Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Scotland – Description and travel – Guidebooks"

The manuscript “Description of the city of Moscow” from the Voltaire Library has been subjected to special study for the first time. In this essay, the ancient Russian capital is presented as a vast and crowded city, the distinctive feature of which is the abundance of churches and monasteries. The description of the city is conducted according to the historically formed parts: the Kremlin, Kitay-gorod, White City, Earthen City. The description is based on the “Plan of the Imperial city of Moscow” by I. Michurin (1739). The most likely the author of this kind of guidebooks is I. C. Taubert.

During the period of Fascism, a variety of discourses and representations were attached to colonial landscapes and to their uses. African nature was the subject of diverse rhetorical strategies, which ranged from the persistence of visions of wilderness as the locus of adventure to the domesticating manipulations of an incipient tourist industry aiming to familiarise the Italian public with relatively tame forms of the exotic. Contrasting images of bareness and productivity, primitivism and modernisation, resistance to change and dramatic transformation found their way into accounts of colonial territories ranging from scientific and pseudo-scientific reports to children's literature, from guidebooks to travel accounts, all of which were sustained not just by written texts but also by iconographic representations. This article will look at the specific example of accounts of Italian Somalia in order to explore Fascist discourses regarding colonial nature and its appropriation. Documents examined will include early guidebooks to the colonies, a small selection of travel accounts aimed at the general public, as well as the works of a number of geographers and geologists who were among the most active polygraphs of the period, and whose writings addressed a wide range of Italian readers.

This article is devoted to the role of the first Ural travel guides in the general process of the formation of geo-cultural image of the Urals. The author refers to guidebooks from between 1899 and 1904 prepared by the famous Ural journalist V. A. Vesnovsky, which became the first attempt at a holistic description of the region addressed to the general reader. The article focuses on the techniques of space narrativisation, which are actively used by guidebooks, unlike reference books. Narrativisation is seen in its functional aspect: as a way to engage the audience through an emotionally told story. J. Bruner’s idea of the dual landscape of narrative: the landscape of action and the landscape of consciousness is used as the main methodological approach. The analysis reveals the main subject areas of narrativisation in guidebooks, as well as the psychological effects of the stories presented. It is revealed that the narrativisation of space occurs at different levels of the guide: at the level of macrostructure, it is implemented in the travel route, while at the level of content — in the description of attractions, which are the basis of any guide. The discursive narrative methods are methods of the emotional engagement of the reader: reportage description inviting to joint observation and dynamic panoramic vision borrowed from travel essays; an appeal to the reader’s personal experience, as well as dramatisation of the narrative associated with a focus on the characters who act and feel. In the long run, it is concluded that the first Ural travel guides were actively involved in the processes of combining the geo-cultural values of Ural space, proposing subjects for its holistic reading and a variety of involving narratives dedicated to individual locations.

The article gives a brief description of Moscow guide books printed between 1922 and 1991. The retrospective of Soviet texts is preceded by tracing the origins of Moscow travel guides, which goes back to travel notes from the 16th and 17th centuries. The paper presents 34 Soviet itineraries by providing their composition and content summary. Also, it demonstrates and explains the referential and syncretic patterns of Soviet guidebooks, and the shift made at the turn of the NEP era and the 1930s. Tourism evolution, city planning and state censorship are discussed among the factors that influence travel itineraries. The diachronic approach allows to note continuity and transformation elements of Soviet travel guides to Moscow.

В статье рассматриваются путевые очерки Д. К. Зеленина «На кумысе. (Письма кумысника)», а также путеводители Д. К. Зеленина «Кама и Вятка. Путеводитель и этнографическое описание Прикамского края» и В. Н. Золотницкого «Путеводитель по кумысолечебным местам» как своеобразные этнографические источники. Анализ этих материалов показал, что и Зеленин, и Золотницкий придерживались известных представлений об изготовлении кумыса, о быте «кумысников» на лечении, о национальных чертах башкир и русских крестьян тех мест, где расположены кумысолечебницы. Жанры путевых очерков и путеводителя отвечают особым требованиям: так, Зеленин в очерках-письмах, опубликованных в «Вятских губернских ведомостях», отражает факты, но с «личностным» оттенком, тогда как в путеводителях авторы минимизируют «личностные» аспекты и приводят больше конкретных фактов, которые могут быть полезны для путешествующих. Тем не менее и путевые очерки, и путеводители являются достойными источниками этнографических сведений начала ХХ в. После посещения Усень-Ивановского завода Зеленин публикует несколько статей с этнографическими и диалектологическими материалами по быту старообрядцев этих мест. Факты, приведенные в очерках и статьях, своеобразно дополняют друг друга. This article examines D. K. Zelenin’s travel sketches “On Kumys. (Letters from a Kumysnik [Kumis Drinker]),” as well as two guidebooks - Zelenin’s “Kama and Vyatka. Guide and Ethnographic Description of the Kama Region” and V. N. Zolotnitsky’s “Guide to Kumis-Healing Places,” as ethnographic sources. Analysis of this material shows that both Zelenin and Zolotnitsky passed on known information about the production of kumys, about the life of the “kumysniks” undergoing treatment, and about the national characteristics of the Bashkirs and Russian peasants of those places where kumis hospitals were located. The genre of travel essay and the guidebook impose special requirements: for example, in the essays-letters published in “Vyatka Provincial Vedomosti,” Zelenin presents factual information with a personal slant, while in the guidebooks the authors minimize personal elements and give more specific material which can be useful for travelers. Nevertheless, both travel sketches and guides are worthy sources of ethnographic information from the early twentieth century. After visiting an Usen-Ivanovsky factory, Zelenin published several articles with ethnographic and dialectological data on the Old Believers of the region. The material presented in the essays and articles complement each other in a unique way.

In 1753, Jonas Hanway's four-volume work "Historical Report" was published in London. The last volumes of “British trade across the Caspian Sea” are devoted to the history of Iran from 1722 to 1749. The first two volumes mostly contain reports of different nature about the history and state of British trade with the East through Russia, narratives of the trips undertaken by Hanway and others. Among the large number of interesting materials there is a description of the travel of the Russian Embassy led by Prince M.M. Golitsin. This description belongs to Dr. John Cook of Scotland. The latter graciously provided the text to Hanway, who published it, "taking the liberty of inserting some descriptions from other authoritative sources" because "the magazine has survived with some defects”. We give a translation from the English language of the text, in which the eye-witness gave a description of the way through the flat territory of Daghestan from Astrakhan to Baku from September 24, 1746 to February 6, 1747.

The purpose of the article is to examine the pilgrimage genre in literature as a social and communication guide in the world of contemporary sacred culture from a communication perspective. Different types of guidebooks are considered, i.e., interviews, travelogues, diaries, records, review texts, memoirs, notes, and pilgrimage travel notes are given as a necessary communication tool during a pilgrimage. The research methodology consists of descriptive (using observation and interpretation techniques), historical and literary, and biographical methods of analyzing pilgrimage literature. The author used the analytical-descriptive method, which consists in the selection, description and analysis of data; the system-structural method helped to arrange the works of different genres and apply them according to the subject in chronological order, reproducing the logical sequence of the material presented. The scientific novelty of the article involves expanding the concept of pilgrimage and the pilgrimage genre in literature as a social and communication guide to the world of contemporary sacred culture based on pilgrimage guides, diaries, memoirs, pilgrimage notes, and other sacred literature. Conclusions. In the article, the author examines the multi-genre works of pilgrimage literature as a communication guide to the sacred world in order to encourage the transformation from a book or a movie to a real pilgrimage for those who have such an opportunity. The article analyzes pilgrimage records, guidebooks, diaries, travelogues, novels, novellas, short stories, and pilgrimage notes to study pilgrimage from a communication perspective for different categories of pilgrims. As a rule, various categories of pilgrims and representatives of different professions go on sacred journeys, and then they write memoirs, pilgrimage texts, songs, scripts for future plays and films, and artists reproduce all details in artworks, and thus pilgrimage penetrates all spheres of an individual’s cultural life, which indicates the highly spiritual component of such journeys. Before going on a pilgrimage, you need to prepare thoroughly, both physically and spiritually, so that guides allow you to follow the trail of others and then plan your sacred journey relatively well. You will never return from a pilgrimage the same as you were before because such travels utterly change the vector of your life. Observing different groups of pilgrims, we can conclude that they all have one thing in common: spiritual enrichment, purification from sins and temptations, and the achievement of catharsis, which will be present in the everyday life of each of us for as long as possible. These works can keep living in ideas for film scripts about pilgrimage, thus expanding their socio-cultural horizons.

AbstractThe cultural heritage sector includes a significant variety and complexity of data and information. Making this accessible today represents one of the main aims of cultural institutes. The connections between digital archives and knowledge enable the extension of this wealth of information beyond the physical existence of cultural assets by fostering the creation of digital libraries based on the comparison and interaction of data and on sharing the most up-to-date scientific literature. To this purpose, the results of the analysis on the Italian system of cataloguing and dissemination of knowledge related to cultural heritage are first illustrated. These are indispensable for enhancing the experience of cultural heritage, starting from guidebooks and travel literature, which represent the first codified forms of description of cultural heritage addressed to an audience of visitors/users, and ending with the most recent ways of sharing knowledge related to cultural heritage. Among these, digital platforms for participatory storytelling and the drafting of innovative texts and narratives stand out. Particular attention is paid to the innovative models for the use and enjoyment of cultural heritage employed in some of the main institutes and museums, where examples are analysed to effectively illustrate the emergence of new forms and modes of knowledge and narrative of cultural heritage, between big data and digital devices. Through these analyses, this article provides an overall picture of the current models and methods for the digital organisation of cultural heritage knowledge in order to raise awareness of the main critical issues encountered and to activate targeted planning and design processes capable of responding adequately to the needs of an increasingly active and participative user base in the processes of learning and enjoyment of cultural heritage. The interactions between scientific and technological research characterise the field of cultural heritage knowledge and are both instrumental in facilitating established approaches and contribute to changing the very parameters of research by posing new epistemological questions.

This study examines the value of travellers’ written records of their trips with specific reference to the journals of five French travellers who visited Scotland between 1780 and 1830. The thesis argues that they contain material which demonstrates the merit of journals as historical documents. The themes chosen for scrutiny, life in the rural areas, agriculture, industry, transport and towns, are examined and assessed across the journals and against the social, economic and literary scene in France and Scotland. Through the evidence presented in the journals, the thesis explores aspects of the tourist experience of the Enlightenment and post -Enlightenment periods. The viewpoint of knowledgeable French Anglophiles and their receptiveness to Scottish influences, grants a perspective of the position of France in the economic, social and power structure of Europe and the New World vis-à-vis Scotland. The thesis adopts a narrow, focussed analysis of the journals which is compared and contrasted to a broad brush approach adopted in other studies.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 2016.
In this, Part 1 of a two-part MSc, the geology of the area between Lukla and Mount Everest is described. An outcome of the MSc is the production of a field guide to this area, presented as Part 2 of this thesis. The collision between India and Asia resulted in the Himalayan orogen, 3000 km in lateral extent, an elevated Tibetan Plateau and a crust of at least 60 km in thickness. The resulting crustal flow from under this region is in the direction of least resistance, eastwards towards the Pacific subduction zones, but there is also southwards flow towards the Indian subcontinent resulting in vertical complexity. This southwards extrusion of mid-crustal rocks through a mechanism termed channel flow explains the presence of Miocene leucogranite between Ordovician limestones comprising the summit of Everest, and granite gneiss underlying the exhumed granite. Rapid rates of denudation assisted the extrusion of crustal slabs between the South Tibetan Detachment (STD) and the Main Central Thrust (MCT). Low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Everest Series are juxtaposed across the STD with the underlying high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS). The GHS rocks in turn, are juxtaposed across the MCT with the underlying low-grade Siwaliks. Everest Series schists record temperatures of between 600 °C and 650 °C, and pressure estimates for these rocks ranging from 2.9 ± 0.6 kbar to 6.2 ± 0.7 kbar, corresponding to burial depths of between 10 km and 20 km. The GHS experienced eclogite facies metamorphism with pressures of > 14 kbar (>45 km depth) before being exhumed to granulite facies conditions of 4-6 kbar and 700-800 °C. High-temperature metamorphism of the GHS has resulted in partial melting and melt segregation and ascent to form the High Himalayan Leucogranites, a number of granitic bodies that have accumulated near the top of the GHS. Intense erosion through the action of glaciers, rivers, landslides and earthquakes (as the 25th April 2015 magnitude 7.8, and 12th May 2015, of magnitude 7.3 earthquakes attest), balance uplift of the Himalaya.
LG2017

My essay explores Keats’s ‘Cockneyism’ in the letters describing his six-week ‘northern tour’ in 1818 with Charles Brown in letters to his brother Tom and other family members, as well as to friends like Reynolds and Bailey. His tour letters and poetry are placed in the context of post-Waterloo travel accounts of Scotland, and of contemporary criticisms of the Highland tour as a commodified and Cockneyfied cliché, especially in the wake of the craze for Scott’s Highland romances. The essay considers the literary influence of Wordsworth, Burns, and Scott, although the latter is a conspicuous absence from Keats’s account. Keats’s pedestrian tour is interpreted as an exercise in masculine self-fashioning and social mobility, a distinctive cultural performance, rather than merely an episode in the poet’s creative development. Attention is paid to Keats’s accoutrements and itinerary, and new research identifies the guidebooks he consulted, as well as his relations with local people, especially in the Gaelic-speaking Highlands. Keats’s account of key sites, like Loch Lomond, Inveraray, Mull, Iona, Staffa, and Ben Nevis are explored in relation to the light-hearted tour poetry that they inspired. My essay explores how Keats negotiated this ‘beaten track’, both as a cultural and as a literary practice, anticipating the ironic sense of poetic identity that he developed in the poems of his last years.

The chapter explores the little-known Letters from a Gentleman in the North of Scotland to His Friend in London, written in the late 1720s and ’30s, almost certainly by Edmund Burt, a Government employee during the uneasy period of peace between the two Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745. It is proposed as an important, but often unacknowledged, precursor to many of the texts studied in the chapters that follow. The book’s urbane, Spectator-style spotlight on Highland manners, and pioneering descriptions of Highland travel and topography, mark a major departure from earlier accounts by John Macky and Daniel Defoe. Key sections explore Burt’s critical account of two Highland excursions travelling on the ‘old ways’ (i.e. traditional drove roads), and the final letter’s description of Wade’s road-building programme in the 1720s and ’30s, offering Burt a solution to the problem of Highland ‘backwardness’.

Committee Mandate Concern for descriptions of the ocean environment, especially with respect to wave, current and wind, in deep and shallow waters, and ice, as a basis for the determination of environmental loads for structural design. Attention shall be given to statistical description of these and other related phenomena relevant to the safe design and operation of ships and offshore structures. The committee is encouraged to cooperate with the corresponding ITTC committee. Introduction and Metocean Forcing Environment Committee of ISSC, by its Mandate, deals with the Metocean environments. “In offshore and coastal engineering, metocean refers to the syllabic abbreviation of meteorology and (physical) oceanography” (Wikipedia). Metocean research covers dynamics of the oceaninterface environments: the air-sea surface, atmospheric boundary layer, upper ocean, the sea bed within the wavelength proximity (~100 m for wind-generated waves), and coastal areas. Metocean disciplines broadly comprise maritime engineering, marine meteorology, wave forecast, operational oceanography, oceanic climate, sediment transport, coastal morphology, and specialised technological disciplines for in-situ and remote sensing observations. Metocean applications incorporate offshore, coastal and Arctic engineering; navigation, shipping and naval architecture; marine search and rescue; environmental instrumentation, among others. Often, both for design and operational purposes the ISSC community is interested in Metocean Extremes which include extreme conditions (such as extreme tropical or extra-tropical cyclones), extreme events (such as rogue waves) and extreme environments (such as Marginal Ice Zone, MIZ). Certain Metocean conditions appear extreme, depending on applications (e.g. swell seas are benign for recreational sailing, but can be dangerous for dredging operations and are extreme for vessels transporting liquids). This report builds on the work of the previous Technical Committees in charge of Environment. The goal continues to be to review scientific and technological developments in the Metocean field from the last report, and to provide context of the developments, in order to give a balanced, accurate and up to date picture about the natural environment as well as data and models which can be used to accurately simulate it. The content of this report also reflects the interests and subject areas of the Committee membership, in accordance with the ISSC I.1 mandate. The Committee has continued cooperation with the Environment Committee of ITTC and with ISSC Committee V.6 Ocean Space Utilization. The Committee consisted of members from academia, research organizations, research laboratories and classification societies. The Committee formally met as a group in person two times before the COVID onset: in Glasgow, Scotland on the 9th of June 2019, before the 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 2019) and in Melbourne, Australia on the 10th of November 2019, following the 15th International Workshop on Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting. It’s also held a number of regular teleconferences: two before the face-to-face meetings and seven after, once international travel was stopped by the pandemic. Additionally, Committee members met on an ad-hoc basis during their international travels in 2019. With the wide range of subject areas that this report must cover, and the limited space, this Committee report does not purport to be exhaustive; however, the Committee believes that the reader will be presented a fair and balanced view of the subjects covered, and we recommend this report for the consideration of the ISSC 2022 Congress. The report consists of 11 Sections: two of which include the Introduction and Conclusions, and nine are the main content. The opening Section 1 outlines and defines Metocean Forcings which can affect the offshore design and operations and are the subject of this Review Chapter. The review of publications starts from progress in Analytical Theory in 2018-2021, Section 2. It covers the basic framework of experimental, numerical, remote sensing and all the other methods and approaches in Metocean science and engineering. Numerical Modelling (Section 3) is one of the most rapidly developing research and application environments over the past two decades, it allows us to extend the theory when analytical solutions are not possible, and to complement (or even replace) some of the experimental approaches of the past. Computer simulations will always need verification, validation and calibration of their outcomes through experiments and observations, particularly in engineering applications and offshore Metocean science. Therefore, Section 4 (Measurements and Observations) is the largest in the Chapter. Section 5 is effectively a modern extension of the measurement section – it is dedicated to Remote Sensing. Over the last four decades, the remote sensing has both become a powerful instrumental tool for field observations and remains an active area of engineering research in its own right as we see through growing developments of new capabilities in this space. While the first five chapters are broadly dedicated to direct outcomes of Metocean research, the rest of the chapters focus more on analysis and indirect outputs. With mounting amounts of collected data: numerical, experimental, remote sensing, - Section 6 discusses advances in Data Analysis, and Section 7 in Statistics, its Theory and Analysis. Section 8, on Wave- Coupled Phenomena, reflects one of the most rapidly developing areas in Metocean science, particularly important in our era of numerical modelling. It accommodates various topics of interactions between small-scale phenomena (waves) and large-scale processes in the air-sea environments: wave breaking, wave-current and wave-ice interactions, wave influences in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) and in the upper ocean, and complex wave-coupled modelling in the full combined air-sea-ice-wave system. Most essential for offshore engineering, is modelling and understanding of Extreme Events and Conditions, which are the subject of Section 9. Last, but not the least, Section 10 discusses Wind-Wave Climate which is connected to the global climate change. This connection is threaded throughout other sections of the chapter and is of utmost significance in offshore Metocean design and planning.