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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Rice Nutrition"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 31 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Rice Nutrition"

Peng, Bo, Qing-Xi Zhang, Xia-Yu Tian, Yan-Fang Sun, Xin-Hua Huang, Rui-Hua Pang, Quan-Xiu Wang, et al. "Influencing Factors of Grain Nutritional Quality and its Genetic Improvement Strategy in Rice." Journal of Biotechnology Research, no. 71 (November 19, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jbr.71.1.11.

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Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world, and about half of the world’s population uses it as the main food source. China’s annual rice output accounts for about 34% of the world’s annual rice output, ranking first in the world, thus China is known as the "Rice Kingdom". Rice has high nutritional value, providing the human body with 35% of the total energy intake and about 28% of the required protein. Therefore, the nutritional value of rice is directly related to human nutrition and health. In this paper, the three aspects of rice nutrition and human health, factors affecting rice nutritional quality and genetic improvement of nutritional quality of rice are reviewed. The new challenges of rice nutrition quality were analyzed, and the prospect of improving rice nutritional quality was prospected. The results provide theoretical basis for genetic improvement of rice nutrition quality and cultivation of new high-quality rice varieties in the future.

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FUKAGAWA, Naomi K., and Lewis H. ZISKA. "Rice: Importance for Global Nutrition." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 65, Supplement (October 11, 2019): S2—S3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.65.s2.

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Fageria, N. K., A. B. dos Santos, and T. Cobucci. "Zinc Nutrition of Lowland Rice." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 42, no. 14 (August 2011): 1719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2011.584591.

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Shanthi, Rebba Phileshia, Prof Dr Virginia Paul, Prof Dr Ranu Prasad, and Dr Alka Gupta. "Utilization of Cereals and Millets for Nutritious Rich Food Products." International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 04, no. 04 (2022): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2022.v04i04.005.

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Анотація:

The present research entitled "Utilization of Cereals and Millets for Nutritious Rich Food Products" was undertaken to develop nutrition-rich food in which anti-oxidants and phenolic compounds, rich fiber content, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and nutritional benefits of health. They fight against cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, and cancer, and reduce inflammation. Products like black rice, foxtail millets, and moringa leaves are utilized through baked products where the amount of nutritive value remains almost the same when compared with steamed or cooked and gives good color, and texture, and maintains its shelf life for many days. As in this experiment, the products like bread, muffins, and cookies are chosen for the preparation which helps every age group like to eat. The research was conducted during the year 2020 in the Food lab of the Department of Food Nutrition and public health, Ethelind College of Home Science, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture. Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, U.P., India. A close-ended Evaluation schedule was prepared to evaluate the developed product prepared in the university lab. Data were analyzed using suitable statistical tools i.e. Analysis of variance (Two-way ANOVA or Two-way classification) technique. A significant difference between the treatments was determined by using the CD (Critical Difference) test. The test was performed for comparing the difference in the nutritional content between control and best treatment of the developed food products. Based on the findings, it is concluded that the black rice flour, foxtail millet flour, and moringa leaves powder enhance the nutritive value of “Bread, Cookies and Muffins”. Sensory evaluation of prepared products T2 (25:15:2:58) was highly acceptable. Nutritionally, it was found that the nutrient content of best treatment T2 of the three products, was significantly higher with regards to energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, iron, and activity as compared to the control T0. The cost was increased marginally in all treatment of prepared products comparatively control. The cost of the prepared product per 100 gm of raw ingredient for “Bread” ranged from Rs. 30 to Rs. 35, “Cookies” from Rs. 25 to Rs. 35, and “Muffins” from Rs. 30 to Rs. 40.

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Karkee, S. S. "Speciality Rice Varieties and Landraces." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 22 (June 30, 2021): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v22i0.46809.

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Анотація:

Rice is a staple food for half of the world's population and is the major source of calories for the people of rice-growing countries. Nowadays, nutritionists are more concerned about hidden hunger as people with sufficient food intake may be deprived of important nutrients that may be absent in the food they consume. Similarly, white rice (polished rice) that only contains endosperm is lacking several essential nutrients like Fe, Zn, fiber, and antioxidant compounds, etc. To increase the nutritive content of these rice and minimize the problem of hidden hunger, different rice varieties are being tested with artificial addition of nutrients, such varieties are called biofortified rice. Special rice like black, purple, brown rice, contain natural antioxidant compounds in their outer bran layer, aromatic rice is rice in aroma, glutinous rice is popular for their sticky and sweet test. At the same time these special rice are also rich in several micronutrients. In addition to nutrition content, people's taste preferences are also considered a major concern. This review paper focused on specialty rice varieties and landraces along with their unique values.

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Stephanie, E., S. Widowati, and Mardiah. "Effect of Cooking Methods on The Physicochemical and Organoleptic Properties of Inpari IR Nutrizinc and Inpari 45 Rice Varieties." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1024, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1024/1/012041.

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Анотація:

Abstract People usually cook rice in various methods, such as using steamer, rice pot and rice cooker. The Inpari IR Nutrizinc variety is claimed to be Zn-rich rice. The quality needs to be traced after it is cooked into steamed rice. This research aim was to study the effect of cooking methods on physicochemical and organoleptic properties of Inpari IR Nutrizinc and Inpari 45 rice varieties. The research design used was factorial randomized block design with 2 treatments i.e., cooking methods (steamer, rice pot and rice cooker) and rice varieties (Inpari IR Nutrizinc and Inpari 45), repeated three times. Results showed that the cooking method by using rice cooker was able to maintain the nutrition better than other treatments. Steamed rice from Inpari IR Nutrizinc has higher nutritional value than steamed rice from Inpari 45 variety, it contained of 54.88% moisture, 0.19% ash, 0.07% fat, 6.03% protein, 38.83% carbohydrate and 14.89 ppm zinc. Consumption of rice with high protein and Zinc content can support government programs in reducing stunting prevalence in Indonesia

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Sulistyowati, Etik, Achmad Rudijanto, Setyawati Soeharto, and Dian Handayani. "The Identification of Characteristic Macro- and Micronutrients and the Bioactive Components of Indonesian Local Brown Rice as a Functional Feed in Obesity Nutrition Therapy." Current Nutrition & Food Science 16, no. 4 (July 13, 2020): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401315666190328223626.

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Анотація:

Background: Public interest and awareness of the use of functional food as an obesity nutrition therapy are increasing. Objective: This study aims to analyze the content of energy, macronutrients, minerals (magnesium, manganese, and potassium), and bioactive components (fiber, β-glucan) in Indonesian varieties of brown rice compared to white rice, to provide precise information on the nutritional content of brown rice as a functional food in obesity nutrition therapy. Methods: This research took the form of a laboratory analysis to identify the content of energy, macronutrients, fiber, β-glucan, magnesium, manganese, and potassium in brown rice varieties Sinta Nur. The energy content of rice was analyzed using bomb calorimetry; macronutrients were analyzed by spectrophotometry, gravimetric extraction, and acid-base titration; dietary fiber, and β-glucan were analyzed by enzymatic methods; and mineral contents were analyzed by spectrophotometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: The results demonstrated that the energy and macronutrient content of brown rice are higher than white rice. However, brown rice also has dietary fiber and β-glucan contents that are 5 times higher than white rice. For the macronutrient, in brief, magnesium content was 7.7 times higher, potassium was 5.7 times higher, and manganese was 1.59 times higher within the brown rice. Cooked rice is known for lower nutritional value, but the nutritional value of Indonesian brown rice is still higher than white rice. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that brown rice has nutrient content and bioactive components that allegedly contribute to higher obesity intervention than white rice.

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S, Vijayakumar, Dinesh Kumar, Kulasekaran Ramesh, Prabhu Govindasam, Dinesh Jinger, Rubina Khanam, Saravanane P, et al. "Potassium nutrition in rice: A review." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 58, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2021.58.3.1.

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Potassium (K) is the most neglected nutrient in Indian agriculture and accounts only 10% of the total fertilizer use. The increased cropping intensity and use of high yielding cultivars since the green revolution led to heavy withdrawal of K from soil. Persistent K mining over the past six decades has mined soil K level in many cultivated areas and continuously transforming sufficiency into deficiency. A recent soil test a little over 1 lakh samples from 33 states of India have categorized 41.1%, 29.3%, and 29.5% of soil samples as low, medium and high in available K respectively. Further, the trend of soil available K status showed a persistent decline in percentage of area under high and medium soil K. Consequently, the evidence of rice crop responding to K nutrition is increased. This review attempts the nexus of K nutrition in rice for devising strategies for potassium management in rice-based cropping systems in the country.

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Descalsota-Empleo, Gwen Iris, Abd Aziz Shamsudin Noraziyah, Ian Paul Navea, Chongtae Chung, Maria Stefanie Dwiyanti, Reuben Jacob Dicen Labios, Asmuni Mohd Ikmal, et al. "Genetic Dissection of Grain Nutritional Traits and Leaf Blight Resistance in Rice." Genes 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10010030.

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Анотація:

Colored rice is rich in nutrition and also a good source of valuable genes/quantitative trait loci (QTL) for nutrition, grain quality, and pest and disease resistance traits for use in rice breeding. Genome-wide association analysis using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is useful in precisely detecting QTLs and genes. We carried out genome-wide association analysis in 152 colored rice accessions, using 22,112 SNPs to map QTLs for nutritional, agronomic, and bacterial leaf blight (BLB) resistance traits. Wide variations and normal frequency distributions were observed for most of the traits except anthocyanin content and BLB resistance. The structural and principal component analysis revealed two subgroups. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis showed 74.3% of the marker pairs in complete LD, with an average LD distance of 1000 kb and, interestingly, 36% of the LD pairs were less than 5 Kb, indicating high recombination in the panel. In total, 57 QTLs were identified for ten traits at p < 0.0001, and the phenotypic variance explained (PVE) by these QTLs varied from 9% to 18%. Interestingly, 30 (53%) QTLs were co-located with known or functionally-related genes. Some of the important candidate genes for grain Zinc (Zn) and BLB resistance were OsHMA9, OsMAPK6, OsNRAMP7, OsMADS13, and OsZFP252, and Xa1, Xa3, xa5, xa13 and xa26, respectively. Red rice genotype, Sayllebon, which is high in both Zn and anthocyanin content, could be a valuable material for a breeding program for nutritious rice. Overall, the QTLs identified in our study can be used for QTL pyramiding as well as genomic selection. Some of the novel QTLs can be further validated by fine mapping and functional characterization. The results show that pigmented rice is a valuable resource for mineral elements and antioxidant compounds; it can also provide novel alleles for disease resistance as well as for yield component traits. Therefore, large opportunities exist to further explore and exploit more colored rice accessions for use in breeding.

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Yilun, Zhou, Feng Xiaoguang, Chen Xiangning, and Zhao Fushi. "Optimization of the preparation process of rice quinoa gel by response surface methodology." E3S Web of Conferences 245 (2021): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124503010.

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Rice noodles is a common food, but it is faced with the characteristics of hard texture and poor nutrition after aging. Quinoa is rich in dietary fiber and nutritious and can enrich the color and taste of rice noodles. In this paper, red quinoa is used as an additive, gelatinization time, quinoa added amount, and water added are selected as influencing factors on a single factor basis, and the hardness of rice quinoa gel is used as the response value to carry out experiments to optimize rice quinoa gelling Glue production process. The results show that the best process is: gelatinization time 30min, quinoa addition amount 30%, material to water ratio 1:2 (g/mL). The test product of this formula has uniform color, uniform gel, strong aroma, good taste and fine mouthfeel.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Rice Nutrition"

Lou-Hing, Daniel Edward. "Arsenic in rice : the role of phosphate in sensitivity and the genetics behind shoot arsenic." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=159212.

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Rice consumption is responsible for the largest dietary contribution of inorganic arsenic. In addition to the direct human health impact of arsenic, arsenic toxicity impacts on rice yield. Thus two issues must be addressed: rice sensitivity to arsenic and the contribution of rice towards dietary arsenic. The grass Holcus lanatus achieves arsenate tolerance through the constitutive down regulation of phosphate transporters, which facilitate arsenate uptake. To gain a better understanding of mechanisms underlying arsenic sensitivity in rice and determine if phosphate uptake was responsible for differential arsenic sensitivity between two rice cultivars (Azucena and Bala) an experiment was undertaken examining the role of phosphate in rice arsenic sensitivity. Although high phosphate treatments were found to provide protection against both arsenate and arsenite toxicity and the two cultivars were found to respond differently to phosphate induced protection, the mechanism underlying reduced arsenic sensitivity did not appear to be controlled through a reduced phosphate uptake system. Attempts to link lab-based arsenic sensitivity of various rice cultivars to published biomass and tissue arsenic concentrations of rice grown in the field is presented. No consistent trend was identified across field sites although two negative correlations at two different sites were found (grain arsenic concentrations and shoot dry weight plotted against arsenate sensitivity). These data demonstrated the importance environment influence on traits examined. These correlations suggest that breeding for more arsenic resistant rice strains may increase plant yield but inadvertently lead to an increase in grain arsenic. Finally, QTL mapping and genome-wide association mapping were used to identify genomic regions and candidates genes responsible for variations in shoot arsenic concentrations in rice. The purpose of which was to offer a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for this variation. Unfortunately the QTLs revealed were not reproduced in the association mapping study. A list of potential positional candidate genes are summarised and functional candidates identified and discussed.

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Ramesh, Sunita. "Molecular mechanism of zinc uptake and regulation in cereals." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr1724.pdf.

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Анотація:

Bibliography: leaves 174-204. "This work provides a starting point for understanding the molecular mechanisms of zinc uptake and the regulation of zinc transport in cereals. Zinc efficient cereals would yield more on soild with low zinc and could potentially result in increased zinc content grain."

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Shahnaseri, Mahnaz. "The effect of cooking method upon iron and zinc bioavailability in rice /." View thesis, 2001. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20031120.102309/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 2001.
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Campus, 2001. Bibliography : leaves 205-244.

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Alli, Zaman. "The assembly of hepatitis B virus core particles in transgenic tobacco, carrot and rice plants." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29072.

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The spread amongst humans of viral diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is alarming. A plant-based high fidelity production system is being developed with emphasis on producing antigens capable of being orally delivered to humans in plant packets. To test whether transgenic tobacco, carrot and rice plants can correctly process and assemble the hepatitis-B virus (HBV) core particle/antigen (HBcAg), they were transformed with a C-terminal truncated version of the HBcAg subunit coding sequence. Transgenic tobacco, carrot and rice plants processed the HBV subunits accurately indicating that these recombinant expression systems can be extended to produce other proteins at reduced costs. In the wild-type expression construct (H1); the enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus double 35S (CaMV-d35S) promoter was fused to the alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 (AMV-RNA4) sequence to achieve greater translation of a C-terminal truncated HBV core particle subunit. A second expression construct (H2) was plant-codon optimized to match the Arabidopsis thaliana plant genome codon preferences. A third codon-optimized expression construct (H3) had a KDEL (lysyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-leucine) encoded sequence. While a fourth expression construct (H4) included an extensin signal sequence in place of the AMV-RNA4 sequence. Western blotting analysis showed the presence of the HBcAg in transgenic tobacco, carrot and rice plants. The HBcAg levels increased from the H1 to the H4 transgenic tobacco lines. Plant codon-optimization of the HBcAg sequence and addition of the KDEL encoded sequence led to higher levels of HBcAg. The most effective modification was observed when the extensin signal sequence replaced the AMV-RNA4 translation enhancer sequence resulting in the highest observed yields of HBcAg in both the leaves and seeds of the best H4 tobacco plant. In edible plants, higher levels of HBcAg were observed in carrot roots as opposed to carrot leaves and in rice seeds as opposed to rice leaves. Further analyses via electron microscopy indicated that the HBV subunits had assembled into virus-like particles of 25--30 nm diameter in all three plant systems. Therefore, these studies may aid in the global quest to develop cheap, safe and effective vaccines.

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Criscioni, Ferreira Patricia Fabiola. "Application of an open circuit indirect calorimetry system for gaseous exchange measurements in small ruminant nutrition." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/64069.

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[EN] The main objective of this Thesis was to study the energy metabolism in small ruminants under different nutrition sceneries. As methodology we utilized indirect calorimetry instead of direct calorimetry or feeding trials. Within indirect calorimetry we worked with a portable open circuit gas exchange system with a head hood. This open circuit respiration system permitted completed the whole energy balance and evaluate the efficiency of utilization of the energy of the diet for different physiological circumstances as milk production in dairy goats or maintenance in sheep. Besides, we could quantify in each trial some of the wastes related to environmental pollution as CH4 emissions and excretion of nitrogen in feces and urine. In this thesis three experiments were designed, two in dairy goats and other in sheep as we described below. In the first experiment, digestibility, energy balance, carbon and nitrogen balance, milk performance, rumen parameters and milk fatty acids and metabolites were obtained. Metabolic cages and open circuit indirect calorimetry system were the methods applied. Treatments consist in two mixed diets with alfalfa as forage. Within the concentrate, oat grain was replaced with rice bran. No significant differences were found for metabolizable energy intake (MEI), 1254kJ/kg of BW0.75 on average, and heat production (HP); 640 kJ/kg of BW0.75 on average. No differences were obtained for milk production (2.2 kg/d on average) and milk fat was greater in the rice bran diet (6.9% vs. 5.3% for rice bran and oat diets, respectively). Energy balance was positive and milk metabolites correlated these found. Regards to CH4 emissions, determined in vivo by gas exchange indirect calorimetry, goats fed the rice bran significantly reduced methane production (23.2 g/d vs 30.1 g/d). In the second experiment, we also used two types of diets, but in this case we substituted the forage and maintained the same concentrate; in one of the diets a grass (Maralfafa [Pennisetum sp.]- M diet) was used as forage and in the other an extensively used leguminous (Alfalfa [Medicago sativa]- A diet). Methods and analysis were the same that in Experiment 1, and here we include metabolites in urine and blood plasma. The dry matter intake was higher for diet A (1.8 vs 1.6 kg/d, respectively) and digestibility coefficients were higher for diet M. However, no significant differences were shown in MEI (1089 kJ/kg of BW0.75, on average) and HP (639 kJ/kg of BW0.75on average). Higher milk yield was observed in A diet than M diet (1.8 vs. 1.7 kg/d, respectively) and metabolites in urine, plasma and milk indicated better use of diet A than M, while no differences in milk composition were found (5% of fat and 4.3% of protein). Methane production was higher for A diet (28.5 g/d) than M diet (25.9 g/d), although these differences were not statistically significant. In the third experiment, energy partition was compared in two sheep breeds (Manchega vs. Guirra) fed above maintenance. We fed again with mixed diets and metabolic cages, indirect calorimetry, nitrogen balance and integral calculus were the tools used for these energy partitioning approach. An approximation of division of heat production was done. ME for maintenence was estimated at 354 kJ/kg of BW0.75and day, on average for the two breeds. Basal metabolic rate was different between breeds; 270 vs. 247 kJ/kg of BW0.75for Guirra and Manchega, respectively.
[ES] El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue estudiar el metabolismo energético en pequeños rumiantes bajo diferentes escenarios de nutrición. Como metodología se utilizó la calorimetría indirecta en vez de calorimetría directa o pruebas de alimentación. Dentro de la calorimetría indirecta trabajamos con un sistema portátil de circuito abierto de intercambio de gases con una "urna" (Heat hood). Este sistema de circuito abierto de respiración nos permitió completar todo el balance energético y evaluar la eficiencia de la utilización de la energía de la dieta para diferentes estados fisiológicos como producción de leche en cabras u oveja en mantenimiento. Además fue posible cuantificar en cada ensayo algunas perdidas relacionadas con la contaminación ambiental como emisiones de CH4 y la excreción de nitrógeno en heces y orina. En esta tesis se diseñaron tres experimentos, dos en cabras en lactación y otro en ovejas como describimos a continuación. En el primer experimento se han determinado, digestibilidad, balance energético, balance carbono nitrógeno, producción de leche, parámetros ruminales, ácidos grasos y metabolitos en leche. Jaulas metabólicas y un sistema de circuito abierto de calorimetría indirecta fue el método aplicado. Los tratamientos consistieron en dos dietas mixtas con alfalfa como forraje y dentro del concentrado el grano de avena fue reemplazado por cilindro de arroz. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la energía metabolizable ingerida (MEI) de 1254 kJ/kg PV0.75 en promedio y una producción de calor (HP) de 640 kJ/kg PV0.75 en promedio. La producción de leche no presentó diferencias significativas entre las dos dietas, (2,2 kg/den promedio), la grasa de la leche fue mayor en la dieta de cilindro de arroz (6,9% vs. 5,3% para cilindro de arroz y avena respectivamente). El balance energético fue positivo y correlacionado a los metabolitos en leche determinados. En cuanto a las emisiones de CH4, determinadas en vivo mediante el intercambio de gases por calorimetría indirecta, las cabras alimentadas con el subproducto redujeron significativamente la producción de metano (23,2 g / d vs 30,1 g / d.). En el segundo experimento, también utilizamos dos tipos de dietas, pero en este caso sustituimos los forrajes y mantuvimos el mismo pienso; en una de las dietas se utilizó como forraje una gramínea (Maralfafa [Pennisetum sp.] - dieta M) y en el otro una leguminosa de uso extendido (Alfalfa [Medicago sativa] - dieta A). Los métodos de análisis y análisis fueron los mismos que los utilizados en el Experimento 1, y se incluyeron además análisis de metabolitos en orina y plasma. La materia seca ingerida fue mayor para dieta A (1,8 vs 1,6 kg/d, respectivamente), los coeficientes de digestibilidad fueron mayores para la dieta M. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en MEI (1089 kJ/kg PV0.75, en promedio) y HP 639 kJ/kg PV0.75, en promedio). La producción de leche fue mayor en la dieta A que la dieta M, (1,8 vs. 1,7 kg/d, respectively) y los metabolitos en orina, plasma y leche indican un mejor aprovechamiento de la dieta A. No se presentaron diferencias en la composición de la leche (5% de grasa and 4.3% de proteína). La producción de metano fue mayor para la dieta A (28,5 g/d) que para la dieta M (25,9 g/d), aunque estas diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. En el tercer experimento se compararon la partición energética en dos razas de ovejas (Manchega vs. Guirra) en mantenimiento. Fueron alimentadas con dietas mixtas en jaulas metabólicas, calorimetría indirecta, balance carbono nitrógeno y cálculos integrales fueron las herramientas utilizadas para un aproximación de la partición energética. Se realizó una aproximación de división de producción de calor. El ME para mantenimiento se estimó en 354 kJ/kg PV0.75/ día, en promedio para las dos razas. Las diferencias en la tasa metabólica basal entre las razas fu
[CAT] El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi va ser estudiar el metabolism energètic en xicotets ruminants baix diferents escenaris de nutrició. Com a metodologia es va utilitzar la calorimetria indirecta en compte de calorimetria directa o proves d'alimentació. Dins de la calorimetria indirecta treballarem amb un sistema portatil de circuit obert d'intercanvi de gasos amb "urna" (Heat hood). Aquest sistema de respiració de circuit obert ens va permetre completar tot el balanç energètic i avaluar l'eficiència de la utilització de l'energia de la dieta per a diferents circumstàncies fisiològiques com produccion de llet en cabres o manteniment en ovelles. A més va ser possible quantificar en cada assaig algunes perdues relacionades amb la contaminacion ambiental com a emissions de CH4 i l'excreció de nitrogen en femta i orina. En aquesta tesi es van dissenyar tres experiments, dos en cabres en lactación i un altre en ovelles com vam descriure a continuació. En el primer experiment s'han determinat,digestibilidad, balanç energètic, balanç carboni nitrogen, producció de llet, paràmetres ruminales, àcids grassos i metabòlits en llet. Gàbies metabòliques i un sistema de circuit obert de calorimetria indirecta va ser el mètode aplicat. Els tractaments van consistir en dues dietes mixtes amb alfals com a farratge i dins del concentrat el gra de civada va ser reemplaçat per cilindre d'arròs. No es van trobar diferències significatives en l'energia metabolizable ingerida (MEI) de 1254 kJ/kg PV0.75 en mitjana i una producció de calor (HP) de 640 kJ/kg PV0.75 en mitjana. La producció de llet no va presentar diferències significatives entre les dues dietes, (2.2 kg/donen mitjana), el greix de la llet va ser major en la dieta de cilindre d'arròs (6.9% vs. 5.3% per a cilindre d'arròs i civada respectivament). El balanç energètic va ser positiu i correlacionat als metabòlits en llet determinats. Quant a les emissions de CH4, determinades en viu mitjançant l'intercanvi de gasos per calorimetria indirecta, les cabres alimentades amb el subproducte van reduir significativament la producció de metà (23.2 g / d vs 30.1 g / d.).En el segon experiment, també utilitzem dos tipus de dietes, però en aquest cas substituïm els farratges i vam mantenir el mateix pinso; en una de les dietes es va utilitzar com a farratge una gramínea (Maralfafa [Pennisetum sp.] - dieta M) i en l'altre una **leguminosa d'ús estès (Alfals [Medicago sativa] - dieta A). Els mètodes d'anàlisis i anàlisis van ser els mateixos que els utilitzats en l'Experiment 1, i es van incloure a més anàlisi de metabòlits en orina i plasma. La matèria seca ingerida va ser major per a dieta A (1,8 vs 1,6 kg/d, respectivament), els coeficients de digestibilidad van ser majors per a la dieta M. No obstant açò no es van trobar diferències significatives en MEI (1089 kJ/kg PV0.75, en mitjana) i HP 639 kJ/kg PV0.75, en mitjana). La producció de llet va ser major en la dieta Al fet que la dieta M, (1,8 vs. 1,7 kg/d, respectively) i els metabòlits en orina, plasma i llet indiquen un millor aprofitament de la dieta A. No es van presentar diferències en la composició de la llet (5% de greix i 4.3% de proteïna). La producció de metà va ser major per a la dieta A (28,5 g/d) que per a la dieta M (25,9 g/d), encara que aquestes diferències no van anar estadísticament significatives. En el tercer experiment es van comparar la partició energètica en dues races d'ovelles (Manxega vs. Guirra) en manteniment. Van ser alimentades amb dietes mixtes en gàbies metabòliques, calorimetria indirecta, balanç carboni nitrogen i càlculs integrals van ser les eines utilitzades per a un aproximació de la partició energètica. Es va realitzar una aproximació de divisió de producció de calor. L'EM para manteniment es va estimar en 354 kJ/kg PV0.75 / dia, en mitjana per a les dues races. Les diferències en la taxa metabòlica basal entre les races va ser de 2
Criscioni Ferreira, PF. (2016). Application of an open circuit indirect calorimetry system for gaseous exchange measurements in small ruminant nutrition [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/64069
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Alkhuzaim, Faisal Kh. "“I Want Ketchup on my Rice”: The Role of Child Agency on Arab Migrant Families Food and Foodways." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7258.

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This exploratory research study examines changes in food and foodways (food habits) among Arab migrant families in a small community in Tampa, Florida. It also explores how those families’ children may play a role in the process of change. Within this community, I conducted my research study at a private school, where I recruited families with children between the ages of eight and seventeen. In applying the ecological model of food and nutrition and the developmental niche theoretical framework, this research draws on qualitative methods, including structured interviews with parents; focus group discussion with parents; a food survey; and children’s focus groups that included engaging activities such as vignettes (role playing), free-listing and sorting, and one-day food menus. I used MAXQDA 18 software for qualitative data analysis, and the results show that the main factors aiding in post-migration food and foodways changes are time constraints (lifestyle), ingredients, and availability and accessibility of permissible food (halal). Parent did not mention their children as a main factor; however, they perceive influence of their children. Feeding practices such as rewarding, restriction, forcing, and family meals were emerging themes, and children express their agency around those practices. Children developed their own agency regarding food because of their social and physical environments. Older children perceived their influence on their families’ food and foodways by introducing food items to their own families.

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Scott, Victoria Elizabeth. "Stability of Whole Wheat Flour, Rolled Oats, and Brown Rice During Long-Term Storage and Preparation." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6169.

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Whole grains are an increasingly popular health food in America. However, shelf life of whole grains is compromised due to the presence of lipoxygenases in the bran and germ, which lead to rancidity and generation of oxidative byproducts. These byproducts reduce sensory quality and may have a degradative effect on vitamins in whole grain products. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of lipid and vitamin degradation during long-term storage of three whole grains: whole wheat flour, brown rice, and rolled oats. We also examined vitamin loss after cooking to determine if oxidative byproducts had an effect on vitamins during typical household cooking. Whole wheat flour, brown rice, and rolled oats were stored for 12 months and periodically analyzed for conjugated dienes, free fatty acids, tocopherols, thiamin, and riboflavin. Whole wheat bread, steamed brown rice, and oat porridge were made from samples stored for 0 months and 12 months and were analyzed for thiamin and riboflavin. Conjugated dienes increased significantly only in rolled oats, while tocopherols decreased significantly in whole wheat flour and rolled oats and insignificantly in brown rice. Free fatty acids increased significantly in whole wheat flour and brown rice. Thiamin and riboflavin were stable in raw stored grains and cooked products made from stored grains with the exception of brown rice, in which we observed a significant decrease in thiamin after 12-month storage and cooking. These results suggest whole wheat flour, brown rice, and rolled oats experience significant lipid and tocopherol degradation, but it does not appear to affect thiamin and riboflavin in raw stored products. Cooking appears to cause degradation of thiamin after storage of brown rice, but thiamin and riboflavin were otherwise stable in these whole grains.

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Hallinan, Robert Michael. "Increasing the Oral Bioaccessibility of Curcumin Using Oleogels Structured by Rice Bran Wax." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1578004597209035.

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Vu, Duy Hoang [Verfasser], and Folkard [Akademischer Betreuer] Asch. "Effects of temperature and vapor pressure deficit on genotypic responses to nitrogen nutrition and weed competition in lowland rice / Duy Hoang Vu ; Betreuer: Folkard Asch." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1240761198/34.

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Moras, Benjamin. "Fractionnement de protéines végétales pour le développement d'ingrédients alimentaires infantiles hypoallergéniques et à teneur réduite en phytoestrogènes." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0070.

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Les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce manuscrit ont pour but de développer des procédés industriels pour la production de quatre ingrédients alimentaires infantiles ayant des propriétés hypoallergéniques et des teneurs réduites en phytoestrogènes. Les propriétés nutritionnelles des protéines de riz et de soja en font des sources intéressantes. Néanmoins, plusieurs problématiques liées aux caractéristiques des produits apparaissent aujourd’hui : la présence de phytoestrogènes (isoflavones) dans les isolats protéiques de soja ; la difficulté à solubiliser et isoler les protéines de riz et la forte allergénicité des protéines dans le cas du soja. Ces travaux présentent l’étude du fractionnement des protéines de soja et de riz pour le développement : d’isolat protéique à teneur réduite en isoflavones ; isolat protéique de riz ayant une teneur supérieure à 90% de protéines ; hydrolysats protéiques de soja et de riz dont le profil de poids moléculaire est maitrisé et potentiellement hypoallergénique. Afin d’y parvenir, la réduction de la taille des protéines par des processus enzymatiques puis le contrôle de leur poids moléculaire ont dû être étudiés. Concernant l’élimination des phytoestrogènes (isoflavones), deux méthodes ont permis d’atteindre de hauts rendements d’extractions. En premier lieu, l’étude de l’extraction par éthanol via une optimisation à petite échelle, suivie d’une mise à l’échelle industrielle ont permis de développer un premier produit à teneur résiduelle en isoflavones inférieure à 50 μg/g de produit sec représentant une réduction de près de 98% de la teneur en isoflavones. Le second procédé étudié a été la rétention des isoflavones sur résine d’adsorption à partir d’un hydrolysat protéique de soja préalablement mis au point, et ceci, par l’utilisation de solution aqueuse sans étape préalable d’extraction. Ce procédé a fait l’objet d’une mise à l’échelle industrielle et d’une étude du comportement chromatographique des isoflavones. L’extraction des isoflavones par eau subcritique et CO2 supercritique est aussi présentée dans cette thèse. Elle a permis de mettre en évidence l’influence de la polarité des différents composés et de la teneur en protéines des produits de soja utilisés. Ces travaux de thèse ont aussi permis de définir un nouveau procédé pour la production d’isolat protéique de riz par l’intermédiaire d’enzymes de types cellulolytiques et amylases, à partir de coproduits issus de l’industrie du sirop de glucose. Des études sur des matières moins transformées telles que le son de riz et la farine ont aussi été étudiées pour la concentration des protéines. L’étude de l’hydrolyse des protéines de soja et de riz a été possible par le suivi de différents indicateurs tels que le pH, la solubilité des protéines, le degré d’hydrolyse, le profil de poids moléculaire par électrophorèse et par chromatographie d’exclusion stérique. Ces procédés ont permis la production de quatre nouveaux ingrédients pouvant être testés pour leurs caractéristiques hypoallergéniques avant une éventuelle production industrielle
The objectives of these works were to develop industrial processes for the production of four infant food ingredients with hypoallergenic properties and reduced levels of phytoestrogens. For this purpose, the nutritional properties of the rice and soy protein are promising. However, due to the presence of phytoestrogens (isoflavones) the consumption of soy protein isolates is a big concern for infant food security because the high exposure to these compounds, known to be endocrine disruptors. Consequently, it was first intended to develop a soy protein isolate with reduced content of isoflavones below 50 μg/g following the recommendations of French and European health authorities. Rice protein isolates are either non-existent on the market, or extremely rare. Therefore, the development of rice protein isolate with a minimum content of 90 % protein was another objective. For the sensitive population, such as infants, the aim of this work was also to develop soy and rice protein hydrolysates conferring hypoallergenic properties. To achieve this goal, the reduction of the size of proteins and the control of their molecular weight was studied. Two methods were used to achieve high extractions yields. A study of ethanol extraction ranging from small-scale optimization to industrial scale was used for a final product with a residual content in isoflavones below 50 μg/g. The second method was to retain isoflavones on adsorption resin from a soy protein hydrolysate. This was possible without preliminary extraction step by solvent. This method was also tested in the industrial scale. The chromatographic behavior of different isoflavones was also studied. The extraction of isoflavones with subcritical water and supercritical CO2 is also presented in this thesis even though these methods were not retained. These pressurized extractions showed the influence of the polarity of isoflavones and the protein content of soy products onto the isoflavone extraction. These works also identified a novel process for the production of rice protein isolate by the hydrolysis of polysaccharides with cellulolytic enzymes and amylases from concentrated protein byproducts from the glucose syrup industry. Studies on less processed materials such as rice bran and flour were also studied for protein isolation. The study of the hydrolysis by proteases of soy and rice proteins were monitored by various indicators such as pH, protein solubility, the degree of hydrolysis, the molecular weight profile by electrophoresis, and size exclusion chromatography. These processes are enabled for the production of four new ingredients that will be tested for their hypoallergenic characteristics before a large scale production

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Книги з теми "Rice Nutrition"

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. and International Rice Research Institute, eds. Rice in human nutrition. Rome: Published with the cooperation of the International Rice Research Institute, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1993.

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Jinru, Gong, ed. Da mi bi yao hao: Hui chi da mi de ren bu shi mian, bu fa pang, bu de san gao : chi dui da mi bu chi yao. Nanchang Shi: Jiangxi ke xue ji shu chu ban she, 2014.

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Martineau, Susan. Bread, rice and pasta. London: Franklin Watts, 2008.

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Martineau, Susan. Bread, rice and pasta. London: Franklin Watts, 2006.

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Flinn, J. C. Contributions of modern rice varieties to nutrition in Asia. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute, 1985.

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F, Williams John. Rice nutrient management in California. Edited by Mutters Randall G, Greer Christopher A, Horwath William R, and University of California (System). Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Richmond, CA: University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2010.

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Noij, Frank. Resident tenants at the Ahero irrigation scheme: Household economics and nutrition. Nairobi, Kenya: Food and Nutrition Planning Unit, Ministry of Planning and National Development, 1988.

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Haigamai-dokuhon: Hakumai shinkō to Nihonjin. Tōkyō: Ronsōsha, 1988.

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International Workshop on Natural Resource Management in Rice Systems: Technology Adaptation for Efficient Nutrient Use (1996 Bogor, Indonesia). Resource management in rice systems: Nutrients : papers presented at the International Workshop on Natural Resource Management in Rice Systems: Technology Adaptation for Efficient Nutrient Use, Bogor, Indonesia, 2-5 December 1996. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers in cooperation with the International Rice Research Institute, 1999.

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Commission, International Rice, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., and International Year of Rice (Program), eds. Rice is life: International Year of Rice 2004 and its implementation. Rome, Italy: International Rice Commission, 2005.

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Kushwaha, U. K. S. "Nutrition Profiles of Black Rice." In Black Rice, 55–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30153-2_4.

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De Datta, S. K., and D. S. Mikkelsen. "Potassium Nutrition of Rice." In Potassium in Agriculture, 665–99. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1985.potassium.c30.

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Catling, David. "Gas Exchange and Nutrition." In Rice in Deep Water, 153–57. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12309-4_14.

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Maeda, Hideo, Takuro Ishii, Shuichi Iida, and Hiroshi Nemoto. "New Rice Varieties to Control Rice Allergen." In Plant Nutrition — Molecular Biology and Genetics, 397–400. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2685-6_46.

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Prom-u-thai, C., and B. Rerkasem. "Grain iron concentration in Thai rice germplasm." In Plant Nutrition, 350–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_169.

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Akanvou, R. K., M. Becker, M. J. Kropff, L. Bastiaans, and G. Dea. "Optimum rice yield under short-term cover crop fallow systems." In Plant Nutrition, 1000–1001. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_487.

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Mori, S., H. Nakanishi, M. Takahashi, K. Higuchi, and N. K. Nishizawa. "Genetic engineering of transgenic rice with barley strategy-II genes." In Plant Nutrition, 14–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_5.

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Fukuda, T., M. Osaki, T. Shinano, and J. Wasaki. "Cloning and characterization of two secreted acid phosphatases from rice calli." In Plant Nutrition, 34–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_15.

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Fageria, N. K., R. J. Wright, and V. C. Baligar. "Iron tolerance of rice cultivars." In Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition, 259–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2053-8_40.

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Chancy, R. L., P. G. Reeves, and J. S. Angle. "Rice plant nutritional and human nutritional characteristics role in human Cd toxicity." In Plant Nutrition, 288–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_138.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Rice Nutrition"

Rizal, Syamsul, Nor Kumalasari Caecar Pratiwi, Nur Ibrahim, Nathaniel Syalomta, Muhammad Ikhwan Khalid Nasution, Indah Mutiah Utami Mz, and Deva Aulia Putri Oktavia. "Classification Of Nutrition Deficiency In Rice Plant Using CNN." In 2022 1st International Conference on Information System & Information Technology (ICISIT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icisit54091.2022.9873082.

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Kuleshova, L. A., A. S. Kasakova, and I. S. Tatyanchenko. "INFLUENCE OF PRECURSORS ON THE CONTENT OF MINERAL PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS IN THE SOILS OF RICE FIELDS IN THE ROSTOV REGION." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.704-708.

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The article is devoted to the problem of phosphoric nutrition of rice on chestnut soils of the northernmost zone of rice cultivation in Russia. The paper reveals the role of water-soluble fractions of phosphorus, aluminosilicates, iron phosphates and calcium phosphates in the nutrition of rice plants during the growing season. The influence of the previous culture on the content and consumption of these fractions was established.

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Sheudzen, A. Kh, T. N. Bondareva, P. N. Khachmamuk, E. P. Maksimenko, and N. S. Galay. "REMOVAL OF MINERAL NUTRITION ELEMENTS BY THE RICE CROP DURING CROP SENIFICATION." In «Breeding, seed production, cultivation technology and processing of agricultural crops». Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Rice Centre, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33775/conf-2021-311-316.

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Zhou, Qiong, Hongyun Yang, Jun Yang, Yuting Sun, Aizhen Sun, and Wenji Yang. "Research on Support Vector Machines Method Modeling for Rice Potassium Nutrition Diagnosis." In 2018 International Conference on Mathematics, Modelling, Simulation and Algorithms (MMSA 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mmsa-18.2018.12.

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Chizhikova, S. S., and K. K. Olkhovaya. "VARIABILITY OF NEW RICE VARIETIES VELES, EZHIK AND SIGNAL GROWN IN KRASNOARMEYSKY DISTRICT, KRASNODAR REGION BY TECHNOLOGICAL GRAIN QUALITY TRAITS." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.577-579.

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The article presents the results of evaluation of new rice varieties Veles, Ezhik and Signal on technological grain quality traits. The effect of various doses of nitrogen fertilizers on the main traits of quality indicators is analyzed. It was found that with an increase in the dose of nitrogen nutrition (Background + N30), the mass is 1000 absolutely grains, fracturing, and head rice content decreased or remained unchanged, the filminess increased or remained unchanged. To determine the variability of rice varieties by grain quality traits, depending on the level of nitrogen nutrition, variability and average values of quality traits were calculated. Variety Ezhik has shown itself as the best variety in terms of grain quality based on low variability in terms of grain quality traits.

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Yuan, Yuan, Lei Chen, Miao Li, Na Wu, Li Wan, and Shimei Wang. "Diagnosis of nitrogen nutrition of rice based on image processing of visible light." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Functional-Structural Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (FSPMA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fspma.2016.7818311.

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Fernández, C., T. Romero, and M. Lachica. "Orange leaves and rice straw in the diet of lactating goats: effect on energy balance." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_74.

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Al Anas, Muhsin, Lies Mira Yusiati, Cuk Tri Noviandi, and Ali Agus. "Crude Aflatoxin B₁ Production Using Maize and Rice Substrates for Animal Research." In 6th International Seminar of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (ISANFS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220401.004.

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Papulova, E. Y., and K. K. Olkhovaya. "CHARACTERISTICS OF MILLING YIELD OF RICE VARIETIES OF RUSSIAN BREEDING GROWN IN VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF NITROGEN NUTRITION IN THE ABINSKIY DISTRICT OF THE KRASNODAR REGION." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.68-70.

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The work shows that application of increased doses of nitrogen does not significantly affect the total milling yield and affects the head rice content. The ambiguous nature of the variability of the grain quality of rice varieties under conditions of different doses of nitrogen fertilizers confirms the need for further studies of the varietal reaction to the level of nitrogen nutrition, based on it - the development of rice cultivation technology modes in order to obtain rice yield with high grain quality.

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Zhang, Jinheng. "Potential of continuum removed reflectance spectral features estimating nitrogen nutrition in rice canopy level." In 2010 2nd Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/whispers.2010.5594837.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Rice Nutrition"

Assaye, Abebaw, and Dawit Alemu. Impact of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Fogera Plain, Ethiopia - Round 2 Report . Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.021.

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This report presents an assessment of the changes in effects of COVID-19 on agricultural commercialisation, food and nutrition security, labour and employment, and poverty and well-being in rural Ethiopia by comparing the results of a baseline household survey (R1) in late June 2020 with a follow-up survey (R2) in late October 2020. Data was collected from a stratified random sample of 106 smallholder rice farmer households (24 female and 82 male-headed) in five kebeles (villages) in the Fogera Plain area of Amhara Region. Data was also collected through 25 key informant interviews conducted in the kebeles.

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Alemu, Dawit, and Abebaw Assaye. Impact of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Fogera Plain, Ethiopia – Round 1 Report. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.002.

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This report presents an early assessment of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural commercialisation, food and nutrition security, labour and employment, and poverty and well-being in rural Ethiopia. Data was collected from a stratified random sample of 107 households (23 female- and 84 male-headed). Respondents were drawn from a subset of households interviewed in a 2018 APRA survey of smallholder rice farmers in five kebeles (villages) in the Fogera Plain area of Amhara Region. The COVID-19 household survey data is complemented by data from 23 key informant interviews conducted in the kebeles. The data collection for this COVID-19 study will be carried out over three rounds. This report presents insights obtained from the first round conducted during late June/early July 2020.

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Carrión-Tavárez, Ángel. From NAP to SNAP: A Bridge to Economic Liberty for Residents of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico Institute for Economic Liberty, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/13584001.

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This paper explains the origin, characteristics, and operation of the United States federal government’s block grant currently received by Puerto Rico to operate a nutrition assistance program. We compare its limitations with the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefit system. We analyze the possible change from the block grant to SNAP, and the potential of this program to enable more people to work and provide for themselves and their families. The effect on the economic activity of the federal funds allocated for the reconstruction and construction of infrastructure on the Island is considered. Finally, we discuss how SNAP incentives could create favorable conditions for the labor force participation rate to rise and what this means for the economic liberty of the people of Puerto Rico.

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Bean, Jessica. Reliance on supplemental nutrition assistance program continued to rise post-recession. University of New Hampshire Libraries, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2020.152.

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Provenza, Frederick, Avi Perevolotsky, and Nissim Silanikove. Consumption of Tannin-Rich Forage by Ruminants: From Mechanism to Improved Performance. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695840.bard.

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Trees and shrubs are potentially important sources of food for livestock in many parts of the world, but their use is limited by tannins. Tannins reduce food intake by decreasing digestibility or by causing illness. Supplementing cattle, sheep, and goats with polyethylene glycol (PEG), which has a high affinity for binding tannins and thus attenuating their aversive effects, increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves weight gains and wool growth. The objectives of this proposal were: Objective 1: To further delineate the conditions under which PEG affects intake of high-tannin foods. Objective 2: To ascertain if animals self-regulate intake of PEG in accord with the tannin content of their diet under pen, paddock, and field conditions. Objective 3: To determine how nutritional status and PEG supplementation affect preference for foods varying in nutrients and tannins. Objective 4: To assess the effects of PEG on food selection, intake, and livestock performance in different production systems. The results from this research show that supplementing livestock with low doses of PEG increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves performance of cattle, sheep, and goats. Neutralizing the effects of tannins with supplemental PEG promotes the use of woody species usually considered useless as forage resources. Supplementing animals with PEG has the potential to improve the profitability - mainly milk production - of high-yielding dairy goats fed high-quality foods and supplemented with browse in Mediterranean areas. However, its contribution to production systems utilizing low-yielding goats is limited. Our findings also support the notion that supplemental PEG enhances the ability of livestock to control shrub encroachment and to maintain firebreaks. However, our work also suggests that the effectiveness of supplemental PEG may be low if alternative forages are equal or superior in nutritional quality and contain fewer metabolites with adverse effects.

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Kanner, Joseph, Mark Richards, Ron Kohen, and Reed Jess. Improvement of quality and nutritional value of muscle foods. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7591735.bard.

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Food is an essential to our existence but under certain conditions it could become the origin to the accumulative health damages. Technological processes as heating, chopping, mincing, grounding, promote the lipid oxidation process in muscle tissues and meat foodstuffs. Lipid oxidation occurred rapidly in turkey muscle, intermediate in duck, and slowest in chicken during frozen storage. Depletion of tocopherol during frozen storage was more rapid in turkey and duck compared to chicken. These processes developed from lipid peroxides produce many cytotoxic compounds including malondialdehyde (MDA). The muscle tissue is further oxidized in stomach conditions producing additional cytotoxic compounds. Oxidized lipids that are formed during digestion of a meal possess the potential to promote reactions that incur vascular diseases. A grape seed extract (1% of the meat weight) and butylated hydroxytoluene (0.2% of the lipid weight) were each effective at preventing formation of lipid oxidation products for 3 hours during co-incubation with cooked turkey meat in simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Polyphenols in the human diet, as an integral part of the meal prevent the generation and absorption of cytotoxic compounds and the destruction of essential nutrients, eg. antioxidants vitamins during the meal. Polyphenols act as antioxidants in the gastrointestinal tract; they scavenge free radicals and may interact with reactive carbonyls, enzymes and proteins. These all reactions results in decreasing the absorption of reactive carbonyls and possible other cytotoxic compounds into the plasma. Consumptions of diet high in fat and red meat are contributory risk factors partly due to an increase production of cytotoxic oxidized lipid products eg. MDA. However, the simultaneously consumption of polyphenols rich foods reduce these factors. Locating the biological site of action of polyphenols in the in the gastrointestinal tract may explain the paradox between the protective effect of a highly polyphenols rich diet and the low bioavailability of these molecules in human plasma. It may also explain the "French paradox" and the beneficial effect of Mediterranean and Japanese diets, in which food products with high antioxidants content such as polyphenols are consumed during the meal.

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Dubcovsky, Jorge, Tzion Fahima, and Ann Blechl. Positional cloning of a gene responsible for high grain protein content in tetraploid wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7695875.bard.

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High Grain Protein Content (GPC) is a desirable trait in breadmaking and pasta wheat varieties because of its positive effects on quality and nutritional value. However, selection for GPC is limited by our poor understanding of the genes involved in the accumulation of protein in the grain. The long-term goal of this project is to provide a better understanding of the genes controlling GPC in wheat. The specific objectives of this project were: a) to develop a high-density genetic map of the GPC gene in tetraploid wheat, b) to construct a T. turgidum Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library, c) to construct a physical map of the GPC gene and identify a candidate for the GPC gene. A gene with a large effect on GPC was detected in Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides and was previously mapped in the short arm of chromosome 6B. To define better the position of the Gpc-B1 locus we developed homozygous recombinant lines with recombination events within the QTL region. Except for the 30-cM region of the QTL these RSLs were isogenic for the rest of the genome minimizing the genetic variability. To minimize the environmental variability the RSLs were characterized using 10 replications in field experiments organized in a Randomized Complete Block Design, which were repeated three times. Using this strategy, we were able to map this QTL as a single Mendelian locus (Gpc-B1) on a 2.6-cM region flanked by RFLP markers Xcdo365 and Xucw67. All three experiments showed that the lines carrying the DIC allele had an average absolute increase in GPC of 14 g/kg. Using the RFLP flanking markers, we established the microcolinearity between a 2.l-cM region including the Gpc-B1 gene in wheat chromosome 6BS and a 350-kb region on rice chromosome 2. Rice genes from this region were used to screen the Triticeae EST collection, and these ESTs were used to saturate the Gpc-B1 region with molecular markers. With these new markers we were able to map the Gpc-B1 locus within a 0.3-cM region flanked by PCR markers Xucw83 and Xucw71. These flanking markers defined a 36-kb colinear region with rice, including one gene that is a potential candidate for the Gpc-B1 gene. To develop a physical map of the Gpc-B1 region in wheat we first constructed a BAC library of tetraploid wheat, from RSL#65 including the high Gpc-B1 allele. We generated half- million clones with an average size of l3l-kb (5.1 X genome equivalents for each of the two genomes). This coverage provides a 99.4% probability of recovering any gene from durum wheat. We used the Gpc-BI flanking markers to screen this BAC library and then completed the physical map by chromosome walking. The physical map included two overlapping BACs covering a region of approximately 250-kb, including two flanking markers and the Gpc-B1 gene. Efforts are underway to sequence these two BACs to determine if additional wheat genes are present in this region. Weare also developing new RSLs to further dissect this region. We developed PCR markers for flanking loci Xucw79andXucw71 to facilitate the introgression of this gene in commercial varieties by marker assisted selection (httQ://maswheat.ucdavis.edu/ orotocols/HGPC/index.hlm). Using these markers we introgressed the Gpc-B1 gene in numerous pasta and common wheat breeding lines.

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Eshel, Amram, Jonathan P. Lynch, and Kathleen M. Brown. Physiological Regulation of Root System Architecture: The Role of Ethylene and Phosphorus. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585195.bard.

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Specific Objectives and Related Results: 1) Determine the effect of phosphorus availability on ethylene production by roots. Test the hypothesis that phosphorus availability regulates ethylene production Clear differences were found between the two plants that were studied. In beans ethylene production is affected by P nutrition, tissue type, and stage of development. There are genotypic differences in the rate of ethylene production by various root types and in the differential in ethylene production when P treatments are compared. The acceleration in ethylene production with P deficiency increases with time. These findings support the hypothesis that ethylene production may be enhanced by phosphorus deficiency, and that the degree of enhancement varies with genotype. In tomatoes the low-P level did not enhance significantly ethylene production by the roots. Wildtype cultivars and ethylene insensitive mutants behaved similarly in that respect. 2) Characterize the effects of phosphorus availability and ethylene on the architecture of whole root systems. Test the hypothesis that both ethylene and low phosphorus availability modify root architecture. In common bean, the basal roots give rise to a major fraction of the whole root system. Unlike other laterals these roots respond to gravitropic stimulation. Their growth angle determines the proportion of the root length in the shallow layers of the soil. A correlation between ethylene production and basal root angle was found in shallow rooted but not deep-rooted genotypes, indicating that acceleration of ethylene synthesis may account for the change in basal root angle in genotypes demonstrating a plastic response to P availability. Short-time gravitropic response of the tap roots of young bean seedlings was not affected by P level in the nutrient solution. Low phosphorus specifically increases root hair length and root hair density in Arabidopsis. We tested 7 different mutants in ethylene perception and response and in each case, the response to low P was lower than that of the wild-type. The extent of reduction in P response varied among the mutants, but every mutant retained some responsiveness to changes in P concentration. The increase in root hair density was due to the increase in the number of trichoblast cell files under low P and was not mediated by ethylene. Low P did not increase the number of root hairs forming from atrichoblasts. This is in contrast to ethylene treatment, which increased the number of root hairs partly by causing root hairs to form on atrichoblasts. 3) Assess the adaptive value of root architectural plasticity in response to phosphorus availability. A simulation study indicated that genetic variation for root architecture in common bean may be related to adaptation to diverse competitive environments. The fractal dimension of tomato root system was directly correlated with P level.

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Schwartz, Bertha, Vaclav Vetvicka, Ofer Danai, and Yitzhak Hadar. Increasing the value of mushrooms as functional foods: induction of alpha and beta glucan content via novel cultivation methods. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600033.bard.

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During the granting period, we performed the following projects: Firstly, we differentially measured glucan content in several pleurotus mushroom strains. Mushroom polysaccharides are edible polymers that have numerous reported biological functions; the most common effects are attributed to β-glucans. In recent years, it became apparent that the less abundant α-glucans also possess potent effects in various health conditions. In our first study, we explored several Pleurotus species for their total, β and α-glucan content. Pleurotuseryngii was found to have the highest total glucan concentrations and the highest α-glucans proportion. We also found that the stalks (stipe) of the fruit body contained higher glucan content then the caps (pileus). Since mushrooms respond markedly to changes in environmental and growth conditions, we developed cultivation methods aiming to increase the levels of α and β-glucans. Using olive mill solid waste (OMSW) from three-phase olive mills in the cultivation substrate. We were able to enrich the levels mainly of α-glucans. Maximal total glucan concentrations were enhanced up to twice when the growth substrate contained 80% of OMSW compared to no OMSW. Taking together this study demonstrate that Pleurotuseryngii can serve as a potential rich source of glucans for nutritional and medicinal applications and that glucan content in mushroom fruiting bodies can be further enriched by applying OMSW into the cultivation substrate. We then compared the immune-modulating activity of glucans extracted from P. ostreatus and P. eryngii on phagocytosis of peripheral blood neutrophils, and superoxide release from HL-60 cells. The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of these glucans are partially mediated through modulation of neutrophileffector functions (P. eryngiiwas more effective). Additionally, both glucans dose-dependently competed for the anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibody binding. We then tested the putative anti-inflammatory effects of the extracted glucans in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–induced model in mice. The clinical symptoms of IBD were efficiently relieved by the treatment with two different doses of the glucan from both fungi. Glucan fractions, from either P. ostreatus or P. eryngii, markedly prevented TNF-α mediated inflammation in the DSS–induced inflamed intestine. These results suggest that there are variations in glucan preparations from different fungi in their anti-inflammatory ability. In our next study, we tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of TNF-α. We demonstrated that glucan extracts are more effective than mill mushroom preparations. Additionally, the effectiveness of stalk-derived glucans were slightly more pronounced than of caps. Cap and stalk glucans from mill or isolated glucan competed dose-dependently with anti-Dectin-and anti-CR-3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. Using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-inflammatory bowel disease mice model, intestinal inflammatory response to the mill preparations was measured and compared to extracted glucan fractions from caps and stalks. We found that mill and glucan extracts were very effective in downregulatingIFN-γ and MIP-2 levels and that stalk-derived preparations were more effective than from caps. The tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes and upregulating the levels of fecal-released IgA to almost normal levels. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating some IBD-inflammatory associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii. These spatial distinctions may be helpful in selecting more effective specific anti-inflammatory mushrooms-derived glucans. We additionally tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNF-α, which demonstrated stalk-derived glucans were more effective than of caps-derived glucans. Isolated glucans competed with anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating IBD-associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii grown at higher concentrations of OMSW. We conclude that these stress-induced growing conditions may be helpful in selecting more effective glucans derived from edible mushrooms. Based on the findings that we could enhance glucan content in Pleurotuseryngii following cultivation of the mushrooms on a substrate containing different concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) and that these changes are directly related to the content of OMSW in the growing substrate we tested the extracted glucans in several models. Using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mice model, we measured the colonic inflammatory response to the different glucan preparations. We found that the histology damaging score (HDS) resulting from DSS treatment reach a value of 11.8 ± 2.3 were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans, glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 20% OMSWdownregulated to a HDS value of 6.4 ± 0.5 and at 80% OMSW showed the strongest effects (5.5 ± 0.6). Similar downregulatory effects were obtained for expression of various intestinal cytokines. All tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes from 18.2 ± 2.7 % for DSS to 6.4 ± 2.0 for DSS +glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 50% OMSW. We finally tested glucans extracted from Pleurotuseryngii grown on a substrate containing increasing concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) contain greater glucan concentrations as a function of OMSW content. Treatment of rat Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) transiently transfected with Nf-κB fused to luciferase demonstrated that glucans extracted from P. eryngii stalks grown on 80% OMSWdownregulatedTNF-α activation. Glucans from mushrooms grown on 80% OMSW exerted the most significant reducing activity of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated J774A.1 murine macrophages. The isolated glucans were tested in vivo using the Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) induced colitis in C57Bl/6 mice and found to reduce the histology damaging score resulting from DSS treatment. Expression of various intestinal cytokines were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans. We conclude that the stress-induced growing conditions exerted by OMSW induces production of more effective anti-inflammatory glucans in P. eryngii stalks.

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