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Статті в журналах з теми "Roads Economic aspects Papua New Guinea"
1
Thompson, Herb. "Environment and Development: The Forests of Papua New Guinea." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 6, no. 2 (July 1995): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9500600203.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The uniqueness and importance of island tropical moist rainforests, such as that of Papua New Guinea is well recognised. It can be safely argued that tropical islands with their rainforests and adjacent coral reefs may well comprise the most biologically rich complexes of ecosystems on the planet. Therefore, those who pursue economic growth or developmental processes on these islands must be particularly cognizant of the environment. This paper examines, with particular reference to Papua New Guinea, the relationship between development and the environment. Papua New Guinea incorporates the largest continuous tract of lowland tropical moist rainforest in the Southeast Asia/Pacific region. The forestry sector in Papua New Guinea is described. This is followed by a conceptualisation of the environmental/economic dilemma. It is then argued that economic criteria and legal/juridical policies, used by international agencies and the State to resolve the problem of forest degradation, have proved to be a failure in Papua New Guinea. Those people most affected, villagers and peasants, have no control over the incursion of international capital and are forced or enticed to sell off their own and future generation’s customary land rights. Social relationships have been commercialised in a most effective manner. In return the villagers receive roads without maintenance, schools without teachers and royalty agreements without payment. To date no consensus has yet been achieved on the relationship between the protagonists of economic growth and those of ecological or social sustainability
2
Jusi, Petri, Roy Mumu, Sirpa H. Jarvenpaa, Barnabas Neausemale, and Eduardo Sangrador. "Road Asset Management System Implementation in Pacific Region: Papua New Guinea." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-41.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The road network of Papua New Guinea includes 8,258 km of national classified roads and another 19,937 km of lesser-trafficked but equally important provincial roads. The value of the national road network is more than 5 billion Kina (US$1 billion). Maintaining this significant asset places a great responsibility on the government and the Department of Works (DOW). Sadly, insufficient attention has been given to maintaining the road network. There is no doubt that poorly maintained roads have a significant adverse effect on national economic growth, with an adverse effect on gross domestic product. In a developing country such as Papua New Guinea, there is always a need to provide a basic level of access to all areas of the country to be able to provide basic services for all the population (access to markets, administrative, health, education). A poorly maintained road network limits access and deprives rural populations of basic services. Therefore, DOW, with funds and guidance provided by the Asian Development Bank, has, with the assistance of a Finnroad consultant, developed a road asset management system (RAMS). RAMS is a tool for storing and presenting road data information, planning short-and long-term road maintenance, creating budgets, and maximizing economic returns of investments made for the road network. The government of Papua New Guinea has also established requirements for institutional reform and strengthening under its public sector reform program. Furthermore, responding to community and other stakeholder pressure, the government has committed itself to launching a road sector reform program.
3
Tammisto, Tuomas. "Strengthening the State." Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30676/jfas.116657.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper I will examine how logging in Papua New Guinea affects the relationship between the state and the local communities on whose lands logging operations take place. The point of departure of my argument is the Ili-Wawas Integrated Project, a combined logging and agricultural project which seeks to bring economic development to the remote Pomio district of East New Britain Province by connecting existing logging roads to the limited national road network around the provincial capital. Developing the national road network and creating standardized or—to use James Scott’s concept—legible environments can be seen as an integral part of state-making and strengthening the role of the state. In addition to the environment, the state also needs to make social life legible in forms of maps, censuses and laws. As I will argue in my paper, the Ili-Wawas, and other similar projects, may indeed strengthen the role of the state not only by creating the infrastructure and legibility needed by the state, but also in unintended and accidental ways. The side effects of logging and road building include, among others, fear of crime and land disputes. It is these that create among the locals a perceived need for state institutions, which may be as significant in advancing the role of the state as is the creation of infrastructure and legibility.
Keywords: Papua New Guinea, development, road building, land dispute, state, neoliberalism, legibility
4
Sunarya, Abas, and Sudaryono Sudaryono. "The Strategic Issues Of Economic Development Of Border Area Of Indonesia - Malaysia." CICES 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33050/cices.v2i2.221.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On the land, Indonesia is bordered by three countries: Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Timor Leste.Whereas, in Indonesia sea area bordered by 10 countries: India, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand,Vietnam, Philippines, the Republic of Palau, Australia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea. Most ofthe border region in Indonesia is still an underdeveloped area with less facilities and infrastructure ofsocial and economic. Formulation of the problem are: 1. How do the condition of the socio-economicand culture in the border of Indonesia - Malaysia? 2. What is the condition of infrastructure in theborder and what is the urgent infrastructure to be built? 3. What are policy and strategy of theIndonesian government of the border of society development between Indonesia (Entikong) andMalaysia (Sarawak)? The purpose of writing are: 1. Comparing the condition of the socio-economicand culture of border both Indonesia and Malaysia. 2. Comparing the condition of the infrastructureof border both Indonesia and Malaysia and determining the infrastructure to be built. 3. Describingthe Indonesian government policy and strategy in development acceleration of economic society in theborder between Indonesia, especially Entikong Sub-District of Sanggau Regency West Kalimantanand Malaysia (Sarawak). Although, the commitment and the governments policy have given a higherpriority in the reorientated development of border, which those of security (security approach) into awelfare orientation (prosperity approach), but overall, the issue of society development in Indonesiaborder, especially the District Entikong Sanggau Regency West Kalimantan and Malaysia (Sarawak)so far can be said that are still not getting proportional attention. The indication, though a variety ofpolicies, regulations or laws relating to efforts to accelerate economic development of border societieshave been made. Various issues and problems are faced by the border, both land and sea borders canbe solved by more focused and targeted on six aspects, these are policy, economic and socio-cultural,defense and security, natural resources management, institutional and management authority, as wellas cooperation inter nations.
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Mahmud, M. Irfan. "HUNIAN AWAL SEJARAH DI PESISIR KAIMANA, PAPUA BARAT (Early History of Setlement in Kaimana Coast, West Papua)." Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat 6, no. 2 (June 3, 2017): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/papua.v6i2.29.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coastal Kaimana be one important area to understand overview of the early history of civilization in New Guinea. Kaimana evolved since the empire archipelago use as a transit port as archaeological traces were found. A necessity, residential visited various ethnic groups in the past will also produce a diversity of artifacts. Instead, it is important to know two things from Kaimana coastal sites, namely: (i) the diversity of artifacts; and (ii) the character of the culture that developed in the residential area. Picture of two things is intended to show on the one hand, the contribution of the archipelago to the development of local communities in Papua early history, while on the other hand know the influence of external elements of the character of the local culture. By using a method known archaeological survey that multiculturalism has grown in residential site at Kaimana coast, where the infrastructure reflects the character of the maritime civilization open, advanced, and adaptive to the elements of the outer cover all aspects of life: social, economic, cultural, historical, to religion.ABSTRAKPesisir Kaimana menjadi salah satu kawasan penting untuk memahami gambaran peradaban masa awal sejarah di Pulau Papua. Kaimana berkembang sejak imperium Nusantara menggunakan sebagai pelabuhan transit sebagaimana jejak arkeologi yang ditemukan. Suatu keniscayaan, hunian yang dikunjungi berbagai etnis di masa lalu juga akan menghasilkan keragaman artefak. Justru itu, penting untuk mengetahui dua hal dari situs pesisir Kaimana, yaitu: (i) keragaman artefak; dan (ii) karakter budaya yang berkembang di dalam kawasan hunian. Gambaran dua hal tersebut ditujukan untuk memperlihatkan pada satu pihak kontribusi Nusantara terhadap perkembangan komunitas lokal Papua masa awal sejarah, sementara dilain pihak mengatahui pengaruh anasir luar terhadap karakter budaya setempat. Dengan menggunakan metode survei arkeologi diketahui bahwa multikulturalisme telah berkembang pada situs hunian di pesisir Kaimana, dimana infrastrukturnya mencerminkan karakter peradaban maritim yang terbuka, maju, dan adaptif dengan anasir dari luar melingkupi segala aspek kehidupan: sosial, ekonomi, budaya, sejarah, hingga religi.
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Lynch, A. Jasmyn J., Elikana Kalumanga, and Guillermo A. Ospina. "Socio-ecological aspects of sustaining Ramsar wetlands in three biodiverse developing countries." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 6 (2016): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15419.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Integrating conservation and ecologically sustainable development of wetlands is a major challenge, especially in developing countries. While many developing countries harbour significant biodiversity and socio-cultural resources, they have substantial development pressures. We explore the similarities in issues around wetland conservation and sustainability in three developing countries using case studies of internationally significant wetlands in Tanzania, Colombia and Papua New Guinea. We examine key aspects of their socio-ecological values, stakeholder and governance issues, conservation and management issues, and management responses. Key challenges across these regions include inadequate knowledge and data, population and development impacts, poor regulatory and planning processes, socio-economic inequities and conflict. All three areas lack adequate inventory, survey and monitoring, and there are significant risks to some wetland values. Mechanisms such as the Ramsar Convention provide a framework to assist in addressing global wetland loss, but implementation at these sites needs to be supported by effective, integrative approaches involving natural resource regulation, conservation and the development needs of local communities. Increased commitment and resourcing, along with comprehensive stakeholder engagement, are needed to develop and implement locally tailored plans to effectively manage these sites and their values, while also addressing the range of stakeholder needs and perspectives.
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Alunaza, Hardi, Ireng Maulana, and Adityo Darmawan Sudagung. "The Pacific Solution as Australia Policy towards Asylum Seeker and Irregular Maritime Arrivals (IMAs) in John Howard Era." Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional 14, no. 1 (May 9, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/jihi.v14i1.2789.61-75.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>This research is attempted to answer the question of why John Howard used the Pacific Solution as Australian policy towards Asylum Seekers and Irregular Maritime Arrivals (IMAS). By using the descriptive method with a qualitative approach, the researchers took a specific interest in decision-making theory and sovereignty concept to analyze the phenomena. The policy governing the authority of the Australian Government in the face of the Asylum Seeker by applying multiple strategies to suppress and deter IMAs. The results of this research indicate that John Howard used Pacific Solution with emphasis on three important aspects. First, eliminating migration zone in Australia. Second, building cooperation with third countries in the South Pacific, namely Nauru and Papua New Guinea in shaping the center of IMAs defense. On the other hand, Howard also made some amendments to the Migration Act by reducing the rights of refugees. Immigrants who are seen as a factor of progress and development of the State Australia turned into a new dimension that threatens economic development, security, and socio-cultural. </p>
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Чининов, И. В. "ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫЙ УКЛАД ЖИТЕЛЕЙ ДЕРЕВЕНЬ ГОРЕНДУ, БОНГУ И ГУМБУ (НОВАЯ ГВИНЕЯ) В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ РЕАЛИЯХ (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ ПОЛЕВЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ)". Вестник антропологии (Herald of Anthropology), № 3 (1 жовтня 2021): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2311-0546/2021-3/261-273.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
В апреле–мае 2019 г. научно-исследовательская экспедиция Фонда им. Миклухо-Маклая (под руководством директора Фонда Н.Н. Миклухо-Маклая-младшего) продолжила комплексные полевые работы в провинции Маданг Независимого Государства Папуа – Новая Гвинея – в деревнях Горенду, Бонгу и Гумбу на Берегу Маклая (на северо-востоке о-ва Новая Гвинея), где проживают представители папуасскоязычной этнической группы бонгу (самоназвание бонгуанцы). Этнографическая часть программы предусматривала изучение различных сторон современной хозяйственной деятельности и их корреляций с традиционными занятиями бонгу минувших веков. Во второй половине XIX столетия в этом регионе проводил свои научные изыскания выдающийся русский ученый-гуманист Николай Николаевич Миклухо-Маклай, в 1971 и 1977 гг. здесь работали советские, а в 2017 и 2019 гг. российские этнографы. Проведенные автором статьи – участником двух последних экспедиций – исследования позволили выявить прочную сохранность аутентичных элементов в хозяйственной деятельности бонгу. Приходящие извне инновации не только не трансформируют в корне традиционный уклад жизни папуасов, но, органично на него наслаиваясь, придают ему еще большую устойчивость. In April–May 2019, the research expedition of the Miklouho-Maclay Foundation (led by N. N. Miklouho-Maclay, Jr. – the Director of the Foundation) continued comprehensive fieldwork in the villages of Gorendu, Bongu, and Gumbu on the Maklay Coast (the north-east of the New Guinea island) in the Madang Province of the independent State of Papua New Guinea. The ethnographic part included studying various aspects of the economic activity of the Papuan-speaking ethnic group Bongu (Bonguans) living in these villages and their associations with the corresponding traditional occupations of the past centuries recorded in the works of Russian scientists. In the second half of the XIX century, the outstanding Russian scientist-humanist Nikolai Nikolayevich Miklouho-Maclay conducted his long-term scientific research in this region. Soviet ethnographers worked there in 1971 and 1977. The research conducted by the author revealed the strong preservation of authentic elements in this sphere of life, which, in turn, is reflected in other cultural aspects. The innovations emerging from the outside world do not fundamentally transform the economic life of the Bongu Papuans but are organically incorporated, giving it even greater stability.
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Dono, Danar, Yusup Hidayat, and Kari Iamba. "Possible New Species of Araecerus (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) Associated with Mastixiodendron pachyclados (Garo garo), Rubiaceae." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 6 (November 26, 2017): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Araecerus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Anthribidae. They are very important economic pests of coffee, cocoa and other agricultural crops. The species that commonly attack coffee (Rubiaceae) beans is Araecerus fasciculatus (Degeer) commonly known as coffee bean weevil. However, five (5) undescribed species of genus Araecerus were reared predominantly from the seeds of Mastixiodendron pachyclados (Rubiceae) commonly known as Garo garo and it is a native tree of Papua New Guinea. Fruits of M. pachyclados were regularly sampled and insects attacking them were reared, preserved and identified. Fruits were hand collected, photographed, weighed and reared. Insects emerging from the fruits were captured and preserved in 99% ethanol. All the specimens were identified into morphospecies at the laboratory. The five new species of genus Araecerus (Anthribidae) were designated as Araecerus sp.1, Araecerus sp.2, Araecerus sp.3, Araecerus sp.4 and Araecerus sp.5 according to their differences in body length; scutellum color, size, hair-scales and visibility; length of first and second segments of fore tarsus; apical and subapical teeth-size (mandible and maxillary palpi); declivity of dorsal abdomen; basal-anterior eye markings; lateral eye markings; absence of eye markings; and shape of pygidium. Araecerus sp.1 was described as having yellowish gold marking inside the base of eye, Araecerus sp.2 with pygidium almost vertically-flat at abdominal apex, Araecerus sp.3 have eyes without yellowish gold marking and generally dark in colour, Araecerus sp.4 with distinct yellowish gold interior-lateral marking in its eye, and Araecerus sp.5 with pygidium pointed at abdominal apex. Proper identification of these five species is beneficial for effective application of control measures. Since they are major pests of cash crops such as coffee and cocoa, identification of their species and quantification of their abundance will foster economic returns and crop protection aspects as their abundance is closely related to crop damage. Keywords: Araecerus; scutellum; declivity; pygidium.
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Mollet, Julius Ary. "Editorial." KnE Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (August 23, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v1i1.426.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>Today, the Asia Pacific region is one among the fastest growing region in the world with strong economic growth. Due to globalization, world economy has undergone significant changes. While Europe’s economic growth has been slowing down, Asia Pacific’s consistently shows an impressive growth. In the next few years, the economic growth in the region will remain strong, in parallel with improving living standards in the region. With its huge population and strategic location, Asia Pacific offers many opportunities for countries outside the region to embark on collaboration and economic cooperation.</p><p>Papua and PNG are integral parts of Asia Pacific and play a strategic role in the region. Papua and PNG share commonalities in terms of economic development’s approaches. Both regions rely on extractive economies which depend on the exploitation of natural resources. Papua and PNG posses enormous and extraordinary biodiversity, unique to the region. But natural resource-based development has not only threatened but also undermined any effort to protect region’s diverse flora and fauna. With the emergence of Asia Pacific as a new economic powerhouse, the growth has transformed indigenous communities and their livelihood including their economic, cultural and social institutions as well as their relationship with their environment.</p><p>Moreover, although Papua and PNG are resource-rich regions, both have a substantial number of populations who live in poverty or extreme poverty. Income distribution in Papua and PNG demonstrates that there is a striking gap between the poor and the rich. On top of that, the provision of basic services such as education and healthcare is still unevenly distributed. While cities are generally well-served, some areas in the hinterland suffer from a lack of teachers and medical personnel. The fundamental challenges faced by Papua and PNG lie precisely in these aspects: economic, social, cultural and environmental.</p><p>Considering the importance of human development and biodiversity in Papua’s and Papua New Guinea’s contexts, efforts are needed to develop the region, while at the same time, to save and protect region’s immense diversity by improving the quality of life, promoting sustainable development in all sectors, preserving natural resources, and improving community awareness. Furthermore, there is a need to conduct more research and studies related to above mentioned components in order to support better development efforts in the region.</p><p>Papua and PNG have been collaborating in the education sector for a long period, which takes the form of research collaboration, student exchanges, seminars and symposia. This long standing collaboration has strengthened bilateral relations between Papua and PNG. This symposium has persist this tradition as well as add a new tone in the framework of knowledge sharing between educators in Papua, PNG and abroad by bringing together some crucial issues in social sciences and biodiversity in Papua and PNG. Additionally, this symposium is also an important moment for Cenderawasih University as the symposium will be held to commemorate the university’s 53rd anniversary and to celebrate 40 years of diplomatic relations between Papua-Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.</p><p>Cenderawasih University was established on November 10th, 1962. Cenderawasih University is the oldest university in Papua and has committed to develop its human resources and determined to implement the Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi or the Three Principles of Higher Education which focuses on education, research, and contribution to society. This momentum of holding International Conference on Social Sciences and Biodiversity of Papua and Papua New Guinea in Cenderawasih University was vital given that some distinguished experts are gathered from around the world presenting their finest research. We highly expect that this event had inspiring researchers who are interested in exploring further research on the social sciences and biodiversity around Papua and Papua New Guinea. </p>
Дисертації з теми "Roads Economic aspects Papua New Guinea"
1
Nihill, Michael. "Roads of presence : social relatedness and exchange in Anganen social structure /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phn691.pdf.
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Nelson, Genevieve F., University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, and School of Psychology. "The socio-economic and psychological determinants of student academic outcomes in Papua New Guinea." 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/19759.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Papua New Guinea (PNG), a country characterised by tremendous linguistic, environmental, and cultural diversity, has experienced a history of educational reform and political and social turbulence. Attempts to inform educational interventions and successful policy change in PNG have been erratic. In addition, there is a paucity of sound methodological research which has impeded effective change. As such, little is known about the key determinants of academic outcomes for PNG students. The purpose of the current study was to test a comprehensive cross-cultural model of the relation of a suite of psycho-social constructs to academic outcomes for PNG students from urban, rural, and village educational settings. This model examined the influence of socio-economic status, parent education, future goal orientation, perceived instrumental value, motivation, self-concept, and self-regulation upon PNG students’ academic outcomes. In order to test this model in PNG, three main studies were conducted. The first study (n=917) aimed to examine the psychometric properties of relevant instrumentation, and the differences in students’ endorsement of future goals, perceived instrumentality, motivation, self-concept, and self-regulation, across different groups in PNG. This study found the instrumentation to be valid and reliable for use in PNG, as well as structurally invariant across gender, grade, and region groups. Gender, grade, and region profile differences were also found for each of the five psychological variables. The second study (n=917) aimed to examine the relations between key socio-economic and psychological factors, and the impact that these variables had upon achievement and effort outcomes. The results firstly highlighted students’ socio-economic status and parent education as being positive predictors of student outcomes. Next, village-oriented future goals and perceived instrumentality, mastery and social motivation, and domain specific academic self-concept, were all found to be significant, positive predictors of students’ achievement and effort scores. Furthermore, authority future goals and perceived instrumentality and performance motivation were found to be negative predictors of student outcomes. Finally, the third study (n=52) aimed to illuminate and extend the results of the quantitative studies with qualitative data from students, teachers, and parents. This study found that these groups emphasised the importance of future goals, perceived instrumentality, motivation, and self-regulation as predictors of students’ educational experiences, and they highlighted the underlying relations between these variables and student outcomes. Results also highlighted a number of additional psychological, linguistic, and socio-cultural factors, as serving important roles in students’ educational experiences. Findings of the current investigation were interpreted within the cross-cultural framework of the student model that was utilised. The findings have important implications for our understanding of the key determinants of student achievement and effort within PNG, but also for future cross-cultural research examining related determinants within other Indigenous, developing, and Indigenous majority countries. Furthermore, the findings have implications for future research, practice, and policy interventions within PNG, and provide guidance for the development of culturally sensitive and appropriate interventions to aid the achievement and effort of students living in PNG.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
3
Timms, Wendy. "The post World War Two colonial project and Australian planters in Papua New Guinea : the search for relevance in the colonial twighlight i.e. [twilight]." Phd thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/145719.
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Sharp, Timothy Lachlan. "Following Buai : the highlands betel nut trade, Papua New Guinea." Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156148.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is the first detailed geographic and ethnographic study of Papua New Guinea's thriving betel nut trade. It tells the story of the trade of betel nut into the highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG), and examines the daily lives and interactions of the diverse collection of participants involved in the trade - the 'betel people' - and how they have contributed to the making of a flourishing, contemporary and indigenous market. Betel nut is a stimulant that has long been produced, exchanged and consumed throughout lowland PNG, but was absent from the pre-colonial highlands. Since the 1960s increasing numbers of highlanders have started chewing betel nut which has given rise to a long-distance wholesale trade that connects rural lowland producers to the highland consumers. Betel nut is now the country's most important domestic cash crop, and its sale and resale is a prominent, and potentially lucrative, livelihood activity for rural and urban people in both the lowlands and the highlands. This thesis is based on thirteen months nomadic ethnographic fieldwork in which betel nut, and the actors that shape its trajectory, was followed from the lowland production areas into the highland marketplaces and beyond. I document the considerable scale and complexity of the trade, the efflorescence of intermediaries within it, and the high level of specialisation amongst its actors. 'Following' betel nut and betel people also foregrounds the importance of social relationships, and the associated processes of inclusion and exclusion, to shaping the structure and the dynamics of the trade. The highly competitive and opportunistic nature of the trade leads betel people to transact in the same places and often with the same people, and it encourages them to cultivate and nurture those relationships which provide security and enable access in new places. Betel people trade to make money, but I suggest that trade relationships regularly overflow the marketplace. Further, the transactions within the trade are routinely conceptualised as more than simple commodity transfers. I also seek to frame the trade in relation to the power asymmetries between different actors, and emphasise the diverse manifestations of cooperation and competition in trade negot1at1ons. Drawing on the growing literature within geography and anthropology concerned with the social embeddedness of 'economic' activity, this research emphasises that the making of markets is a dynamic and contested process, one that is always spatial, grounded in particular places. In doing so it contributes to better understanding marketplaces, livelihoods, and the creation of alternative modernities in contemporary PNG. The betel nut trade is full of contradictions and tensions, but also the aspirations of a great number of 'grassroot' Papua New Guineans.
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McKenna, Kylie. "Interdependent engagement : corporate social responsibility in Bougainville and Papua." Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156287.
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This thesis is the result of a journey through nine countries, documenting the lessons of over eighty diverse stakeholders, ranging from multinational resource company executives to local landowners, about how businesses can amend their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices to facilitate peaceful development. Drawing on the cases of Bougainville and Papua, it analyses the effectiveness of dominant mainstream models of CSR pursued by major resource companies to respond to threats to peace that arise from the issues of most concern to locals. A problem that this thesis reveals is that despite a commitment to CSR, Bougainville Copper Limited (BCL), PT Freeport Indonesia (Freeport) and BP (British Petroleum) failed to resolve local grievances related to their business practices in Bougainville and Papua. A framework of 'Interdependent Engagement' is designed in response to these failures. Interdependent Engagement addresses limitations of CSR to resolve the conflict flashpoints associated with the extraction of natural resources. Contrary to common expectations, the voluntary social and environmental initiatives pursued by the extractive industry do not automatically lead to improved conditions for local communities. In some cases, particularly where armed conflict arises, these initiatives may even produce more harm than good. Despite this potential danger, corporations continue to be encouraged to expand the scope of their existing CSR practices to encompass a role in peace building. Guided by a multi-site research design, the thesis connects the motivations, intentions and constraints of corporations operating in zones of conflict with local perspectives and expectations in the CSR context. The data confirm that dominant forms of CSR as used by the case study companies are limited in their capacity to assist resource extraction companies to avoid social conflict. This is due to the fact that CSR has historically tended to focus primarily on the distribution of material benefits, rather than on engagement with the deeper sources of injustice that resource companies often become entangled with. Drawing on the case studies of Bougainville and Papua, eight sites of interdependence between BCL, Freeport and BP and the grievances at the heart of the two conflicts are identified: 1. historical injustice; 2. the denial of customary land rights; 3. regional inequality & contests over resource wealth; 4. cultural, political and economic marginalisation; 5. human rights violations; 6. community disruption; 7. environmental damage, and 8. aspirations to define the future. The thesis finds that there are four important limitations of dominant models of CSR discourse that have constrained its ability to engage with these interdependencies. These are: the emphasis on pledges over institutional change, responsiveness to host states to the exclusion of local communities, failure to incorporate alternative visions of justice into the design of voluntary social and environmental initiatives, and the implementation of one-size-fits-all solutions to complex social and environmental problems. A significant outcome of this thesis is a new method for the design of CSR in areas affected by conflict - Interdependent Engagement. Based on the principles of mutuality, reflexivity, engagement and flexibility, Interdependent Engagement is presented as a model of CSR transformed. -- provided by Candidate.
Книги з теми "Roads Economic aspects Papua New Guinea"
1
Jarrett, F. G. Innovation in Papua New Guinea agriculture. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: Institute of National Affairs, 1985.
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2
1943-, McGavin P. A., ed. Land mobilisation in Papua New Guinea. Canberra, ACT: Asia Pacific Press, 2001.
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3
Gupta, Desh. Issues in mineral exploitation in Papua New Guinea. Boroko, Papua New Guinea: National Research Institute, 1995.
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4
McGregor, Andrew. Papua New Guinea horticulture industry sector study. Suva, Fiji Islands: Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 2005.
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5
Donaldson, Mike. Articulated agricultural development: Traditional and capitalist agricultures in Papua New Guinea. Aldershot: Gower, 1988.
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6
Donaldson, Mike. Articulated agricultural development: Traditional and capitalist agricultures in Papua New Guinea. Aldershot, Hants, England: Avebury, 1988.
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7
Barber, Keith. The informal sector and household reproduction in Papua New Guinea. Boroko, Papua New Guinea: National Research Institute, 1993.
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8
Gupta, Desh. The law and order crisis in Papua New Guinea: An economic explanation. Boroko, Papua New Guinea: National Research Institute, 1991.
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9
Hunt, Colin. Eco-forestry as an economic alternative to logging in Papua New Guinea. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: National Research Institute, 2000.
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10
Curtin, Timothy. The economics of public investment in education in Papua New Guinea. Waigani, Papua New Guinea: University of Papua New Guinea Press, 1991.
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1
Lawrence, David Russell. "‘Canoe traffic’ of the Torres Strait and Fly Estuary." In Culture and History in the Pacific, 184–201. Helsinki University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33134/hup-12-12.
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This paper concentrates on the material aspects of the interaction between Torres Strait Islanders and the Papuan peoples of the Fly estuary and the southwest coastal region of Papua New Guinea. In spite of the differences in ecology, habitation history and subsistence practices, or perhaps because of them, interaction between peoples of the region has a long history. Such patterns of interaction between linguistic and culturally diverse groups of peoples is well known in the Melanesian region. Historically, one of the most important cultural links between Papuans and Islanders has been regular and sustained contact maintained by voyages in large ocean-going canoes. The interesting aspect of this relationship from an economic point of view has been not only the exchange by canoes, that is, using canoes as a means of exchange, but also exchange in canoes, where the canoe itself has been the principal object of exchange. Exchange relations between Torres Strait Islanders, coastal Papuans and Australian Aboriginal groups at Cape York were facilitated by means of a sophisticated maritime technology and operated within the confines of well established real and fictive kinship ties.