicados ou propriedades de objetos. A segunda, apresentada mais tarde por Frege, trata o conceito de existência como um predicado de nível superior, i.e., apresenta o conceito como um predicado de predicados, e não como um conceito que se aplica diretamente a objetos. Apesar de ambas abordagens se parecerem muito entre si, um estudo mais aprofundado de ambas servirá para mostrar que a diferença entre os sistemas teóricos em que se inserem, bem como entre os objetivos que visavam, sugerem que seria precipitado identificá-las. Tentar-se-á mostrar, neste trabalho, que Kant desenvolve suas concepções a respeito deste conceito num contexto epistemológico, tendo em vista, como fica claro na sua opus magnum, garantir o requisito de que todo conhecimento deve ter, além do elemento conceitual, também uma contraparte advinda da intuição. Frege, por sua vez, apresenta suas teses a respeito do tema dentro de um contexto basicamente lógico, onde se fazia necessária uma rigorização do tratamento das expressões que compõem a linguagem. O objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em estudar a abordagem de cada autor separadamente, e, em seguida, comparar as duas abordagens a fim de mostrar se existem diferenças significativas entre as caracterizações que ambos deram ao conceito de existência, e, em caso positivo, mostrar quais seriam estas diferenças. Dentre os principais resultados a que se chegou, destacam-se as diferenças que as posições dos autores possuem; diferenças sugeridas pela diferenciação entre os contextos de apresentação da temática nos dois autores. Também se destaca a equivalência das teses de ambos em alguns aspectos, como por exemplo, a tese segundo a qual o conceito de existência não se encontra entre os conceitos que podem servir para caracterizar um objeto, ou a alegação de que os enunciados existenciais constituem um tipo único de juízo, cuja aparência nas linguagens naturais sugere uma leitura errônea dos mesmos. Deve-se mencionar, por outro lado, a diferença significativa de posições de Kant e Frege em outros aspectos, como no que tange à possibilidade de se derivar existência por meio de análise conceitual, possibilidade negada categoricamente por Kant e admitida, com algumas ressalvas, por Frege. Por fim, destaca-se a possibilidade de se interpretar as teses de Frege como um aperfeiçoamento, mas não como uma mera repetição, das teses de Kant.

The author makes a critical analysis of how over time it has tried to find the subject of study of Law and how it is distinguished from other beings that make up the universe. t hus the rational dimension of man has passed his ontological analysis as being in itself which makes it unique and spirit as the arrangement will be co-existential seeking protection for the same freedom he has. Finally, the author focuses on the own “freedom” of man and of which the other rights it has.
El autor hace un análisis crítico de cómo a lo largo del tiempo se ha tratado de encontrar al sujeto de estudio del Derecho y cómo este se distingue de los demás seres que conforman el universo. e s así como de la dimensión racional del ser humano se ha pasado a su análisis ontólogico como ser en sí mismo cuyo espíritu lo hace único y en tanto que ser coexistencial le procura el ordenamiento una protección por la misma libertad que posee. Finalmente el autor se centra en esa “Libertad” propia del ser humano que genera los demás derechos que posee.

AbstractBreast cancer develops in the lifetime of 12% of women. Breast reconstruction increases the quality of life in these women. There are different surgical options for breast reconstruction: immediate or delayed prosthesis-based reconstruction, oncoplastic reconstruction, fat grafting, and free or pedicled flap reconstructions. Different techniques leave different scars on the breast. Here, we present a woman with a breast scar after breast reconstruction using a deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap.

AbstractWhile scarring in general can prove difficult to treat satisfactorily for physicians, specific locations of scarring can make this task even more difficult. Scarring on the scalp can result in alopecia which, especially in women and children, can be extremely stigmatizing. On the face and chest, scars lead to severe aesthetic impairments and commonly result in significantly reduced quality of life. If the hands, feet, or large joints are affected by severe scarring, functional problems can arise that, if most severe, put their self-reliance throughout their daily lives at risk. Therefore, finding solutions for such scarring is imperative.Finding the right technique to address a specific scar requires analysis of the problem. If scars are contracted, scar releases through local flaps (Z-plasty, W-plasty, and others) are common procedures. In widespread instable scars, large areas of tissue can be replaced by dermal substitutes and split-thickness skin grafting and full-thickness skin grafting or through the use of free tissue flaps. Additionally, fractional lasers provide the opportunity to soften scarred skin and to ameliorate the often irregular surface texture of such scars. For the treatment of problematic areas, combining different treatment options with regard to the individual requirements of the scar will commonly yield satisfactory results. Care should be taken to incorporate physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and conservative scar treatment paradigms to prevent future scarring in treated areas and to improve and conserve the reconstituted function in scarred areas.

AbstractThe literature is replete with techniques regarding the open reduction and fixation of the condylar fractures of the mandible. The extraoral approach is preferred by the majority of surgeons in comparison to the intraoral approach. Nevertheless, open reduction and internal fixation by an extraoral approach has the evident risk to cause transient or even permanent facial nerve injury [1–4], leads inevitably to a facial scar [1, 5], and can course salivary fistulas, sialoceles [1, 6], Frey syndrome, or disturbance of the great auricular nerve [1]. In contrast, an intraoral approach is minimizing these abovementioned risks and facial scars can be avoided in general [7, 8].

Abstract Over decades, free-hanging steel catenary riser (SCR) has been regarded as a cost-effective and straightforward system for riser solutions in deepwater and ultra-deepwater by National oil companies NOCs, international oil companies IOCs, and independent players. However, the free-hanging SCR comes with its own challenges, which, if not correctly evaluated during design stages, can result in system failures. The two main challenges facing the free-hanging SCR usage are increased self-weight and high fatigue damage, especially at the touchdown and hang-off points. Fatigue damage is the failure resulting from cyclic stress accumulation over a specific duration. The involvement of technologies has improved the design method for these systems over the years. Two of such innovative contributions include the optimisation algorithm and artificial neural network ANN methods. The aim of this research is to develop an effective optimisation algorithm to search for the global optimal weight of the riser configuration while maintaining its structural integrity. The method involves the combined use of ANN and optimisation genetic algorithms (GA) to determine the optimum solution of the SCR. The GA is used because of its capability in handling a variety of complex nonlinear optimisation problems to ascertain the global optimum solution and its capacity to self-moderate the number of iterations. At the same time, the ANN method is deployed for its accurate prediction of non-linear responses. The deployed techniques have shown to be promising due to the time-saving and less computational cost compared to integrating GA and time-domain FE models. This method was illustrated using a prospective 10-inch internal diameter SCR installed in a 2000m deepwater offshore field off the oil-rich Niger Delta region, Nigeria. The obtained results have shown a 19.10 per cent reduction in the riser weight and a time reduction of 90.83 per cent.

Abstract A deep draft semi-submersible hull has been developed as a standardization concept which can support the topside structures up to the facility weight for the specific level of daily oil production in GOM (Gulf of Mexico). The designed hull has the optimized dimensions of ring pontoon and four columns for coping with the weight change of topside and the innovated hull shape to eliminate the casting which is normally used at the corner node area where high stress concentrated on. The hull form also has the good global motion in waves, winds and currents to be able to use the SCR (Steel Catenary Riser). The mooring systems are designed for water depths of 1,500m as a standard design concept of hull including mooring lines (3 × 4). The global performance is validated for the maximum offset, the mooring line tension and the acceleration. The possibility of SCR usage is also investigated with the fully coupled time-domain analysis to confirm that the designed hull form has the suitable hydrodynamic characteristics to permit the minimum vertical motion performance for SCR. Throughout the global performance and mooring analysis, the designed Semi-FPU fulfills all stability requirements of rules and codes specified in design of basis for both intact and damaged conditions, and has good motion characteristics such as inclination, acceleration, sectional loads and air gap and mooring system compliance with design criteria in the view point of mooring tension, offset and fatigue damage. Also, the global structural strength analysis has been performed to extract stresses and displacements where local points which are pontoon-column connection areas from the global model. The local points need to reinforce during detail design stage from buckling, yielding and fatigue analysis for normal operating and extreme storm conditions.

Abstract This paper describes an alternative and innovative solution to Steel Lazy Wave Risers (SLWR) in order to allow the rigid riser be designed in a free hanging configuration from a floater with large hang off vertical motions. This work demonstrates that the residual curvature method can reduce the stress at the touchdown zone (TDZ) within acceptable limits and improves fatigue life when compared to a Steel Catenary Rigid (SCR). The state-of-art concept eliminates the necessity of buoys in a SLWR concept. Further, there will be saving in installation time, this combined reduces the CAPEX to develop new projects, making it a very attractive solution in recent market scenario. The results for Brazil offshore scenario at Santos Basin and in Gulf of Mexico, in a water depth of 2100m indicate a considerable reduction on the stress at the TDZ within acceptable limits. Fatigue results indicate a slight improvement when compared to a SCR in a free hanging configuration. The fatigue performance for the Gulf of Mexico condition has sufficient fatigue life. However, it has potential margin to be developed in the future and achieve better results. The new concept was evaluated numerically through a comprehensive load case matrix contemplating extreme and fatigue analysis. Results indicated the feasibility of the solution, making it a considerable alternative to replace SLWR in harsh environments.

Free hanging is the most simple and basic model of a flexible riser, and has advantages in terms of low cost and easy operation, installation and maintenance compared to other configurations, such as Lazy-S or Steep-S. However, the dynamic motion of the top end has direct impact on the riser behavior near the touch down zone (TDZ) and causes axial compression. Since flexible pipe is vulnerable to axial compression, we usually adopt buffer configuration like Lazy-S or Steep-S. Some technical means have been made to reduce the axial compression of free hanging, such as non-uniform weight distribution for Steel Catenary Riser (SCR) and heavy material wrapping near TDZ for flexible pipe. Despite the achievements of such research, it is difficult to say that there is a systematic and comprehensive explication on how the parameters of dynamic motion or the configuration of pipe effect the dynamic tension of a riser. Linearized analysis in frequency domain with quite small number of lumped-mass model is discussed in this paper. The simplified linearized analytic solution support or modify empirical knowledge which parameter (weight in air or water, an angle of the riser against still water plane, the motion of the top end or added mass) effect dynamic minimum tension of the riser. The aim of this paper is to provide starting point of analytical approach and show its possibility. Most of the key parameters which are empirically known to estimate dynamic tension of the riser is driven from analytical model in this paper. Comprehensive numerical calculation by Orcaflex is performed to verify the assumptions and support the results.

The free-hanging SCR (Steel Catenary Riser) was adopted by Petrobras as a cost-effective alternative for oil and gas export lines on deepwater fields, where large diameter flexible risers present technical and economic limitations. It is considered an available technology for semi-submersible application. There was interest in applying SCR’s attached to FPSO (Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading) units due to the trend of using these units for exploration and production in Brazilian deep waters. This alternative has to be carefully studied due to the high offsets and heave motions imposed by the vessel on the top of the riser. This work presents the approach and methodology adopted in Petrobras to study the structural integrity and feasibility of a lazy-wave SCR attached to a bow turret-moored FPSO at a water depth of 1290 m. The analysis was performed using the Petrobras’s in-house computer codes ANFLEX and POSFAL developed and implemented as part of projects from CENPES with “COPPE/UFRJ - The Engineering Post-Graduating Coordination of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro”. For VIV (Vortex Induced Vibration) fatigue damage calculation SHEAR7 was used.

This paper presents the study of the dynamic behavior of an onshore pre-assembled 8" SCR (Steel Catenary Riser) being transported to the installation place by two tugboats with DP system. The system is composed by two tugboats similar to a Normand Neptun (LOA 80m and displacement of 4200t), one in front of the riser (Lead) and the other at the back of the riser (Trail) controlled by DP system to keep the trajectory for installation location. During the transportation, the system passes through 3 different configurations: Offbottom, BuoyCatenary and Catenary. Offbottom configuration is composed by many buoys (effective buoyancy of 30kN) and chains distributed along the riser to guarantee the relative distance between the riser and the seabed, independently of seabed irregularities. When the sea gets deeper, the riser assume the BuoyCatenary configuration, where the riser forms a catenary with buoys; when it achieves a water depth up to 500 meters, all the system buoy+chain are removed and the riser assume the form of a free catenary until it arrives at the installation place. Two approaches was used to evaluate transport analysis of a onshore pre-assembled SCR. In the first approach (uncoupled analysis), the transportation was simulated using the Anflex software to calculate the dynamic response of the line composed by beam elements, imposing, at the top of the riser, the tugboat motion obtained from spectral analysis. In the second approach (coupled analysis), the transport was simulated using the TPN software to calculate the dynamic motion of the tugboats considering the dynamic positioning system and the Anflex software to calculate the dynamic response of the lines. The main propose of this paper is show the necessity of do coupled analysis for the SCR transport. This study are focus in a parametric analysis of the tugboat viscous damping influence, that were performed (1, 5 and 10% of the critic damping), as well as the damping generated by the riser in the tugboat motion, the relative motion influence in risers tensions and the tugboat’s bollard pull.

One of the major concerns in terms of Structural Integrity for Steel Catenary Risers (SCR) or Fatigue Sensitive Flowlines (FSFL) consists on their strength to withstand dynamic loading along their service life. SCR and FSFL systems always experience more considerable fatigue loading due to floating structures adopted for deep and ultra-deep water oil and gas recovery, as well as for free spanning due to seabed geography and marine currents. In this context, a Double Joint (DJ) Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) has been developed to comply with stringent fatigue requirements, as well as to assess their actual fatigue behavior. The benefits of having DJ are: improving the installation time (S-lay, J-lay or reel-lay) having half of the welding joint performed out of the firing line and reducing the need of Field Joint Coating by two, which results on decreasing project’s cost. This DJ development is focused on a more productive WPS applicable for sour service environments and fatigue endurance requirements considering a Narrow Groove (NG) with J-Bevel design, STT® root pass, SAW for fill and cap passes in 1G welding position. The obtained WPS results are presented on an X65 Steel pipe grade, 273.1 mm OD and 25.4 mm WT.

Wildland fires result in a unique signal detectable by multispectral remote sensing and synthetic aperture radar (SAR). However, in many regions, such as Southeast Asia, persistent cloud cover and aerosols temporarily obstruct multispectral satellite observations of burned area, including the MODIS MCD64A1 Burned Area Product (BAP). Multiple days between cloud free pre- and postburn MODIS observations result in burn date uncertainty. We incorporate cloud-penetrating, C-band SAR-with the MODIS MCD64A BAP in Southeast Asia, to exploit the strengths of each dataset to better estimate the burn date and reduce the potential burn date uncertainty range. We incorporate built-in quality control using MCD64A1 to reduce erroneous pixel updating. We test the method over part of Laos and Thailand during April 2016 and found average uncertainty reduction of 4.5 d, improving 15% of MCD64A1 pixels. A new BAP could improve monitoring temporal trends of wildland fires, air quality studies and monitoring post-fire vegetation dynamics.

PårørendeSenteret har gitt Programområdet pårørendeforskning, ved Universitetet i Stavanger, i oppdrag å utføre en undersøkelse av pårørendesamtalen. Tema i undersøkelse er knyttet til:  Hvem er de pårørende og hvorfor søker de hjelp  Å være pårørende er både en ressurs og en byrde  Samtalen som redskap i profesjonsfag som helse- og omsorgsfagene  Ulike typer teoretisk påvirkning i forhold til pårørendesamtalen Det legges særlig vekt på:  Konstruerte case som eksempler på tilnærmingsmåter i pårørendesamtalen  Tilnærming i prosesser med livsproblemer eksemplifisert med casene.  Har rammebetingelse betydning for samtalen  Skillelinjer mellom samtaler ved Pårørendesenteret og samtaler i helseinstitusjoner  Klientifisering av pårørende De pårørende søker hjelp for egen del fordi de har en nærstående person som er fysisk eller psykisk syk, har en funksjonsnedsettelse eller et rusmisbruk. Eller at de får for lite eller for dårlig informasjon fra hjelpeapparatet eller de ikke vet at det er informasjon og få, eller at hjelpeapparatet viser for liten forståelse for deres situasjon, eller at de ikke finner frem til relevant hjelpeinstans. Pårørendesamtalen ser ut for å ha sitt utspring i generell profesjonsteori fra helse- og sosialfagene, men er påvirket av rådgivningsteori, teori om støttesamtaler, kriseteori, terapeutiske samtaler og annen teoretisk og klinisk bagasje den enkelte har i sin bakgrunn. Brukermedvirkning er sentralt. Profesjonsutøverne møter en stor variasjon av problemer i samtalene, noe som krever gode kommunikasjonsferdigheter og kjennskap til hjelpeapparatet. Det er sentralt for profesjonsutøverne og «skreddersy» tilbudet til den enkelte. Det presenteres seks konstruerte case og tilnærmingsmåter for samtaler. I en analyse og tolkning av tilnærmingsmåtene prøver en å vise hvordan profesjonsteori kan anvendes for å forstå pårørende, men og for å vise at casene representerer flere utfordringer enn det som er vist i det enkelte case. Forskjellene i de organisatoriske forholdene for Pårørendesenteret og helseinstitusjoner og kommuner skaper ulike betingelser for pårørendesamtalen. Det kan se ut som uavhengighet i forhold til hjelpeapparatet er viktig når en skal hjelpe pårørende med og «forhandle frem» ulike tilbud.

Cette étude porte sur une des innovations contemporaines liées à l’économie de la publication scientifique : les accords dits transformants, un objet relativement circonscrit au sein des relations entre consortiums de bibliothèques et éditeurs scientifiques, et temporellement situé entre 2015 et 2020. Ce type d’accords a pour objectif affiché d’organiser la transition du modèle traditionnel de l’abonnement à des revues (souvent proposées par regroupements thématiques ou collections) vers celui de l’accès ouvert en opérant une réaffectation des budgets qui y sont consacrés. Notre travail d’analyse sociologique constitue une première étude systématique de cet objet, fondée sur la recension de 197 accords. Le corpus ainsi constitué inclut des accords caractérisés par la coprésence d’une composante d’abonnement et d’une composante de publication en accès ouvert, même minimale (« jetons » de publication offerts, réduction sur les APC...). En conséquence, ont été exclus de l’analyse les accords portant uniquement sur du financement centralisé de publication en accès ouvert, que ce soit avec des éditeurs ne proposant que des revues avec paiement par l’auteur (PLOS, Frontiers, MDPI...) ou des éditeurs dont une partie du catalogue est constitué de revues en accès ouvert. L’accord le plus ancien de notre corpus a été signé en 2010, les plus récents en 2020 – les accords ne commençant qu’en 2021, même annoncés au cours de l’étude, n’ont pas été retenus. Plusieurs résultats se dégagent de notre analyse. Tout d’abord, on note une grande diversité des acteurs impliqués avec 22 pays et 39 éditeurs, même si certains consortiums (Pays-Bas, Suède, Autriche, Allemagne) et éditeurs (CUP, Elsevier, RSC, Springer) en ont signé beaucoup plus que d’autres. Ensuite, la durée des accords, comprise entre une et six années, révèle une distribution très inégalitaire, avec plus de la moitié des accords (103) signés pour 3 ans, ainsi qu’une faible proportion pour 4 ans ou plus (22 accords). Enfin, en dépit d’appels répétés à la transparence, moins de la moitié des accords (96) ont un texte accessible au moment de cette étude, sans qu’on puisse observer une tendance récente à une plus grande disponibilité. L’analyse montre également des degrés d’ouverture très variables, allant d’une simple information sur le répertoire ESAC en passant par la mise à disposition d’un format annotable jusqu’à l’attribution d’un DOI et d’une licence de réutilisation (CC-BY), en incluant le détail des sommes monétaires. Parmi les 96 accords disponibles, dont 47 signés en 2020, 62 ont fait l’objet d’une analyse en profondeur. C’est à notre connaissance la première analyse à cette échelle, sur un type de matériel non seulement inédit, mais qui était auparavant soumis à des clauses de confidentialité. Fondée sur une lecture minutieuse, l’étude décrit de manière fine leurs propriétés, depuis la matérialité du document jusqu’aux formules financières, en passant par leur morphologie et l’ensemble des droits et devoirs des parties. Les contenus des accords sont donc analysés comme une collection dont nous cherchons à déterminer les points communs et les variations, à travers des codages explicites sur certaines de leurs caractéristiques. L’étude pointe également des incertitudes, et notamment leur caractère « transitionnel », qui demeure fortement discuté. D’un point de vue morphologique, les accords montrent une grande diversité en matière de taille (de 7 à 488 pages) et de structure. Néanmoins, par définition, ils articulent tous deux objets essentiels : d’une part, les conditions de réalisation d’une lecture d’articles de revues, sous forme d’abonnement, mêlant des préoccupations d’accès et de sécurité ; d’autre part, les modalités de publication en accès ouvert, articulant la gestion d’un nouveau type de workflow à toute une série d’options possibles. Parmi ces options, mentionnons notamment le périmètre des revues considérées (hybrides et/ou accès ouvert), les licences disponibles, le degré d’obligation de cette publication, les auteurs éligibles ou le volume d’articles publiables. L’un des résultats les plus importants de cette analyse approfondie est la mise au jour d’un découplage presque complet, au sein même des accords, entre l’objet abonnement et l’objet publication. Bien entendu, l’abonnement est systématiquement configuré dans un monde fermé, soumis à paiement qui déclenche des séries d’identification des circulations légitimes tant du contenu informationnel que des usagers. Il insiste notamment sur les interdictions de réutilisation ou même de copie des articles scientifiques. À l’opposé, la publication en accès ouvert est attachée à un monde régi par l’accès gratuit au contenu, ce qui induit des préoccupations de gestion du workflow et des modalités d’accessibilité. De plus, les différents éléments constitutifs de ces objets contractuels ne sont pas couplés : d’un côté, les lecteurs sont constitués de l’ensemble des membres des institutions abonnées, de l’autre, seuls les auteurs correspondants (« corresponding authors ») sont concernés ; les listes de revues accessibles à la lecture et celles réservées à la publication en accès ouvert sont le plus souvent distinctes ; les workflows ont des objectifs et des organisations matérielles totalement différentes, etc. L’articulation entre les deux objets contractuels relève uniquement d’une formule de distribution financière qui, outre des combinaisons particulières entre l’un et l’autre, permet d’attribuer des étiquettes distinctes aux accords (offset agreement, publish & read, read & publish, read & free articles, read & discount). Au-delà de cette distribution, l’étude des arrangements financiers montre une gamme de dispositions allant d’une prévisibilité budgétaire totale, donc identique aux accords d’abonnement antérieurs, à une incertitude sur le volume de publication ou sur le montant définitif des sommes échangées. Les modalités concrètes de calcul des montants associés à la publication en accès ouvert sont relativement variées. S’il existe effectivement des formules récurrentes (volume d’articles multiplié par un prix individuel, reprise de la moyenne des sommes totales d’APC des années précédentes...), le calcul des sommes en jeu est toujours le résultat d’une négociation singulière entre un consortium et un éditeur scientifique, et aboutit parfois à des formules originales et complexes. À ce titre, l’espace des possibles en matière de formules financières n’est jamais totalement clos. Par ailleurs, la volonté des consortiums d’opérer une « transformation » de leurs accords vers la publication à coût constant renvoie à des définitions diversifiées du « coût » (inclusion ou non des dépenses d’APC préexistantes) et de la constance (admission ou pas d’une « inflation » à 2 ou 3%). De plus, nous n’avons observé aucune disposition contractuelle permettant d’anticiper les sommes en jeu au-delà de l’horizon temporel de l’accord courant. La grande diversité des accords provient d’une part des conditions initiales des relations entre consortiums et éditeurs scientifiques – les sommes dépensées en abonnement étant le point de départ des nouveaux accords –, d’autre part des objectifs de chaque partie. Même si cette étude excluait volontairement les négociations, les accords portent des traces de ces objectifs. Ainsi, de nombreux accords sont de nature explicitement expérimentale, quand certains visent un contrôle budgétaire strict, ou d’autres ambitionnent, dans la période plus récente, la publication du plus grand nombre possible d’articles en accès ouvert. C’est dans ce dernier cas qu’on touche à l’ambiguïté des attentes générales sur les accords transformants. En effet, pour les consortiums, la dimension « transformante » consiste essentiellement à transférer les sommes traditionnellement allouées à l’abonnement vers la publication en accès ouvert. Mais l’objectif n’est jamais de transformer le modèle économique des revues, c'est-à-dire de faire basculer des revues sous abonnement ou hybrides en revues entièrement en accès ouvert. D’ailleurs, aucune clause ne vise une telle fin – à l’exception du modèle d’accord proposé par l’éditeur ACM. Du côté des éditeurs, et notamment de Springer, le caractère cumulatif des accords nationaux passés vise à projeter un monde de la publication où l’accès ouvert devient de fait quantitativement très dominant, sans pour autant modifier de manière pérenne le modèle économique de leurs revues. Notre étude montre que les accords transformants actuels ne permettent pas d’assurer de manière durable une transition de l’économie de la publication vers l’accès ouvert, dans la mesure où ils n’offrent pas de garantie sur le contrôle des dépenses ni sur la pérennité de l’ouverture des contenus. L’avenir des relations entre consortium et éditeur demeure largement indéterminé.Cette étude porte sur une des innovations contemporaines liées à l’économie de la publication scientifique : les accords dits transformants, un objet relativement circonscrit au sein des relations entre consortiums de bibliothèques et éditeurs scientifiques, et temporellement situé entre 2015 et 2020. Ce type d’accords a pour objectif affiché d’organiser la transition du modèle traditionnel de l’abonnement à des revues (souvent proposées par regroupements thématiques ou collections) vers celui de l’accès ouvert en opérant une réaffectation des budgets qui y sont consacrés. Notre travail d’analyse sociologique constitue une première étude systématique de cet objet, fondée sur la recension de 197 accords. Le corpus ainsi constitué inclut des accords caractérisés par la coprésence d’une composante d’abonnement et d’une composante de publication en accès ouvert, même minimale (« jetons » de publication offerts, réduction sur les APC...). En conséquence, ont été exclus de l’analyse les accords portant uniquement sur du financement centralisé de publication en accès ouvert, que ce soit avec des éditeurs ne proposant que des revues avec paiement par l’auteur (PLOS, Frontiers, MDPI...) ou des éditeurs dont une partie du catalogue est constitué de revues en accès ouvert. L’accord le plus ancien de notre corpus a été signé en 2010, les plus récents en 2020 – les accords ne commençant qu’en 2021, même annoncés au cours de l’étude, n’ont pas été retenus. Plusieurs résultats se dégagent de notre analyse. Tout d’abord, on note une grande diversité des acteurs impliqués avec 22 pays et 39 éditeurs, même si certains consortiums (Pays-Bas, Suède, Autriche, Allemagne) et éditeurs (CUP, Elsevier, RSC, Springer) en ont signé beaucoup plus que d’autres. Ensuite, la durée des accords, comprise entre une et six années, révèle une distribution très inégalitaire, avec plus de la moitié des accords (103) signés pour 3 ans, ainsi qu’une faible proportion pour 4 ans ou plus (22 accords). Enfin, en dépit d’appels répétés à la transparence, moins de la moitié des accords (96) ont un texte accessible au moment de cette étude, sans qu’on puisse observer une tendance récente à une plus grande disponibilité. L’analyse montre également des degrés d’ouverture très variables, allant d’une simple information sur le répertoire ESAC en passant par la mise à disposition d’un format annotable jusqu’à l’attribution d’un DOI et d’une licence de réutilisation (CC-BY), en incluant le détail des sommes monétaires. Parmi les 96 accords disponibles, dont 47 signés en 2020, 62 ont fait l’objet d’une analyse en profondeur. C’est à notre connaissance la première analyse à cette échelle, sur un type de matériel non seulement inédit, mais qui était auparavant soumis à des clauses de confidentialité. Fondée sur une lecture minutieuse, l’étude décrit de manière fine leurs propriétés, depuis la matérialité du document jusqu’aux formules financières, en passant par leur morphologie et l’ensemble des droits et devoirs des parties. Les contenus des accords sont donc analysés comme une collection dont nous cherchons à déterminer les points communs et les variations, à travers des codages explicites sur certaines de leurs caractéristiques. L’étude pointe également des incertitudes, et notamment leur caractère « transitionnel », qui demeure fortement discuté. D’un point de vue morphologique, les accords montrent une grande diversité en matière de taille (de 7 à 488 pages) et de structure. Néanmoins, par définition, ils articulent tous deux objets essentiels : d’une part, les conditions de réalisation d’une lecture d’articles de revues, sous forme d’abonnement, mêlant des préoccupations d’accès et de sécurité ; d’autre part, les modalités de publication en accès ouvert, articulant la gestion d’un nouveau type de workflow à toute une série d’options possibles. Parmi ces options, mentionnons notamment le périmètre des revues considérées (hybrides et/ou accès ouvert), les licences disponibles, le degré d’obligation de cette publication, les auteurs éligibles ou le volume d’articles publiables. L’un des résultats les plus importants de cette analyse approfondie est la mise au jour d’un découplage presque complet, au sein même des accords, entre l’objet abonnement et l’objet publication. Bien entendu, l’abonnement est systématiquement configuré dans un monde fermé, soumis à paiement qui déclenche des séries d’identification des circulations légitimes tant du contenu informationnel que des usagers. Il insiste notamment sur les interdictions de réutilisation ou même de copie des articles scientifiques. À l’opposé, la publication en accès ouvert est attachée à un monde régi par l’accès gratuit au contenu, ce qui induit des préoccupations de gestion du workflow et des modalités d’accessibilité. De plus, les différents éléments constitutifs de ces objets contractuels ne sont pas couplés : d’un côté, les lecteurs sont constitués de l’ensemble des membres des institutions abonnées, de l’autre, seuls les auteurs correspondants (« corresponding authors ») sont concernés ; les listes de revues accessibles à la lecture et celles réservées à la publication en accès ouvert sont le plus souvent distinctes ; les workflows ont des objectifs et des organisations matérielles totalement différentes, etc. L’articulation entre les deux objets contractuels relève uniquement d’une formule de distribution financière qui, outre des combinaisons particulières entre l’un et l’autre, permet d’attribuer des étiquettes distinctes aux accords (offset agreement, publish & read, read & publish, read & free articles, read & discount). Au-delà de cette distribution, l’étude des arrangements financiers montre une gamme de dispositions allant d’une prévisibilité budgétaire totale, donc identique aux accords d’abonnement antérieurs, à une incertitude sur le volume de publication ou sur le montant définitif des sommes échangées. Les modalités concrètes de calcul des montants associés à la publication en accès ouvert sont relativement variées. S’il existe effectivement des formules récurrentes (volume d’articles multiplié par un prix individuel, reprise de la moyenne des sommes totales d’APC des années précédentes...), le calcul des sommes en jeu est toujours le résultat d’une négociation singulière entre un consortium et un éditeur scientifique, et aboutit parfois à des formules originales et complexes. À ce titre, l’espace des possibles en matière de formules financières n’est jamais totalement clos. Par ailleurs, la volonté des consortiums d’opérer une « transformation » de leurs accords vers la publication à coût constant renvoie à des définitions diversifiées du « coût » (inclusion ou non des dépenses d’APC préexistantes) et de la constance (admission ou pas d’une « inflation » à 2 ou 3%). De plus, nous n’avons observé aucune disposition contractuelle permettant d’anticiper les sommes en jeu au-delà de l’horizon temporel de l’accord courant. La grande diversité des accords provient d’une part des conditions initiales des relations entre consortiums et éditeurs scientifiques – les sommes dépensées en abonnement étant le point de départ des nouveaux accords –, d’autre part des objectifs de chaque partie. Même si cette étude excluait volontairement les négociations, les accords portent des traces de ces objectifs. Ainsi, de nombreux accords sont de nature explicitement expérimentale, quand certains visent un contrôle budgétaire strict, ou d’autres ambitionnent, dans la période plus récente, la publication du plus grand nombre possible d’articles en accès ouvert. C’est dans ce dernier cas qu’on touche à l’ambiguïté des attentes générales sur les accords transformants. En effet, pour les consortiums, la dimension « transformante » consiste essentiellement à transférer les sommes traditionnellement allouées à l’abonnement vers la publication en accès ouvert. Mais l’objectif n’est jamais de transformer le modèle économique des revues, c'est-à-dire de faire basculer des revues sous abonnement ou hybrides en revues entièrement en accès ouvert. D’ailleurs, aucune clause ne vise une telle fin – à l’exception du modèle d’accord proposé par l’éditeur ACM. Du côté des éditeurs, et notamment de Springer, le caractère cumulatif des accords nationaux passés vise à projeter un monde de la publication où l’accès ouvert devient de fait quantitativement très dominant, sans pour autant modifier de manière pérenne le modèle économique de leurs revues. Notre étude montre que les accords transformants actuels ne permettent pas d’assurer de manière durable une transition de l’économie de la publication vers l’accès ouvert, dans la mesure où ils n’offrent pas de garantie sur le contrôle des dépenses ni sur la pérennité de l’ouverture des contenus. L’avenir des relations entre consortium et éditeur demeure largement indéterminé.