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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Scientific expeditions Antarctica"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Scientific expeditions Antarctica"

Cui, Xiangbin, Jamin S. Greenbaum, Lucas H. Beem, Jingxue Guo, Gregory Ng, Lin Li, Don Blankenship, and Bo Sun. "The First Fixed-wing Aircraft for Chinese Antarctic Expeditions: Airframe, modifications, Scientific Instrumentation and Applications." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 23, no. 1 (March 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/jeeg23.1.1.

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The Antarctic Ice Sheet plays a critical role in global climate and sea level change resulting in it being the focus of international scientific exploration. Airborne platforms have been applied to study large geographical regions of Antarctica that are logistically difficult to reach by other means. For 30 years Chinese Antarctic expeditions, have widely applied ground based platforms in Antarctica. During the 32nd Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (years 2015/16), the first fixed-wing aircraft (Snow Eagle 601) was deployed by Polar Research Institute of China with special modifications for polar operation and airborne geophysical investigation of ice sheets. Here, the airframe of the aircraft and modifications for science operation in Polar Regions, as well as scientific instrumentation, system integration and its first application in Antarctica are introduced in detail. [Figure: see text]

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Millar, Pat. "The tension between emotive/aesthetic and analytic/scientific motifs in the work of amateur visual documenters of Antarctica's Heroic Era." Polar Record 53, no. 3 (March 9, 2017): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741700002x.

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ABSTRACTVisual documenters made a major contribution to the recording of the Heroic Era of Antarctic exploration. By far the best known were the professional photographers, Herbert Ponting and Frank Hurley, hired to photograph British and Australasian expeditions. But a great number of images – photographs and artworks – were also produced by amateurs on lesser known European expeditions and a Japanese one. These amateurs were sometimes designated official illustrators, often scientists recording their research. This paper offers a discursive examination of illustrations from the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897–1899), German Deep Sea Expedition (1898–1899), German South Polar Expedition (1901–1903), Swedish South Polar Expedition (1901–1903), French Antarctic Expedition (1903–1905) and Japanese Antarctic Expedition (1910–1912), assessing their representations of exploration in Antarctica in terms of the tension between emotive/aesthetic and systematic analytic/scientific motifs. Their depictions were influenced by their illustrative skills and their ‘ways of seeing’, produced from their backgrounds and the sponsorship needs of the expedition.

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Bernstein, Ralph E. "The Scottish National Antarctic Expedition 1902–04." Polar Record 22, no. 139 (January 1985): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400005623.

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On 21 July 1904, just over 80 years ago, the barque-rigged, Norwegian-built auxiliary steamship Scotia sailed home up the Clyde with members of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (SNAE), concluding one of the most successful expeditions of the heroic period of Antarctic exploration. Contemporaneous with the more spectacular British Antarctic Expedition (1901–03) commanded by Robert Falcon Scott, the Scotia party under William Spiers Bruce had overwintered on Laurie Island (60° 44ʹ S, 44° 50ʹ W) in the South Orkney Islands, explored for the first time the oceanography of the Weddell Sea, assembled an important collection of scientific material, and discovered Coats Land, an icebound stretch of the East Antarctica coast.While Scott's Discovery expedition had emphasized geographical exploration inland from the Ross Sea sector of Antarctica, Bruce in the Scotia had concentrated more on scientific discovery in the Weddell Sea sector. On 12 November 1904 in Edinburgh, members of the Scotia and Discovery expeditions were guests at the 20th anniversary dinner of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, Bruce and Scott together responding to a presidential toast that honoured the success of both.

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Wheeler, Barbara, and Linda Young. "Antarctica in museums: the Mawson collections in Australia." Polar Record 36, no. 198 (July 2000): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400016454.

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AbstractThe relics of polar exploration are treasured in the museums of a multitude of nations. In Australia, the focus of most such collections is Sir Douglas Mawson and his expeditions to Antarctica in 1911–14 and 1929–31. The nature of these collections divides into the two large categories of scientific specimens and expedition relics. The latter are spread among Australian and other museums in a distribution that speaks of fascination with the exotic and heroic aspects of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition and the geopolitical ramifications of the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition. The specimens, by contrast, have not been treated well, and although thoroughly documented, may be close to losing their integrity as scientific resources. Both types of material merit the renewed attention of their museum-keepers as resources on the history of Antarctica.

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Budd, Grahame M. "Australian exploration of Heard Island, 1947–1971." Polar Record 43, no. 2 (March 28, 2007): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247407006080.

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In 1947 knowledge of Heard Island was confined to a rough mapping compiled by nineteenth-century sealers, and the results of four scientific expeditions that had briefly investigated the Atlas Cove area. Exploration continued in two distinct periods between 1947 and 1971. In the first period the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) built a scientific station at Atlas Cove in 1947, and occupied it continuously until 1955 as an ‘A Class’ meteorological station, a seismic and magnetic observatory, and a base for other scientific studies and for exploration of the island. In the second period four summer expeditions and one wintering expedition worked on the island between 1963 and 1971. The summer expeditions were an ANARE expedition in 1963, an Australian private expedition (The South Indian Ocean Expedition to Heard Island) in 1965, and ANARE expeditions in 1969 and 1971 associated with United States and French expeditions. A United States expedition wintered in 1969. There were no further expeditions until 1980. The years 1947–1971 saw many achievements. Expedition members recorded seven years of synoptic meteorological observations and four years of seismic and magnetic observations. They developed empirical techniques of work, travel, and survival that shaped the collective character of ANARE and were later applied in Antarctica. Despite difficult terrain and consistently bad weather, and the accidental deaths of two men in 1952, unsupported field parties of two or three men travelling on foot explored and mapped in detail the heavily glaciated island, and documented its topography, geology, glaciology and biology. They made three overland circuits of the island, the first ascent of Big Ben (2745 m), and the first recorded landing on the nearby McDonald Islands. Expedition members bred and trained dog teams for later use in Antarctica. They reported the commencement and subsequent progress of massive glacier retreat caused by regional warming, and of the island's colonisation by king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) and antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). They also reported measurements of glacier flow and thickness, the palaeomagnetism of Heard Island rocks, behavioural and population studies of southern giant petrels (Macronectes giganteus) and other birds, studies of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) and leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx), and the cold stress and acclimatisation experienced by humans working in the island's wet-cold climate. In addition, Heard Island served as a testing ground for men, equipment, scientific programmes, huskies, general administration, and logistics, without which Mawson station could not have been established as successfully as it was in 1954. The American wintering expedition and the French summer expedition contributed to major international geodetic and geophysical investigations. In sum, the expeditions between 1947 and 1971 added much to our knowledge of Heard Island, and they laid down a solid foundation for the work of later expeditions.

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Strecke, Volker. "60 years of the Antarctic Treaty – history and celebration in radio waves." Polarforschung 90, no. 2 (July 29, 2022): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/polf-90-13-2022.

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Abstract. The Antarctic Treaty, successfully negotiated and signed in 1959, entered into force after ratification by the 12 original signatory countries in 1961. Under the Antarctic Treaty, research activities are now carried out in Antarctica by 54 countries. These are 29 consultative and 25 non-consultative parties. Radio communications have always been an important part of all scientific activities in research stations, ships and aircraft in Antarctica. Historic expeditions in the 19th century and early 20th century had to use wired telegraph stations after returning from expeditions. Between 1911 and 1913, Wilhelm Filchner and Douglas Mawson were the first Antarctic expedition leaders to explore the possibilities of wireless telegraphy. Mawson succeeded in establishing radio communications from Antarctica to Australia for the first time in 1912. Today, the use of communication technologies is almost taken for granted. Direct amateur radio communications via shortwave are a flexible backup and an effective addition to communications about the Antarctic. On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty, a major international radio activity was launched in the second half of 2021 with which an important contribution to communication to the public was made. Amateur radio is now an important part of research activities in Antarctica.

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Bernat, Paolo. "Sfida all’ultimo parallelo: la conquista del Polo Sud cento anni dopo." ACME - Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell’Università degli Studi di Milano, no. 03 (December 2012): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7358/acme-2012-003-bern.

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100 years ago, Antarctica was still mostly unknown and unexplored. The first landings on the Antarctic coast took place in the early decades of the nineteenth century and were made by whalers and sealers. In the following years the first scientific expeditions began and European and US expeditions started the geographical discovery and the mapping of the Antarctic coasts. But it was only in the years 1911-1912 that two expeditions, very different but equally well prepared, arrived almost simultaneously at the South Pole. The events that happened in the Antarctic together with the different nature of the two leaders Roald Amundsen and Robert Scott determined the outcome of these expeditions and the fate of their teams. The centenary of the conquest of the South Pole (December 14, 1911) is an opportunity to remember the passion for science, the spirit of adventure and the fierce perseverance that characterized those extraordinary men and that even now form the basis of scientific research and of human progress, not only in Antarctica but in all areas of knowledge and life.

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Evans, John, and Philip M. Smith. "Mt. Vinson and the evolution of US policy on Antarctic mountaineering, 1960–1966." Polar Record 50, no. 3 (April 12, 2013): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247413000211.

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ABSTRACTThe full extent of the height and scale of the Sentinel Range, Antarctica, was not known until reconnaissance flights and scientific traverses in the International Geophysical Year (IGY), 1957–1958. These explorations revealed the range to be twenty miles in length, with a large number of high peaks culminating in Mt. Vinson, the highest on the Antarctic continent at nearly 4900 meters. The discoveries captured the interest of the U.S. and world mountaineering communities setting off a competition to achieve the first climb of Vinson. The challenge was tempered only by the range's remoteness from the coast of Antarctica and the formidable logistics of mounting a mountaineering expedition. The US which had the most advanced ski-equipped cargo aircraft, had an established post-IGY policy that prohibited adventure expeditions that could divert logistic resources from the scientific programme. This paper discusses Mt. Vinson competition within the US and international climbing communities, mounting national pressures to achieve the first climb, and a reversal in policy by the US Antarctic Policy Group that resulted in the 1966–1967 American Antarctic Mountaineering Expedition's first ascents of Vinson and five other high peaks. Today, between 100 and 200 persons climb Mt. Vinson each austral summer.

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Wang, Yaxin. "Development of Antarctic Scientific Research and International Scientific Cooperation of China." Administrative Consulting, no. 10 (December 7, 2022): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2022-10-171-182.

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The purpose of this article is to summarise the current attitude of the Chinese government to Antarctic scientifc research and to characterise Antarctic scientifc research carried out by China as a non-Antarctic country by reviewing the performance of Antarctic scientifc expeditions and scientifc research in China over the last forty years.The author approaches the study from the perspective of three aspects. Firstly, there is a reviewof Chinese government documents of recent years on China’s activities in Antarctica. Particular attention is paid to scientifc research and the Chinese government’s attitude to China’s research activities in Antarctica. Secondly, the history of the development of Chinese scientifc research in the Antarctic is considered. The path traveled by China is described, from sending the frst expeditionary group to Antarctica to the creation of research institutes, higher educational institutions and participation in international cooperation and scientifc programs. Finally, the characterization of the frst two aspects allows the author to analyze the achievements, shortcomings and peculiarities of China’s research activities and international cooperation in Antarctica. The author suggests the relevance of scientifc cooperation and development of research activities in this region from the point of view of China’s strategic interests.The review of ofcial documents made public by the Chinese government in recent years allows the author to use the method of historical analysis to systematically summarize the country’s research activities in Antarctica and study the history of scientifc research. The paper also applies such methods of scientifc research as comparative analysis and statistical analysis.

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Melnikov, I. A. "To the history of Antarctica: from discovery to research." Journal of Oceanological Research 48, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/1564-2291.jor-2020.48(1).11.

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Systematic study of Antarctica began only a century and a half after its discovery by the Russian expedition of F. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev on the sloops “Vostok” and “Mirny” on January 16 (20), 1820. Since the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1956, regular studies of ice cover, subglacial topography, geomorphology of the surrounding seas and bottom sediments, as well as marine and continental biological communities have begun on the continent and coastal waters. Scientists from the Institute of Oceanology took part in the first Russian Antarctic expeditions. Their work gave new knowledge about the nature of Antarctica and largely determined the scientific direction of its future research.

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Дисертації з теми "Scientific expeditions Antarctica"

Sarris, Aspasia. "Australians in Antarctica : a study of organizational culture." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs247.pdf.

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Includes Organisational Culture Inventory (OCI) and 6 item subscales adapted from the OCI as appendices. Bibliography: leaves 240-255. Investigates the culture of isolated Australian Antarctic stations using qualitative and quantitative research methods. The research also investigated the assessment of person-culture fit within the context of Antarctic station life and culture. Five studies were undertaken on returned Australian Antarctic expeditioners and the results reflect a historical overview of Antarctic station culture from 1950 to 1999.

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Atkin, Andrew James. "Drivers of scientific success; an analysis of terrestrial magnetism on the Discovery Antarctic expedition, 1901-04." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Gateway Antarctica, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8107.

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The turn of the twentieth century was an era of intense exploratory and scientific activity on and around the Antarctic continent. A few campaigns specialised in either territorial discovery or scientific inquiry, but most combined exploration and science in a comfortable alliance that produced results in both arenas. In recent years the scientific achievements of the Discovery expedition (1901-04) have been the subject of renewed analysis, but it is never clear what criteria, if any, are being applied to support statements about scientific success. This research is founded on a case study focused on the magnetic science program of the Discovery expedition commencing with preparations, performance of magnetic observing at sea and ashore, post-expedition management of the products of research, and finally, arrangements for publication. The case study forms the basis for firstly, identifying the indicators of scientific success and secondly, an analysis of the relative contributions of the drivers promoting quality scientific outcomes during the era of Antarctic scientific exploration between 1898 and 1914. The principal elements contributing to superior outcomes are identified as the human elements of preparation, leadership, scientific practice, skill, knowledge development and finally post-expedition management of data or collections gathered during fieldwork. No single element guarantees scientific success; it is a product of a combination of factors, but failure in just one facet can undermine outcomes fatally. The effectiveness of the relationship between these factors determines the degree of success or failure of a program. Achieving the potential of a research program relies on elements coming together in a timely and synergistic manner in combination with a measure of luck. There was confusion between the magnetic work intended to provide improved charts for navigation purposes and the scientific research designed to help solve the causes of terrestrial magnetism and it’s effects. The magnetic work of the expedition was divided into three distinct operations. Firstly, observations were made at sea in the ship’s purpose built magnetic observatory and using a recently developed instrument for the determination of magnetic dip and force. The results were ultimately never published due to the inadequacy of the instrument and the difficulties of taking reliable observations at sea. Secondly, a fixed observatory was established at the base station in Antarctica where a different set of instruments recorded the magnetic elements almost continuously over the two-year stay of the expedition. There was sufficient data from those observations to form the core of the scientific reports on terrestrial magnetism, but large amounts of data were considered unreliable and either discarded, or included with cautionary notes. Thirdly, magnetic observations made on exploratory sledging journeys away from the ice station added evidence for theoretical determination of the location of the South Magnetic Pole and for mapping the lines of equal magnetic declination radiating from it. The conclusions from these journeys were brought into doubt by evidence from later expeditions. During fund raising and promotion of the expedition, Sir Clements Markham, President of the Royal Geographical Society stated firstly, that products of the magnetic research would include new magnetic charts of value to mariners and secondly, there would be significant leaps in knowledge informing magnetic theory. These were ambitious objectives and neither were realised, although the data collected did add to knowledge of the characteristic fluctuations of the magnetic field at high latitudes. Collaborative arrangements planned between the Discovery, the German Gauss expedition and various established land observatories never reached their potential. This was partly due to an error in the timing of synchronous observations, but mainly a result of collapse of the intended post-expedition data sharing arrangements related to rejection by the Germans of the unreliable data from Discovery and failure by the English to publish data in a mutually useful format. The thesis closes with analysis of how well the Discovery’s outcomes matched their potential and concludes that, with respect to magnetic science, institutional failures led to avoidable deficiencies in areas of recruitment, training, governance and leadership, procedures, instrumentation and post-expedition management of data and publication preparations.

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Halo, Issufo, Rosemary Dorrington, Thomas Bornman, Villiers Stephanie De, and Sarah Fawcett. "South Africa in the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition: a multi-institutional and interdisciplinary scientific project." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/65428.

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publisher version
The polar regions are more critically affected by climate change than any other region on our planet.1,2 On the Antarctic continent and in its surrounding oceans, the effects of climate change are likely to be dramatic,3 and include largescale catastrophic ice melt, loss of habitat and biodiversity, and global sea level rise. The ‘Southern Ocean’ refers to the region where Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean waters come together to encircle Antarctica. These waters connect the different ocean basins by linking the shallow and deep limbs of the global ocean current system (‘overturning circulation’) and play a critical role in storing and distributing heat and carbon dioxide (CO2 ). The Southern Ocean thus regulates not only the climate of the Antarctic, but of the entire earth system.1,4 By extension, the capacity of the global ocean to ameliorate earth’s changing climate is strongly controlled by the Southern Ocean. Marine phytoplankton (microscopic plants inhabiting the sunlit upper ocean) convert CO2 (an inorganic form of carbon) dissolved in surface waters into organic carbon through photosynthesis. This organic carbon fuels upper trophic levels such as fish, mammals and birds, and a portion sinks into the deep ocean where it remains stored for hundreds to thousands of years. This mechanism, which lowers the atmospheric concentration of CO2 , is termed the ‘biological pump’.5 The efficiency of the global ocean’s biological pump is currently limited by the Southern Ocean, where the macronutrients (nitrate and phosphate) required for photosynthesis are never fully consumed in surface waters. In theory, increased consumption of these nutrients could drive higher organic carbon removal to the deep ocean, enhancing the oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO2 . Indeed, more complete consumption of Southern Ocean nutrients is a leading hypothesis for the decrease in atmospheric CO2 that characterised the ice ages.6 Despite the global importance of the Southern Ocean, knowledge of the controls on and interactions among the physical, chemical and biological processes operating in Antarctic ecosystems is limited, largely because of a scarcity of in-situ observational data, compounded by the challenge of integrating siloed scientific fields. Given predictions that diverse aspects of Southern Ocean physics and carbon biogeochemistry are likely to change in the coming decades, a transdisciplinary approach to studying Antarctic systems is critical.

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Книги з теми "Scientific expeditions Antarctica"

Antarctica: Both heaven and hell. Seattle: Mountaineers, 1991.

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1937-, Elzinga Aant, ed. Changing trends in Antarctic research. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.

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Nor, Salleh Mohd. Antarctica: Malaysia's journey to the ice. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: National Antarctic Research Centre, University of Malaya, 2013.

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David, Lewis. Icebound in Antarctica. New York: Norton, 1988.

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Mimi, George, ed. Icebound in Antarctica. London: Secker & Warburg, 1987.

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A history of Antarctic science. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

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Headland, Robert. Chronological list of Antarctic expeditions and related historical events. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

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Hasick, David James. Antarctic journal. [Australia]: [Keystone?], 1993.

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Vairo, Carlos Pedro. Antártida: Asentamientos balleneros históricos = Antarctica : historic whaling settlements. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Zagier & Urruty Publications, 2007.

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Guillermo, May, Molina Pico Horacio, and Asociación Buque Austral Patagónico, eds. Antártida: Asentamientos balleneros históricos = Antarctica : historic whaling settlements. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Zagier & Urruty Publications, 2007.

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Частини книг з теми "Scientific expeditions Antarctica"

Schiffer, Michael Brian. "Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica." In The Archaeology of Science, 137–44. Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_10.

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Khare, Neloy. "India's GeoScience Pursuit in the Antarctica." In Geoscientific Investigations From the Indian Antarctic Program, 260–68. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4078-0.ch013.

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India made her maiden entry in the Antarctic realm way back in 1981 by launching her first scientific expedition to the icy continent. Previous chapters dealt with many significant geoscientific studies of the past Indian scientific expeditions to Antarctica. However, few geoscientists participated for a short duration but carried out essential Antarctic studies. This chapter highlights and briefly collates such short geoscientific investigations that are otherwise significant and add to the knowledge base about the icy continent.

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Balasubramanian, Nagarajan. "An Overview of Survey and Mapping of the Antarctic Region Around Maitri Research Base." In Geoscientific Investigations From the Indian Antarctic Program, 215–26. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4078-0.ch010.

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Survey of India, the premier mapping agency of India, has been associated with Indian Antarctica Research Program since the 10th Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica (1991-92). It has been taking part in all the expeditions ever since, except for the 15th expedition. The focus till the 22nd expedition has remained to carry out the surveying and mapping of the entire Antarctica region of Indian interest and provide additional technical support to the various other participating agencies. During the first two expeditions, global positioning system (GPS) and conventional triangulation techniques were used for providing primary control work to facilitate detailed mapping of the area using conventional mapping techniques. In the successive expeditions, initially, mapping was done on the scale of 1:5000 with contour interval 5m and then on a scale of 1:1000 with a contour interval of 1m. 7.8 sq. km of Schirmacher Oasis has been surveyed, and mapping has been undertaken on a large scale. Analogue and digital maps have been prepared for most of the areas for scientific use.

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Kurtadikar, Mukund. "Antarctic Laboratory Ground Truth for a Microwave Eye in the Sky." In Geoscientific Investigations From the Indian Antarctic Program, 227–39. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4078-0.ch011.

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A C-band microwave bench setup was carried out during the 22nd Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica (December 2002 to March 2003) to measure the dielectric properties of Antarctic geophysical materials like samples of ice, soil, and rocks around Indian Antarctic Station, Maitri. Laboratory validation of these properties of Antarctic frosts and soils was done during the summer period of the expedition, as they are significant for microwave remote sensing applications. Dielectric measurements of nine Antarctic rock samples were made after returning to India, which are substantial from the geological point of view. Here, the authors report the first attempt to measure the dielectric properties of these materials of Antarctica.

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Beerling, David. "The flourishing forests of Antarctica." In The Emerald Planet. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192806024.003.0013.

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By arriving at the South Pole on 14 December 1911, the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen (1872–1928) reached his destination over a month ahead of the British effort led by Captain Robert Falcon Scott (1868–1912). As Scott’s party approached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, they were devastated to see from afar the Norwegian’s black flag. On arrival, they discovered the remains of his camp with ski and sledge tracks, and numerous dog footprints. Amundsen, it turned out, had used dogs and diversionary tactics to secure victory while the British team had man-hauled their sledges. These differences were not lost on The Times in London, which marked the achievement with muted praise, declaring it ‘not quite in accordance with the spirit of fair and open competition which hitherto marked Antarctic exploration’. Exhausted, Scott and his men spent time the following day making scientific observations around the Pole, erected ‘our poor slighted Union Jack’, and photographed themselves in front of it (Plate 11). Lieutenant Bowers took the picture by pulling a string to activate the shutter. It is perhaps the most well known, and at the same time the saddest picture, of the entire expedition—a poignant image of the doomed party, all of whom look utterly fed up as if somehow sensing the fate awaiting them. The cold weather, icy wind, and dismal circumstances led Scott to acerbically remark in his diary: ‘Great god! This is an awful place and terrible enough to have laboured to it without the reward of priority.’ By this time, the party had been hauling their sledges for weeks, and all the men were suffering from dehydration, owing to fatigue and altitude sickness from being on the Antarctic plateau that sits nearly 3000m above sea level. Three of them, Captain Oates, Seaman Evans, and Bowers, were badly afflicted with frostbitten noses and cheeks. Ahead lay the return leg, made all the more unbearable by the crippling psychological blow of knowing they had been second to the Pole. After a gruelling 21-day trek in bitterly cold summit winds, the team reached their first cache of food and fuel, covering the distance six days faster than it had taken them to do the leg in the other direction.

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"INGIBJÖRG S. JÓNSDÓTTIR Botany during the Swedish Antarctic expedition 1901–1903." In Antarctic Peninsula & Tierra del Fuego: 100 years of Swedish-Argentine scientific cooperation at the end of the world, 99–110. CRC Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482265897-14.

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"MARCELA CIOCCALE AND JORGE RABASSA One hundred years ago: The Swedish Expedition to the South Pole Its scientific production and historical implications." In Antarctic Peninsula & Tierra del Fuego: 100 years of Swedish-Argentine scientific cooperation at the end of the world, 135–46. CRC Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482265897-17.

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"JAN LUNDQVIST Carl Caldenius and other links between the Nordenskjöld expedition and recent Argentine–Swedish cooperation in Quaternary geology." In Antarctic Peninsula & Tierra del Fuego: 100 years of Swedish-Argentine scientific cooperation at the end of the world, 41–54. CRC Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482265897-9.

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Hudson, Peter J., and Andrew P. Dobson. "Parasitic Worms and Population Cycles of Red Grouse." In Population Cycles. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195140989.003.0010.

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Many years before Charles Elton collected the detailed data on fur returns to The Hudson’s Bay Trading Company, or described the regular fluctuations in small mammal numbers, scientists and naturalists had observed and were proposing explanations for the cause of periodic crashes in numbers of red grouse known as “grouse disease.” MacDonald (1883) claimed “that it was more than eighty years since the alarm of grouse disease was sounded in this country,” implying that naturalists were starting to examine the phenomenon nearly 200 years ago. In 1873, The House of Commons established a Select Committee to consider the game laws of the United Kingdom and, since this had followed a year of particularly severe population collapse in red grouse numbers, they took exhaustive evidence on a wide range of possible causes of “grouse disease.” An examination of the letters in The Times and The Field shows that the debate over the cause of the population crashes was contentious and as heated as many of the recent debates over the causes of population cycles. Scientific studies were initiated by Cobbold (1873) who examined grouse killed during a population crash, published a pamphlet that described the presence of large numbers of “strongle worms,” and advocated the theory that the cause of grouse disease was wholly due to the presence of nematode worms. In 1905, the Board of Agriculture appointed a Committee of Inquiry on Grouse Disease to investigate the life history of the parasite and the causes of “grouse disease.” The extensive survey and detailed analysis was quite remarkable for the time, and was presented in a two-volume publication (Lovat 1911). The Committee surveyed grouse populations, undertook experiments and, after nearly 2000 dissections, came to the conclusion that “the strongyle worm, and the strongyle worm alone, is the immediate causa causans of adult ‘Grouse Disease.’“ The Principal Field Officer was E. A. Wilson, a gifted artist and scientist who was later appointed as the Scientific Director to Captain Scott’s Antarctic expedition on the Terra Nova. Unfortunately, Wilson never saw the production of the final report as he died with Scott during their return from the South Pole.

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"ROBERTO C. MENNI AND LUIS O. LUCIFORA An appraisal of the report by Einar Lönnberg (1905) on fishes collected by the Swedish South Polar Expedition." In Antarctic Peninsula & Tierra del Fuego: 100 years of Swedish-Argentine scientific cooperation at the end of the world, 93–98. CRC Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482265897-13.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Scientific expeditions Antarctica"

Bubynin, Mikhail, Mikhail Bubynin, Valery Abramov, Valery Abramov, Gennady Zabolotnikov, Gennady Zabolotnikov, Alexey Krylov, and Alexey Krylov. "THE PRINCIPLES AND ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY IN THE ARCTIC ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b947fbc02b2.07032113.

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The paper considers the priorities of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic, from the point of view of the development of scientific research, identified by the main strategic documents of national policy and security in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Measures for implementation of priorities in the development of scientific research in the Arctic can be divided into three main sections: 1. Scientific projects and expeditions in the Arctic; 2. International activities; 3. Coordination and implementation of integrated research in the Arctic. Note that currently the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation develops the Analytical Coordination Program “Comprehensive research of the Arctic and Antarctic”, in cooperation with the federal state bodies and Governance of the Subjects of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The mechanism of the Program will ensure coordination between state bodies for integrated scientific researches in the Arctic in the interests of economic and scientific development of the region, and the creation of the scientific, technical and technological reserve in order to ensure of national security in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.

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Mytrokhyn, O., and V. Bakhmutov. "Geological research during 25-th Ukrainian Antarctic Expedition, February – April 2020: Kiev Peninsula of the Graham Coast." In XIV International Scientific Conference “Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment”. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202056038.

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