Готові списки джерел за темами / Rye Genetics

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Rye Genetics"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 30 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Rye Genetics":

Voylokov, Anatoly V., Svetlana P. Sosnikhina, Natalia D. Tikhenko, Natalia V. Tsvetkova, Elena I. Mikhailova, and Viktor G. Smirnov. "Peterhof collection of rye and its use in genetic studies." Ecological genetics 16, no. 2 (August 7, 2018): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen16240-49.

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The article provides information about the history and methods of development of “Peterhof” rye genetic collection, founded by V.S. Fedorov, Associate Professor of the Leningrad University. Isolation of self-compatible mutants, their crosses with self-incompatible rye plants, and subsequent self-pollination of hybrids allowed to reveal the allele diversity in heterogeneous and heterozygous rye varieties. In the course of genetic collection assembly the study of inheritance of qualitative and quantitative morphological traits, genetic control of self-compatibility, genetics of meiosis, genetics of interspecific incompatibility was performed. The corresponding genes were identified and, in most cases, mapped using isozymes and molecular markers. Fundamental research was introduced into practical breeding. Under the direction of V. S. Fedorov, and V. G. Smirnov the first in Russia tetraploid rye variety Leningradskaja Tetra was produced. Currently, based on the study of the genetics of self-fertility, the initial material is being obtained and used for improving rye population varieties. The possibility of using the genetic collection of rye to solve the fundamental problems of plant genetics is discussed.

Lykholay, A. N., I. A. Vladimirov, E. A. Andreeva, V. G. Smirnov, and A. V. Voylokov. "Genetics of anthocyaninless rye." Russian Journal of Genetics 50, no. 10 (October 2014): 1102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1022795414100081.

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Orellana, Juan. "MOST OF THE HOMOEOLOGOUS PAIRING AT METAPHASE I IN WHEAT-RYE HYBRIDS IS NOT CHIASMATIC." Genetics 111, no. 4 (December 1, 1985): 917–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/111.4.917.

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ABSTRACT The use of telomeric C-bands in wheat-rye hybrids has made it possible to distinguish three types of wheat-wheat (1BL) and wheat-rye associations (a, end-to-end extremely distal; b, end-to-ed distal; and c, interstitial) between homoeologous chromosomes at different metaphase I stages (early, middle and late) and also to estimate the actual recombination frequencies for such associations at anaphase I. There was a decrease of the a and b association frequencies during the different metaphase I stages, whereas the c type remained without variation in all stages. A good fit between the frequencies of c associations at metaphase I and the number of recombinant chromosomes at anaphase I, assuming a maximum of one chiasma per bond, was found; however, there was no correspondence between metaphase I and anaphase I data when all associations (a + b + c) were considered. In addition, rye-rye homologous pairing was observed at metaphase I, but no evidence for rye-rye recombination was found at anaphase I. The results indicate that most of end-to-end (a and b) homoeologous and nonhomologous associations are actually nonchiasmatic and are a remnant of prophase pairing.

Chang, Ya-Wen, Susie C. Howard, Yelena V. Budovskaya, Jasper Rine, and Paul K. Herman. "The rye Mutants Identify a Role for Ssn/Srb Proteins of the RNA Polymerase II Holoenzyme During Stationary Phase Entry in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Genetics 157, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/157.1.17.

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Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells enter into a distinct resting state, known as stationary phase, in response to specific types of nutrient deprivation. We have identified a collection of mutants that exhibited a defective transcriptional response to nutrient limitation and failed to enter into a normal stationary phase. These rye mutants were isolated on the basis of defects in the regulation of YGP1 expression. In wild-type cells, YGP1 levels increased during the growth arrest caused by nutrient deprivation or inactivation of the Ras signaling pathway. In contrast, the levels of YGP1 and related genes were significantly elevated in the rye mutants during log phase growth. The rye defects were not specific to this YGP1 response as these mutants also exhibited multiple defects in stationary phase properties, including an inability to survive periods of prolonged starvation. These data indicated that the RYE genes might encode important regulators of yeast cell growth. Interestingly, three of the RYE genes encoded the Ssn/Srb proteins, Srb9p, Srb10p, and Srb11p, which are associated with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. Thus, the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme may be a target of the signaling pathways responsible for coordinating yeast cell growth with nutrient availability.

FREIDHOFF, L., D. MEYERS, E. KAUTZKY, W. BIAS, S. HSU, and D. MARSH. "205 Epidemiology and genetics of response to whole Rye extract, Rye I and Rye II." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 75, no. 1 (January 1985): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(85)90340-9.

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Urban, E. P., S. I. Hardzei, D. U. Artjukh, and I. S. Hardzei. "Directions, methods and results of rye (Secale cereale L.) breeding in Belarus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 60, no. 2 (May 4, 2022): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2022-60-2-160-170.

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At the present stage of science development, breeding of new varieties of plants using modern, including molecular methods, is one of the main links in the intensification of the agricultural industry. Rye is no exception in this respect. This is a traditional strategic crop for Belarus, that largely determines the country’s food security. In the paper, in a historical context, the main achievements in breeding of rye varieties for different uses are outlined. The main approaches are described, including: screening of the world diversity of winter rye in the conditions of Belarus; use of methods of experimental polyploidy, hybridization, stabilizing selection, molecular-genetic methods and techniques. Development and application of modern methods have allowed a number of genetic mechanisms and regularities to be discovered, which, in turn, has significantly increased the efficiency of rye breeding in different directions (population and heterosis). At present, RUE “Scientific and Practical Center of the NAS of Belarus for Arable Farming”, State Scientific Institution “Institute of Genetics and Cytology of the NAS of Belarus”, as well as jointly with other institutions have developed new breeding methods, including molecular-genetic ones, which is especially important for increasing the efficiency of obtaining competitive varieties. Significant results have been achieved on the use of the effect of heterosis based on cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). To date, a system of highly productive competitive rye varieties has been created for soils of different levels of fertility: population tetraploid and diploid, as well as F1 hybrids – LoBel-103, Galinka, Plisa, and Belgi.

Ren, Z. L., and T. Lelley. "Genetics of Hybrid Necrosis in Rye." Plant Breeding 100, no. 3 (June 1988): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1988.tb00237.x.

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Apolinarska, B., H. Wiśeniewska, and B. Wojciechowska. "Aegilops-rye amphiploids and substitution rye used for introgression of genetic material into rye (Secale cereale L.)." Journal of Applied Genetics 51, no. 4 (December 2010): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03208871.

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Schlegel, R. "Hybrid breeding boosted molecular genetics in rye." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 19, no. 5 (December 3, 2015): 589–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj15.076.

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Schlegel, R. "Hybrid breeding boosted molecular genetics in rye." Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research 6, no. 5 (July 2016): 569–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079059716050105.

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Дисертації з теми "Rye Genetics":

Singh, Nagendra Kumar. "The structure and genetic control of endosperm proteins in wheat and rye." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1985. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs6174.pdf.

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Horn, Marizanne. "Transfer of genetic resistance to the Russian wheat aphid from rye to wheat." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/55770.

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Thesis (MSc.) -- Stellenbosch University, 1997.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An octoploid triticale was derived from the F1 of a Russian wheat aphid resistant rye, 'Turkey 77', and 'Chinese Spring' wheat. The alloploid was crossed (a) to common wheat, and (b) to the 'Imperial' rye to 'Chinese Spring' disomic addition lines. F2 progeny from these crosses were tested for Russian wheat aphid resistance and C-banded. Resistance was found to be associated with chromosome arm 1RS of the 'Turkey 77' rye genome. This initial work was done by MARAIS (1991) who made a RWA resistant, monotelosomic 1RS ('Turkey 77') addition plant available for the study. The F3 progeny of this monotelosomic addition plant was used to confirm the RWA resistance on chromosome 1RS. The monotelosomic addition plant was then crossed with the wheat cultivar 'Gamtoos', which has the 1BL.1 RS 'Veery' translocation. Unlike the 1RS segment in 'Gamtoos', the 'Turkey 77'- derived 1RS telosome did not express the rust resistance genes 5r31 and Lr26 which could then be used as markers. From the F1 a monotelosomic 1RS addition plant that was also heterozygous for the 1BL.1 RS translocation, was selected and testcrossed with an aphid susceptible common wheat, 'Inia 66'. Meiotic pairing between the .rye arms resulted in the recovery of five euploid, Russian wheat aphid resistant plants out of a progeny of 99 euploids. One recombinant also retained 5r31 and Lr26 and was allowed to self pollinate. With the aid of SOS-PAGE profiles, Russian wheat aphid resistant 1BL.1 RS translocation homozygotes were identified and it was possible to confirm that the Russian wheat aphid resistance gene was in fact transferred to the 1BL.1RS ('Veery') translocation. Two attempts were made to map the Russiar, wheat aphid locus or loci. (1) Telosomic mapping was attempted. For this purpose a plant with 2n = 40 + 1BL.1 RS + 1RS was obtained, and testcrossed with a Russian wheat aphid susceptible wheat. (2) A disomic, recombined 1BL.1 RS translocation line with Russian wheat aphid resistance but lacking the Lr26 and Sr31 alleles was crossed with 'Gamtoos' and the F1 testcrossed. The testcross in both strategies were done with 'Chinese Spring'. In the first experiment the Sr31 locus was located 10.42 map units from the Lr26 locus. The rust resistance data implied that the genetic distance estimates may be unreliable and therefore the laborious Russian wheat aphid resistance tests were not done. In the second experiment a Russian wheat aphid resistance gene was located 14.5 map units from the Lr26 locus. In the latter cross nonmendel ian segregation of the Russian wheat aphid resistance evidently occurred which implied that the estimated map distance may be inaccurate. It was also not possible to determine the number of genes involved from the data.
Digitized at 300 dpi Colour & b/W PDF format (OCR), using ,KODAK i 1220 PLUS scanner. Digitised, Ricardo Davids on request from ILL 25 April 2013
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Oktaplo"lede triticale is gemaak vanaf die F1 van 'n kruising tussen 'n Russiese koringluis-weerstandbiedende rog, 'Turkey 77', en die koringkultivar 'Chinese Spring'. Die alloplo"led is gekruis met gewone broodkoring en met 'Imperial' rog/'Chinese Spring' disomiese addissielyne. Die F2 nageslag vanaf hierdie kruisings is getoets vir Russiese koringluisweerstandbiedendheid en C-bande is ook gedoen. Weerstand is gevind wat geassosieer is met die 1RS chromosoomarm van 'Turkey 77'. Hierdie oorspronklike werk is deur MARAIS (1991) gedoen en uit sy materiaal is 'n monotelosomiese 1RS ('Turkey 77') addissieplant beskikbaar gestel vir die huidige studie. Die F3 nageslag van hierdie monotelosomiese addissieplant is gebruik om die weerstand teen die Russiese koringluis op chromosoom 1RS te bevestig. Die monotelosomiese addissieplant is ook gekruis met die koringkultivar 'Gamtoos' wat die 1BL.1 RS-translokasie dra. Hoewel die 1RS segment van 'Gamtoos' die roesweerstandsgene, Sr31 en Lr26 uitdruk, is dit nie die geval met die 'Turkey 77' 1RS telosoom nie. Hierdie gene kon dus as merkergene gebruik word. Vanuit die F1 is 'n monotelosomiese 1RS addissieplant geselekteer wat ook heterosigoties was vir die 1BL.1 RStranslokasie. Hierdie plant is getoetskruis met 'n luisvatbare gewone broodkoring, 'Inia 66'. Meiotiese paring tussen die rogarms het daartoe gelei dat vyf euplo"lede Russiese koringluis-weerstandbiedende nageslag uit 99 euplo"lede nageslag geselekteer kon word. Een rekombinant het ook Sr31 en Lr26 behou en is toegelaat om self te bestuif. Met behulp van SDSPAGE profiele is Russiese koringluis-weerstandbiedende 1BL.1 RStranslokasie homosigote ge"ldentifiseer en kon bevestig word dat die weerstandsgeen vir die Russiese koringluis oorgedra is na die 1BL.1 RS ('Veery') -translokasie. Twee strategies is gevolg om die Russiese koringluislokus of -loci te karteer: (1) 'n Telosomiese analise is gedoen. 'n Plant met 2n = 40 + 1BL.1 RS + 1RS is verkry en met 'n luisvatbare koring bestuif. (2) 'n Gerekombineerde, disomiese plant met Russiese koringluis-weerstandbiedendheid maar sonder die Lr26 en Sr31 allele is gekruis met 'Gamtoos' en die F1 getoetskruis. Die toetskruisouer in beide die strategiee was 'Chinese Spring'. In die eerste eksperiment is die Sr31-lokus 10.42 kaarteenhede vanaf die Lr26-lokus gelokaliseer. Die raesdata het ge"impliseer dat onbetraubare genetiese kaarteenhede geskat sou word en daarom is die omslagtige Russiese koringluis weerstandsbepalings nie gedoen nie. In die tweede eksperiment is die Russiese koringluis-weerstandsgeen op 14.5 kaarteenhede vanaf die Lr26-lokus gelokaliseer. Nie-Mendeliese segregasie van die Russiese koringluis-weerstand in hierdie karteringseksperiment het ge'impliseer dat die berekende kaartafstand onakkuraat mag wees. Dit was ook nie moontlik om op grand van die data die aantal gene betrakke af te lei nie.

Neves, Nuno Alberto Fernandes Ferreira Neves. "Genomic interactions in wheat-rye hybrids : nucleolar dominance, DNA methylation and chromatin topology." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317976.

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Alderson, Alison Louise. "Sequence analysis and molecular cloning of enzyme inhibitors from seeds of rye (Secale cereale L.)." Thesis, Durham University, 1990. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6613/.

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Inhibitors of trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and a-amylase (1,4-a-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) were purified from seeds of rye and their complete and partial amino-acid sequences, respectively, were determined, in part by homology. The trypsin inhibitor was a single polypeptide chain of Mr 13753. Both proteins exhibited sequence homology with a group of cereal seed proteins that include inhibitors of proteinases and a-amylase. The trypsin inhibitor was most closely related to the barley trypsin inhibitor (76% identity) and the a-amylase inhibitor to CMa of barley (also an inhibitor of a-amylase activity) and to CMl1and CM2 of wheat (no known inhibitory activity). Antisera raised against the two inhibitors did not cross react, but the a-amylase inhibitor reacted with an antiserum raised against the 0.28 a-amylase inhibitor of wheat. The rye inhibitors had similar secondary structure contents with about 36-39% a-helix and 11-19% 13-sheet. These are the first amino-acid sequence and conformation studies reported for enzyme inhibitors from rye. Poly(A)-rich RNA from total polysomes, prepared from rye endosperms, was used as a template for cDNA synthesis and a cDNA library was constructed in AgtlO. The library was screened using two oligonucleotide probes which encoded two regions of the trypsin inhibitor (from amino-acids 38-42 and 44-48).One clone was isolated that hybridised to both probes. The nucleotide sequence of the clone AC(C.In) was determined. 1709 bp were sequenced showing an open reading frame that extended from the 5' end to 1621 and encoded a protein of 540 residues. The predicted amino-acid sequence showed striking sequence similarity to the serine/threonine SNFl subfamily of protein kinases with 62% and 48% identity, respectively, to the catalytic domains of SNFl and niml(^+). The functions of the SNFl subfamily are discussed.

Jacobs, Johan Adolf. "Karakterisering van derivate uit 'n Thinopyrum distichum X tetraploïede rog kruising." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52904.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Soil salinity is a major limiting factor of plant and crop growth, because the absorption of water and nutrients is such a complex process while low and moderate salinity are omnipresent. Plant growth is affected negatively if a specific ion concentration exceeds its threshold and becomes toxic. The detrimental effect of soil affected by salt on crop production is increasing worldwide (Tanji, 1990). The level to which plants can tolerate high salinity levels is genetically controlled with several physiological and genetic mechanisms contributing to salt tolerance (Epstein & Rains, 1987). The most effective way of addressing the limitations of crop productivity in saline areas, is the development of salt tolerant varieties. Understanding the genetics of salt tolerance is, therefore, necessary for the development of an effective breeding strategy for salt tolerance. The department of Genetics (US) conducts a wide crosses research programme aiming to transfer genes for salt tolerance to wheat and triticale. The donor species, Thinopyrum disticum, an indigenous coastal wheat grass, adapted to high concentrations of salt, was crossed with cultivated rye (Secale cereale) in an attempt to study the genetics of salt tolerance (Marais et al., 1998). The primary goal of this study was to find molecular markers (RAPD and AFLP) which associate with chromosomes promoting salt tolerance for later attempts to transfer the genes to triticale. Seventy clones of secondary hybrids (Th disticum /4x-rye 1/2x-rye) were tested for salt tolerance and showed different levels of salt tolerance. RAPD-marker analyses were used to identify polymorphisms between salt tolerant and salt sensitive plants. Twelve RAPD primers produced clear, analyzable and repetitive polymorphic . fragments that can be used as useful markers. Different AFLP-primer combinations were tested against the genotypes of 15 clones (Marais & Marais 2001, unpublished data) and produced approximately 2000 clearly distinguishable AFLP fragments, of which 54 (3%) were polymorphic fragments. Two RAPD fragments and 4 AFLP fragments that can be used as possible markers for the presence of chromosomes that contribute to salt tolerance were identified. The interpretation of the markers was complicated by heterogeneity among plants with regard to the origin of their chromosomes and the genetic diversity of the rye genome. It is also possible that chromosome re-arrangement took place during backcrossing, which could have complicated the data.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Versouting is een van die groot beperkende faktore op plant- en gewasgroei, omdat die opname van water en voedingstowwe so In ingewikkelde proses is en die effek van lae of matige versouting so alomteenwoordig is. Plantgroei word nadelig geaffekteer as 'n spesifieke ioonkonsentrasie sy drempelwaarde oorskry en toksies word. Die nadelige effek van soutgeaffekteerde grond op gewasproduksie, is wêreldwyd aan die toeneem (Tanji, 1990). Die vlak waartoe plante hoë konsentrasies sout kan hanteer is onder genetiese beheer met verskeie fisiologiese en genetiese meganismes wat 'n bydrae maak tot soutverdraagsaamheid (Epstein & Rains, 1987). Die mees effektiewe manier om die beperkinge op gewas produktiwiteit in versoute gebiede te oorkom, is die ontwikkeling van soutverdraagsame variëteite. Begrip van die genetika van soutverdraagsaamheid is dus noodsaaklik vir die ontwikkeling van In effektiewe telingsstrategie. Die departement Genetika (US) bedryf tans 'n wye-kruisings navorsingsprogram waarmee gepoog word om gene vir soutverdraagsaamheid na korog en koring oor te dra. Die skenkerspesie, Thinopyrum disticum, In inheemse strandkoringgras wat aangepas is by hoë konsentrasies sout, is gekruis met verboude rog (Secale cereale) in 'n poging om die oorerwing van soutverdraagsaamheid te bestudeer (Marais et al., 1998). Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om molekulêre merkers (RAPD en AFLP) te vind, wat assosieer met chromosome wat soutverdraagsaamheid bevorder en om nuttige merkers daar te stel vir latere pogings om die gene na korog en koring oor te dra. Ongeveer 70 klone van sekondêre hibriede (Th distichum I 4x-rog /I 2x-rog) is onderwerp aan souttoetse en het verskillende grade van soutverdraagsaamheid getoon. RAPDmerker analise is gebruik om polimorfismes te identifiseer tussen soutverdraagsame en soutsensitiewe plante. Twaalf RAPD inleiers het duidelike, ontleedbare en herhalende polimorfiese fragmente opgelewer en moontlike nuttige merkers uitgewys. Verskillende AFLP-inleier kombinasies, wat getoets is teen die genotipes van 15 klone (Marais & Marais, 2001 ongepubliseerde data) het ongeveer 2000 duidelik onderskeibare AFLP fragmente geproduseer, waarvan 54 (3%) polimorfiese fragmente was. Twee RAPD fragmente en 4 AFLP fragmente is geïdentifiseer wat as moontlike kandidaat merkers gebruik kan word vir die identifisering van chromosome wat bydra tot soutverdraagsaamheid . Die interpretasie van die merkers is bemoeilik deur heterogeniteit tussen die plante wat betref die agtergrond van chromosome wat hulle besit en die genetiese diversiteit van die rog genoom. Dit is ook moontlik dat chromosoom herrangskikking plaasgevind het tydens terugkruising, wat die data verder kon kompliseer.

Rodriguez, Miguel A. "Molecular genetic approaches to the study of aluminum tolerance and toxicity in wheat and rye /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3060136.

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Coetzee, Kim. "Evaluation of the crossability between small grains." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17796.

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Sharma, Sundrish. "Characterization of quantitative loci for morphological and anatomical root traits on the short arm of chromosome 1 of rye in bread wheat." Diss., [Riverside, Calif.] : University of California, Riverside, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1899491951&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1269025605&clientId=48051.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009.
Includes abstract. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 18, 2010). Includes bibliographical references. Issued in print and online. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.

Gyawali, Yadav Prasad. "Cytological dissection and genetic analysis of rye chromosome 1R." Kyoto University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/131902.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第15732号
農博第1844号
新制||農||984(附属図書館)
学位論文||H22||N4467(農学部図書室)
28277
京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻
(主査)教授遠藤隆, 教授奥野哲郎, 准教授中﨑鉄也
学位規則第4条第1項該当

Curtis, Tanya Yordanova. "Genetic and environmental factors controlling acrylamide formation in wheat and rye products." Thesis, University of Reading, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.559366.

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Acrylamide formation in cooked food has become a significant problem for the food industry. This study concerned the accumulation of free asparagine, one of the precursors for acrylamide formation, in wheat and rye grain. Asparagine concentration was found to be greatly affected by environmental conditions (E), genetic factors (G) and the interaction between the two (G x E). One of the environmental conditions controlling free asparagine accumulation in wheat grain was sulphur deficiency, which caused an increase of up to thirty-fold in free asparagine concentration. Sulphur deficiency and free asparagine concentration were linearly related to the amount of acrylamide that formed when wheat flour was heated at 180°C. Asparagine concentration was also the main determinant of acrylamide formation in rye but, unlike in wheat, it was not affected by sulphur availability, at least under field conditions. Rye flour had lower acrylamide forming potential than wheat per unit of asparagine, possibly due to different concentrations of other free amino acids in the grain (proline). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for free asparagine concentration and therefore acrylamide risk were found on chromosomes 18, 2A and 7A. QTL were also identified for alanine, glutamine, glycine, lysine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan and tyrosine possibly aided by the environmental factors. A cluster of these QTL was located on chromosome 3A in an area associated with the control of wheat yield. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI- TOF-MS) was used to show the distribution of asparagine in developing wheat grain fourteen days post anthesis. In grain from plants grown under normal conditions, most free asparagine was in the embryo and aleurone layer (bran fraction), while in grain from plants grown under sulphur deficient conditions there was great accumulation of free asparagine in the endosperm (white flour fraction). Reduction of acrylamide content could be achieved immediately by selection of low acrylamide risk varieties for cultivation and avoidance of sulphur deficiency in wheat. Further improvement could be made by breeding new, low asparagine varieties based on the QTL analyses.

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Книги з теми "Rye Genetics":

Molski, Bogusław. An analysis of the protein content and its nutritional value in the grains of rye cultivars from collection and the determination of the amino acid composition of selected cultivars. Warszawa: Botanical Garden of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 1987.

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Kazman, M. Ebrahim. Eine neue Methode zur Substitution von D-Chromosomen in das A- und B-Genom des hexaploiden Triticale. Göttingen: Cuvillier, 1992.

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P, Altukhov I͡U. Populi͡at͡sionnai͡a genetika lososevykh ryb. Moskva: Nauka, 1997.

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Kirpichnikov, Valentin Sergeevich. Genetika i selekt͡s︡ii͡a︡ ryb. 2nd ed. Leningrad: Izd-vo "Nauka," Leningradskoe otd-nie, 1987.

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Persson, Karin. Genetic diversity in landraces of rye (Secale cereale L.) and turnip (Brassica rapa L. ssp. rapa) from the Nordic area. Alnarp: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2000.

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Vsesoi͡uznoe soveshchanie po genetike, selekt͡sii i gibridizat͡sii ryb (3rd 1986 Tartu, Estonia). Genetika v akvakulʹture: Trudy 3-go Vsesoi͡uznogo soveshchanii͡a po genetike, selekt͡sii i gibridizat͡sii ryb, Tartu, 1986 g. Leningrad: "Nauka," Leningradskoe otd-nie, 1989.

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Hall, Jeffrey C., Jay C. Dunlap, and Theodore Friedmann. Advances in genetics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008.

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Vsesoi͡uznoe soveshchanie po genetike, selekt͡sii i gibridizat͡sii ryb (3rd 1986 Tartu, Estonia). Geneticheskie issledovanii͡a morskikh gidrobiontov: Materialy III Vsesoi͡uznogo soveshchanii͡a po genetike, selekt͡sii i gibridizat͡sii ryb, senti͡abrʹ 1986 g., Tartu. Moskva: Vses. nauchno-issl. in-t morskogo rybnogo khozi͡aĭstva i okeanografii, 1987.

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Makoedov, A. N. Kariologii͡a︡, biokhimicheskai͡a︡ genetika i populi͡a︡t͡s︡ionnai͡a︡ fenetika lososevidnykh ryb Sibiri i Dalʹnego Vostoka: Sravnitelʹnyĭ aspekt. Moskva: UMK "Psikhologii͡a︡", 1999.

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T, Leondes Cornelius, ed. Control and dynamic systems. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press, 1998.

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Частини книг з теми "Rye Genetics":

Geiger, H. H., and T. Miedaner. "Hybrid Rye and Heterosis." In Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in Crops, 439–50. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1999.geneticsandexploitation.c41.

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Gill, Bikram S., and Bernd Friebe. "Cytogenetic Analysis of Wheat and Rye Genomes." In Genetics and Genomics of the Triticeae, 121–35. New York, NY: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77489-3_4.

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Schlegel, R., A. Ozdemir, I. Tolay, I. Cakmak, H. Saberi, and M. Atanasova. "Localisation of Genes for Zinc and Manganese Efficiency in Wheat and Rye." In Plant Nutrition — Molecular Biology and Genetics, 417–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2685-6_49.

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Hoffmann, Borbála, and Gábor Galiba. "Interaction of Nutrient and Water Deficiency on the Development of Rye (Secale Cereale L) Genotypes." In Plant Nutrition — Molecular Biology and Genetics, 341–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2685-6_37.

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Bolibok-Brągoszewska, Hanna, and Monika Rakoczy-Trojanowska. "Molecular Marker Based Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Rye." In Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, 105–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25637-5_5.

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Wheeler, D. M., D. C. Edmeades, D. R. Smith, and M. E. Wedderburn. "Screening perennial rye-grass from New Zealand for aluminium tolerance." In Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition, 23–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1650-3_4.

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Puertas, María J., Guillermo Jiménez, Silvia Manzanero, A. Mauricio Chiavarino, Marcela Rosato, Carlos A. Naranjo, and Lidia Poggio. "Genetic control of B chromosome transmission in maize and rye." In Chromosomes Today, 79–92. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8484-6_7.

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Perby, Harald, and Paul Jensén. "Dry weight production and nitrogen efficiency in cultivars of barley and rye." In Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition, 45–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2053-8_7.

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Cyran, Malgorzata, Maria Rakowska, and Danuta Miazga. "Genetic Control of Non-Starch Polysaccharides in Wheat Rye Addition Lines." In Triticale: Today and Tomorrow, 233–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0329-6_30.

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Graham, Robin D., Julie S. Ascher, P. A. E. Ellis, and K. W. Shepherd. "Transfer to wheat of the copper efficiency factor carried on rye chromosome arm 5RL." In Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition, 405–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3581-5_39.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Rye Genetics":

"Molecular-genetic analysis of genome incompatibility in wheat-rye hybrids." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-206.

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"Tissue-dependent transcription of the rye centromeric histone CENH3 variants." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-058.

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"Chromatin and cytoskeleton reorganization in meiosis of wheat-rye substitution line (3R3B)." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-215.

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"Paralogous genes of centromeric histone CENH3 are actively expressed in the rye genome." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-050.

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"Progress of breeding strategies in winter rye: from mass selection to genomic selection." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-159.

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"3D-microscopy of prophase nucleus in the meiosis I of wheat-rye amphihaploids." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-106.

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"Dynamics of the transcription of CENH3 genes in allopolyploid hybrids of wheat and rye." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-060.

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"Molecular-genetic analysis of DNA plasmotype of rye-wheat secalotriticum amphidiploids (RRAABB, 2n = 42)." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-109.

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"Molecular markers of the SKr gene in the evaluation of bread wheat genotypes with different crossability with rye." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-160.

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Li, Yiming, and Lin Shang. ""Re-ID BUFF"." In GECCO '21: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3449726.3459432.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Rye Genetics":

Simandl, G. J., R. J. D'Souza, S. Paradis, and J. Spence. Rare-earth element content of carbonate minerals in sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits, southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328001.

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Paleozoic platform carbonate rocks of the Rocky Mountains host Mississippi Valley-type (MVT), magnesite, barite, and REE-barite-fluorite deposits. Farther west, platform carbonate rocks of the Kootenay Arc host MVT and fracture-controlled replacement (FCR) deposits. This is the first systematic LA-ICP-MS study of carbonates in MVT and FCR deposits. We investigated seven MVT deposits in the Rocky Mountains, and five MVT deposits in the Kootenay Arc. None of the post-Archean Australian shale (PAAS)-normalized REE profiles show light REE (LREE) depletion and strong negative Ce anomalies characteristic of modern seawater: some profiles are nearly flat; others show depletion in LREE similar to seawater but without negative Ce anomalies; others are middle REE enriched. Carbonates with a strong positive Eu anomaly precipitated from or interacted with different fluids than carbonates with flatter profiles without a strong positive Eu anomaly. REE signatures reflect crystallization conditions of primary carbonates, and crystallization and re-equilibration conditions of carbonates with ambient fluids during diagenesis, deep burial, and/or metamorphic recrystallization. Chemical evolution of fluids along their migration path, fluid-to-rock ratio, fluid acidity, redox, and temperature also influence REE profile shape, which helps establish genetic and timing constraints on studied deposits and improves knowledge of the metallogeny of the Kootenay Arc and Rocky Mountains.

Hovav, Ran, Peggy Ozias-Akins, and Scott A. Jackson. The genetics of pod-filling in peanut under water-limiting conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597923.bard.

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Pod-filling, an important yield-determining stage is strongly influenced by water stress. This is particularly true for peanut (Arachishypogaea), wherein pods are developed underground and are directly affected by the water condition. Pod-filling in peanut has a significant genetic component as well, since genotypes are considerably varied in their pod-fill (PF) and seed-fill (SF) potential. The goals of this research were to: Examine the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Detect global changes in mRNA and metabolites levels that accompany PF and SF. Explore the response of the duplicate peanut pod transcriptome to drought stress. Study how entire duplicated PF regulatory processes are networked within a polyploid organism. Discover locus-specific SNP markers and map pod quality traits under different environments. The research included genotypes and segregating populations from Israel and US that are varied in PF, SF and their tolerance to water deficit. Initially, an extensive field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Significant irrigation and genotypic effect was observed for the two main PF related traits, "seed ratio" and "dead-end ratio", demonstrating that reduction in irrigation directly influences the developing pods as a result of low water potential. Although the Irrigation × Genotype interaction was not statistically significant, one genotype (line 53) was found to be more sensitive to low irrigation treatments. Two RNAseq studies were simultaneously conducted in IL and the USA to characterize expression changes that accompany shell ("source") and seed ("sink") biogenesis in peanut. Both studies showed that SF and PF processes are very dynamic and undergo very rapid change in the accumulation of RNA, nutrients, and oil. Some genotypes differ in transcript accumulation rates, which can explain their difference in SF and PF potential; like cvHanoch that was found to be more enriched than line 53 in processes involving the generation of metabolites and energy at the beginning of seed development. Interestingly, an opposite situation was found in pericarp development, wherein rapid cell wall maturation processes were up-regulated in line 53. Although no significant effect was found for the irrigation level on seed transcriptome in general, and particularly on subgenomic assignment (that was found almost comparable to a 1:1 for A- and B- subgenomes), more specific homoeologous expression changes associated with particular biosynthesis pathways were found. For example, some significant A- and B- biases were observed in particular parts of the oil related gene expression network and several candidate genes with potential influence on oil content and SF were further examined. Substation achievement of the current program was the development and application of new SNP detection and mapping methods for peanut. Two major efforts on this direction were performed. In IL, a GBS approach was developed to map pod quality traits on Hanoch X 53 F2/F3 generations. Although the GBS approach was found to be less effective for our genetic system, it still succeeded to find significant mapping locations for several traits like testa color (linkage A10), number of seeds/pods (A5) and pod wart resistance (B7). In the USA, a SNP array was developed and applied for peanut, which is based on whole genome re-sequencing of 20 genotypes. This chip was used to map pod quality related traits in a Tifrunner x NC3033 RIL population. It was phenotyped for three years, including a new x-ray method to phenotype seed-fill and seed density. The total map size was 1229.7 cM with 1320 markers assigned. Based on this linkage map, 21 QTLs were identified for the traits 16/64 weight, kernel percentage, seed and pod weight, double pod and pod area. Collectively, this research serves as the first fundamental effort in peanut for understanding the PF and SF components, as a whole, and as influenced by the irrigation level. Results of the proposed study will also generate information and materials that will benefit peanut breeding by facilitating selection for reduced linkage drag during introgression of disease resistance traits into elite cultivars. BARD Report - Project4540 Page 2 of 10

Gur, Amit, Edward Buckler, Joseph Burger, Yaakov Tadmor, and Iftach Klapp. Characterization of genetic variation and yield heterosis in Cucumis melo. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600047.bard.

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Project objectives: 1) Characterization of variation for yield heterosis in melon using Half-Diallele (HDA) design. 2) Development and implementation of image-based yield phenotyping in melon. 3) Characterization of genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional variation across 25 founder lines and selected hybrids. The epigentic part of this objective was modified during the course of the project: instead of characterization of chromatin structure in a single melon line through genome-wide mapping of nucleosomes using MNase-seq approach, we took advantage of rapid advancements in single-molecule sequencing and shifted the focus to Nanoporelong-read sequencing of all 25 founder lines. This analysis provides invaluable information on genome-wide structural variation across our diversity 4) Integrated analyses and development of prediction models Agricultural heterosis relates to hybrids that outperform their inbred parents for yield. First generation (F1) hybrids are produced in many crop species and it is estimated that heterosis increases yield by 15-30% globally. Melon (Cucumismelo) is an economically important species of The Cucurbitaceae family and is among the most important fleshy fruits for fresh consumption Worldwide. The major goal of this project was to explore the patterns and magnitude of yield heterosis in melon and link it to whole genome sequence variation. A core subset of 25 diverse lines was selected from the Newe-Yaar melon diversity panel for whole-genome re-sequencing (WGS) and test-crosses, to produce structured half-diallele design of 300 F1 hybrids (MelHDA25). Yield variation was measured in replicated yield trials at the whole-plant and at the rootstock levels (through a common-scion grafted experiments), across the F1s and parental lines. As part of this project we also developed an algorithmic pipeline for detection and yield estimation of melons from aerial-images, towards future implementation of such high throughput, cost-effective method for remote yield evaluation in open-field melons. We found extensive, highly heritable root-derived yield variation across the diallele population that was characterized by prominent best-parent heterosis (BPH), where hybrids rootstocks outperformed their parents by 38% and 56 % under optimal irrigation and drought- stress, respectively. Through integration of the genotypic data (~4,000,000 SNPs) and yield analyses we show that root-derived hybrids yield is independent of parental genetic distance. However, we mapped novel root-derived yield QTLs through genome-wide association (GWA) analysis and a multi-QTLs model explained more than 45% of the hybrids yield variation, providing a potential route for marker-assisted hybrid rootstock breeding. Four selected hybrid rootstocks are further studied under multiple scion varieties and their validated positive effect on yield performance is now leading to ongoing evaluation of their commercial potential. On the genomic level, this project resulted in 3 layers of data: 1) whole-genome short-read Illumina sequencing (30X) of the 25 founder lines provided us with 25 genome alignments and high-density melon HapMap that is already shown to be an effective resource for QTL annotation and candidate gene analysis in melon. 2) fast advancements in long-read single-molecule sequencing allowed us to shift focus towards this technology and generate ~50X Nanoporesequencing of the 25 founders which in combination with the short-read data now enable de novo assembly of the 25 genomes that will soon lead to construction of the first melon pan-genome. 3) Transcriptomic (3' RNA-Seq) analysis of several selected hybrids and their parents provide preliminary information on differentially expressed genes that can be further used to explain the root-derived yield variation. Taken together, this project expanded our view on yield heterosis in melon with novel specific insights on root-derived yield heterosis. To our knowledge, thus far this is the largest systematic genetic analysis of rootstock effects on yield heterosis in cucurbits or any other crop plant, and our results are now translated into potential breeding applications. The genomic resources that were developed as part of this project are putting melon in the forefront of genomic research and will continue to be useful tool for the cucurbits community in years to come.

Jones, Lee, Jenny Powers, and Stephen Sweeney. Department of the Interior: History and status of bison health. National Park Service, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2280100.

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The North American plains bison once numbered in the tens of millions, but only around 1,000 individuals remained by the late 1800s. Through the actions of private individuals and organizations, the establishment of a few protected, federally managed, herds saved the subspecies from extinction and today the Department of the Interior (DOI) supports ap-proximately 11,000 plains bison in 19 herds across 12 states. DOI chartered the Bison Conservation Initiative in 2008, which established a framework for bison conservation and restoration on appropriate lands within the species’ histori-cal range. With the recent announcement of the 2020 DOI Bison Conservation Initiative, DOI outlined a diverse range of accomplishments made under the 2008 Initiative and re-affirmed the commitment to work with partners in support of managing bison as native wildlife. Both the 2008 and 2020 DOI Bison Conservation Initiatives endorse a holistic approach, addressing health and genetic considerations, and recommend managing DOI bison herds together as a metapopulation to conserve genetic diversity by restoring gene flow. Bison conservation and restoration efforts must consider the significance of disease in bison herds and apply a multi-jurisdictional, multi-stakeholder approach to the management of bison on large landscapes. Robust herd health surveillance programs, both in the donor and recipient herds, along with strong partnerships and communication, are needed to protect the century-long success of DOI bison conservation and stewardship. This report discusses overarching principles affecting bison health decisions in DOI herds and provides detailed baseline herd health history and management, providing a foundation upon which the 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative vision for DOI bison stewardship can be realized.

Mengak, Michael T. Wildlife Translocation. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7210105.ws.

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Many people enjoy wildlife. Nationwide, Americans spend over $144 billion annually on fishing, hunting, and wildlife-watching activities. However, wildlife is not always welcome in or near homes, buildings, or other property and can cause significant damage or health and safety issues. Many people who experience a wildlife conflict prefer to resolve the issue without harming the offending animal. Of the many options available (i.e., habitat modification, exclusion, repellents) for addressing nuisance wildlife problems, translocation—capturing and moving—of the offending animal is often perceived to be effective. However, trapping and translocating wild animals is rarely legal nor is it considered a viable solution by wildlife professionals for resolving most nuisance wildlife problems. Reasons to avoid translocating nuisance wildlife include legal restrictions, disease concerns, liability issues associated with injuries or damage caused by a translocated animal, stress to the animal, homing behavior, and risk of death to the animal. Translocation is appropriate in some situations such as re-establishing endangered species, enhancing genetic diversity, and stocking species in formerly occupied habitats. The main focus of this publication, however, is to address nuisance wildlife issues that may be commonly encountered by homeowners and nuisance wildlife control professionals.

Fahima, Tzion, and Jorge Dubcovsky. Map-based cloning of the novel stripe rust resistance gene YrG303 and its use to engineer 1B chromosome with multiple beneficial traits. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598147.bard.

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Research problem: Bread wheat (Triticumaestivum) provides approximately 20% of the calories and proteins consumed by humankind. As the world population continues to increase, it is necessary to improve wheat yields, increase grain quality, and minimize the losses produced by biotic and abiotic stresses. Stripe rust, caused by Pucciniastriiformisf. sp. tritici(Pst), is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat. The new pathogen races are more virulent and aggressive than previous ones and have produced large economic losses. A rich source for stripe-rust resistance genes (Yr) was found in wild emmer wheat populations from Israel. Original Project goals: Our long term goal is to identify, map, clone, characterize and deploy in breeding, novel wild emmer Yr genes, and combine them with multiple beneficial traits. The current study was aiming to map and clone YrG303 and Yr15, located on chromosome 1BS and combine them with drought resistance and grain quality genes. Positional cloning of YrG303/Yr15: Fine mapping of these genes revealed that YrG303 is actually allelic to Yr15. Fine genetic mapping using large segregating populations resulted in reduction of the genetic interval spanning Yr15 to less than 0.1 cM. Physical mapping of the YrG303/Yr15 locus was based on the complete chromosome 1BS physical map of wheat constructed by our group. Screening of 1BS BAC library with Yr15 markers revealed a long BAC scaffold covering the target region. The screening of T. dicoccoidesaccession-specific BAC library with Yr15 markers resulted in direct landing on the target site. Sequencing of T. dicoccoidesBAC clones that cover the YrG303/Yr15 locus revealed a single candidate gene (CG) with conserved domains that may indicate a role in disease resistance response. Validation of the CG was carried out using EMS mutagenesis (loss-of- function approach). Sequencing of the CG in susceptible yr15/yrG303 plants revealed three independent mutants that harbour non-functional yr15/yrG303 alleles within the CG conserved domains, and therefore validated its function as a Pstresistance gene. Evaluation of marker-assisted-selection (MAS) for Yr15. Introgressions of Yr15 into cultivated wheat are widely used now. Recently, we have shown that DNA markers linked to Yr15 can be used as efficient tools for introgression of Yr15 into cultivated wheat via MAS. The developed markers were consistent and polymorphic in all 34 tested introgressions and are the most recommended markers for the introgression of Yr15. These markers will facilitate simultaneous selection for multiple Yr genes and help to avoid escapees during the selection process. Engineering of improved chromosome 1BS that harbors multiple beneficial traits. We have implemented the knowledge and genetic resources accumulated in this project for the engineering of 1B "super-chromosome" that harbors multiple beneficial traits. We completed the generation of a chromosome including the rye 1RS distal segment associated with improved drought tolerance with the Yr gene, Yr15, and the strong gluten allele 7Bx-over-expressor (7Bxᴼᴱ). We have completed the introgression of this improved chromosome into our recently released variety Patwin-515HP and our rain fed variety Kern, as well as to our top breeding lines UC1767 and UC1745. Elucidating the mechanism of resistance exhibited by Yr36 (WKS1). The WHEAT KINASE START1 (WKS1) resistance gene (Yr36) confers partial resistance to Pst. We have shown that wheat plants transformed with WKS1 transcript are resistant to Pst. WKS1 is targeted to the chloroplast where it phosphorylates the thylakoid-associatedascorbateperoxidase (tAPX) and reduces its ability to detoxify peroxides. Based on these results, we propose that the phosphorylation of tAPX by WKS1 reduces the ability of the cells to detoxify ROS and contributes to cell death. Distribution and diversity of WKS in wild emmer populations. We have shown that WKS1 is present only in the southern distribution range of wild emmer in the Fertile Crescent. Sequence analysis revealed a high level of WKS1 conservation among wild emmer populations, in contrast to the high level of diversity observed in NB-LRR genes. This phenomenon shed some light on the evolution of genes that confer partial resistance to Pst. Three new WKS1 haplotypes displayed a resistance response, suggesting that they can be useful to improve wheat resistance to Pst. In summary, we have improved our understanding of cereals’ resistance mechanisms to rusts and we have used that knowledge to develop improved wheat varieties.

Freeman, Stanley, and Russell J. Rodriguez. The Interaction Between Nonpathogenic Mutants of Colletotrichum and Fusarium, and the Plant Host Defense System. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573069.bard.

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The intent of this proposal was to study the interaction between nonpathogenic mutants of Colletotrichum magna and Fusarium oxysporum, and the cucurbit host defense system. We had shown previously that a nonpathogenic endophytic mutant path- 1 of C. magna, caused no visible disease symptoms but protected watermelon seedlings from disease caused by the wildtype isolate and F. o. niveum. Objectives were: 1) Determine the microscopic, biochemical and molecular genetic interaction between "protected" (path- 1 colonized) cucurbit hosts and wildtype isolates of C. magna; 2) Isolate non-pathogenic mutants of F.o. melonis and test feasibility for protecting plants against fungal diseases. We found that path-1 caused no visible disease symptoms in cucurbit seedlings but conferred disease resistance against pathogenic isolates of C. magna, C. orbiculare, and F. oxysporum. Disease resistance conferred by path-1 correlated to a decrease in the time of activation of host defense systems after exposure of path-1 colonized plants to virulent pathogens. This was determined by monitoring the biochemical activity of PAL and peroxidase, and the deposition of lignin. It appears that path-1-conferred disease resistance is a multigenic phenomenon which should be more difficult for pathogen to overcome than single gene conferred resistance. Based on the benefits conferred by path-1, we have defined this mutant as expressing a mutualistic lifestyle. REMI (restriction enzyme-mediated integration) nonpathogenic mutants were also isolated using pHA1.3 plasmid linearized with Hind III and transformed into wildtype C. magna. The integrated vector and flanking genomic DNA sequences in REMI mutant R1 was re-isolated and cloned resulting in a product of approximately 11 kb designated pGMR1. Transformations of wildtype C. magna with pGMR1 resulted in the same non-pathogenic phenotype. A nonpathogenic mutant of F.o. melonis (pathogenic to melon) was isolated that colonized melon plants but elicited no disease symptoms in seedlings and conferred 25 - 50% disease protection against the virulent wildtype isolate. Subsequently, nonpathogenic mutant isolates of F.o. niveum (pathogenic to watermelon) were also isolated. Their protection capacity against the respective wildtype parent is currently under investigation. This research has provided information toward a better understanding of host-parasite interactions; specifically, endophytes, pathogens and their hosts. It will also allow us to assess the potential for utilizing nonpathogenic mutants as biological control agents against fungal pathogens and isolating molecular genetic factors of pathogenicity in Fusarium.

Horwitz, Benjamin, and Nicole M. Donofrio. Identifying unique and overlapping roles of reactive oxygen species in rice blast and Southern corn leaf blight. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7604290.bard.

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Plants and their fungal pathogens both produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). CytotoxicROS act both as stressors and signals in the plant-fungal interaction. In biotrophs, a compatible interaction generates little ROS, but is followed by disease. An incompatible interaction results in a strong oxidative burst by the host, limiting infection. Necrotrophs, in contrast, thrive on dead and dying cells in an oxidant-rich local environment. Rice blast, Magnaportheoryzae, a hemibiotroph, occurs worldwide on rice and related hosts and can decimate enough rice each year to feed sixty million people. Cochliobolusheterostrophus, a necrotroph, causes Southern corn leaf blight (SLB), responsible for a major epidemic in the 1970s. The objectives of our study of ROS signaling and response in these two cereal pathogens were: Confocal imaging of ROS production using genetically encoded redox sensor in two pathosystems over time. Forward genetic screening of HyPer sensor lines in two pathosystems for fungal genes involved in altered ROSphenotypes. RNA-seq for discovery of genes involved in ROS-related stress and signaling in two pathosystems. Revisions to the research plan: Library construction in SLB was limited by low transformation efficiency, compounded by a protoplasting enzyme being unavailable during most of year 3. Thus Objective 2 for SLB re-focused to construction of sensor lines carrying deletion mutations in known or candidate genes involved in ROS response. Imaging on rice proved extremely challenging, so mutant screening and imaging were done with a barley-infecting line, already from the first year. In this project, ROS imaging at unprecedented time and spatial resolution was achieved, using genetically-encoded ratio sensors in both pathogens. This technology is currently in use for a large library of rice blast mutants in the ROS sensor background, and Southern corn leaf blight mutants in final stages of construction. The imaging methods developed here to follow the redox state of plant pathogens in the host tissue should be applicable to fungal pathogens in general. Upon completion of mutant construction for SCLB we hope to achieve our goal of comparison between intracellular ROS status and response in hemibiotroph and necrotroph cereal pathogens.

Levin, Ilan, John Thomas, Moshe Lapidot, Desmond McGrath, and Denis Persley. Resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in tomato: molecular mapping and introgression of resistance to Australian genotypes. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613888.bard.

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Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most devastating viruses of cultivated tomatoes. Although first identified in the Mediterranean region, it is now distributed world-wide. Sequence analysis of the virus by the Australian group has shown that the virus is now present in Australia. Despite the importance of the disease and extensive research on the virus, very little is known about the resistance genes (loci) that determine host resistance and susceptibility to the virus. A symptom-less resistant line, TY-172, was developed at the Volcani Center which has shown the highest resistance level among all tested varieties. Preliminary results show that TY-172 is a good candidate to confer resistance to both TYLCV and to Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) in Queensland conditions. Furthermore, Segregation analysis has previously indicated that the resistance is determined by 2-3 genes. In this proposal we aimed to substantiate that TY-172 can contribute to resistance breeding against TYLCV in Queensland, to develop DNA markers to advance such resistance breeding in both Israel and Queensland, and to exploit these markers for resistant breeding in Australian and Israeli lines. To map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling TYLCVresistance in TY172, appropriate segregating populations were analyzed using 69 polymorphic DNA markers spanning the entire tomato genome. Results show that TYLCV resistance in TY172 is controlled by a previously unknown major QTL, originating from the resistant line, and four additional minor QTLs. The major QTL, termed Ty-5, maps to chromosome 4 and accounts for 39.7-to-46.6% of the variation in symptom severity among segregating plants (LOD score: 33-to-35). The minor QTLs, originated either from the resistant or susceptible parents, were mapped to chromosomes 1, 7, 9 and 11, and contributed 12% to the variation in symptom severity in addition to Ty-5. Further analysis of parental lines as well as large F₁, BC₁F₁, F₂ and BC₁F₂ populations originating from crosses carried out, in reciprocal manner, between TY172 and the susceptible processing line M-82 (LA3475) during spring-summer 2010, indicated that: (1) the minor QTLs we have previously identified are in effect not reproducible, (2)Ty-5 alone can yield highly resistant plants with practically no extra-chromosomal effects, and (3) the narrow-sense heritability estimate of resistance levels, attributed to additive factors responsive to selection, does not significantly deviate from 1. All of these results point to Ty-5 as the sole resistance locus in TY172 thus significantly increasing the likelihood of its successful molecular dissection. The DNA markers developed during the course of this study were transferred together with the TY172 genotype to Queensland. TY172 was crossed to a panel of Australian genotypes and the resulting populations were subjected to segregation analysis. Results showed that resistant locus, Ty-5, is highly reproducible in the Australian conditions as well. The Australian group was also able to make improvements to the marker assays by re-designing primer pairs to provide more robust PCR fragments. The Ty-5 locus has now been introgressed into elite Australian germplasm and selection for TYLCV resistance has begun. Cumulatively, our results show that Ty-5 can be effectively used, together with the TY172 genotype to expedite TYLCV resistance breeding and improve our understanding of the genetics that underline the response of tomato to TYLCV. Contributions to agriculture include: (1) the development of tools for more efficient resistance breeding, allowing the incorporation of resistance to local tomato varieties in Australia, Israel and elsewhere; and (2) establish a solid framework for a future attempt to clone the genes that encode such resistance. The latter will enable to decipher the resistance mechanisms that could be applied to other geminiviruses in tomato and possibly in other plant species.